De sport paradox Plotse dood en sport

Het ECG van het sporthart
Prof. Dr. H. Heidbuchel
UNIVERSITY
Aanvullingen Elektrocardiografie
4e jaar Arts + Sportgeneeskunde
F o u n d e d
O F!
1 4 2 5!
De sport paradox
De incidentie van plotse dood is omgekeerd evenredig met
de dagelijkse fysieke activiteit en de “physical fitness”
vs.
Plotse dood komt meer voor tijdens fysieke activiteit en is
2.3 x hoger bij sporters dan bij sedentairen.
Plotse dood en sport
Onderliggend hartlijden
•  ≤35 jaar:
(VS data)
Myocarditis
ARVD
3%
Dilated CM 3% MVP CAD
3%
2% 2%
AS
4%
Tunneled LAD
5%
Other
6%
Ruptured Ao
5%
Incr. Cardiac Mass
10%
HCM
38%
Coronary
Anomalies
19%
Maron et al., JAMA 1996!
•  >35j: 75% = ischemisch hartlijden
1
Screening to prevent sudden death
Screening in practice
ESC/IOC Recommendation
•  Basic screening
–  Personal and familial history (questionaires)
–  Physical examination
–  resting 12-lead ECG in all:
•  first time at the age of 14-15y
–  not earlier:
•  ECG can be confused with pediatric ECG changes
•  risk is low if younger
(no competitive sports; no developed substrate)
•  every 2 years, certainly if competitive athletes
1. Corrado et al, for the ESC Section on Sports Cardiology, Eur Heart J 2005
Probability to identify cardiac diseases
by ECG or by history + physical examination
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
ARVC
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Myocarditis
Marfan’s syndrome
Valvular Disease
Long QT and Short QT syndrome
Brugada syndrome
Pre-excitation syndrome (WPW)
Congenital Coronary Artery Anomalies
ECG
up to 90%
60-80%
30-60%
30-60%
< 10%
< 10%
> 80%
> 90%
> 90%
< 10%
Hx+PE
< 10%
< 10%
< 10%
< 10%
> 90%
> 90%
zero
zero
zero
< 10%
Courtesy of Prof. Dr. A. Pelliccia
2
Sportbeoefening en het ECG
Aanpassingen
1. toename van de vagus-activiteit.
2. afname van de autonome, intrinsieke activiteit van de
sinusknoop.
3. morfologische veranderingen, o.a. linker kamerhypertrofie.
–  fysiologische aanpassingen
–  pathologische (tgv. doping; HOCM; ARVD; ...)
Interpretation of 12-lead ECG in athletes
ECG: Training-related vs. Uncommon
•  Group 1: Training-related
–  i.e. physiological for athlete (and increasing with athletic level)
–  without increased cardiovascular risk
–  3.4-12% in junior athletes4-5; 40-45% in elite athletes1-2
•  Group 2: Uncommon, even in athletic population
–  potentially manifestation of pathology
–  1.1 - 4 % 1-4 (much less related to athletic activity)
1. Pelliccia et al, Circ 2000; 2. Sharma et al, Br J Sports Med 1999; 3. Ma et al, J Sci Med Sport 2007;
4. Pelliccia et al, EuroPrevent2007; 5. Corrado et al, JAMA 2006
3
Group 1: training-related ECG changes
3.4-12% in junior athletes3-5; 40-45% in elite athletes1-2
•  Rhythm & Conduction
–  Sinus bradycardia and -arrhythmia
•  wandering pacemaker, sinus arrest and/or SA block, junctional rhythm
–  First degree AV block
•  intermittent Wenckebach type 2nd degree AV block
–  Atrial ectopic beats
•  Morphological
–  Notched QRS in V1 or incomplete RBBB
–  Isolated criteria for LVH (Sokolow-Lyon, Cornell, …)
•  Repolarisation
–  Early repolarisation
1. Pelliccia et al, Circ 2000; 2. Sharma et al, Br J Sports Med 1999; 3. Pelliccia et al, EuroPrevent2007;
4. Corrado et al, JAMA 2006; 5. Pelliccia et al, Eur Heart J 2007
Group 1: training-related ECG changes
3.4-12% in junior athletes3-5; 40-45% in elite athletes1-2
•  Variable presence dependent on
– 
– 
– 
– 
gender (much less in women)
race (African/Caribbean)
level of fitness / sports
type of sports (high endurance)
•  To be interpreted in light of
–  personal history (symptoms)
–  family history
–  physical examination
1. Pelliccia et al, Circ 2000; 2. Sharma et al, Br J Sports Med 1999; 3. Pelliccia et al, EuroPrevent2007;
4. Corrado et al, JAMA 2006; 5. Pelliccia et al, Eur Heart J 2007
ECG findings vs. level of training
1!
2!
3!
Pelliccia et al, Eur Heart J 2007
1. Pelliccia et al, Eur Heart J 2007; 2. Sharma et al, Br J Sports Med 1999; 3. Pelliccia et al, Circ 2000
4
30 y old competitive cyclist
Sinus bradycardia: >50%; LVH voltage criteria: up to 40%
23 y old recreational jogger, cyclist,
swimmer, soccer player, …
profound sinus arrhythmia; repetitive malaise while driving
23 y old recreational jogger, cyclist,
swimmer, soccer player, …
exercise test, 100 W
5
14y old national swimmer
asymptomatic
TTE & MRI normal
14y old national swimmer
asymptomatic
TTE & MRI normal
45y old intensive recreational cyclist
asymptomatic
pause at night; < 3 sec; first degree AV block
6
45y old intensive recreational cyclist
asymptomatic
vagal surge (PP prolongation); PR after blok shorter than before block
45y old intensive recreational cyclist
exercise test, 50W
normalisation with minor exercise
45y old intensive recreational cyclist
after 6m deconditioning
7
25 y old competitive cyclist
LVH voltage criteria: 40% in elite athletes; no path.Q, no repol., no LAH
! no TTE unless symptoms, family history and/or non-voltage ECG criteria !
24y old competitive amateur cyclist
rSr’ in V1, QRS ≤110ms: 20-50%
DD RBBB: nog negative T-waves beyond V2; no reciprocal S in V6 and D1
21 y old competitive soccer player
Early repolarisation: 10-43%, more in younger athletes
8
Early repolarisation
Caucasian
Black
Corrado et al, Eur Heart J 2010
Uncommon (potentially pathological) ECG
1.1 - 4.8 % of athletes
•  Rhythm & Conduction
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
Complete bundle branch block
Left or right axis deviation / anterior or posterior hemiblock
Atrial flutter or fibrillation
Ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular extrasystoles?)
Preexcitation
•  Morphological
–  LA hypertrophy
–  Pathological Q-waves
10-50% have disease!
•  Repolarisation
– 
– 
– 
– 
Long or short QTc
Brugada-ECG
ST-segment depression
Inverted T-waves in ≥2 consecutive leads
Competitive soccer player, 4th league, 17y
Screening; first ECG; fully asymptomatic
9
Latent preexcitation
Unmasking by adenosine IV during SR
Baseline:
V1
V2
Adenosine 12 mg IV:
V1
V2
Courtesy of Dr. D. Koentges, Temse, Belgium
Preëxcitatie
Activatie tijdens sinusritme
18y old competitive cyclist
Negative T-waves are not aspecific!
10
Arrhythmogenic RV Cardiomyopathy
Pathology
NMR
Histology
Basso et al, Circulation 1996
Aritmogene Rechter Ventrikel Cardiomyopathie
(ARVC)
Vrouw; 46j; gestopt door CSM:
“SVT”
11
46 y old female volleybal player
RVOT-VPB
Idiopathische RV Outflow Tract VT (RVOT-VT)
ECG Karakteristieken
•  Ventrikel-extrasystolen en/of VT:
–  LBTB patroon
•  en doorgaans precordiale transitie in V3 of V4
–  Hoge voltages in inferior afleidingen
•  Totale R-golf amplitudo in inferior-afleidingen ≥ 40 mm
–  QS morfologie in aVL!
•  ahw. conditio sine qua non...
•  Sinusritme:
–  Geen negatieve T’s in de precordialen;
–  Geen late potentialen;
–  Focale aritmie ipv. reentry (cfr. Holter, cyclo, EFO, ...)
1: Callans DJ et al. PACE 19II; 2: Arruda M et al. PACE 19II
Negative T-waves right precordial leads
Early repolarisation (black athlete)
ARVC
Corrado et al, Eur Heart J 2010
12
Jongen, 16j:
een lokale zwemmer…
“Persisterend juveniel patroon van negatieve T-toppen in de precordialen”
16y old soccer player
Negative T waves (precordial / standard): <4%, even in elite athletes
(Note: more prevalent in black athletes, up to 11% (S. Sharma, oral comm.)
Hypertrofische Cardiomyopathie
Aritmieën tengevolge van
- dispersie van depolarisatie en repolarisatie,
- grotere spiermassa (en dus meer kans op reentry-circuits),
- ischemie tgv. vaat-afwijkingen en/of uitstroom-obstructie.
13
Deep negative T-waves in ≥3 leads
In the absence of echocardiographic abnormalities
•  Case control study1
–  81 cases vs. 229 matched controls with normal ECGs
–  average FU 9±7 years
•  5/81 cases (6%) developed a cardiomyopathy
–  3 with HCM (after 12±5y), 1 ARVC, 1 DCM (after 9y)
–  1 with sudden death (ARVC) and 1 aborted sudden death (HCM)
•  vs. 0/229 controls (p = 0.001)
–  i.e.: absence of negative T-waves confers a good prognosis
•  Note: in black athletes: 10% sedentary => 23% athletes
–  most often right precordial leads; cave if inferolateral!
1. Pelliccia et al, NEJM 2008
Man 25j, asymptomatisch
Attest voor basketbalclub?
Broer en oom: plotse dood op 30-jarige leeftijd…
Brugada Syndroom
•  Klinische presentatie:
–  Syncope tgv. nonsustained VT (niet noodzakelijk bij
inspanning)
–  Plotse dood tgv. VF
•  ECG criteria:
–  Beeld van onvolledig rechter bundeltak blok met
–  ST-optrekking in de rechter precordialen en aVL
•  In baseline of na toediening van een klasse-1 antiaritmicum
•  Koepelvormig (type 1) of zadelvormig (type 2)
14
Man, 35j, reanimatie:VF
28y old professional soccer player
asymptomatic
Haissaguerre-teken
SD during sleep of 35y old brother; aborted SD after exercise 25y old brother
TTE and exercise test normal
Jongen, 15j:
"beste voetballer van ‘t dorp"
15
QT-interval in athletes
•  QT interval is longer in athletes cf. bradycardia
QTc is at upper limit of normal non-athlete distribution
•  Ideal cut-off values at rest still under discussion:
–  normal = QTc ≤470 ms in men and QTc ≤480 ms in women1
–  abnormal = QTc ≥500 ms; between 460-500 ms: look at family2
•  Better to also include dynamic adaptation?:
–  after quickly standing (sinus tc): no QT shortening = abnormal3
–  4 min after exercise QTc ≥445 ms = abnormal4
1. Corrado et al, Eur Heart J 2010; 2. Basavarajaiah et al, Eur Heart J 2007;
3. Viskin et al, JACC 2010; 4. Sy et al, Circulaton 2011
ECG “Seattle criteria”:
tools and training
•  Online training modules via Br. J. Sports Medicine
•  Other: “JS SportECG”
ECG “Seattle criteria”:
tools and training
•  Online training modules via Br. J. Sports Medicine
•  Other: “JS SportECG”
16
35y, competitive, non-professional, cyclist
asymptomatic
VPB on routine ECG: ±1%
VPB on a screening ECG
•  Take even a single PVC seriously, especially when
–  concomitant repolarisation abnormalities
–  competitive (or high-intensity recreational) sports
–  endurance sports (with increased likelihood of performanceenhancing drug use?)
•  Tailor the work-up individually
–  combining imaging and electrophysiological tools
Plotse dood en sport
Onderliggend hartlijden
•  ≤35 jaar:
(VS data)
Myocarditis
ARVD
3%
Dilated CM 3% MVP CAD
3%
2% 2%
AS
4%
Tunneled LAD
5%
Other
6%
Ruptured Ao
5%
Incr. Cardiac Mass
10%
HCM
38%
Coronary
Anomalies
19%
Maron et al., JAMA 1996!
•  >35j: 75% = ischemisch hartlijden
17
Who can safely participate?
?
AF
VPB
LQT
ICD
Recommendations
Two goals:
1. 
Prevent arrhythmias during exercise if underlying disease, and/or
2. 
Prevent development & progression of the underlying disease
Athlete’s heart = Arrhythmic heart
•  Balanced hypertrophy and dilatation of the four heart
chambers1-5
–  usually only regarded as marvelous adaptation
–  with only positive attributes.
•  But:
–  Changes of the athlete’s heart may be involved in the
development of the arrhythmogenic substrate itself
–  on an atrial, nodal, and ventricular level
1. Fagard, Int J Sports Med 1996; 2. Fagard, Cardiol Clin 1997; 3. Pluim et al, Circulation 2000;
4. Scharhag et al, JACC 2002; 5. Perseghin et al, Am Heart J 2007
18
Atrial fibrillation
•  More and more studies: related to sports activity10
–  Lone AF vs. general popul.4,5,8: 31-63% vs. 15% sports (p<0.05)
–  Athletes vs. general population1-3,6,7: x4 to x10 AF (1-4%/10y ?)
•  Physician’s Health Study:11
–  16921 apparently healthy men; 12y FU; self-reported AF
1. Zehender, AHJ 1990; 2. Furlanello, JCE 1998; 3. Karjalainen, BMJ 1998; 4. Mont et al, EHJ 2002;
5. Elosua et al, Int J Cardiol 2006; 6. Molina, ESC 2005 (abstract); 7. Baldesberger, EHJ 2008;
8. Mont, Europace 2008; 9. Heidbuchel, Int J Cardiol 2006; 10. Mont, Europace 2009; 11. Aizer al, Am J Cardiol 2009
Lone atrial flutter
Men, ≤65y, no SHD, no AF vs. controls
G. Claessen & H. Heidbuchel, Heart 2011
Recreational jogger
ECG First Consultation
19
Recreational jogger
ECG Visit-2: 1 month later
Recreational jogger
Emergency admission
atrial flutter with 1-to-1 A-V conduction
The effect of an endurance event:
RV dilates whilst the LV shrinks
La Gerche, Prior & Heidbuchel. Eur Heart J (2011)
20
Results: RV ejection fraction
†
† p=0.001
*p<0.0001
*
p = 0.05 for race duration
La Gerche, Prior & Heidbuchel. Eur Heart J (2011)
RV morphological changes
Acute > Chronic ?
•  Hypothesis:1-2
–  Repeated RV insults may result in long-term RV dysfunction
RV injury
RV injury
RV injury
Chronic RV
remodelling
"Acquired ARVC" 1
1. Heidbuchel et al, Eur Heart J 2003; 2. Ector & Heidbuchel, Eur Heart J 2007
RV morphological changes
Acute > Chronic ?
•  Facilitating factors?
1.  Performance enhancing drugs?
2.  Genetic predisposition?
• 
cf. ARVC (desmosomal mutations)1-2
3.  Other … ?
1. Kirchhof et al, Circ 2006; 2. Sen-Chowdhry & McKenna, Circ Arrythm Electrophysiol 2010
21
Desmathlete trial
Mutation findings
•  9 different heterozygous sequence variants in 10 patients
–  7 novel - 2 previously known
–  5 (in 6 patients, 12.8%) manifestly pathogenic
p < 0.0005
*: 1. Sen-Chowdhry et al, Circ 2007; 2. Dalal et al, Circ 2006; 3. Gerull et al, Nature Genetics 2004; 4. Pilichou et al, Circ 2006;
5. van Tintelen et al, Circ 2006; 6. den Haan et al, Circ Cardiovasc Genetics 2009; 7. Sen-Chowdhry et al, JACC 2007
Pulmonary vascular resistance
•  40 athletes & 15 non-athletes1
p = 0.71
•  Slope very reproducible through different patient groups2-3
1. Andre LaGerche, Heidbuchel, Prior. J Appl Physiol 2010; 2. Argiento, Naeije et al. Eur Resp J 2010;
3. Lewis, Semigran et al. Circ Heart Failure 2011
RV vs. LV end-systolic wall stress
Laplace equation: ESWS = P.r/2h
•  40 endurance athletes, 15 matched controls
•  TEE max exercise on semi-supine bicycle + radial artery catheter; CMR
1. LaGerche et al, Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010
22
Animal models?
•  Rats, running 5d/w @85% of V02max for 16 weeks:
But RV (not LV) fibrosis with myocyte disarray
Accompanied by mRNA and protein expression of TGF-B1, fibronectin,
MMP-2, TIMP1, collagen-I and -III, …
Benito & Mont, Circ 2011
What happens to the RV
during exercise?
–  Exercise CMR
–  Invasive pressure
measures
–  Echo + bubbles
23

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