DOE/MC/28240-94/C0301
Horizontal
Drilling in Shallow Reservoirs
Authors:
W.F.
L.A.
J.V.
R.L.
Murray, Jr.
Schrider
McCallister
Mazza
Contractor:
Belden & Blake Corporation
7555 Freedom Avenue N.W.
North Canton, OH 44720
Contract Number:
DE-AC21-91MC28240
Conference Title:
Fuels Technology
Conference
Contractors
Review Meeting
Location:
Morgantown,
West Virginia
Conference Dates:
November 16-18, 1993
Conference Sponsor:
U.S. Department
of Energy, Morgantown
Energy Technology
Center
DISCLAIMER
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and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily
United States Government or any agency thereof.
state or reflect those of the
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IS UNLIMITED
DISCLAIMER
Tiffs report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the
United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any
agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or
hnplied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy,
completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process
disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade
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imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States
Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors
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Horizontal Drilling in Shallow Reservoirs
CONTRACT INFORMATION
,
Contract Number
DE-AC21-91MC28240
Contractor
Belden & Blake Corporation
7555 Freedom Avenue N.W.
North Canton, OH 44720
(216) 499-1660
Contractor Project Manager
WilliamF. Murray,Jr.
Principal Investigators
WilliamF. Murray,Jr.
Leo A. Schrider
John V. McCallister
Ray L. Mazza
METC Project Manager
Albert B. Yost, II
Period of Performance
September 30, 1991 to June 30, 1994
Schedule and Milestones
Program Schedule
FY93
Q1
Q2
FY 94
Q3
Q4
O
N D J
F M A
M J
NEPA
Work Plan
DrillingOperation
StimulationOpeL'ations
Testing and Analysis
Final Report
OBJECTIVES
The objectivesofthisjointhorizontaldrilling
effort by the U.S. DOE and Belden & Blakein
the complex, low permeability Clinton
Sandstone will focus on the following
objectives: (1) apply horizontaldrilling
technology in hard, abrasive, and tight Clinton
Sandstone; (2) evaluate effects of multiple
hydraulic fracturing in a low permeability
horizontal wellbore; (3) assess economic
viabilityof horizontaldrillingin the Clintonand
similartight gas sands.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Belden & Blake and the U.S. DOE willcofund a horizontal well to be drilled in the
ClintonSandstone as part of the DOE's multi
well program titled "Horizontal Drilling in
Shallow Geologic Complex Reservoirs." This
well willbe located in MahoningCounty, Ohio
in an area which has demonstrated above
average Clintongas production (Fig. 1). To
the best of our knowledge,thiswillbe the first
horizontal well drilled to the Clinton Sand
formationin Ohio.
ClintonSand Summary
The Clinton Sandstone is comprised of
three members (Stray,Red, and White) and is
considered a tight gas sand with sand
thicknessrangingfrom 5 to 120 feet, average
porositiesranging from 6 to 8 percent, and
average permeabilityusually 0.1 md or less.
Belden & Blake has drilled approximately
2,000 vertical Clinton wells since 1942 with
average reserves per well ranging from 50
MMCF to 500 MMCF (depending on field
location)witha productivewell life between20
to 25 years. Since many of the remaining
Clinton Sand drilling sites are of poorer
reservoir quality,they may not be developed
unlesstechnology such as horizontaldrilling
can be successfullydemonstrated.
Hi.qh-An{]leWell
In an effort to enhance recoverable
reserves in the Clinton Sandstone, Belden &
Blake dfrilled a high-angle (72°) well in the
Clintonin 1989. No pilottesting was done to
determine optimum well path azimuth, but
PROJECT AREA
HORIZONTAL WELL
i
MahoningCounty
High-AngleWell _
DOE/B&BProposed_
Horizontal Drilling
\18
Site
_
GRI/B&B Co-op Well--J
_
./ I
i
I
i
Fig. 1
I
$19°E was selected based on previous
published data indicating Clinton induced
fracture orientationsof N60°E. This well was
located in Mahoning County, Ohio in the
adjacent area of the proposed horizontalwell
(Fig. 1).
is more complex than verticalwells and must
incorporatelatesttechnicaladvancements.
HIGH-ANGLE
WELL
CENTRAL
WASTE
#7
Maximum Deviation
This well was drilledverticallyon air to the
kick-off
point
at 4,250
Theplannedwith
angle-build
portion of
the hole
was feet.
drilledas
a mud motor and brine polymer with an
average build rate of 8.5°/100 feet. Rate of
penetrationduring the build portionof the hole
averaged 11 feet per hour. Once the Clinton
Sand was penetrated, drillingwas hampered
by slow penetration rates (2 to 3 feet per
hour), short bit life, and severe hole
deterioration in the Rochester Shale just
above the Packer Shell. After four bit trips in
the Clintonwithonly 200 feet of penetrationin
. the pay, the drill string became stuck. After
workingthe pipe approximately18 hours, the
drill string was finallyfreed. A decision was
made to TD the well at this pointdue to riskof
stickingthe drill string again and potentially
loosingthe hole. The well was laterfractured
and put into production in January, 1990.
Reservesfor the high-anglewell appear to be
approximately25 percent below the average
of the 10 closest offset wells. This may be
attributedto partial bit penetrationin the pay
and lessthan optimumstimulationssince only
the upper ClintonSands were exposed (Fig.
2). A post-project evaluation performed by
Belden & Blake resulted in the following
recommendations
for
future
highangle/horizontal wells:
(1) induced and
natural fracture orientations must be
determined to assure proper azimuth
direction; (2) drilling bit selection must be
carefully scrutinized to improve Clinton
penetration rates and bit life; (3) an
intermediatecasing string must be set below
the Rochester Shale to eliminatesevere hole
deterioration;and (4) hydraulicfracturedesign
1_4-c,,,,_
__
I
t
u,,
xop4_o
_o_,o,c,=,g
,oto,-,.t
L=
Fig. 2
_Vertical
Co-op Well
Upon receivinga ContractAward from the
U.S. DOE to drill a horizontal well in the
Clinton Sand, Belden & Blake and the Gas
Research Institute drilled and completed a
vertical co-op well in November/December
1991. Thiswell was also located in Mahoning
County adjacent to the proposed DOE
horizontalsite (Fig. 1). Other participantsthat
were involved in the project were CER
Corporation,HalliburtonEnergy Services,and
Hunter Geophysical. The objectives of the
vertical co-op well were to: (1) select proper
azimuthto drillthe DOE horizontalwell based
on inducedand naturalfracture orientation;(2)
determine in-situstressprofileto assistin the
hydraulicfracture design; and (3) determine
frequency and orientationof naturalfractures
that may affect gas production.
Severalmethodswere utilizedto determine
the induced fracture orientation including
overcoringafter mini-frac,Halliburton'sCAST
imaging tool, Halliburton's Anelastic Strain
Recovery technique (ASR), and Hunter
Geophysicarstiltmeters. Attemptsto use The
Total- Halliburton ExtensiometerTool (THE
TOOL) were unsuccessful.
Maximum
horizontal stress directions of the induced
fracture utilizingthe above techniquesranged
from N30°E to N75°E with the highest
frequency being in the N55-60°E direction,
These findingsare compatiblewiththe results
from earlier studies. Plumb and Cox (1987)
determined maximum horizontal stress
directions from borehole elongations of
N58°E, N42°E, and N60°E in Ohio countiesof
Hocking, Ashtabula,and Athens respectively,
Zoback and Zoback (1989) indicated that in
situstress measurementshave orientationsof
approximatelyN60°E in the State of Ohio.
Natural fracture orientations were
measured from the oriented core and also
Halliburton'sCAST imagingtool. The natural
fracture orientations from those methods
ranged from N55°E to N126°E with N70°E
being the most predominant. Figure 3
provides a summary of the various
orientations for the induced and natural
fractures.
Three open hole stress tests were
performed in the verticalco-op well. Location
of the stress tests include the Clinton pay
zone, Packer Shell above the Clinton, and
QueenstonShale belowthe Clinton. A stress
profilewas determinedfrom the three stress
GRI/B&B CLINTON CO-OP
i
Summary of
Fracture
Orientation
i
.4900
x_
Break Outs
•
.;tressTe;t
X
Tiltmeter X
-5000
_., "x_
J_..-_-Stre;s Test
X CAST (Induced)
-4- CAST (Natural)
II StressTest(Core)
A Natural(Core)
ielm
"*
.
-5100
ASR
4b::"+_ a,
*
X X
X)_
X
•
•
Stress T,:st
X
X
-6200
0
Fig. 3
........
45
90
135
180
tests along with log derived stresses which
indicates a vertical stress contrast of 500 to
700 psi between the Clinton and vertical
strata.
Modeling of the main hydraulic
fracturingtreatment of the vertical co-op well
illustratedthat adequate fracturecontainment
was achieved,
!i _
,
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Proposed Location
The horizontalwell which Belden & Blake
and the U.S. DOE propose to drill is the
Central Waste #14 (Permit #2576) and is
located in Section 17 of Smith Township,
Mahoning County. This well will be centered
approximately 2,000 feet southwest of the
high-angle well (Central Waste #7 - Permit
#2351) and approximately 2,000 feet
northeast of the GRI/B&B vertical co-op well
(Central Waste #12- Permit #2477). The
target formationis the Red member of Clinton
Sandstone which lies below the Stray and
above the White (Fig. 4). The Red member
Conclusions resulting from the GRI/B&B
vertical co-op well indicatethat the DOE/B&B
horizontal well should be drilled $25°E to
optimize the induced and natural fracture
orientations.Also,the stressprofilederivedin
the co-op well illustratedthatthe Packer Shell
and QueenstonShaleare adequate barriersto
containhydraulic fractures _nthe ClintonSand.
i
_(
...........
t
!
I
YARIAN#1
SMITH TWP., MAHONINGCO. SECTION 17
PERMIT #2199
ill
I
ii
i lll
IF
i
4900
Dolomite
Packer Shell
___
"Stray" Member
' (Tidal -Clinton
'
Rat Deposit)
_
._
"Red" Member
(Braided Channel
Deposit)
5000
:_
,_
I
II
Clinton
•
I
Fig. 4
iiii
iii
(Tidal - Delta Deposit)
Clinton
ii
.,
"White" Member
IIII
"
is considered to be the best producing
member of the Clinton in the project area.
Accordingto geologiccrosssections,the Red
Clinton should have a gross thickness of
approximately65 feet alongthe proposed drill
path.
As Figure 5 represents, the planned
horizontalwell is in an area of good Clinton
productionwith reservesfor the verticalwells
being in the 200 MMCF range,
DrillingPlan
The surface drilling location will be set
back approximately 350 feet from target to
allow a maximum distance of approximately
2,000 feet in the Red Clintontarget (Fig. 6).
i i
i
i
The drillingplan is to air drill down to the
kick-offpoint (4,373 feet TVD) with an 11 inch
hole. An 11 and 10-5/8 inch hole will be
drilledfrom the KOP along a true bearing of
$31°E with a mud motor and clear brine at a
build rate of 8.8°/100 feet. This angle-build
sectionwill be drilledto the top of the Stray
Clinton(approximately4,985feet MD)with an
inclinationof approximately70 degrees. An 85/8 inch intermediatecasing stringwill be set
and cemented back to approximately4,100
feetto preventhole deteriorationin the shales.
The remainderof the angle-buildsection will
utilizean air motor and EMWD to drilla 7-7/8
inch hole to a terminal angle of 89.8° and a
measured depth of 5,448 feet in the Red
Clinton. At this point, the remainderof the
iiHill
lateral will be drilled with an air motor sliding
and rotating as required along $31E true
bearing holding89.8 degreeswitha measured
depth at TD of 7,344 feet. If necessary, a
rotating BHA (without motor) may be used
depending on cost and downhole drilling
considerations,
LoqQinoProqram
The proposed logging program for this
horizontal drilling project will focus on gas
detection and naturalfracture location along
the Clinton lateral. A mudlogger willbe used
duringthe drillingoperationsfor gas detection
and also lithology descriptions. Open hole
logging will consist only of a drill pipe
conveyed video camera log in an effort to
visually evaluate natural fractures and gas
entry. The abilityto locate naturalgas shows
and naturalfracturesin the Clintonlateralwill
be a key in the completiondesign,
CompletionRationale
The completiondesignwillstronglydepend
upon the ability to evaluate the natural gas
shows as described above. However, the
completion rationale at this time will focus
initiallyon evaluatingthe open hole. If natural
flow rates are acceptable, the well would be
put into a production test mode. If natural
flow rates are unacceptable, open hole
treatments may be attempted. Ultimately,41/2 inch casing could be set and cemented if
the open hole treatments did not provide
acceptable gas production. At that time,
multiple stimulation stages would be
performed and evaluated with radioactive
tracer surveys.
Well Test Analysis
Well test analysis will include pre-frac
buildupand post-fracdrawdown/builduptests
as needed. Also, extended production tests
willbe designedand implementedas required.
FUTURE WORK
'
The well is scheduled to spud October 18,
1993 with an estimated date of kickoff of
October 25, 1993. The well should be TD'd
approximately November 19, 1993. The rig
will be released and the openhole will be
tested for approximatelytwo weeks. At that
time, a stimulation plan will be prepared and
submitted.
REFERENCES
CER Corporation,
1992: "Geological,
Petrophysicaland EngineeringAnalysis of the
Clinton Sandstone, Belden & Blake
CorporationCentral Waste #12," GRI Topical
Report No. 92/0177 Prepared Under Contract
No. 5091-212-2242, March.
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