平成 22 年度化学専攻博士前期（化学専攻博士前期（修士）修士）課程入学試験問題英平成 21 年 8 月 27 日語 13：00 ～ 14：20 【注意】（１）全全問題（英語[ 英語[１]および[ および[２]）に解答すること解答すること。すること。（２）解答用紙は３３枚配布する。そのうちの１枚は下書き用紙とする。英語[１]、英語[２] の問題番号ごとに解答用紙を別にして解答すること。（３）解答用紙の所定の欄に、問題番号、受験番号および氏名を記入すること。下書き用紙には、問題番号欄に下書きと記入し、受験番号と氏名を記入すること。（４）解答用紙は裏面を使用してもよい。その場合は、下部の裏に解答(あり) に○をつけること。（５）解答の有無にかかわらず、すべての解答用紙と下書き用紙を提出すること。（６）試験開始後３０分までは退出を禁止する。（７）問題冊子は、持ち帰ってよい。（８）辞書、計測または記憶機能を有する時計、および下敷きの使用は禁止する。（９）携帯電話の電源を切ること。携帯電話を机の上に置かないこと。英語［１］つぎの文章を読んで、以下の問に答えよ。 (1)Actually, the scientific method is little more than a formal statement of the steps that any of us follow as we logically approach a problem. Consider, for example, an auto mechanic attempting to fix a car that won't start. First, the apparent cause of the problem is located by observing the results of one or more tests. Next, a suspect part is replaced or adjustments are made on the engine, and then an attempt is made to start the car. If (2)the mechanic was correct in judging the cause of the problem, the job is done. If not, other tests are performed and repairs made until the car is finally running. When we approach a problem in the sciences, we proceed in much the same way. The first step in the scientific method, therefore, can be called observation. This is the purpose of the experiments that we perform in the laboratory where nature can be observed under controlled conditions, so the results of our experiments are reproducible. The bits of information we obtain are called data and can be classified as either qualitative or quantitative. A qualitative observation does not have numbers associated with it. (3) (a) example is (b) observation that sodium (c) (d) chlorine to (e) a white powder, sodium chloride. This is the reaction described in the previous section. (4)However, if we were to measure the weight of sodium that reacts with a given weight of chlorine, a numerical value for the sodium-to-chlorine weight ratio would be obtained and we would have made a quantitative observation. Quantitative observations are often more useful to scientists than qualitative observations because they provide much more information. When confronted with massive amounts of information, we quite naturally begin to look for similarities and differences in an attempt to gain a view of the "big picture." So it is in the sciences, too. (5)As data are collected, trends and generalizations are seeked that help summarize and organize the informations, so that it is easier to comprehend. In science, a statement that summarizes facts that come from many experiments is called a law, or sometimes a natural law. As useful as laws are at condensing large amounts of experimental data, laws do not explain why nature behaves as it does. Scientists, being human (despite what you may have heard to the contrary), are not satisfied with simple statements of fact and seek to explain their observations. (A), the second stage in the scientific method is to propose tentative explanations, or hypotheses that can be tested by experiment. If hypotheses are not disproven by repeated experiments, they develop into theories. Thus, a theory is a tested explanation of the behavior of nature. Theories always serve as guides to new experiments and are constantly being tested. If a theory is proven to be incorrect by experiment, it must either be discarded in favor of a new one or, as is often the case, modified so that all the experimental observations can be accounted for. Science develops, therefore, by a constant interplay between theory and experiment. (General Chemistry; Principles and structure, Fifth edition, James E. Brady より一部を抜粋して改変) 問１下線部（１）を日本語に訳せ。問２下線部（２）に相当することは、科学的方法ではどのようなことに相当するかを日本語で述べよ。問３下線部（３）の(a)～(e)に当てはまる最も適切な単語を下の中から一つずつ選べ。なお、(a)に選ぶ単語は１文字目を大文字にすること。 of, by, with, against, from, produce, produces, producing, produced, react, reacts, reacting, a, an, the 問４下線部（４）を日本語に訳せ。問５下線部（５）には、２箇所、文法あるいは用法上不適切な部分がある。その部分を訂正せよ。問６ (A) の部分へ挿入するのに最も適切な語句を次から選べ。 However, But, And, Therefore, Because 問７「法則とは何か」および「理論とは何か」を、それぞれについて本文に即して、どのようなことかを日本語で述べよ。英語［２］つぎの文章を読んで、以下の問に答えよ。シラクサのヒエロン二世王は、ある時金細工師に、純金製の王冠を新しくつくるように命じた。王冠は見事にできあがったが、どうも銀を混ぜたのではないかと王は疑念を抱いた。そこで王は地元の科学者アルキメデスに、この王冠を壊さずに、純金製であることを証明することができるかどうか尋ねた。 (2)アルキメデスは浴槽に入っていて、あふれ出る (1) 水の量が自分の体の体積と等しいことに気づいた。 “Eureka（大発見）！”というわけである。(3)もちろん王冠だって例外ではない。 (4)ある物質の体積と重量がわかれば、それを同じ体積の純金の重さと比較することは容易である。 (5)今日われわれなら、密度という言葉を使って、この質量／体積比を扱える。金の密度は 19,300 kg m-3 で、銀の密度は 10,500 kg m-3 である。金に銀を混ぜると、密度は減少するから混ぜものの存在はすぐにわかる。王が疑念を抱いたとおり、この王冠は純金製ではなかった。注）アルキメデス Archimedes （John Emsley 著、山崎昶訳“元素の百科事典”（丸善)より一部を抜粋して改変）問１下線部（１）を英文にせよ。問２下線部（２）に相当する以下の英文の(a)～(d)にあてはまる適切な単語を下の[ ]の中から選べ。 The (a) came as Archimedes was taking a bath and realized that the (b) of (c) he displaced was equal to the (b) of his (d). [bath, 問３ volume, water, answer, weight, question, density, body] 下線部（３）に相当する英文は、以下の単語から成っている。意味が通るように並べ替えよ。 for, same, be, the, would, crown, the, true 問４下線部（４）を英文にせよ。問５下線部（５）に相当する以下の英文の(a)～(e)にあてはまる適切な単語を下の[ ]の中から選べ。 Today we would talk in (a) of measuring the density, which is (b) divided by (c), and say that gold had a density of 19,300 kg m−3, (d) that of silver is 10,500 kg m−3. Alloying gold with silver would (e) its density significantly. [reduce, when, terms, mass, volume, whereas, increase]