Economic Development of Japan No.2 Edo Period I. Emperor’s Rule II. Samurai’s Rule 1603 X III. Modern -ization PP.16-17 IV. Postwar 1867 Rapid recovery and growth NARA Centraliz ation MEIJI EDO Jinshin War × 671 Taika Reform × 645 Clan fights HEIAN Nobles, Decentra lization KAMAKURA MUROMACHI SENGOKU Hunting & gathering Internal wars, dynamic & fluid society xxxx Chinese culture & Rice Buddhism political system Tokugawa Shogunate Peace, isolation, conserva tive class society Westerniz ation, industriali zation, militariliza tion xxxx WEST: guns & Christianity WAR xxx WEST!!! US occupation 1945-52 The Early Age of Samurai, 12c to 16c (Kamakura鎌倉, Muromachi室町, and Sengoku戦国 period) (Sengoku=Warring States) • Internal fights for dominance continued--samurai were real fighters and protectors of land. • Religion for self-discipline, pragmatism and coping with life-or-death situation emerged (Zen Buddhism禅). • Society was dynamic and fluid. Power and outcome, not family name, mattered. • External trade was active; Major daimyos foreign invasion and piracy Other daimyos were also carried out. Sengoku Daimyo’s spheres of influence around 1570 (just before reunification) Transition from Sengoku to Edo P.22 (Late 16c to early 17c) Oda Nobunaga (1534-82), merciless fighter 織田信長 Toyotomi Hideyoshi (153698), witty operator 豊臣秀吉 Tokugawa Ieyasu (15421616), patient winner 徳川家康 • Daimyo’s direct rule of land and farmers was established (removal of middle powers such as influential temples, manors, landlords). • Rigid separation of samurai and farmers --Kenchi 検地(land survey and registration) creation of family farms --Katanagari 刀狩(confiscation of all arms from non-samurai classes) --All samurai required to live in castle town, receive rice salary --All farmers required to live in villages, till allotted land, and pay rice tax The Late Age of Samurai, 17c to mid 19c (Edo period) • Tokugawa family ruled for 264 years (15 shoguns). • Daimyos were ranked, and given land to rule in exchange for loyalty and submission. Agro-based feudalism and tax systems were installed. • Peace was restored and samurai became urban bureaucrats. • Foreign travel and private Bakufu’s direct rule foreign trade were banned. Tokugawa relatives & original retainers Other daimyos Bakufu monopolized limited trade with China & Netherlands. Daimyo’s assigned lands in 1664 (early Edo period) Numbers show size of han (x10,000 koku) Samurai Glossary Samurai Swordsmen, warrior class 侍（武士） Bakufu Military headquarters, samurai government 幕府 Shogun Head of military government 将軍 Han Feudal province； land given to daimyo to rule 藩 Top samurai ruler of Han (inherited) 大名 Former name of Tokyo 江戸 Daimyo Edo Rich merchant families (Mitsui, Sumitomo…) 豪商 Terakoya Private primary school 寺子屋 Gosho Shi-NoKo-Sho Samurai-Farmers-Craftsmen-Merchants; the four classes of Edo period from high to low Sat-Cho- Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, Hizen; four powerful Do-Hi han toward the end of Edo period; now called Kagoshima, Yamaguchi, Kochi, Saga 士農工商 薩長土肥 （薩摩、長州、 土佐、肥前） PP.23-25 Bakuhan Taisei (Bakufu-Han System) 幕藩体制 --“Feudalism” --Class society Separation of rulers and ruled 士 How to keep daimyos obedient: --Seppuku & termination of family --Limits on military capability (e.g. one castle) --Relocation & downsizing of hans at will --Sankin kotai (bi-annual residence in Edo) --Assignment of charges and public works 農 工 商 P.23 Pre-conditions for Industrial Take-off • • • • • • • Political unity and stability Agricultural development and commercialization Development of transportation and nationally unified markets Rise of commerce, finance and wealthy merchant class Rise of pre-modern manufacturing Industrial promotion by local governments High level of education Samurai police and merchants City girls Daimyo in his castle Agriculture: Positive vs Negative Aspects • • • • • • Village autonomy and family farming Acreage rose then stabilized, productivity rose continuously Technology and knowledge improved over time As commercial crops increased, rich farmers emerged Farmers were tied to land and had to pay heavy (?) tax Famine, discontent with policy/officials led to ikki (farmers’ rebellion) Koku/cho Million cho (=ha) 20 15 8 Output/land (left scale) 6 10 4 5 0 1600 PP.25-28 Farmland (right scale) 1650 1700 Source: Hayami & Miyamoto, 1988. 1750 1800 1850 2 0 1872 Budget, Money and Inflation PP.28-30 • Economy shifted from rice to cash crop, agro-processing and commerce, but revenue continued to be based on rice tax • Bakufu and han governments launched reforms and industrial promotion to cope with budget crisis (only some succeeded) • Bakufu monopolized foreign trade, but Matsumae, Tsushima and Satsuma Han also had foreign contact • Inflation accelerated in late Edo period due to (i) debasement of gold, (iii) foreign trade, and (iii) famine (entire period) Output & Tax on Bakufu Land Million koku 5 4 3 2 1 1840 1830 1820 1810 1800 1790 1780 1770 1760 1750 1740 1730 1720 0 Rich Merchants in Edo Period (Gosho) Mitsui Family Sumitomo Family -17c From Matsuzaka -Kimono trade & money exchange in Edo, Kyoto, Osaka – huge success -16c Adopt Western copper refining, copper trade (Kyoto) -17c Move to Osaka -Besshi Copper Mine (under Bakufu’s commission) <Transition to Meiji> Manager: Minomura Rizaemon -Cope with bakufu policy to protect Mitsui business -Support and work with new government -Internal reform: from gosho to zaibatsu -1876 Establish Mitsui Bank & Mitsui Trading Company Onogumi? Tennojiya? Hiranoya? Shimadagumi? Kashimaya? <Transition to Meiji> Manager: Hirose Saihei -Avoiding gov’t confiscation -Introducing Western mining technology to renovate Besshi -Business diversification Konoike -Sake making, trading, loans to daimyo -No serious internal reform in Meiji -Failed to form zaibatsu (Sanwa Bank) Terakoya (Private Primary Schools) P.35 • Private teaching (3Rs:read, write, abacus) at teacher’s house, all over Japan (20,000+)—contributing greatly to literacy • Any intelligent person can be a teacher, any child can study (ages about 7-13) • Individual teaching, with flexible time and flexible fee <Typical curriculum> 8-12am Writing (brush & ink) 12-1pm Lunch at home 1-2pm Arithmetic, moral 2pm Go home <Exams and exhibitions> Monthly exams Year-end final exam Writing exhibitions, Apr & Aug <Holidays> 3 days/month, plus others Bakufu Schools and Han Schools PP.33-34 (Official Teaching) • The core curriculum was ancient Chinese philosophy, especially Confucianism (6-5c BC) 儒学. • Confucianism emphasized social order, respect for superiors and elders, the role and duties of the ruler, and rituals and ceremonies (legitimacy for class society). • Study consisted of reading old Chinese literature in Japanese way, memorizing, and interpret the meaning. • Eminent bakufu scholars: Fujiwara Seika (1561-1619) Hayashi Razan (1583-1657) Arai Hakuseki (1657-1725) • Later, Bakufu also taught Dutch, Western medicine, military navigation, etc. Bakufu school at Yushima Seido (Ochanomizu, Tokyo). Confucianism was taught to the sons of bakufu samurais. Shokason Juku by Yoshida Shoin (1830-59) 松下村塾（吉田松陰） NHK TV Historical Drama 2015 • Studied in Edo and Nagasaki • Strong personality and pro-emperor, anti-bakufu ideas • Jailed 3 times for trying to go abroad and criticizing government, finally executed in Edo • Taught young samurai and non-samurai at Shokason Juku from 1855 to 1857 (2.5 years) Produced many political leaders Ito Hirobumi (Prime Minister) Yamagata Aritomo (Prime Minister) Kusaka Genzui (anti-bakufu fighter) Takasugi Shinsaku (anti-bakufu fighter) Shokason Juku, Hagi, Choshu Han P.34 Kangi-en by Hirose Tanso (1782-1856) 咸宜園（広瀬淡窓） Kangi-en, Hita (under bakufu’s direct rule) • Established in 1817, succeeded by 9 rectors until 1897 • Largest private school in Edo period, attracting over 4,000 students • Main courses: ancient Chinese literature and philosophy • Three non-selectivity principle—anyone accepted regardless of age, education background or class/family • Monthly student evaluation—classified into 19 levels; competition based on monthly study results • All students lived in school dormitory Famous graduates Takano Choei (doctor, scholar of western studies) Omura Masujiro (military reformer) P.34
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