日本研究演習(英語)A - Educational WWW Server of Tsuda

日本研究演習(英語)Ａ
Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164)
[email protected] / http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess
Draft
Immigration
Control
Plan Aims
to Bar
Terrorist
Suspects
from Entry
(2015/6/16)
第５次出入国管理基本計画の原
案の骨子
Tokyo's Shibuya ward is first
municipality in Japan to
recognise same-sex marriage
• Shibuya votes to issue
certificates recognising samesex unions as “equivalent to
marriage”
• Recent Mainichi Shimbun poll
showed 44 % for same-sex
marriage, 39% against
• 2010: Tokyo governor Ishihara
categorizies lesbians and gay
men as “deficient” and
genetically lacking...
LGBT supporters in the Tokyo
Rainbow Pride parade in April.
March 2015
Celebrity Gay Wedding
Japanese actress
Akane Sugimori and
her partner Ayaka
Ichinose held a
symbolic wedding
ceremony in Tokyo, as
calls grow for Japan to
legalise same-sex
marriage. Their
marriage will not be
recognised under law.
Japanese actress Akane Sugimori
(R) and her partner Ayaka Ichinose,
both dressed in white, speak at a
press conference after their
marriage ceremony in Tokyo on
April 19, 2015
HOMEWORK FOR NEXT WEEK
Contemporary Issues about Japan
in the English Media
Newspaper, Magazine, Internet…
Bring ➍ copies of
your (short!)
English article on
Japan for next
week
Prepare comprehension
questions about facts in the
article!
(not general opinion questions)
女性の労働力率
Female Labor Force Participation Rate:
How to Resolve the “M-curve”?
How feminism could save Japan
from demographic doom
女性活躍へ六つの柱初会合、支
援策まとめ安倍政権
• 安倍政権が力を入れる女性
活躍施策の司令塔となる「す
べての女性が輝く社会づくり
本部」の初会合が１０日開か
れ、支援策をまとめた「政策パ
ッケージ」を正式に決定した。
国民から意見を募り、女性が
暮らしやすい社会環境をつく
るための新たな方策も検討す
るという
2014年10月11日
Equal Opportunity Legislation
1986: 1st Equal Employment Opportunity Law
(男女雇用機会均等法)
1997: EEOL revised
• definitions of sexual harassment and legal
penalties for employers introduced for 1st time
1999 The Basic Law for a Gender-equal Society
(男女共同参画社会基本法)
2007: 2nd revision of EEOL, focusing on
• indirect discrimination of pregnant women
• “sexual harassment” to include male victims
Criticism of EEOL: No Penalties
• Penalties only allow for making the names of the
offending companies public. They do not allow for
the government to assess fines, nor for plaintiffs
to seek punitive damages against the employer.
• 2009: U.N. Committee on the Elimination of
Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) raised
concerns over ‘toothless’ penalties.
２００９年度バージェスゼミ卒業論文：
「少子化対策におけるレトリックと不況下における働く
女性の現実: “育休切り”に対して政府は無力なのか」
マタニティ・ハラスメント４人に１人
25% of Pregnant Workers
Experienced Harassment
妊娠・出産で
退職強要：
職場で心な
い言葉
育休後に雇い止めに遭った女性。記入
を求められた退職願の理由欄には「労
働契約期間満了」と下書きがあった
Yomiuri 2013/07/31 p. 35
Japan in International Rankings
http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2014
Japan: 10th
UNDP 国際連合開発計画
Japan: 57th
GEM replaced by GII=Gender Inequality Index (ジェン
ダー不平等指数) from 2010 (Japan 17th in 2014)
UNDP 国際連合開発計画
World Economic Forum 世界経済フォーラム
GII Criteria (UNDP)
• Reproductive health
– Maternal mortality rate
– Adolescent fertility rate
• Empowerment
– Seats in national parliament
– Secondary school education
• Labor Market Participation
UNDP 国際連合開発計画
UNDP 国際連合開発計画
Japan: 104th
World Economic Forum 世界経済フォーラム
GGI Criteria 2013 (WEF)
• Educational Attainment
91st
• Health and Survival
34th
• Political Empowerment
118th
• Economic Participation & Opportunity
104th
While over 98% of the
health and education
gender gaps have been
closed, only 58% of the
economic gap and 6%
of the political
empowerment gap have
narrowed
http://www.weforum.org/re
ports/closing-gender-gapjapan
April 16th: イコール・ペイ・デー
Average monthly wage (一般労働者の平均賃金)
* Men=\328,300 Women=\231,900
「女性が男性と同額の賃金を得るには７８
日余分にはたらかなければならず、それを
１月１日から週５日間働く計算に当てはめる
と。。。４月１６日になる。」
（2012年4月19日読売新聞）
Group Work
WORKSHEET QUESTION 1: OPINION
POLLS
“Husbands should work outside the
home and wives should take care of their
families.”
(夫が外で働き、妻は家庭を守るべき)
What do you think? Write your personal
answer and then explain to the group
Cabinet Office Poll: “Husbands should
work while wives stay at home”
「夫は外で働き、妻は家庭を守るべきだ」反対
49％＝再び賛成上回る―内閣府調査
2014
For (賛成）44.6％ (-7%) (incl. 43.2% women!); against (反対）49.4% (+4.3%)
• More than half of
Japanese support
“traditional” gender roles
– In 2012, supporters increased
for 1st time since 1992
• Economic uncertainty &
increased importance of
home life post 3.11 factors?
• Largest rise amongst
those in their 20’s (２０歳代
男女で大幅増)
– 55.7% of men and 36.6% of
women in their 20’s agreed!
WORKSHEET QUESTION 2
Defining Terms:
Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
Sex/Gender/Sexuality
Sex
Gender
（身体の性別）（ジェンダー）
e.g. Man =
Masculinity =
Sexuality
（性的指向）
Heterosexual
Gender = Societies’ Interpretation of the body:
“One is not born a woman, one becomes one.”
Simone de Beauvoir
Q. Why does sexuality & gender tend
not to be differentiated in Japan?
Sex
Gender
（身体の性別）（ジェンダー）
Sexuality
（性的指向）
A: Just like “race” and “language/culture” are
typically intertwined & not distinguished in
Japan (=the clover model of identity), gender
and sexuality are often combined together and
treated as the same thing. More precisely…
A: In Japan sexuality is not a
major source of identity…
• In Japan, sexuality is usually left unspecified
(and unacknowledged): it is conflated with (and
often subsumed under) gender
• In Japan, the focus is on gender ambiguity
(androgyny) rather than sexuality: transgression
of gender boundaries (such as cross-dressing=
女装=じょそう) rather then sexual preference.
Thus おかま, is translated variously as “gay
man” and “drag queen/transvestite”…
(異性服装倒錯者)
ネットオカマ。。。
• Men who adopt female names
in internet chat-rooms
• Again, here ‘okama’ refers to
playing with and crossing
gender roles (feminine manner/dress),
rather than sexuality (sexual preferences)
• In particular, female sexuality is rarely
acknowledged and largely invisible…
Sexuality (?)Terminology in Japan
MALE
FEMALE
男色
「ホモ」「レズ」、および「オカマ」は、当事
同性愛者
者が不快に感じる「差別語」と言える
ゲイボーイ・ニューハーフ
ホモ・ゲイ
レズ（ビアン）
WORKSHEET QUESTION 3
Gender Stereotypes: masculine
and feminine characteristics
(男性特有・女性特有)
Yamato Nadeshiko
Teishu Kampaku
"Women have their proper place:
they should be womanly," said
LDP policy chairman Syoichi
Nakagawa, right-hand man to
premier Shinzo Abe.
"They have their own abilities and
these should be fully exercised, for
example in flower arranging,
sewing, or cooking. It's not a
matter of good or bad, but we need
to accept reality that men and
women are genetically different, "
he said over breakfast in Tokyo.
(2007/06/01)
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/
10月１日、中山義活経済産業省政務官が、
アジア太平洋経済協力会議（ＡＰＥＣ）中小
企業相会合にあわせて岐阜で開催された
「女性企業家サミット」（21 カ国・地域から
約300人参加）で、「日本の女性は家庭で
働くことを喜びとしている」「（女性が家庭で
働くのは）日本の文化」と発言したと報じら
れています。
WORKSHEET QUESTION 4
Man or Woman (in terms of sex)?
Ａ
D
B
C
Man
Man
Mikawa Ken’ichi
Woman
Takarazuka Review
Kabuki
Man
IZAM from Shazna
Q5. Final Discussion
Personal experiences: share stories with
your group about incidents when you
were told to act/behave in a certain way
“because you are a women/girl”
- How do these pressures and expectations
differ from country to country (or generation to
generation)?
日本研究演習(英語)Ａ
Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164)
[email protected] / http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess
Homophobia in Japan
• Dec. 2010: Ishihara makes comments
criticizing the representation of
homosexuals in the media and categorizing
lesbians and gay men as "deficient" and
genetically lacking: “I feel sorry for them”
東京都の石原慎太郎知事は７日、同性愛者について「どこかやっぱり
足りない感じがする。遺伝とかのせいでしょう。マイノリティーで気の毒
ですよ」「テレビなんかでも同性愛者の連中が出てきて平気でやるで
しょ。日本は野放図になり過ぎている」「それをことさら売り物にし、
ショーアップして、テレビのどうのこうのにするってのは、外国じゃ例が
ないね」「サンフランシスコでゲイのパレードを見ましたけど、見てて本
当に気の毒だと思った。男のペア、女のペアあるけど、どこかやっぱ
り足りない感じがする」と発言した。(Mainichi Shimbun 2010/12/08)
Ｆｆｒｆｒｆｒｒｆｒｆｒｆｒｆ
Ｆｆｒｆｒｆｒｒｆｒｆｒｆｒｆ
Ｆｆｒｆｒｆｒｆｒｆ
Ｆｆｒｆｒｆｒｆｒｆ
• Husbands do 17.6%
of the housework on
average / 40% cook
• “Cooking together
seems to positively
affect matrimonial
harmony”…
Daily Yomiuri 2012/04/23 p. 3
Japan falls to 101st place in
gender equality rankings
(男女平等度日本１０１位）
• Japan came 101st in the World Economic Forum's
2012 global gender equality rankings announced
Wednesday, down three places from last year.
• Japan was at the bottom among the Group of
Eight major countries. The WEF rankings are
compiled based on the group's survey on the gap
between men and women in four categories —
economic participation and opportunity,
educational attainment, health and survival, and
political empowerment.
Thursday, Oct. 25, 2012
2011 White Paper on Gender Equality
Japan 121st in
world for ratio of
female
legislators
特集編: ポジティ
ブ・アクションの推
進―「2020年
30％」に向けて―
セクシュアルマイノリティの基礎認識
あなたの性別は？
男
身体の性別
Sex
戸籍上の性別
{
}
心の性別（性自認）
生活上の社会的
Gender
文化的性別
性的指向
Sexuality
（恋愛・性愛の対象）
女
{
出典：佐倉智美
（http://homepage3.nifty.com/tomorine3908/）
}
伊藤悟
（2012年4月22日 Daily Yomiuri）
“Forty Years of Japanese Feminism: What It
Has Achieved … and What It Has Not”
(By Chizuko Ueno, Professor Emeritus,
Tokyo University)
• Has the second wave of feminism
improved women’s status in Japan?
Chizuko Ueno discusses achievements
and failures of the last 40 years, as well
as the lingering effects of the March 11
Fukushima nuclear disaster and current
nuclear politics, with a special focus on
how these issues relate to women.
Click for
video
(1 hour)
April 22, 2013 (The 2013 Najita Distinguished Lecture in Japanese Studies)
Japan falls to 101st place in
gender equality rankings
(男女平等度日本１０１位）
• Japan came 101st in the World Economic Forum's
2012 global gender equality rankings announced
Wednesday, down three places from last year.
• Japan was at the bottom among the Group of
Eight major countries. The WEF rankings are
compiled based on the group's survey on the gap
between men and women in four categories —
economic participation and opportunity,
educational attainment, health and survival, and
political empowerment.
Thursday, Oct. 25, 2012
Most common terms for gay
men (women?) in Japan
かま
（お）釜
なべ
（お）鍋
The male homosexual is placed in the ‘female sphere’, in the kitchen…
Gender News….
US Lists “JK osanpo” as human
trafficking (人身売買）
• The U.S. State Department’s annual
report on human trafficking has cited
“high school walking” in Japan as a
recent trend in this area, and put the
nation in Tier 2 「監視対象国」 of a fourtier ranking system (Tier 4 =worst).
• In high school walking, “girls are
offered money to accompany men on
walks, in cafes or to hotels, & engage
in commercial sex,” the report said.
女性都議に「産めないのか」自民？
議員席からセクハラヤジ
(Sexist Heckling in Tokyo Metropolitan
Assembly: “You’d better get married soon”
•
「自分が早く結婚すればい
い」「産めないのか」。１８日の
都議会で、妊娠、出産、不妊
に悩む女性への支援の必要
性を訴えた女性都議に対し、
議場からこんなヤジが飛び、
所属会派が抗議する騒ぎに
なった。
2014年6月19日
http://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/20/world/asia/japan-assembly-sexistoutburst/index.html?iid=article_sidebar
Tokyo assemblyman Suzuki
admits heckling lawmaker
with sexist remarks
• Akihiro Suzuki, 51, apologized to Your
Party member Ayaka Shiomura, 35, and
offered to quit the LDP, five days after
interrupting her as she raised questions
about maternity support measures.
• “You should get married first,” a heckler
was heard calling out. “Can’t you have
babies?” a voice continued.
• Suzuki admitted to making the first remark
but denied making the second.
Jun 23, 2014
1 in 3 young men feel they
may not be able to marry
• A survey by a life insurance company show that
1 in 3 Japanese men in their 20s think they may
not be able to find a wife, with some 60 percent
of these young lovelorn males citing economic
insecurity as the main reason.
• Asked whether they think they can marry, only
27.8 percent said they want to marry and think
they will, while 35.3 percent said they don‘t want
to get married. Of those who would like to get
married, 36.9 are afraid they won't.
Tuesday, Nov. 13, 2012
20% of young fathers put in
60-hour weeks
初産３０・１歳、「晩産」鮮明…少子化対策白書
• Nearly twenty percent of male employees in their
30s work more than 60 hours a week, making it
difficult for them to participate in raising children, a
2013 government white paper on dealing with the
low birthrate showed Tuesday.
• The average age of first marriages for women
nationwide stood at 29, up 3.8 from 1980, and the
average age of first-time mothers topped 30 for the
first time
Jun 25, 2013
2% of fathers take child care
leave
• The proportion of fathers who took child
care leave in fiscal 2013 stood at 2.03%,
(up 0.14%) far below the government-set
target of 13% by 2020, the Health, Labor
and Welfare Ministry said Monday.
• Meanwhile, the rate of mothers who took
child care leave in fiscal 2013 declined 7.3
points to 76.3%, down for the second
straight year, according to the ministry.
June 24, 2014

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