Author: Brenda Stephenson The University of Tennessee • Date submitted to deafed.net – March 6, 2006 • To contact the author for permission to use this PowerPoint, please e-mail: [email protected] • To use this PowerPoint presentation in its entirety, please give credit to the author. Language Acquisition in Children who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing Contributed by Brenda Stephenson The University of Tennessee Language has FORM Chomsky stated that” language is a system of rules that in some explicit and well defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentences.” Bloom and Lahey stated that language is,” the code whereby ideas about the world are represented through a conventional system of arbitrary signals for communication.” Language involves Representation • Enactive representation: we enact or re-enact an object or event • Iconic representation: use of visual organization to present a concept or category • Symbolic representation: languages include symbols that users manipulate meaning in a systematic, rule-governed way The Elements of Language: Form, Content and Use • Bloom and Lahey (1978) • Form is the surface structure of language: – Phonology – Morphology – Syntax Content • Content refers to what we know about the world and how we describe it – Semantics Use… • Use refers to the way language functions as a social mediator – Pragmatics Principles of Language Instruction • Multiple Influences Principle • Meaning and Ideational Principle • Categorization Principle • Relationships Principle • Systematic Rules Principle • Socialization Principle • Integration Principle Stages of Language Development • Hearing – Respond by crying – Sensitive to loud noises • Deaf and Hard of Hearing – Respond by crying – Sensitive to lights, shadows and smells Prelinguistic Stage • Brain research shows that during the baby’s first year, sensory input shapes the brain’s organization • Hearing infants are sensitive to auditory • Infants with hearing loss are sensitive to visual input and touch Typical Sequence of normal language development • • • • • • • 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-26 3-4 yrs 5 yrs early prelinguistic later prelinguistic single sign/word early word combinations multiword combinations multiword combinations adult-like language Motherese • Hearing adults modify their speech patterns to maintain child’s attention • Attributes of ASL motherese – – – – Signs closer to infant Oriented full palm facing infant Full-face visibility Directed eye gaze Stages of vocal development • • • • 0-1 2-3 4-6 6-7 Phonation GOO Expansion Babbling Same Same Same Different Single Word/Single Sign • Deaf and hearing infants who had access to linguistic information communicate in similar ways • Important characteristic is that the words must cause change…ex. Milk, blanket, car…not tree or chair The Pointing Gesture • First pointing gesture is redundant • Second pointing gesture is nonredundant • Hearing and deaf children develop it at the same time Fingerspelling • Fingerspelling is a natural part of communicating with children • Deaf children are able to recognize fingerspelled words without knowing the printed letters • All spelling test should be fingerspelled…not signed Development of Vocabulary • 18 months hearing children have about fifty words • Deaf children fall progressively behind in vocabulary • Three categories – Novel mappers – Rapid word learners – Slow word learners Early Word Combinations • Both deaf and hearing children use 2 word combinations by age 2 • Play seems to encourage the development of communication • Symbolic substitution: use one object for another • Sequenced symbolic: engaging in 2 actions related in time Multiword Combinations • Hearing children use uninflected verbs and no determiners (Baby fall down) • 18mo.-3 yrs: hearing develop the negation system, determiner and question system • Overgenerlization occurs (I runned fast) • Deaf do not do this…limited input, structures are taught in isolation, only certain structures are taught. Early Semantic Development • High degree of relationship between symbolic play and language development • What does this say to us about teaching and classroom structure? Early Pragmatic Development • Hearing children reach conversational maturity by about 8-10 yrs of age • Requests for clarification and confirmatory responses are delayed in deaf (Lack of opportunity to communicate with fluent users) Factors Contributing to Language Acquisition • Early exposure to language • Mother-child interactions • Language input
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