社会調査を学びたい人のために (マン著） Grounded Theory

Grounded Theory
Observation / Survey of Individual Cases (the “ground”)
↓
Analysis and Synthesis of Empirical Data =
Identify patterns and relationships within the data by
coding and cross-referencing (相関性を特定する）
↓
Develop conceptual categories to explain the data
↓
Your Theory / Theoretical Analysis
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社会調査を学びたい人のために (マン著）
Grounded Theory (Charmaz)
Theories = Explaining your Data
６．Grounded Theory =現場との接触から来る
「経
験データ」、アンケート調査や聞き取り調査の結果と、
概念的な枠組みの統合。先行研究から持ってきた概
念的な枠組みと現場での経験を照合し、「基盤があ
る」理論を出せる方法論。
• Combining field data with conceptual
frameworks. This methodology is “grounded”
because you check the field data against the
conceptual frameworks in your hypothesis.
This is done in order for you to produce your
own theory / conclusions based on your data,
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not on the literature.
Grounded Theory
• Combine quantitative and qualitative methods
• Qualitative and descriptive methods can also be
used to develop a theory
• At final stage, develop analytic categories from
the data, not only from the hypotheses
• Theoretical sampling:
(in addition to representative sampling) to make
a sample that can check the researcher’s theory
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Grounded Theory
Collecting Data – Generating Data
1. Construct the survey and the data together with
your informants
2. Refine / revise your survey questions while you
are conducting the survey, to reflect new
information and views from the informants
3. Obtain and rely on “thick” description (see below).
Include thoughts, feelings, and actions. Include
descriptions of the physical environment.
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Grounded Theory
Collecting Data – Making Meanings Explicit
1. Informants’ actions have multiple meanings and
multiple consequences
2. Formation of questions that will “generate” data
(responses), that is, will help the informant to
state things that he/she takes for granted
3. Use Goffman’s suggestion of participating directly
in the research site’s daily activities
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社会調査を学びたい人のために (マン著）
Grounded Theory (Charmaz)
１．Thick description = フィールドワーク対象地や
人々に関する最大の記述内容
（ギアーツ、クリッフォード『文化の解釈学』1973年）
• Thick Description:
Maximum amount of description the
researcher is capable of noting down
about the fieldwork site and people.
（Geertz, Clifford. The Interpretation of Cultures, 1973.)
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Grounded Theory
Coding the Data
1. Line-by-line coding (= Open Coding)
2. Focused coding
Codes in Grounded Theory are created while you are
analyzing the data
Coding provides the link between
data ⇔ theory / concept / explanation
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社会調査を学びたい人のために (マン著）
Grounded Theory (Charmaz)
2. Codes ＝質的データ・聞き取りデータへのミクロ
レベルでの諸解釈。研究の仮説から生じるか、
データ自体から生じる。
• “Codes”
Micro-level interpretations that the
researcher applies to short segments of
qualitative data.
These can be derived from the hypothesis of
the research OR from the data themselves.
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社会調査を学びたい人のために (マン著）
Grounded Theory (Charmaz)
３．Open Coding ＝質的データ（記録）に、
line-by-lineごとに総括的な解釈を入れる。
「自由回答のカテゴリー分類」。研究の仮説
に基づいている・繋がっているはず。
• Going through the text data line-by line to add preliminary interpretations,
based on the hypothesis you have
already formed, or on ideas that arise
when you read your data.
Data text notes.
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社会調査を学びたい人のために (マン著）
Grounded Theory (Charmaz)
• Focused Coding
Choose a repeated theme from your line-byline coding.
Go through your text data again, and identify
the points where this major theme occurs.
If there are many such important points,
your theme becomes a category.
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Grounded Theory
• Memo-writing
Memo-writing is the link between
coding ⇔ analysis
In memo-writing, you formulate
categories, patterns, and processes.
• Define the categories in as detailed a way as
possible.
• Define their component parts and the assumptions
behind them.
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社会調査を学びたい人のために (マン著）
Grounded Theory (Charmaz)
４．Categories ＝先行研究から持ってきた概
念的な枠組み、理論、説
• Categories: Conceptual frameworks,
theories, and explanations brought in
from your review of the current
literature about your topic.
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Grounded Theory
Coding the Data
Data
Line-by-Line
Coding
Patterns,
Categories
Theory
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Grounded Theory:
Expected Feedback Loop
4 Memo-writing
3 Line-by-Line Coding
2 Data Collection
1 Questions
5 Identification of Patterns, Categories
6 New Questions
7 Theory
Goal of Theory: to prove that there is
a “process” that explains the
behaviors you have surveyed.
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社会調査を学びたい人のために (マン著）
Grounded Theory (Charmaz)
Theories = Explaining your Data
5. Processes = 時間を通して、社会状況の中
としての、対象者における自分の行動を説
明する可能性がある「過程」
• An idea of a process or sequence that
can explain the informant’s behaviour
over time, and within a social context.
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