Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/29343 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Pooth, Roland Albin Title: Die Diathesen Aktiv vs. Medium und die Verbsemantik im Vedischen der ṚgvedaSaṃhitā Issue Date: 2014-10-23 C?AL;GG;NCE;FCM=B?-?G;HNCE>?M'?>COGMCG,0 C?AL;GG;NCE;FCM=B?-?G;HNCE>?M'?>COGMCG,0 CHF?CNOHA ?L ?LMN? <M=BHCNN >?M BC?LGCN <?ACHH?H>?H MSH=BLIH?H ?RJF;H;NILCM=B?H .?CFMQC>G?NMC=B>?L?;HNQILNOHA>?LCH%;JCN?FPIL;HA?MN?FFN?H L;A?MN?F FOHA 1?F=B? ;ENIL?H<TQQ?F=B?M?G;HNCM=B?H%IGJIH?HN?H¼;MCMLIFF?H½ I>?L ¼HN;CFG?HNM½ F¡M?H CG L§BP?>CM=B?H >?M ᢛAP?>; '?>C;F@F?RCIH MN;NN ENCP@F?RCIH;OM &MMN MC=B ?CH A?G?CHM;G?L )<?L<?ALC@@ C? ?CH E;N?AILC;F?M "SJ?LHSG @CH>?H OHN?L >?G ;FF? G?>C;F?H &?M;LN?H TO ?CH?L M=B?G;NCM=B?H !?M;GN<? >?ONOHA>?L%;N?AILC?'?>COGP?L?CHNQ?L>?HE¡HH?H C? L;A? 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';HA?FH>?I>?LQ?HCA?L4OMN;H>MP?LH>?LOHA ¼*MS=B0?L<?H½?Q?AOHAMP?L<?HOH>>;M'?>COG '?>C;M?HNC?H>C=IACN;H>C?RJ?LC?H>C¶ *MS=BCM=BJBSMCM=B? -;=BP?LB;FN? GCN RJ?LC?H=?L OH> -NCGOFOMLIFF? QC? TOLC>A G0H¹>?HE?H;HD?NQDGA?>?HE?H?NQG?CH?HD?NQB;F N?H @§L D?NQº I>?L OLC>A ᪦0OM ¹!?@;FF?H @CH>?H ;H ?NQD ?NQD A?HC??H ?NQEIMN?HDGA?@;FF?HºPAF �MPPMCH>CG/LCH>IA?LG;HCM=B?HGCH PC?F?H FF?H >?JIH?HNC?FF ¼OLG?>C;F½ G;LEC?LN QIL>?H OG >C? <Q?C=BOHA PIGA?HNCPCNNM<TQ.L;HMCNCPCNNMJLININSJ?HTOG;LEC?L?H FF;H @@ @@ @@ MJLC=BN BC?L PIG ¼'?HN;F *LI=?MM 'C>>F?½ ¼*?L=?JNCIH'C>>F?½OH>¼'?HN;F=NCPCNS'C>>F?½ %;OM;NCP?5=;OM7¼*MS=B0?L<?H½GCNMJ§L<;L?G@@?ENQC?T¹DB;MM?H P?L;=BN?H ;H@?CH>?Hº PAF P?> GYLÅ B;<?H >;A?A?H I@@?HMC=BNFC=B OL;FN? E NCP@ILG?H?CH?L1TCF>OHAOLC>A>CMGCOMQA?<CF>?N REOLM0ILM=B;O 1C? OHN?H CH ?CH?G @IFA?H>?H %;JCN?F ;G ?CMJC?F >?M 0?L<M MXÅaMRŹ!?@;FF?H@CH>?H;HD?NQºP?L>?ONFC=BNQ?L>?HMIFFFMMNMC=B <?C>?H¼*MS=B0?L<?H½?CH?CHH?LOH>H;=BP?>CM=B?HNQC=EFOHA?LE?HH?H¸ HGFC=B ?CH? LM?NTOHA I>?L LAHTOHA >?L ?B?G;FCA?H ;NB?G;NCM=B?H '? C?C;NB?M?HENCPPM'?>COGOH>>C?0?L<M?G;HNCECG0?>CM=B?H>?L´JYHGD6DÈKLW¬ >C;F@F?RCIH T MXŬÁ OMQ TOH=BMN >OL=B NB?G;NCM=B? '?>C;F@ILG?H QC? T MXÅP¬ÁDMXÅWD OH> >;HH CG HM=BFOMM >OL=B ?HNMJL?=B?H>? NB?G; NCM=B?ENCP@ILG?H?J'<BMXÅDWL#H>?G'IG?HNQI>;M?B?G;FM;NB?G; NCM=B?'?>COGCH>C?M?G ;FF? MXÅDW ᪦OMN;FMNB?G;NCM=B?L'?>C;FMN;GG ᪦OM ¼P?LMN;GG<CF>?N½ QIL>?H CMN QCL> >C? G?>C;F? F?RCIH <?C >C?M?H H?O?H ¼'?>C;FMNGG?H½ JLCHTCJC?FF L?>OH>;HN OH> E;HH ;O@A?A?<?H Q?L>?H <TQ >OL=B >C? ENCP@F?RCIH ?LM?NTN Q?L>?H ;M E;HH G;H CG @L§B?H 0?>CM=B?H ;O=B HI=B ;HB;H> >?L J;L;>CAG;NCM=B?H 0?LBFNHCMM? PIH FDNÅa NK\DaN¬Ã ¹M?B?H <FC=E?Hº OH> P³Å¹P?LA?MM?HºA;HT AON <?I<;=BN?H ?HH >C?M?¼*MS=B0?L<?H½B;<?HI@@?H<;LD§HA?L?¼(?I;ENCP@ILG?H½TOMNLOENOL?FF D§HA?L?H¼'?>C;FMNGG?H½?HNQC=E?FNQC?T>C?-AIL#H>ENNK\DW ȱ OLC>A EQᬓNXN I>?L ?CH?H L?>OJFIL -A #HD EN P¯P³ÅDV ¹>OG¡A?MNP?LA?MM?Hº,0ȱGCG᱈MNX?N *MS=BCM=BJBSMCM=B? -;=BP?LB;FN? Q?L>?H ;FMI CH >?L D§HA?L?H -=BC=BN >?L ¼'?>C;FMNGG?½ ;O@ALOH> >?L ,?>OH>;HT >?L '?>C;F@F?RCIH MITOM;A?H ¼CG @F?RCPCM=B?H &??LF;O@½ CH >C? OHG;LEC?LN? C;NB?M? ¼(?I;ENCP½ <TQ ENCP ?CHA?IL>H?NQ;M>;TO@§BLN>;MM>C?0?LQ?H>OHA>?L'?>C;F@F?RCIH;FM';LE C?LOHA PIH >?L;LNCA?H )JJIMCNCIH?H QC? A?L;>? <?M=BLC?<?H QIBF <?L?CNM ;< >?G Q?HCA?L ?CHB?CNFC=B?H -JNOLCH>IA?LG;HCM=B?H <CM CHM L§BP?>CM=B? BC H?CHQ?HCA?LJLI>OENCPA?QIL>?HCMNOH>Q?CN?LOHJLI>OENCPQCL> JJ?H>CR -JL;=BP?LAF?C=B !?H;OMI MN?FF?H <?CMJC?FMQ?CM? MIQIBF >C? F;N ¼?JIH?HNC?H½ QC? L?GCHĘM=IL ¹MC=B ?LCHH?LHº OMQ ;FM ;O=B >C? F;N ¼*?L@?ENIJLM?HNC?H½ QC? G?GCHĘ ¹?LCHH?L? GC=B ?LQBH?º Ĺ>C ¹B;MM?Hº OMQ CHH?LB;F< >?M &;N?CHCM=B?H HOL HI=B ?CH?H P¡FFCA OHJLI>OENCP?H ,?MN ;H ?B?G;FCA?H ¼/LG?>C;F@ILG?H½ TOL ';LEC?LOHA JMS=BCM=BJBSMCM=B?L -;=BP?LB;FN? >;L <?C >?H?H >C? C;NB?M? F?RCE;FCMC?LN QIL>?H CMN C? >?JIH?HNC?FF?¼*;MMCP@F?RCIH½QCL>CG-JNF;N?CH<?E;HHNFC=B;O@A?A?<?H ';H<?;=BN?>;MM>C?<?L@§BLOHAPIH?B?G;FCA?H¼/LG?>C;F@ILG?H½TO ¼*MS=B0?L<?H½ QC? OLC>A EQᬓN P?> NK\DW OMQ CH >C? C;NB?M? ¼(?I;ENCP½ <TQ ENCP HC=BN OH?LB?<FC=B? IFA?H @§L >C? D?Q?CFCA? M=B?G; NCM=B? !?M;GN<?>?ONOHA >?L <?C>?H C;NB?M?H B;N ?HH QC? Q?CN?L I<?H D; <?L?CNM ?LE?HH<;L A?QIL>?H CMN MCH> ?CHCA? >?L ?B?G;FCA?H OLG?>C;F?H &? M;LN?H;FMMIF=B?O OHJLI>OENCPA?QIL>?H C?;HTOM?NT?H>??B?G;FM>OL=BQ?A;A?HNCP?!?M;GN<?>?ONOHA>?LOLC>A ENCP>C;NB?M? >B >?L OLC>A C;NB?M? ¼/L;ENCP½ I>?L ¼A?HNCP½ B;N MC=B >;GCN P?LH>?LN B;N ?B?G;FM ¼OLG?>C;F?½ &?M;LN?H ;O@A?HIGG?H OH> CMN >;>OL=BTOH?BG?H>M?G;HNCM=BOHMJ?TC@CM=B?LA?QIL>?H O@>?L;H>?L?H-?CN?QCL>>;M'?>COG;FFGBFC=BTO?CH?LQ?HCA?LOHN?L MJ?TC@CTC?LN?HC;NB?M?<TQTO?CH?LMJ?TC@CM=B?L?HC;NB?M?@§L>C?HI=BM?BL JLI>OENCP?H G?>C;F?H ,?MN &?M;LN?H HGFC=B >C? L?@F?RCP? OH> JIMM?MMCP? &?M;LNOH>>C?;HNCE;OM;NCP?&?M;LN #=BEIGG?MJN?LQC?>?L>;L;O@TOMJL?=B?H4OL§=ETO>?HG?>C;F?H&? M;LN?HCG@L§B?H0?>CM=B?H C?AL;GG;NCE;FCM=B?-?G;HNCE>?M'?>COGMCG,0 ¼(?I1OLT?F½NDPL CH?CMJC?F@§L>?JIH?HNC?FF?¼*MS=B0?L<?H½CMN>;M0?L< NDPL¹<?A?BL?H P?LF;HA?H FC?<?Hº TO >?G CG ,0 >?L -N;GG N¬P\DWHHOL GCN G?>C;F?L F? RCIHOH>?CH*;LNCTCJ*?L@'?> FDNDP¬Q<?C>?CH>?LM?F<?H?>?ONOHA¹<? A?BL?H P?LF;HA?H FC?<?Hº <?F?AN CMN ; P?> E;GC ?CH? MIA?H;HHN? ¼(?I 1OLT?F½I>?L¼-?EOH>LQOLT?F½TOGFN?L?H(IGCH;FMN;GG NPDGTOL 1T N¬¹<?A?BL?HA?LHB;<?HºPAF1?L<;MPOLCCL EᦷG;OMQ>;L MN?FFN QCL> BC?L<?C >?ONFC=B >;MM >C? '?>C;F@F?RCIH HI=B MSH=BLIH >OL=B >C? <Q?C=BOHA PIG .L;HMCNCPCNNMJLININSJ?H <?C 0?L<; M?HNC?H>C =IACN;H>C ?N ?RJ?LC?H>CGINCPC?LNCMN M @CH>?N MC=B E?CH?LF?C ;H>?L? 'INCPC?LOHA @§L >C? F?RCE;FCMC?LN? G?>C;F? C;NB?M? PIH P?> E;GC N¬P\DWH FDNDP¬Q ;FM ?<?H >C? <Q?C=BOHA PIH >?H JLINI;A?HNCP?H %IGJIH?HN?H 5=;OM7 5GIP?7 5>SH7 5G;HCJ7 5;=N7 OH> >?H JLINIJ;NC?HNCP?H %IGJIH?HN?H 5NL;HM@7 OMQ MC?B? I<?H MI>;MM M=BIH ;FF?CH;OMA?B?H>PIH>?H>?JIH?HNCO?FF?H¼*MS=B0?L<?H½QC?P?> NDPLOMQ >C??>?ONOHA>?LG?>C;F?HC;NB?M?;FM';LEC?LOHA@§L<Q?C=BOHA?HPIG A?HNCPCNNM<TQ.L;HMCNCPCNNMJLININSJ?H<?MNCGGNQ?L>?HE;HH HNMJL?=B?H>?¼*MS=B0?L<?H½CG?ONM=B?HQC?TMC=BM=BG?HQ?A?H MC=B @L?O?H §<?L MC=B ?L?C@?LH §<?L MC=B ?LCHH?LH ;H I>?L CH ;H>?L?H ?O LIJCM=B?H-JL;=B?HPAFM=BQ?> BJ;M¹BI@@?HºOMQQ?L>?HM?BLBO@CAGCN >?L ?B?G;FM L?@F?RCP?H ';LEC?LOHA >N MC=B M=BQ?> M OMQ MITOM;A?H ;FM ¼*M?O>I,?@F?RCP?½G;LEC?LN1C?Q?CN?LI<?H<?MJLI=B?HCMN?M?CH<?E;HHN?L !L;GG;NCE;FCMC?LOHAMJ@;> ;O@ >?G ;OMA?B?H> PIH ?CH?L MSHN;ENCM=B NL;HMC NCP?H %IHMNLOENCIH GCN ,?@F?RCPJLIHIG?H ?CH? ';LEC?LOHA @§L HNCE;OM;NCP? OH> >;HH Q?CN?L TO ?CH? ';LEC?LOHA @§L MIF=B? 0?L<?H ?HNQC=E?FN QCL> >C? BHFC=B QC? P?> PDQ OMQ -;=BP?LB;FN? <?T?C=BH?H >C? PIG A?HNCPCNNM I>?L .L;HMCNCPCNNMJLININSJ?H ;<Q?C=B?H ; ;<?L ALOH>MNTFC=B? /HN?L M=BC?>? TQCM=B?H >?H &?M;LN?H >C? ;OM ?CH?L ,?@F?RCPEIHMNLOENCIH ?HNMN?B?H E¡HH?HOH>>?H&?M;LN?H>?MP?>'?>COGM@?MNTOMN?FF?HMCH>G¡=BN?C=BBC?L HI=B?CHG;FQC?>?LBIF?H>;MMC=B J;=?,CRHC=BN>?HE?>;MM>?GOLC>A ¼/LG?>COG½?CH?,?@F?RCPEIHMNLOENCIHPIL;OMA?A;HA?HCMN PDQ'. ;M *;L;>?<?CMJC?F @§L ?CH ¼'C>>F? I@ ?GINCIH ;H> =IAHCNCIH½ %?GG?L CMN>;MP?>0?L<PDQ¼NINBCHECG;ACH?MOJJIM?½!IH>;I>?L ¼;O@?NQEIGG?H>?HE?H;HG?CH?HB;FN?H@§L½OMQ%§GG?F >;M ;FM *LM PDQXWd OH> PQ\DWH GCN >?H ILCMNMNGG?H PDW OH> P«VWD;O@NLCNN &CN?L;NOL %OFCEIP "?NNLC=B OH> %§GG?F @@ ";Lþ;LMIH @@ $I;=BCG @§L QPDPDQ M !IH>; @@ #G ᢛAP?>; CMN PDQ ¹>?HE?H G?CH?H ?L;=BN?Hº *LM #0 PQ\DWH 1T ILPDWDOMQ'?>COGN;HNOG'.PAF ,0 VG G GK WH WXYLM¬WV\D PQ\H VKDÊ VDKLŽKD WXUDWV WXUV\D _ XJUP XJUV\D WDYVDV WY¯\ UDGKUDV\D UDGKUDW UR EDEK±YD ¹;MM >?CH? D; C?C;NB?M?HENCPPM'?>COGOH>>C?0?L<M?G;HNCECG0?>CM=B?H>?L´JYHGD6DÈKLW¬ >I=BQCLEFC=BPILB;H>?HCMN>?M-N;LEA?<IL?H?H>?CH?§<?LQFNCA?H>?-NLE? >?HE?G?CH?C=B>O!?Q;FNCAMN?L>?M<?LQFNCA?H>?H>?M%L@NCA?Hº 4OL?>?ONOHAPIH PQ\DWHH?<?H P«VWDPAF%OFCEIP GCNPC?F?H?CMJC?F?H%OFCEIPM?NTNTQ?C¼OM;A?M½;H ¼ƚ¹NBCHE=IHMC>?L<?FC?P?º57 5C7 ¹2()'NBCHEMNB;N*ºQB?L?*NSJC=;FFSCM;>CL?=NMJ??=B=IH MNLO=NCIHI@N?H=IH=FO>?><SNC 5>N¹?NQ>?HE?H?NQG?CH?Hº7 5CC7 57¹2()'=IHMC>?LM<?FC?P?M3NI<?4;H> 5>N¹?NQ@§L?NQB;FN?Hº7 5CCC7 572()'=IHMC>?LM<?FC?P?MBCGB?LM?F@NI<?4()'º½ 5>N¹MC=B@§L?NQB;FN?Hº7 ƛ¼L?MJ?=NL?G?G<?LQCNBL?MJ?=N½%OFCEIP 5C7 ¹(IGAA?>?HEN>?HENL§BG?H>;HEEº 5CC7 ¹(IGA?>?HEN>?HENL§BG?H>;H!?Hº G?CH?>N<?LM?NTOHA?H %OFCEIP B;NLC=BNCA?LE;HHN>;MM<?C>?¼OM;A?M½<?CPQ\DWHHI=B §<?LF;JJ?H>;O@NL?N?H ¼.B?J;L;>CAG;NC=>CPCMCIHI@NB?NQIMO<MSMN?GMI@NB?#0-I@ PDQ5*LM PQ\DWHOIL P«VWDPM*LM PDQXWdOIL PDW7CMHIN=IHMCMN?HN BIQ?P?Lh\DJL?M?HNM;L?@IOH>;FNBIOABL;L?FSCHOM;A?ƛ½ M B;H>?FN MC=B MIGCN HI=B HC=BN A;HT OH> A;L OG TQ?C 0?L<?H TO ?CH?L 1OLT?F 0$1MIH>?LHOG?CH?CHTCA?M0?L< PDQHOLGCN?CH?L.?H>?HTTOL /HN?LM=B?C>OHA TQ?C?L MJ?ENMN;GGJ;;L? *LM PDQXWd 1TIL PDW PM*LMPQ\DWHMCAGILP«VWD 4OG *LM?HMMN;GG PQ\DWH PAF <?MIH>?LM %OFCEIP @@ "?NNLC=B GCN?CMJC?F?HOH>&CN C?M?M*LM<?T?C=BH?NH?<?H?CH?LMN;NCM=B?H5·>SH7!?CMN?MB;FNOHA¹D?NQ EEB;FN?H@§LD?NQEE?NQG?CH?H>?HE?H?CH?'?CHOHA§<?LD?NQ EE B;<?H MC=B B;FN?H @§L EEº ?<?HMI L?MNB;@N ;O=B A;HT A?H;OMI QC? PDQXWd?CH?>SH;GCM=B?5>SH7;A?HNCP??HEB;H>FOHA¹D?NQEE?LMCH H?H ?L>?HE?H D?G;H>?G EE A?>?HE?H ;H D?NQ EE L§BG?H> >?H E?HºPAFPQ\HCH,0<OH>?<?HMIPQ\DP¬QCH,0 ; ,0 ;< YSU¬\DMdÅXPQXÅHÅXN¬UPQ\HY¬ÈM¬WYHGDV¬\MDGK\DL ¹C? <?C>?H CHMJCLC?LN?H -HA?L M= 'ILA?H Þ (;=BN XÅV¬QNW¬ PAF ,0 <?C >?H G?HM=BFC=B?H )J@?LH A?>?HE??L>?HE??LMCHH? C=B ?O=B <?C>? >C?<?C>?H$îN;P?>;MºTOG?IJ@?LHº #H,0 ;MN?BNPILB?L N¯UÁD¹L§BG?H>º>;MT?CAN>;MM?MBC?LOG?CH? ;A?HNCP?H?HEB;H>FOHAA?BN ,0 ;< \VWY¬K³GN¯UÁ¬PQ\DP¬Q PDUW\DPPUW\RMKDY¯PL¹?L C=BGCN>?GL§BG?H>A?>?HE?H>?H"?LT?H>C=B<?>?HE?>;H>C=B>?HE?H> TOG/HMN?L<FC=B?HC=B>?L-N?L<FC=B?LO@?OH>LO@?º C?AL;GG;NCE;FCM=B?-?G;HNCE>?M'?>COGMCG,0 #H ,0 < MO §<?LM?NTN !?F>H?L EDK PQ\DP¬QDÊ TQ;L GCN ¼CBH BI=B B;FN?H>½ CG -CHH? PIH ¹?CH? BIB? 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AIMM?H>C?Q;MM?LL?C=B?+O?FF?º ?GA?A?H§<?LPAFG;HT@IFA?H>?ENCP@ILG ,0 ;< Q V UM¬ Y\DWKDWH \VPLQQ QGUDV W¯YUÈ VPDP SEDWL JVDNK¬\DP¹(C=BN>?LD?HCA?%¡HCAEIGGNTO ;FF<?C>?G#H>L;>?HM=B;L@?H EOBA?M?FFCA?H-IG;NLCHENº C?'?>C;F@ILG SDSLUHCH,0E;HH;FMIH;=B;FF?GQ;MQCLHOH§<?L >C?<?MJLI=B?H?&?M;LN>?M'?>COGMQCMM?H?CA?HNFC=BHOL>;>OL=BGINCPC?LN M?CH>;MM?CHEE DYDWP¹>?HLOHH?HºHC=BN>CL?ENMIH>?LHCH>CL?EN;@@CTC?LN CMN ?L EE ?LBFN >;<?C ?CH? ?>?ONOHA >C? ?CH?G J;LNCNCP?H !?HCNCP >N ¹PIGLOHH?HNLCHE?Hº?HNMJLC=BN ';HA?FH>?I>?LQ?HCA?LSH;GCE.?FCTCNN*OHENO;FCNN M CMN <?E;HHN >;MM G;HA?FH>? SH;GCE .?FCTCNN .?LGCH;NCPCNN I>?L *OHENO;FCNN ?<?H@;FFM <Q?C=BOHA?H PIG .L;HMCNCPCNNMJLININSJ?H >;LMN?FF?H PAF "IJJ?L Þ .BIGJMIH &;EI@@ Þ $IBHMIH OMQ 1?HH >;M ¼/LG?>COG½;FMI?CH?C;NB?M?Q;L>C?<Q?C=BOHA?HPIG.L;HMCNCPCNNMJLI NINSJ?H G;LEC?LN B;N MIFFN?H @IFA?H>? &?M;LN?H CG /LCH>IA?LG;HCM=B?H ¼OL G?>C;F½G;LEC?LNQIL>?HM?CH ; MN;NCP MN;NCM=B? -;=BP?LB;FN? BC?LB?L A?B¡LN >;HH ?<?H ;O=B OLC>A C>?¹Q?CMME?HH??NQD ;h B;<CNO?FF? -;=BP?LB;FN? MIQIBF E;OM;NCP ;FM ;O=B ;HNCE;OM;NCP B;<C NO?FF?-;=BP?LB;FN?MCH>D;;O=BMN;NCM=B < ;HN?LCILCM=B?-;=BP?LB;FN?>C?CH>?L0?LA;HA?HB?CNMN;NNA?@OH>?HI>?L <?AIHH?H B;<?H ;<?L ,?F?P;HT @§L >C? !?A?HQ;LN B;<?HI>?L<CMTOL !?A?HQ;LN ;H>;O?LH MIQIBF E;OM;NCP ;FM ;O=B ;HNCE;OM;NCP ;FMI T ᪦?᪦HB?¹CMN?HNMN;H>?HB;N?LT?OANºOMQ = ;N?FCM=B?-;=BP?LB;FN? > CHN?LGCH;NCP?-;=BP?LB;FN? ? HC=BNJOHENO?FF? -;=BP?LB;FN? T CN?L;NCPL?J?NCNCP? -;=BP?LB;FN? MIQIBFE;OM;NCP;FM;O=B;HNCE;OM;NCP C?C;NB?M?HENCPPM'?>COGOH>>C?0?L<M?G;HNCECG0?>CM=B?H>?L´JYHGD6DÈKLW¬ #G @L§B?H 0?>CM=B?H CMN G ;O@ALOH> >?L CG T?L@;FF?H>?H /LCH>IA?L G;HCM=B?H <?ACH?HH>?H PIL;OMA?B?H>?H ¼0?LMN;GG<CF>OHA½ >?L MO J?LIL>CHC?LN?H MJ?EN? *LM?HMMN;GG ILCMNMN;GG *?L@?ENMN;GG Q?HCA PIH>C?M?H;MJ?ENO?FF?H¼OLG?>C;F?H½&?M;LN?H@ILNA?@§BLNO?L>?GMCH>>C? OLC>A ¼/LG?>C;F@ILG?H½ >?M ?B?G;FM >?JIH?HNC?FF?H F?RCIHMNSJM ᪦?᪦HB?<?L?CNMCG-JNOLC>APIL>?G/LCCLCH>C?C;NB?M?ENCP?CHA?IL> H?NA?QIL>?H?HHI=B@CH>?HMC=BT@IFA?H>?,?MN? -N;NCP&?M;LNƭ 4O >C?M?H G ;FN?H OLG?>C;F?H &?M;LN?H A?B¡LN >C? MN;NCP? &?M;LN CH >?L ?<?HMI MN;NCP?GINCIH;F OH> MN;NCPJIMCNCIH;F >C? ?T?C=BHOHA PIH !? @§BFMTOMNH>?HOH>%¡LJ?LB;FNOHA?H?CHA?M=BFIMM?HCMNPAF P?> -A *LM #H> '?>COG MIA?H;HHN?M ¼-N;NCP½ Ã\H¹FC?ANº ÃD\DW CMN ?HNQ?>?LJ;NC?HNCPOH>QIBFL?MOFN;NCP¹CMNBCHA?F?ANQIL>?HºI>?L>SH;GCM=B 5>SH7¹F?AN?MC=BBCHºCH,0=>E?CFM=BLC@NFOQ-A*LM#H>'?> TCS;LTCS;;L¹FC?ANº P?> ÃdWH . ¹FC?ANº B?NB -A *LM #H> '?> ECNN;L ECCNN;LC ¹FC?AN CMN BCHA?F?ANº J;F -A *LM #H> '?> ECCN;L ECCN;;L ¹FC?ANº AL LFkUBJ¹FC?ANCMNBCHA?F?ANº %§GG?FOH>;H>?L?B;<?H>C?M? ILG;FM¼-N;NCP½=B;L;EN?LCMC?LNOH> ?CH? PIG '?>COG ;<AL?HT<;L? ?CA?HMNH>CA? ¼MN;NCP? OHENCIH½ JIMNOFC?LN QI<?CMC=B;<?L!?A?H<?CMJC?F?@CH>?HPAF*IINB >OB>OBLMCH>HC=BN HOL ¼MN;NCP½ MIH>?LH <?>?ON?H ?<?HMI >SH;GCM=B OH> AA@ ;A?HNCP ¹'CF=B A?<?H?NQDG?FE?HºPAF%§GG?F;;)#=BB;<?<?L?CNM;H;H>?L?L -N?FF?>;A?A?H;LAOG?HNC?LNPAF*IINB GB;H>?FN?MMC=BTOGCH>?MN MSH=BLIH CHH?L@L§BP?>CM=B HC=BN OG ?CH? ?CA?HMNH>CA? %;N?AILC? GCN ;< AL?HT<;L?L OHENCIHMIH>?LHOGGCN'?>C;F@ILG?HP?LN;OM=B<;L?;FFIGILJB? ;FN?LN§GFC=B? ILG?H ŅS? ŅN? . >OB ń' >OA>B ń% PAF%§GG?F*IINB #=BEIGG?MJN?L>;L;O@TOL§=E 0AF>?MQ?CN?L?HAL-A*LM#H>'?>¢NBJ¹MCNT?ºB?NB ?ŋ;LC¹MCNTN M?NTNMC=BºP?>VWH¹MCNT?HºQIG¡AFC=B;O=B5>SH7¹MC=BM?NT?HºPC?FF?C=BNCH ,0=MOHN?H<M=BHCNN AL-A*LM#H>'?>DPM²PNBJ¹<CHQ§N?H>Q§N?ºOMQ C?MN;NCP?&?M;LNCMNNLINTA?A?HN?CFCA?LHMC=BN?H?CH?&?M;LN>?M/LG? >COGM -N?GJ?F M=BL?C<N >;MM ¼>?L OM>LO=E PIH 4OMNH>?H GCNBCF@? G?>C;F?L ILG?H CH >?L FN?L?H #H>IA?LG;HC; ?B?L M?FN?H½ QL? >; >;@§L >;M MIA?H;HHN? ¹*?L@?ENº I>?L <?MIH>?L? -N;GG<CF>OHA?H ¼ ½ݳTOL 0AF-N?GJ?F%§GG?F 0AF*IINB &;TT?LIHC #=BH?BG?BHFC=BQC?%ILNF;H>N;JO>??E?M ;H>;MM¼-N;NCP?½?B?L/LG?>C;F@ILG?HQ;L?H>C?CHH?LB;F<?CH?LMSHN;ENCM=BCHNL;H MCNCP?H %IHMNLOENCIH OH> >?G?HNJL?=B?H> CHH?LB;F< ?CH?L HNCJ;MMCPEIHMNLOENCIH ;O@ NL;N?HOH>>;B?LCHNL;HMCNCPHOFFG;LEC?LNQ;L?H?GA?A?H§<?LH?BG?C=B@§L>C? IL G?HGCNNIC;H>;MMMC?GCNN>CL?ENNL;HMCNCPG;LEC?LNQ;L?H C?AL;GG;NCE;FCM=B?-?G;HNCE>?M'?>COGMCG,0 0?L@§AOHA MN§H>?H C?M? ?B;OJNOHA CGJFCTC?LN >C? JLI<F?G;NCM=B? O@@;M MOHA >;MM ?M MC=B <?CG MIA?H;HHN?H ¼OLC>A *?L@?EN½ OG ?CH? PIG ¼/LG? >COG½OH;<BHACA?%;N?AILC?A?B;H>?FNB;<??MQ?CN?L?HCMN;O=B>?LHM;NT ?CH?LMJ?TC@CM=BMN;NCP?H-N;GG<CF>OHA¼½ݳHC=BNOHJLI<F?G;NCM=B ?ONFC=B >;A?A?H >;MM >?L OM>LO=E PIH 4OMNH>?H GCNBCF@? G?>C;F?L ILG?HM?FN?HQ;LMJL?=B?HPC?F?B?NB'?>C;F@ILG?HGCNMN;NCP?L&?M;LNPAF @IFA?H>??CMJC?F?;OM(?O;@@ îLC;;LC ¹CMNB?CCMNQ;LGº ;LN;LC;LN;LC ¹MN?BNMN?FFNMC=Bº ;ŋîLC;;ŋŋ;Ø;LC ¹CMNAONº C?MN;NCP?&?M;LNQCL>BC?L;FM?CH?LL?MNB;@N?OH>;FN?LN§GFC=B?&?M;LN;HA? M?B?H -N;NCM=B? -;=BP?LB;FN? GOMMN?H G CG ?CHB?CNFC=B?H /LCH>IA?L G;HCM=B?H I<FCA;NILCM=B OLG?>C;F G;LEC?LN Q?L>?H 1C? T ;HB;H> PIH C>?OMQ?LM=BFC?<;LCMN>;M?CH?&?M;LN>C?>;HHCGHM=BFOMMP?LG?BLN ENCP@F?RCIH ;HA?HIGG?H B;N #G @L§B?H 0?>CM=B?H CMN MC? ;FM MIF=B? ?B?L Q?HCAJLI>OENCP;MB;NI@@?H<;L@IFA?H>?!L§H>? ;1C?TCG ;FFPIHGK\DWLWH¹@?MNQ?L>?H@?MNM?CHºB;N?CH?<?MNCGGN? -N;GG<CF>OHA CH >C?M?G ;FF ?CH? MN;NCPCH=IB;NCP? -O<EF;MM? >?L ´-\D *LM?HNC?H >C? ?T?C=BHOHA >?L MN;NCP?H &?M;LN H?<?H >?L ;HNCE;OM;NCP?H ¼@C?HNCP?H½ &?M;LN §<?LHIGG?HȜOH> >C? '?>C;F@F?RCIH CMN BC?L ;FMI ALOH>MNTFC=BL?>OH>;HNA?QIL>?HMI>;MM>C?ALI?'?BLB?CN>C?M?L¼-N;NCP #H=IB;NCP*LM?HMMNGG?½>C?GOLMJL§HAFC=B?'?>C;F@F?RCIH<?L?CNM>OL=B >OL=BA?B?H>?ENCP@F?RCIH?LM?NTNB;<?H M CMN >;B?L HC=BN ;FFTO A?Q;AN >C?M?L *LM?HEF;MM? ?<?HMI QC? ;O=B >?H ¼*;MMCPJLM?HNC?H½ ?CH?H ¼OLG?>C;F?H½ /LMJLOHA TO OHN?LMN?FF?H MI ;O=B %OFCEIP @ < CH? Q?CN?L? ?LE?HH<;L? HNQC=EFOHA CMN >C? -=B;@@OHA PIH H?O?H MN; NCM=B?H 0?L<;FF?R?G?H QC? YLG ¹D E?HH?H ?NQ QCMM?H º PM YLG ¹@CH>?H ?L<FC=E?Hº >C? ?M ;FM MIF=B? TOGCH>?MN A;HT >?ONFC=B CG ;FF PIH O0C> CG /LCH>IA?LG;HCM=B?HHI=BHC=BNA?A?<?HB;N 1C=BNCA CMN BC?L HI=BG;FM >?L "CHQ?CM ;O@ >C? *IFS;ENCIH;FCNN'CN >C? M?G?ALC@@<?T?C=BH?C=B?CH?/HN?LMJ?TC@CTC?LNBCHMC=BNFC=B>?LM?G;HNCM=B?H %IGJIH?HN? 5>SH7 C-P MN;NCM=B OH> >SH;GCM=B C?M? @CH>?N MC=B <?C PC?F?H ¼HNCE;OM;NCP*LM?HNC?H½;O@ hS;NCN?A;HTALOH>MNTFC=BPAF GK\DWLWH¹@?MN Q?L>?H@?MNM?CHºPAF%OFCEIP ¼-NLC=NFS MJ?;ECHA NB? P?L<M I@ NBCM MO<=F;MM MBIOF> <? L?@?LL?> NI ;M ¹MN;N?MCH=BI;NCP?M MCH=? NB?S =;H >?HIN? ?CNB?L <?CHA CH MN;N? + ¹<? +º IL ?HN?LCHACHNI+C?NB?JLI=?MMI@NL;HMCNCIH@LIG()(+NI+¹<?=IG?+º½ C?M? /HN?LMJ?TC@CTC?LNB?CN BCHMC=BNFC=B 5>SH7 E;HH G;H @§L ?CH? ?L?L<N? E;N?AILC;F?CA?HM=B;@N>?M'?>COGOH>/LG?>COGMB;FN?H -IGCNE;HHGMN;NNEN WÅ\DWL¹CMNQCL>>OLMNCA>§LMN?Nº@§L?CH?HPILP?>CM=B?H-JL;=B TOMN;H> '?>C;F@F?RCIH L?EIHMNLOC?LN Q?L>?H ;FMI OLCCL -A *LM #H> '?> N᱈ŋ;N;C ?P?HNO?FF <?L?CNM H?<?H D§HA?L?G Ø N᱈ŋ;NC >C? ET?HNOC?LOHA F;A CG -JNOLC>A QIBF ;O@>?G.B?G;PIE;FN᱈MNIC ?ALC@@PIH-;MM?;< C?C;NB?M?HENCPPM'?>COGOH>>C?0?L<M?G;HNCECG0?>CM=B?H>?L´JYHGD6DÈKLW¬ N?FCTCNNOH>>;M'?>&?M;LNƮ &;ON!INĹ@@EIGG?H>C?ENCP@ILG?H>?MCLL?AOFL?H*LM>?L# *LM?HMEF;MM?GKYDNCCGᢛAP?>;BO@CAGCN?CH?GEE>?M4C?FMPILQBL?H> >C?%IHMNLOENCIHGCN&IEM?FN?HCMNOH>>;A?A?H>C?'?>C;F@ILG?HCG,0OH> 0 MN?NM GCN &IE ;O@NL?N?H >?L >?H ,;OG <?T?C=BH?N CH >?G >;M &;O@?H MN;NN@CH>?NLP?LAF?C=BN>;GCN;O?L>?G>?H ;FFPIH NUPDNC ¹B?L;HM=BL?CN?H ;HD?NQB?L;HNL?N?H;HD?NQºPMNUPDWH¹>;BCHM=BL?CN?Hº ';H <?;=BN? >;<?C >;MM !INĹ >?H .?LGCHOM ¼N?LGCH;NCP½ P?L Q?H>?NC?M?L?ALC@@CMNG?CH?ML;=BN?HM;<?L?CHQ?HCAGCMMP?LMNH>FC=B@§L ?CH? ?>?ONOHA ¹B?L;HNL?N?H ;H D?NQ 4C?Fº >C? ;O@ ?CH 4C?F <TQ ?CH?H 4C?FILNA?LC=BN?NCMN#=BP?LQ?H>?>;@§LFC?<?L>?H?ALC@@¹N?FCM=Bº?H?ALC@@ ¼N?LGCH;NCP½P?LQ?H>?C=B@§L¹;O@?CH?H4?CNJOHEN.?LGCHA?LC=BN?NºT>N ?NQ;M?CH?HJ@?F;O@?MM?H MI QC? -;MM? ; <Q;M ?CHCA? ?<?H@;FFM ;FM¼N?FCM=B½<?T?C=BH?H ME;HH>?GH;=BQ?HH!INĹL?=BNB;NA?@IFA?LNQ?L>?H>;MM>;M'?>COG <?C>?L;LNCA?H?Q?AOHAMP?L<?H>C?;N?FCM=B?&?M;LN<?T?C=BH?NQBL?H>>;M ENCPBO@CA?LN?FCM=BGCNEE>?M4C?FM;O@NLCNN-IGCN?LAC<NMC=BQ?HH!INĹ L?=BN B;N <?C ?CH?G%IHNL;MN ENCP PM '?>COG CH >C?M?H FF?H @§L >;M '? >COG>C??T?C=BHOHAN?FCTCNN #HN?LGCH;NCPCNN#GJ?L@?ENCPCNNOH>>;M'?>&?M;LNƯ OL;NCPCNN <TQ #HN?LGCH;NCPCNN <TQ #GJ?L@?ENCPCNN CMN ?<?H@;FFM ?CH? <Q?C=BOHAPIG.L;HMCNCPCNNMJLININSJ?H C?@IFA?H>?!?A?H§<?LMN?FFOHAFC?@?LN?CH?H"CHQ?CM>;L;O@>;MM>;MP?> '?>COG ;O=B ?CH? CHN?LGCH;NCP? &?M;LN <?T?C=BH?N QBL?H> >C? TOA?B¡LCA? ENCP@ILGN?LGCH;NCPCMNPAF ;'?>CHN?LGCH;NCPSUDSEDQWHVXWV\D ,0 => SQ¬QDÈ W¯UWKÈ N LK SU YRFDG \dQD SDWK SUDSEDQWH VXWV\D ¹1?LE;HH>?H SQ¬QDW¯UWK;O@M;A?H;O@>C?M?G1?A?>?HPIH>?G C=BL?>?NLCHE?HMC?MC=B-=BFO=E@§L-=BFO=EPIL;HPIH>?G!?JL?MMN?Hº <ENN?LGCH;NCP¹;O@NLCHE?HºSUDSEDQWL ,0 ;< \WWY¬GHYDSUDSEDQWLWWDS\¬\DVHS QDʼ1?HH MC? >C=B ;O@NLCHE?HI!INNMI@§FFMN>O>C=B>;L;O@QC?>?L½!?F>H?L "C?L <?C SUDSEDQWLCMN >?L /HN?LM=BC?> ENCP PM '?>COG ;MJ?ENO?FF GI NCPC?LN ?CHG;F CHN?LGCH;NCPCGJ?L@?ENCP KO;MC ;FM ?Q?AOHAMP?L< ¹MC? NLCHE?H MC=B PIH !?H -=BFO=E @§L -=BFO=E -=BLCNN @§L -=BLCNN ?HAF MN?J <S MN?J PIL;Hº IBH? <?L?CNM ;H CBL 4C?F A?EIGG?H TO M?CH PM NIN;F N?LGCH;NCP ¹MC? NLCHE?H -IG; ;O@º PAF ;O=B ,0 < < > < ; < PAF ;O?L>?G ?<?HMI SUD SEDQWH VXWV\D ¹<?ACHH?H TO NLCHE?H NLCHE?H PILº CH ,0 OH> YSLEDGKYDP ¹NLCHEN TO P?LM=BC?>?H?H ';F?H >CMNLC<ONCPºCH,0 C?P?L;HM=BF;AN?@@CHCNNPIHCHN?LGCH;NCP?L<TQCGJ?L@?ENCP?L0?LA;H A?HB?CNTOG'?>COGOH>¼/LG?>COG½?LQ?CMNMC=B§<LCA?HM;O=B>OL=B>;M C?AL;GG;NCE;FCM=B?-?G;HNCE>?M'?>COGMCG,0 FNCLCM=B?QI?CH?;CL-A#GJ@#H>EN k<?L?>;O@?CH? ILGGCNH>OHA NITOL§=EA?BNC?MQC?>?LOG?LQ?CMN?CH?,?;H;FSM?PIHOLC>A¼/LG?>C;F @ILG?H½TOC>AENCP@ILG?HPIG/LC>ATOG/LE?FNCM=B?H HA?MC=BNM >?L BC?L P?LNL?N?H?H !?M;GN<?>?ONOHA >?M ¼/LG?>COGM½ CMN ?CH? 4OA?B¡LCAE?CN >?L CHN?LGCH;NCP?H &?M;LN TO >?H &?M;LN?H >?M ¼/LG?>C OGM½ E?CH? '?LEQ§L>CAE?CN >?HH JLININSJCM=B? .L;HMCNCPCNN T?C=BH?N MC=B ?<?H >OL=B .?FCTCNN .?LGCH;NCPCNN I>?L *OHENO;FCNN ;OM PAF "IJJ?L Þ .BIGJMIH -=BFOMM@IFA?LOHA ?L HOH ;<A?M=BFIMM?H? <M=BHCNN TOL AL;GG;NCE;FCM=B?H -?G;HNCE >?M '?>COGM CG ,0 B;N >?L ?;HNQILNOHA >?L PIL;HA?MN?FFN?H L;A?H A?>C?HN C? L;A? H;=B >?G E;N?AILC;F?H "SJ?LIHSG EIHHN? QC? @IFAN <?;HNQILN?N Q?L>?H4OL1C?>?LBIFOHA C? M=B?G;NCM=B? !?M;GN<?>?ONOHA >?L C;NB?M? '?>COG CMN GCN >?G MO J?LIL>CHC?LN?H "SJ?LIHSG ¼<Q?C=BOHA PIG .L;HMCNCPCNNMJLININSJ?H½ TO <?M=BL?C<?H ;M '?>COG MIFFN? >?G?HNMJL?=B?H> ;FM ¼?NL;HMCNCP? 0IC=?½ <TQ >N ¼>?NL;HMCNCP? C;NB?M?½ <?T?C=BH?N Q?L>?H C? 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T >?G %IHDOHENCPMN;GG ONOL I>?L C?AL;GG;NCE;FCM=B?-?G;HNCE>?M'?>COGMCG,0 ;O=B>?GNB?G;NCM=B?HILCMNMN;GGPAF NK\W;FFGBFC=BTOAOHMN?H>?L ENCP@F?RCIH;<A?<;ON #=B H?HH? ILG?H TO -NGG?H QC? NK\W I>?L QC? MDWWL ;OM >C?M?G !LOH>QC??LQBHN¼(?I;ENCP@ILG?H½TO¼'?>C;FMNGG?H½-IF=B?-NGG? M?NT?H ;FMI OLC>A @CHCN? ¼/LG?>C;F@ILG?H½ @ILN PAF 1;NECHM !;HT EIHEL?N@§BL?C=B N\DW;O@?CH?-A¼/LG?>COG EQᬓTOL§=EP?> MDWWL ;O@?CH?-A¼/LG?>COG½᪦OMI B?L Q?HCA JLI>OENCP ;<?L >?HHI=B PILB;H>?H CMN ;O=B >C? ;A?HNCP >?;@@?ENCP?&?M;LN>C??CH?G;HA?FH>?I>?LQ?HCA?L>CL?EN?1;BLH?BG<;LE?CN ?CH?M P?LOLM;=BN?H @@?ENM <TQ ?CH? G;HA?FH>? I>?L Q?HCA?L 4OMN;H>M P?LH>?LOHA <TQ @@CTC?LNB?CN ?CH?M ;H>?L?H *;LNCTCJ;HN?H <?T?C=BH?N "C?LB?LA?B¡LN>;HH;O=B>C?G?>C;F?';LEC?LOHAPIH;A?HNCP;HNCE;OM;NCP?H ?Q?AOHA?H QC? 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TC@CM=B?H *?H>;HN ?NQ; ?CH?G E;HIHCM=B?H LA;NCP%;MOM @§L CRIHM ¼½ ;OMA?LC=BN?N M CMN ;FMI HC=BN ;H ¼MSHN;ENCM=B?L .L;HMCNCPCNN½ ILC?HNC?LN MIH >?LH ;H M?G;HNCM=B?L OH> >;GCN ;FMI ;H JLININSJCM=B?L .L;HMCNCPCNN <TQ JLININSJCM=B?LA?HNCPCNNPAF!CPH # MCMNG?CH?L?=BNJF;OMC<F?HH;BG?>;MM>;M/LC>A@§L¼MSHN;ENCM=B? .L;HMCNCPCNN½ ?CHCA? PIH >?H D?Q?CFCA?H ';LEC?LOHA?H >?L ;A?HNCP?H OH> >? NL;HMCNCP?H C;NB?M? A;HT OH;<BHACA? AL;GG;NCE;FCM=B? >CL?ENNL;HMCNCP? CH P?LMNL;HMCNCP?OH>CHNL;HMCNCP?';LEC?LOHA?H>?LOH>*?LMIHB;NN?G Q;L?H >;M >C? -O@@CR? N M M >C? ?CMJC?F? I<?H OH> I<CA? HH '?BL>;TO>;HH;H;H>?L?G)LN C?AL;GG;NCE;FCM=B?-?G;HNCE>?M'?>COGMCG,0 JJ?H>CRC?!L;GG;NCE;FCMC?LOHA>?L*;MMCPEIHMNLOENCIH M CMN MJL;=BNSJIFIACM=B JF;OMC<?F ;HTOM?NT?H >;MM >;M N;NM=BFC=B ?CH B?CNFC=B? /LCH>IA?LG;HCM=B? HI=B E?CH?LF?C MO<D?ENA?NLCAA?LN? *;MMCPNL;HM @ILG;NCIH B;NN? >; ?M I@@?H<;L ;O=B E?CH -O<D?EN OH> E?CH?H (IGCH;NCP MN;NN>?MM?HLA;NCPOH><MIFONCPB;NN?ML?C=BNBC?L>C? ?MNMN?FFOHA>;MM ?MA;HT>;H;=B;OMMC?BNC?Q?CN?L?LAOG?HN;NCIHMJL?HAN>?H,;BG?H>C? M?LL<?CNOH>GOMM;H;H>?L?G)LNMN;NN@CH>?HPAF*IINB <MA;<;FMI GF?>CAFC=B?CH?%IHMNLOENCIHGCN<MIFONCP%;MOMOH>CHNL;HMCNCP?L?NL;H MCNCP@ILG <TQ /LG?>C;F@ILG T AQBHC M I<?H #=B M?NT? ;H QC? I<?H CFFOMNLC?LN>;MM?CH?A?HMHA;<?CH?CH?GI<FCKO?H%;MOMT%IGCN;NCP #HMNLOG?HN;F OHAL;GG;NCM=B Q;L OH> >;MM ?CH? CHP?LMNL;HMCNCP? 0?L<@ILG T AQBHM ȳ AQBHMN I>?LAQBݳHM ȳ AQBݳHMN P?LQ?H>?N Q?L>?H GOMMN? MI<;F> >?L HC=BNNIJCE;F? ;OM?L I>?L ;OM?LA?HM EIHN?RNO?FF <?E;HHNOH>I>?LCGJFCTC?LNQ;L ?CHB?CNFC=B?M/LC>AMC?B?I<?H ; BAQBC AQBH -=BF;HA?-6-! M=BF;A-'-!#.,., ¹-=BF;HA? D?G;H>?LM=BFOAMC? >C?-=BF;HA?.)*QOL>?PIHD?G;H>?G?LM=BF;A?Hº < BAQBC JBNLM AQBݳHM -=BF;HA?-6-! 0;N?L,!6-! M=BF;A#.'-!#(0 ¹-=BF;HA?.)*0;N?LQ;LMC?;G?LM=BF;A?H;FM >C?-=BF;HA?QOL>?A?L;>?PIG0;N?L?LM=BF;A?H;FMº M CMN JF;OMC<?F ;HTOM?NT?H >;MM H;=B >?G ?CHB?CNFC=B?H /LC>A CG T?L @;FF?H>?H MJNOLC>A C;F?ENEIHNCHOOG I >;A?A?H >C? I<FCKO? A?HM?L Q?CN?LOHA G¡AFC=B QOL>? QIGCN ?CH? H?O? G?>C;F? *;MMCPEIHMNLOENCIH A?M=B;@@?HQ;LPAF!?ILA? ¼#N>I?MHIN;JJ?;LJIMMC<F?57NIL?=IH MNLO=N ; MCHAF? OHC@C?> ;A?HN ?RJL?MMCIH @IL *# @IL NB? >;OABN?L F;HAO;A?M MBIQ;<?QCF>?LCHAP;LC?NSI@=IHMNLO=NCIHM½ H;=B>?G?CHB?CNFC=B?H/LC>A AQBH JBNLM BAQBCM -=BF;HA?()'-! M=BF;A-!*,-#(' 0;N?L!-! ¹CH?C?-=BF;HA?QOL>?PIG0;N?L?LM=BF;A?Hº 1¡LNFC=B¹CH?C?-=BF;HA?D?G;H>M=BFOAMC?PIG0;N?Lº MCMNJF;OMC<?F>;MMOHA?@BLTOLM?F<?H4?CN>C?I<FCKO?A?HM?LQ?CN?LOHA ?<?HMI ;H ?CH? %IHMNLOENCIH GCN ILG >?L *F /LG?>COG #HNL;HMCNCP ;HA? @§ANQ?L>?HEIHHN? /LC>A BHL MNOI9L ';HH-!- JL?CM#.'.,#.,9*& ¹CH?H?H';HH?CHCA?*FJL?CMN?HCBHº C?C;NB?M?HENCPPM'?>COGOH>>C?0?L<M?G;HNCECG0?>CM=B?H>?L´JYHGD6DÈKLW¬ H;=B>?G?CHB?CNFC=B?H/LC>A BHL MNOIL JBNLM ';HH()'-! JL;CM?-!#* 0#('# @;NB?L&-! ¹CH?L';HHQOL>?PIG0;N?LA?JLC?M?Hº Q¡LNFC=B¹CH?L';HHMC?JL?CMN?HCBHMJ?TC?FFPIG0;N?Lº ?LA?L;>?<?M=BLC?<?H?!L;GG;NCE;FCMC?LOHAMJ@;>§<?L?CH? ILG>?L *?LMIH*FOL;FCMNMJL;=BNSJIFIACM=BM?BLA?FO@CAPAF";MJ?FG;NB M CMN ;FMI JF;OMC<?F >;MM >C? H>OHA?H IL X NIL OMQ ;O@ OLC>A ILG?H >?L*?LMIH*FOL;FOH>?<?HHC=BN;O@-CHAOF;L@ILG?HTOL§=EA?B?H-JN?L QOL>? ILXNILOMQGCN CTO ILCXNILCOMQB?NB ᦽLCNᦽLCOMQ JF?IH;MNCM=B?LQ?CN?LNIQACFFM#>??>;MM NILOMQOLMJL§HAFC=B>C?¼JLCGL? '?>C;F?H>OHA½>?M¼*LM?HM#H>CE;NCP'?>COG½Q;LCMNGJ;=?$;M;HI@@ GCN&CN?B?LOHJF;OMC<?FHC=BNHOLQ?CF?MCG?CHB?CNFC=B?H/LC>AG HI=B E?CH? /HN?LM=B?C>OHA CH ¼*LCGL?H>OHA?H½ PM ¼-?EOH>L?H>OHA?H½ A?A?<?HB;NMIH>?LH;H>?LM;LNCA?GILJBIMSHN;ENCM=B?/HN?LM=B?C>OHA?HT G ?CH?H *,)!,--#0( MJ?EN ;O@ C PAF *IINB ; ;O?L>?G >;M I<?H?LQBHN?#HP?LM-SMN?GMCMNGOHA?G?CHJLI<F?G;NCM=B@OHENCIH ;F? /HN?LM=B?C>OHA?H <TQ GILJBIMSHN;ENCM=B? %;N?AILC?H OH> F?RCE;FCM=B? !?A?<?HB?CN?H ;O=B Q?HH MC? 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