Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/30118 holds

Cover Page
The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/30118 holds various files of this Leiden University
dissertation.
Author: Ganpat, Soenita Minakoemarie
Title: Dead or Alive? The role of personal characteristics and immediate situational
factors in the outcome of serious violence
Issue Date: 2014-12-16
Dead or Alive?
The role of personal characteristics and immediate
situational factors in the outcome of serious violence
Dead or Alive?
The role of personal characteristics and immediate
situational factors in the outcome of serious
violence
PROEFSCHRIFT
ter verkrijging van
de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden,
op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker,
volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties
te verdedigen op dinsdag 16 december 2014
klokke 11.15 uur
door
Soenita Minakoemarie Ganpat
geboren te Paramaribo (Suriname)
in 1982
Promotiecommissie:
Promotoren:
prof. dr. P. Nieuwbeerta
prof. dr. J.P. van der Leun
Overige leden: prof. dr. W. Bernasco (NSCR and
prof. mr. dr. J.H. Crijns
dr. M.C.A. Liem
prof. mr. dr. E.R. Muller
VU University
Amsterdam)
Lay-out: Anne-Marie Krens – Tekstbeeld – Oegstgeest
ISBN 978-94-6259-422-7
© 2014 S.M. Ganpat
Behoudens de in of krachtens de Auteurswet van 1912 gestelde uitzonderingen mag niets uit deze uitgave
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No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, made available or
communicated to the public, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of
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Table of contents
1
Introduction
2
Homicide in the Netherlands
23
3
Comparing characteristics of homicides in Finland, the Netherlands and
Sweden
41
The influence of offenders’ criminal history on the likelihood of
committing lethal versus non-lethal violence
51
The relationship between victims’ criminal history and lethal versus nonlethal outcomes of violence
71
The influence of event characteristics and actors’ behavior on the
outcome of violent events: comparing lethal with non-lethal events
89
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
The relationship between a person’s criminal history, immediate
situational factors and lethal versus non-lethal events
113
Violence unfolding. An exploration of the interaction sequence in lethal
and non-lethal violent events
135
General discussion
159
NEDERLANDSE
SAMENVATTING
(SUMMARY
IN
DUTCH)
181
REFERENCES
189
NAWOORD (ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS)
201
CURRICULUM
205
VITAE
Detailed table of contents
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.6
1.7
Introduction
Theoretical background
1.2.1 Theoretical background on personal characteristics
1.2.2 Theoretical background on characteristics of the violent event
Previous research
1.3.1 Previous (Dutch) research on homicide
1.3.2 Previous research on personal characteristics
1.3.3 Previous research on immediate situational factors
1.3.4 Limitations of previous research
This study: comparing lethal and non-lethal violence
Data
1.5.1 European data on lethal violence: the European Homicide
Monitor
1.5.2 Dutch data on lethal violence: the Dutch Homicide Monitor
supplemented with data on the criminal history of offenders and
victims
1.5.3 Dutch data on non-lethal violence: Dutch Public Prosecution
Office data complemented with criminal history data of offenders
and victims
1.5.4 Detailed Dutch data on lethal and non-lethal violence: SIH
dataset
Relevance of this study
Outline of this thesis
2
HOMICIDE
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
Introduction
Previous studies on homicide
Data sources used for this study
Epidemiology of homicide in the Netherlands
Victim and perpetrator characteristics
Explanations for homicide in the Netherlands
Policies specific to the Netherlands
Conclusion
1.3
1.4
1.5
IN THE
1
NETHERLANDS
1
3
3
4
5
6
7
9
10
11
13
14
14
14
16
17
18
23
23
24
26
27
32
35
37
39
Detailed table of contents
VIII
3
3.1
3.2
COMPARING CHARACTERISTICS
NETHERLANDS AND SWEDEN
OF HOMICIDES IN
FINLAND,
THE
3.4
Introduction
Data and method
3.2.1 Data sources used in this study
3.2.2 Definitions
3.2.3 National homicide data per country
Results
3.3.1 Characteristics of homicide incidents in Finland, the Netherlands
and Sweden
3.3.2 Background characteristics of homicide victims in Finland, the
Netherlands and Sweden
3.3.3 Background characteristics of homicide offenders in Finland, the
Netherlands and Sweden
Conclusion and discussion
4
THE
3.3
41
41
42
42
43
43
44
44
47
48
49
INFLUENCE OF OFFENDERS’ CRIMINAL HISTORY ON THE LIKELIHOOD OF
COMMITTING LETHAL VERSUS NON-LETHAL VIOLENCE
51
4.5
4.6
Introduction
Theoretical background
Previous studies
Method
4.4.1 Selected population of lethally and non-lethally violent offenders
4.4.2 Criminal Record Register
4.4.3 Variables
Results
Conclusion and discussion
51
53
55
57
57
58
59
60
66
5
THE
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VICTIMS’ CRIMINAL HISTORY AND LETHAL
VERSUS NON-LETHAL OUTCOMES OF VIOLENCE
71
Introduction
Theoretical background
5.2.1 Self-control theory
5.2.2 Lifestyle-routine activity theory (LRAT)
Previous studies linking offending patterns and (lethal) victimization
5.3.1 Criminal history of victims of lethal violence
5.3.2 Criminal history of victims of non-lethal violence
5.3.3 Criminal history of victims of lethal versus non-lethal violence
Data and methods
5.4.1 Selected sample of victims
5.4.2 Criminal record data
5.4.3 Variables
Results
5.5.1 Descriptive analyses
5.5.2 Multivariate analyses
Conclusion and discussion
71
74
74
75
76
76
77
77
78
78
79
79
80
80
84
85
Detailed table of contents
6
THE
IX
INFLUENCE OF EVENT CHARACTERISTICS AND ACTORS’ BEHAVIOR ON
THE OUTCOME OF VIOLENT EVENTS: COMPARING LETHAL WITH NON-LETHAL
89
EVENTS
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
8
8.1
8.2
8.3
Introduction
Previous studies event characteristics
Explaining lethal outcomes of violent events
Data and method
6.4.1 Selected samples of lethal and non-lethal events
6.4.2 Court files
6.4.3 Description of the total selected sample
Measurements
6.5.1 Dependent variable
6.5.2 Independent variables
6.5.3 Control variables
Results
6.6.1 Descriptive analyses
6.6.2 Multivariate analyses
Discussion and conclusion
THE
89
91
93
95
95
97
98
98
98
98
100
100
100
103
107
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A PERSON’S CRIMINAL HISTORY, IMMEDIATE
SITUATIONAL FACTORS AND LETHAL VERSUS NON-LETHAL EVENTS
113
Introduction
Previous studies
7.2.1 Criminal history of perpetrators of serious (lethal) violence
7.2.2 Criminal history of victims of serious (lethal) violence
7.2.3 Event characteristics
7.2.4 Actors’ behavior
Towards an integrated theoretical framework
Data and method
7.4.1 Data
7.4.2 Variables
Results
7.5.1 Descriptive analyses
7.5.2 Multivariate analyses
Conclusion and discussion
113
115
115
116
116
117
117
120
121
122
123
123
126
132
VIOLENCE
UNFOLDING.
AN
EXPLORATION OF THE INTERACTION SEQUENCE IN
LETHAL AND NON-LETHAL VIOLENT EVENTS
135
Introduction
Luckenbill’s theory on the sequence during (lethal) violent events
Data and methods
8.3.1 Sample selection
8.3.2 Methods
8.3.3 Measurements
135
137
141
141
143
143
Detailed table of contents
X
8.4
8.5
Results
8.4.1 Type and sequence of actions
8.4.2 Different types of violent events
Conclusion and discussion
147
147
154
155
9
GENERAL
159
9.1
Summary
9.1.1 Lethal violence in the Netherlands (also in comparison with
Finland and Sweden)
9.1.2 The role of offenders’ personal characteristics in lethal versus
non-lethal violence
9.1.3 The role of victims’ personal characteristics in lethal versus nonlethal violence
9.1.4 The role of immediate situational factors in lethal versus nonlethal violence
9.1.5 The role of offenders’ and victims’ personal characteristics and
immediate situational factors combined
9.1.6 The role of the sequence of actions in lethal versus non-lethal
violence
Theoretical reflections
Reflections on avenues for future research
Recommendations for policy
9.2
9.3
9.4
NEDERLANDSE
DISCUSSION
SAMENVATTING
(SUMMARY
IN
DUTCH)
159
164
165
166
166
167
169
169
171
176
181
REFERENCES
189
NAWOORD (ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS)
201
CURRICULUM
205
VITAE

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