「マルチメディア，分散，協調とモバイル (DICOMO2007)シンポジウム」 平成19年7月 ታⅣႺߦ߅ߌࠆᜰะᕈ MAC ࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ߩ Deafness ߣ㓝ࠇ┵ᧃ㗴ߦߟߡ † ᴡ⋥ †† 㜞↰ᔘ ††† ⪦ઍ㓷Ꮧ * ᷰㄝዏ ㄭᐕ㧘ή✢ࠕ࠼ࡎ࠶ࠢࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߦ߅ߡ㧘ࠕࡦ࠹࠽ߩᜰะᕈࠍᓮน⢻ߥᜰะᕈࠕࡦ࠹࠽ࠍ↪ߚ ᜰะᕈ MAC ࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞߇ឭ᩺ߐࠇߡࠆ㧚ᜰะᕈ MAC ࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ߦߪ Deafness ߣᜰะᕈ㓝ࠇ┵ᧃ 㗴ߩ 2 ߟߩᄢ߈ߥ⺖㗴߇ሽߔࠆ㧚ᧄⓂߢߪߘࠇࠄ 2 ߟߩ㗴ߦߟߡ⠨ኤߒ㧘MAC ࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ߩ࠹ ࠬ࠻ࡌ࠶࠼ࠍ↪ߡᜰะᕈ MAC ࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ࠍታⵝߒ㧘ᓥ᧪⎇ⓥߢචಽߥ⍮߇ᓧࠄࠇߡߥታⅣႺ ߦ߅ߡ㧘ߘࠇࠄߩ㗴ߩᓇ㗀ࠍ␜ߔ㧚 On the Deafness and the Hidden terminal problem of Directional MAC Protocols in the Real environment † †† NAOYA KOUMURA MASANORI TAKATA ††† * MASAKI BANDAI TAKASHI WATANABE Recently, several MAC protocols using directional antennas, typically referred to as directional MAC protocols, have been proposed for wireless ad hoc networks. In directional MAC protocols, deafness and directional hidden terminal problem are of the major problems. In this paper, we experiment with the effects of these problems using the testbed (TRNC/ESPAR: Testbed for mac protocol in Real ad hoc Networks using directional Communication with ESPAR). The experimental results show that these problems deteriorate the throughput performance. ߘߎߢㄭᐕ㧘ࠕࡦ࠹࠽ߩࡆࡓᒻ⁁ࠍㆡᔕ⊛ߦᓮ 1. ߪߓߦ ߢ߈ࠆᜰะᕈࠕࡦ࠹࠽ߩ↪߇ᵈ⋡ߐࠇߡࠆ㧚ᜰะ ㄭᐕ㧘 ή✢ㅢାᛛⴚߩㅴᱠߣή✢ᯏེߩ᥉ߦ㧘 ή✢ࠕ࠼ࡎ࠶ࠢࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢ 1) ߦ߅ߡ㧘 ࡔ࠺ࠖࠕࠕ ᕈࠕࡦ࠹࠽ߪࠆ․ቯߩᣇะߦߛߌ㔚ᵄߩㅍฃାࠍⴕ ߥ߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߚ㧘 ࿐ߦ⸘ߥ㔚ᵄࠍߖߕ㧘 ࠢࠬᓮ㧔MAC㧕ࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ߩ⎇ⓥ߇⋓ࠎߦⴕࠊࠇ ߹ߚઁᣇะ߆ࠄߩࡁࠗ࠭ࠍᜪ߁ߎߣߥߊ㧘ല₸⊛ߦ࠺ ߡࠆ㧚ή✢ࠕ࠼ࡎ࠶ࠢࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߣߪ㧘࿕ቯࠗࡦ ࠲ォㅍ߇ߢ߈ࠆ㧚ᜰะᕈࠕࡦ࠹࠽ߪ࠺࠲ㅢାߩ⁁ ࡈࠍᔅⷐߣߖߕ㧘ή✢┵ᧃߩߺߢ৻ᤨ⊛ߦ᭴ᚑߐࠇ ᴫߦᔕߓߡ㧘ࠕࡦ࠹࠽ߩࡆࡓᒻ⁁ࠍήᜰะᕈ߿ᜰะ ࠆࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߢࠆ㧚ో┵ᧃ߇ห৻࠴ࡖࡀ࡞ࠍ↪ ᕈߦಾࠅᦧ߃ࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘ㄝ┵ᧃ߳ߩᐓᷤᯏળࠍ ߔࠆή✢ࠕ࠼ࡎ࠶ࠢࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߦ߅ߡ㧘ᓥ᧪⎇ⓥ ᷫዋߐߖ㧘ㅢା〒㔌ߩᒛ㧘ㆃᑧᤨ㑆ߩૐᷫ㧘ࡀ࠶࠻ ߢߪߔߴߡߩᣇߦห৻ߩᓧࠍߔࠆήᜰะᕈࠕ ࡢࠢోߩࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻ߩะ߇ᦼᓙߢ߈ࠆ㧚ߎߩ ࡦ࠹࠽ࠍ↪ߔࠆߎߣ߇ᗐቯߐࠇߡ߈ߚ㧚ήᜰะᕈࠕ ࠃ߁ߥ․ᓽࠍ߽ߟᜰะᕈࠕࡦ࠹࠽ߩ↪ࠍᗐቯߒߚᜰ ࡦ࠹࠽ߪ㧘ߘߩ․ᕈࠍᵴ߆ߒ㧘ㅢା⋧ᚻ߇ߤߎߦߡ ะᕈ MAC ࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞߇ឭ᩺ߐࠇߡࠆ㧚 ߽㧘ߤߎߦ⒖േߒߡ߽ㅢାߢ߈ࠆߚ៤Ꮺ㔚PHS ᜰะᕈMACࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ߦߪ㧘ᜰะᕈㅢାߢࠆߚ 3) ߥߤߩ⒖േㅢାߩ┵ᧃߦ↪ߐࠇߡࠆ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘 ߦ↢ߓࠆ㗴߇ࠆ㧚ߘߩ৻ߟ߇Deafness ৻⚵ߩㅢା߇ᄙߊߩή✢ᇦࠍභߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅⓨ Deafnessߪㅢାߒߚ⋧ᚻ߇ࡆࠫߢࠆߎߣࠍ⍮ࠄ 㑆↪ല₸߇ૐਅߒ㧘หᤨㅢାᢙ߇㒢ߐࠇ㧘ࠬ࡞ ߥߚߦߎࠅ㧘ࡄࠤ࠶࠻ࠍㅍାߒߡ߽ㅢା⋧ᚻ߇ ࡊ࠶࠻ߩะ߇࿎㔍ߢࠆ 2)㧚 ฃାߢ߈ߥߚߦㅍାߪౣㅍࠍ➅ࠅߔ㧚ߎࠇߦ † 㕒ጟᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ Graduate School of Informatics, Shizuoka University †† 㕒ጟᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ℂᎿቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shizuoka University ††† 㕒ጟᄢቇᖱႎቇㇱ Faculty of Informatics, Shizuoka University * 㕒ጟᄢቇഃㅧ⑼ቇᛛⴚᄢቇ㒮 Shizuoka University Graduate School of Science and Technology ߢࠆ㧚 ࠃࠅࡄࠤ࠶࠻ᑄ᫈㧘ή✢࠴ࡖࡀ࡞ߩᶉ⾌╬ࠍ߈㧘ࡀ ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߩᕈ⢻ߦᄢ߈ߊᓇ㗀ࠍ߷ߔ㧚߹ߚ㧘ήᜰ ะᕈࡆࡓߣᜰะᕈࡆࡓߩࠕࡦ࠹࠽ߩᓧᏅߦ࿃ ߔࠆ㗴ߣߒߡᜰะᕈ㓝ࠇ┵ᧃ㗴 3) ߇ߍࠄࠇࠆ㧚 ߎࠇࠄ 2 ߟߩ㗴ߪోㅢାᄬᢌߦ߅ߌࠆⷐ࿃ߩᄢඨࠍ භߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᜰะᕈMACࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ߦ߅ߡ㊀ⷐ⺖㗴 ߣߐࠇߡࠆ㧚 ― 649 ― ᓥ᧪⎇ⓥߦ߅ߌࠆMACࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ߪ㧘⸘▚ᯏࠪࡒࡘ MAC) 3) ߇ឭ᩺ߐࠇߡࠆ㧚MMAC ߩㅢାࠪࠤࡦ ࡚ࠪࡦߦࠃࠆ⹏ଔ߇ᄙߊࠍභ㧘ߘߩ㓙ߦࠕࡦ࠹ ࠬߪ㧘RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK ߢࠆ㧚MMACߢߪRTS ࠽ߩࡆࡓᒻ⁁߿㔚ᵄવࡕ࠺࡞ࠍℂᗐ⊛ߦቯߒߡ ߦࡑ࡞࠴ࡎ࠶ࡊRTS߇↪ࠄࠇ㧘ࠃࠅ㆙ߊߩ┵ᧃ߳ ⹏ଔߐࠇࠆߚ㧘ታⅣႺߢචಽߥ⍮߇ᓧࠄࠇߡߥ RTSࠍዯߌࠆߎߣߢㅢା〒㔌ߩᒛ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡࠆ㧚 㧚ߘߩේ࿃ߩ৻ߟߣߒߡMACࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ࠍኈᤃߦታ SWAMP (Smart Antennas Based Wider-range Access ⵝߒታⅣႺߢ⹏ଔታ㛎ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆⅣႺ߇ዋߥ MAC Protocol) 9) ߪIEEE 802.11 DCFࠍࡌࠬߣߒ㧘ੑ ߎߣ߇ߍࠄࠇࠆ㧚ࡦࠨࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢ↪ߩ࠹ࠬ࠻ ߟߩࠕࠢࠬࡕ࠼ࠍᜬߟ㧚৻ߟߩࠕࠢࠬࡕ࠼ߢ ࡌ࠶࠼ߣߒߡMICA MOTE 4) ߇ᐢߊ᥉ߒߡࠆ߇㧘 ߪήᜰะᕈㅍା 1 ࡎ࠶ࡊ㑆ߩㅢାࠍⴕ㧘߽߁৻ᣇߩ MICA MOTEߪࠕࡊࠤ࡚ࠪࡦߩታⵝ⹏ޔଔࠍਥߥ ࠕࠢࠬࡕ࠼ߢߪ㧘ήᜰะᕈㅍାߢ 2 ࡎ࠶ࡊߩ〒㔌 ⋡⊛ߦ㐿⊒ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘࡙ࠩߦࠃࠆMACߩᄌᦝࠍ೨ ߦࠆ┵ᧃߣᜰะᕈㅢାߢ 1 ࡎ࠶ࡊㅢାࠍⴕ߁㧚 ឭߦ⸳⸘ߐࠇߡߥ㧘ߎߩߚMACߩᕈ⢻⹏ଔࠍⴕ SWAMP ߢߪ㧘ⓨ㑆↪ല₸ߩะࠍ࿑ࠅ㧘ㅢା〒㔌 ߁ⵝ⟎ߣߒߡߪਇචಽߢࠆ㧚 ߩᒛ߽ⴕࠊࠇࠆ㧚ᜰะᕈᓮߦᔅⷐߥ⟎ᖱႎߪࡊ ߘߎߢ㧘ታⅣႺߢMACࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ࠍኈᤃߦ⹏ଔߢ߈ ࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ౝߢขᓧߔࠆ㧚 ࠆ࠹ࠬ࠻ࡌ࠶࠼㧔TRNC/ESPAR: Testbed for mac protocol 㽲 RTS 㽴 DATA in Real ad hoc Networks using directional Communication A 5) with ESPAR㧕߇ឭ᩺ߐࠇߡࠆ 㧚TRNC/ESPARߪ‛ ℂጀߦIEEE 802.15.4 6) 㧘ࠕࡦ࠹࠽ߦㅍฃାࡆࡓࠍᜰ S ะᓮน⢻ߥESPAR (Electronically Steerable Passive Array Radiator) ࠕࡦ࠹࠽ 7) DNAV ࠍタߒߡࠆ㧚⟎ᣇ D 㽳 CTS 㽵 ACK ࿑ 1 DMAC ߩㅢା ᖱႎߪGPSࠍ࠲࠺ߚߒࠣࡦࠪࡦࠄ߆ࡠࠗࡖࠫޔ ↪ߔࠆ㧚એߩࠃ߁ߥࡂ࠼࠙ࠚࠕߦട߃㧘MACࡊࡠ ࠻ࠦ࡞ࠍታⵝߔࠆߚࠗࡉ⟲߿ታ㛎ഥߩὑߩ ࠷࡞ࠍౕߒߡࠆ㧚 ᧄⓂߢߪ㧘TRNC/ESPAR ࠍ↪ߡᜰะᕈ MAC ࡊࡠ ࠻ࠦ࡞ࠍታⵝߒ㧘ታⅣႺߦ߅ߡ㊀ⷐ⺖㗴ߢࠆ Deafness ߣᜰะᕈ㓝ࠇ┵ᧃ㗴ߩᓇ㗀ࠍ␜ߔ㧚 3. ᜰะᕈ MAC ࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ߩ⺖㗴 3.1 Deafness ߎࠇ߹ߢㅀߴߡ߈ߚᜰะᕈMACࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ߦߪ⸃ ߔߴ߈⺖㗴߇ࠆ㧚ߘߩ৻ߟ߇Deafness㗴ߢࠆ㧚 ᜰะᕈㅢାߢߪ․ቯᣇะߩߺߢㅢାࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߢⓨ㑆 2. 㑐ㅪ⎇ⓥ ↪ല₸߇ะߔࠆ㕙㧘ㄝߩㅢାߩ⁁ᴫߪᛠីߢ IEEE 802.11 DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) 8) ߈ߥߎߣ߇ᰳὐߢࠆ㧚Deafness 3) ߪተవ┵ᧃߩㅢ ߪήᜰะᕈࠕࡦ࠹࠽ߩ↪ࠍቯߒߚMAC ࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ ାߩ⁁ᴫ㧔busy / idle㧕ࠍᛠីߢ߈ߥߚߦ⊒↢ߔࠆ㧚 ࡞ߢࠆ㧚RTS (Request To Send)㧘CTS (Clear To Send) Deafnessߪਥߦㅪ⛯ߒߡౣㅍᄬᢌߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠆࡄࠤ ࠍㅍାߒ㧘ㄝ┵ᧃߦNAV (Network Allocation Vector) ࠶࠻ᑄ᫈㧘㐳ᦼ㑆ߦᷰࠆࡃ࠶ࠢࠝࡈߦࠃࠆή✢࠴ࡖࡀ ࠍ⸳ቯߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘 㓝ࠇ┵ᧃ㗴ߦኻಣߒߡࠆ㧚 ࡞ߩᶉ⾌ߩ 2 ߟࠍᒁ߈ߎߔ㧚࿑ 2㧘࿑ 3 ߦDeafness ߹ߚ㧘IEEE 802.11 DCFߢߪ㧘ⓨ㑆↪ല₸߇ૐਅߔࠆ㧚 ߇⊒↢ߒߚ႐วߩㅢାࠪࠤࡦࠬࠍ␜ߔ㧚ߎߎߢߪ ㄭᐕߢߪ㧘 ࠬࡑ࠻ࠕࡦ࠹࠽ࠍ↪ࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘ⓨ ᜰะᕈMACࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ߩߣߒߡDMACࠍ↪ߡ 㑆↪ല₸ߩะ㧘ㅢା〒㔌ߩᒛࠍน⢻ߣߔࠆᜰะ Deafnessࠍ⺑ߔࠆ㧚DMACߢߪోߡߩࡈࡓ߇ᜰ ᕈMAC ࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞߇ឭ᩺ߐࠇߡࠆ㧚 ะᕈߢㅍฃାߐࠇ㧘‛ℂᗐࠠࡖࠕࡦ߽ࠬᜰะ DMAC (Directional MAC) 3) ߢߪ㧘ోࡈࡓㅍାࠍ ᕈߢⴕࠊࠇࠆ㧚 ᜰะᕈࡆࡓߢⴕ߁㧚DMAC ߩㅢାࠪࠤࡦࠬߪ࿑ ㅪ⛯ߔࠆౣㅍᄬᢌߦࠃࠆࡄࠤ࠶࠻ᑄ᫈ߦߟߡ࿑ 2 1ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦRTS/CTS/DATA/ACK ߢࠆ㧚RTS㧘CTS ࠍ↪ߡ⺑ߔࠆ㧚┵ᧃ B ߣ┵ᧃ C ߇ㅢାਛ㧘┵ᧃ A ࠍฃାߒߚㄝ┵ᧃߪ㧘RTS㧘CTS ࠍฃାߒߚᣇะ߳ ߪߘߩᜰะᕈߩାภࠍฃାߢ߈ߥߚ㧘┵ᧃ B ߣ┵ DNAV (Directional NAV) ࠍ⸳ቯߔࠆ㧚DNAVࠍ⸳ቯߒ ᧃ C ߇ㅢାਛߢࠆߎߣߦ᳇߇ߟ߆ߕ㧘┵ᧃ B ߦㅍା ߚㄭ㓞┵ᧃߪ㧘DNAV ߇⸳ቯߐࠇߡࠆᣇะ߳ߩㅍା 㐿ᆎߔࠆ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘┵ᧃ B ߪ┵ᧃ C ᣇะߦᜰะᕈㅢା ࠍᱛߒ㧘ߘࠇએᄖߩᣇะ߳ߩㅢାࠍ⸵นߔࠆ㧚ㅢା ਛߢࠆߚ㧘┵ᧃ A ߆ࠄߩାภࠍฃାߢ߈ߕ㧘ㅍା ▸࿐ߪ㧘↪ߔࠆᜰะᕈࠕࡦ࠹࠽ߦଐሽߔࠆ㧚 ߪᄬᢌߔࠆ㧚┵ᧃ A ߪࡃ࠶ࠢࠝࡈߣౣㅍࠍ➅ࠅߔ㧚 DMAC ߩᒛᣇᑼߣߒߡ㧘 MMAC (Multi-hop RTS ― 650 ― A 㧚ߘߩߚߎߩᦼ㑆ߩή✢࠴ࡖࡀ࡞ߪല↪ߐࠇ C ߥߎߣߦߥࠆ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ Deafness ߪήᜰะᕈㅢା ߢߪߎࠄߥ㧘ࡄࠤ࠶࠻ⴣ⓭ߢߪߥㅍାᄬᢌߦࠃ B RTS 1 RTS 2 RTS ࠅ㧘ㆊᐲߩࡄࠤ࠶࠻ᑄ᫈㧘ㆃᑧߩჇട㧘ή✢࠴ࡖࡀ࡞ CTS ߩᶉ⾌㧘ή✢࠴ࡖࡀ࡞↪ߩਇᐔᕈ╬ߩ㗴ࠍᒁ߈ ߎߒ㧘ࡑ࡞࠴ࡎ࠶ࡊߢ࠺࠲ォㅍࠍⴕ߁ࠕ࠼ࡎ࠶ࠢ DATA RTS 3 ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢߦ߅ߡ㊀ⷐ⺖㗴ߢࠆ㧚 ACK RTS 4 RTS Deafnessࠍ⸃ࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ߣߒߡ㧘ᢥ₂ 10) ߢߪ㧘 CTS RI-DMAC (Receiver-Initiated Directional MAC) ࠍឭ᩺ Packet DATA Drop ACK ߒߡࠆ㧚RI-DMACߢߪࡐࡦࠣᣇᑼࠍ↪ߡ㧘ㅢ RTS 5 RTS 6 ା⚳ੌᓟ㧘ฦ⥄߇▤ℂߒߡࠆࡐࡦࠣ࠹ࡉ࡞ࠍ ၮߦDeafnessࠍߎߔน⢻ᕈߩࠆㄭ㓞┵ᧃߦฃାḰ RTS RTS 7 ߇ߢ߈ߚߎߣࠍㅢ⍮ߔࠆRTR (Ready To Receive) ࠍ CTS ㅍାߔࠆ㧚RTRࠍฃାߒߚㄭ㓞┵ᧃߪ⥄りߩࡃ࠶ࠢࠝ ࡈࠍಓ⚿ߒ㧘හᐳߦㅢାࠍ㐿ᆎߔࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘ᢥ₂ 11) ߢ ࿑ 2 ㅪ⛯ౣㅍᄬᢌߦࠃࠆࡄࠤ࠶࠻ᑄ᫈ ߪ DMAC/DA A C RTS 3 MAC with Deafness 12) ࠍᡷ⦟ߒߚ߽ߩߢ㧘ᓮࡔ࠶ࠫᢙߩᷫߣ Deafnessࠍߎߔน⢻ᕈߩࠆ┵ᧃߩᷫࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒ B RTS 1 RTS 2 (Directional Avoidance) ߇ឭ᩺ߐࠇߡࠆ㧚DMAC/DAߪMDA RTS ߡࠆ㧚RTS/CTS឵⚳ੌᓟ㧘ㅍାฃା┵ᧃߪㆊ CTS ߩㅢା⸥㍳ࠍၮߦㄭ㓞┵ᧃ߇ࠆࠢ࠲ߩߺㅢାᑧᦼ ࠍଦߔWTS (Wait To Send) ࠍㅍାߔࠆ㧚ㆊߩㅢା⸥ DATA ㍳ࠍ↪ࠆℂ↱ߪㆊߦㅍାߒߡ߈ߚ┵ᧃߪᓟߦౣ߮ ACK ㅍାߒߡߊࠆน⢻ᕈ߇㜞ߚߢࠆ㧚 RTS 4 CTS 3.2 Longer Backoff ᜰะᕈ㓝ࠇ┵ᧃ㗴ߪᜰะᕈࡆࡓߣήᜰะᕈࡆ ࡓߩᓧᏅߦ࿃ߔࠆ 3) 㧚࿑ 4 ߦ߅ߡ┵ᧃnt߇┵ᧃ nrߣㅢାਛߢࠆߣߔࠆ㧚ㄭ㓞┵ᧃ nx ߪ nr ߆ࠄߩ DATA ACK ᜰะᕈ㓝ࠇ┵ᧃ㗴 CTS߇ฃାߢ߈ߥߊࠄ nr ߆ࠄ㔌ࠇߚ⟎ߦࠆ ߣߔࠆ㧚nt ߆ࠄ nr ߳DATAㅍାਛ㧘nx ߇ nrᣇะ߳ᜰ ࿑ 3 㐳ࡃ࠶ࠢࠝࡈߦࠃࠆή✢࠴ࡖࡀ࡞ߩᶉ⾌ ะᕈߢRTSࠍㅍାߒߚ႐ว㧘nrߪ ntᣇะ߳ߩ㜞ᓧߥ ┵ᧃ B ߣ┵ᧃ C ߩㅢା߇⚳ੌߒߡ߽㧘 ┵ᧃ B ߪ┵ᧃ C ⊒↢ߔࠆ㧚ߎࠇ߇ᜰะᕈ㓝ࠇ┵ᧃ㗴ߢࠆ㧚ᜰะᕈ ተߩᰴߩࡄࠤ࠶࠻ㅍାߩߚࡃ࠶ࠢࠝࡈᦼ㑆ਛߪ┵ᧃ 㓝ࠇ┵ᧃ㗴ߪߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⟎ߦࠆㄭ㓞┵ᧃnxߦࠃ C ᣇะߦࡆࡓࠍะߌߡࠆߚߦ㧘ଐὼߣߒߡ┵ᧃ ߞߡᒁ߈ߎߐࠇࠆ㧚 ᜰะᕈࡆࡓߢฃାਛߢࠆߚ㧘nr ߦ߅ߡᐓᷤ߇ A ߆ࠄߩାภࠍฃାߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ㧚ߘߩ⚿ᨐ㧘 ᜰะᕈ㓝ࠇ┵ᧃ㗴ࠍ⸃ߔࠆࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ߣߒߡ ┵ᧃAߩౣㅍ࿁ᢙ߇㑣୯ߦ㆐ߒ㧘 ࡄࠤ࠶࠻ߪᑄ᫈ߐࠇ㧘 ᢥ₂ 13) ߢߪ 3 ߟߩᣇᑼ߇ឭ᩺ߐࠇߡࠆ㧚1 ߟ⋡ߪ MAC ጀߪ࡞࠴ࡦࠣጀߦࡦࠢࠛࠍㅢ⍮ߒ㧘࡞ High gain CTS (HCTS)ߢተవ┵ᧃ߇㜞ᓧߢCTSࠍㅍ ࠴ࡦࠣጀߦ߅ߡ㧘࡞࠻ౣ᭴▽߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆ㧚 ାߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘ᣂߚߥᓮࡈࡓࠍㅊടߔࠆߎߣߥ ߽߁৻ߟߩ㗴ߪή✢࠴ࡖࡀ࡞ߩᶉ⾌ߢࠆ㧚࿑ 3 ߊᜰะᕈ㓝ࠇ┵ᧃࠍ⸃ߒߡࠆ㧚2 ߟ⋡ߪBackward ߦ߅ߡ㧘┵ᧃ B ߣ┵ᧃ C ߩㅢା߇⚳ੌߒ㧘┵ᧃ B RTS (BRTS)ߢㅍା┵ᧃߪተవ┵ᧃ߳RTSㅍା೨ߦተ ߪฃାᓙᯏ⁁ᘒߢࠆߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕ㧘┵ᧃ A ߪߘࠇ߹ వ┵ᧃ߆ࠄ 180 ᐲኻᣇะ߳BRTSࠍㅍାߔࠆ㧚3 ߟ⋡ ߢߩㅍାᄬᢌ߆ࠄౣㅍᲤߦ CW (Contention Window) ߪRelayed CTS (RCTS) ߢ㧘RCTSߪBRTSߦ߅ߡㅍା ࠍ 2 ߦߒߡ㐳ᦼ㑆ࡃ࠶ࠢࠝࡈࠍߒߡࠆߚ㧘‛ ┵ᧃ߇ተవ┵ᧃ߆ࠄߩCTSࠍฃାߢ߈ߥߣ߈ߩኻ╷ ℂᗐࠠࡖࠕࡦࠬߢߘࠇࠍᬌߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ ߢ㧘ተవ┵ᧃ߆ࠄCTSࠍฃାߒߚㅍା┵ᧃߪተవ┵ᧃ ߕ㧘┵ᧃ B ߦኻߒߡߔߋߦㅍା㐿ᆎߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ ߆ࠄ 180 ᐲᣇะ߳RCTSࠍㅍାߔࠆ㧚 ― 651 ― nt nx 㪈㪇 㪲㪻㪙㫀㪴 㪈㪇 㪲㪻㪙㫀㪴 㪌 㪲㪻㪙㫀㪴 㪌 㪲㪻㪙㫀㪴 㪇 㪲㪻㪙㫀㪴 㪇 㪲㪻㪙㫀㪴 㪄㪌 㪲㪻㪙㫀㪴 㪄㪌 㪲㪻㪙㫀㪴 㪄㪈㪇 㪲㪻㪙㫀㪴 㪄㪈㪇 㪲㪻㪙㫀㪴 nr Collision ࿑ 6 ESPAR ߩࡆࡓࡄ࠲ࡦ 㧔Ꮐ㧦ήᜰะᕈ㧘ฝ㧦ᜰะᕈ㧕 ࿑ 4 ᜰะᕈ㓝ࠇ┵ᧃ㗴 4. TRNC/ESPAR MAC 䊒䊨䊃䉮䊦 䊒䊨䉫䊤䊚䊮䉫↪ PC ᧄ Ⓜ ߢ ↪ ߔ ࠆ ࠹ ࠬ ࠻ ࡌ ࠶ ࠼ 㧘 TRNC/ESPAR 䊂䊷䉺⊒↢ 䊨䉫⸘᷹↪PC (Testbed for mac protocol in Real ad hoc Networks using PC - 䊙䉟䉮䊮 directional Communication with ESPAR) 5) ߦߟߡ⺑ 㪜㪪㪧㪘㪩 䉝䊮䊁䊅 䊤䉟䉺䉕↪䈇䈩ᦠ䈐ㄟ䉂 ᓮㇱ( 䊙䉟䉮䊮 ) ㅢାㇱ I/F RS232C USB/RS232C ߔࠆ㧚TRNC/ESPARߪ‛ℂጀߦIEEE 802.15.4㧘ࠕࡦ࠹ ࠽ߦㅍฃାࡆࡓߩᜰะᕈ߇ᓮน⢻ߥESPARࠕࡦ USB 䊒䊨䉫䊤䊛↪ ZigBee 䉼䉾䊒 ၮ ᧼ 䋱 ജ䉟䊮䉺䊐䉢䊷䉴 ࠹࠽ࠍタߒߡࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘MACࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ࠍታⵝߔ ᄖㇱ䊜䊝䊥 SRAM ᓮㇱ ( 䊙䉟䉮䊮 ) ⟎⸘᷹ㇱ ࠆߚߩࠗࡉ⟲߿ታ㛎ഥߩὑߩ࠷࡞ࠍౕ ZigBee 䊐䊤䉾䉲䊠䊜䊝䊥 RS232C 䊒䊨䉫䊤䊛↪ ߒߡࠆ㧚ታⵝߦ߅ߡߪ㧘ZigBee MACߩᓮࡄࠤ USB/RS232C ᣇ⸘᷹ㇱ ࠶࠻ߪ↪ߖߕ㧘ZigBeeߩMACࡍࠗࡠ࠼ߦ⹏ଔߔࠆ RS232C RS232C USB/RS232C MACࡄࠤ࠶࠻ࠍᩰ⚊ߒ㧘ㅍାߔࠆߎߣߢᡆૃ⊛ߦ 䉳䊞䉟䊨 䊐䊤䉾䉲䊠䊜䊝䊥 ᓮㇱ ( 䊙䉟䉮䊮 ) ᓮㇱ ( 䊙䉟䉮䊮 ) GPS ၮ ᧼ 䋲 䊒䊨䉫 䊒䊨䉫䊤䊛↪ 䊤䊛↪ 䊐䊤䉾䉲䊠䊜䊝䊥 䊐䊤䉾䉲䊠䊜䊝䊥 GPS GPS 䊝䉳䊠䊷䊦 䊝䉳䊠䊷䊦 MACࠍታߔࠆ㧚ZigBeeߩMACߩᦨᄢࡍࠗࡠ࠼ࠨ ࿑ 7 ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ᭴ᚑ ࠗ࠭ߪ 116byteߢࠆߚ㧘ߎࠇࠍ߃ࠆ࠺࠲ࠍㅍା ߔࠆ႐วߪDATAࠍᦨᄢࡍࠗࡠ࠼㐳ߦಽഀߒ㧘ㅪ⛯ ㅍାߔࠆߎߣߢኻᔕߔࠆ㧚TRNC/ESPARߩࠕࡦ࠹࠽ㇱ ࠍ࿑ 5ߦ␜ߔ㧚ESPARࠕࡦ࠹࠽ߪ 1 ᧄߩㅢାࠕࡦ࠹࠽ 㧔࿑ 4 ߩ#0㧕ߣ 6 ᧄߩᓮࠕࡦ࠹࠽㧔࿑㧠ߩ#1-6㧕߆ Writer Note PC ࠄ᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆ㧚ᓮࠕࡦ࠹࠽ߦ߆ߌࠆ㔚ࠍᠲߔࠆ ߎߣߢㅢାࠕࡦ࠹࠽ࠍᓮߒ㧘ࠕࡦ࠹࠽ߩᜰะᕈᓮ ࠍน⢻ߦߔࠆ㧚ESPARߩࡆࡓࡄ࠲ࡦ㧘ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ ᭴ᚑ㧘TRNC/ESPARߩᄖⷰࠍߘࠇߙࠇ㧘ࠍ࿑ 5㧘࿑ 6㧘 ࿑ 7 ߦ␜ߔ㧚 Micro controller RF module 12cm ࿑ 8 TRNC/ESPAR ߩⷰ 5. ⹏ଔታ㛎 ೨▵ߦ߅ߡ⺑ߒߚTRNC/ESPARࠍ↪ߡήᜰ ࿑ 5 TRNC/ESPAR ߩࠕࡦ࠹࠽ㇱ ะᕈߩMACࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ߣߒߡIEEE 802.11 DCF㧘ᜰะ ᕈMACࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ߣߒߡDMACࠍታⵝߒ㧘ደᄖߦ߅ ߡㅢାታ㛎ࠍⴕߞߚ㧚⸘᷹ߦ↪ߚࡄࡔ࠲ࠍ 1 ― 652 ― ߦ␜ߔ㧚ߥ߅㧘ESPARࠕࡦ࠹࠽․ߩ․ᕈ߿㧘ࡑ࡞࠴ ⹏ଔ 1 5.1 ࡄࠬਅߩฃାାภᒝᐲߩᄌൻߩਛߢ㧘ήᜰะᕈࡆࡓ ߹ߕ࠺࠲ߩ⽶⩄ߦኻߔࠆ⹏ଔࠍⴕߞߚ㧚࿑ 9 ߩᏀ ߣᜰะᕈࡆࡓࠍ↪ߚ႐วߢታⴕユ㔚ജ߇╬ߒߊ ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ㧘┵ᧃ 1 ߆ࠄ┵ᧃ 2㧘┵ᧃ 3 ߆ࠄ┵ᧃ 1 ߥࠆࠃ߁ߦZigBeeή✢ࡕࠫࡘ࡞ߦㅍା㔚ജᓮࠍⴕ ߳ߩ 2 ࡈࡠࠍቯߔࠆ㧚┵ᧃ 1́┵ᧃ 2 㑆ߣ┵ᧃ 3 ߞߚ㧚ฦㅍା㔚ജߪ ᢥ₂ 14) ࠍరߦᜰะᕈࡆࡓߪ ́┵ᧃ 1 㑆ߩⷺᐲࠍ 150qߦ࿕ቯߒ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩࡈࡠ -25dBm㧘ήᜰะᕈࡆࡓߪ -13.75dBm ߣߒߚ㧚ታ㛎 ߦ߅ߡ࠺࠲⊒↢࠻ࠍ 10 kbps ߆ࠄ 50 kbps ߩ᭽ሶࠍ࿑ 8 ߦ␜ߔ㧚߹ߚ㧘ታ㛎⚿ᨐߪ 3 ࿁ߩ⹜ⴕߩ ߣᄌൻߐߖߚ㧚ᚑഞࡄࠤ࠶࠻ᢙࠍ P㧘࠺࠲ࠨࠗ࠭ࠍ ᐔဋߣߒߡࠆ㧚ߥ߅㧘3 ࿁⹜ⴕߩᮡḰᏅߪචಽዊ D [bit]㧘ታ㛎ᤨ㑆ࠍ T [sec] ߣߔࠆߣࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻ߪᑼ ߐ߽ߩߢߞߚ㧚 1 ߢߐࠇࠆ㧚ฦࡦࠢ㑆ߩࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻ࠍ࿑ 10 ߦ␜ ߔ㧚 1 ታ㛎ࡄࡔ࠲⻉ర ࠺࠲࠻ 250 [kbps] ࡄࠤ࠶࠻⊒↢ CBR ࠺࠲ࠨࠗ࠭ Throughput(bps) Pu D T (1) 512 [byte] -92 [dBm] 50 ࠠࡖࠕࡦࠬ㑣୯ -92 [dBm] 45 ㅍା㔚ജ ήᜰะᕈ -13.75 [dBm] ᜰะᕈ Throughput per Link (kbps) ᦨዊฃାᗵᐲ -25 [dBm] ታ㛎ᤨ㑆 62.7 [sec] ⟎ᖱႎ ࿕ቯ୯ ┵ᧃ㑆ߩ〒㔌 20 [m] ࠕࡦ࠹࠽ߩ㜞ߐ 55 [cm] ᳇᷷/Ḩᐲ 20͠/60% 㪠㪜㪜㪜㩷㪏㪇㪉㪅㪈㪈㩷㩿㪈㪄㪉㪀 㪠㪜㪜㪜㩷㪏㪇㪉㪅㪈㪈㩷㩿㪊㪄㪈㪀 㪛㪤㪘㪚㩷㩿㪈㪄㪉㪀 㪛㪤㪘㪚㩷㩿㪊㪄㪈㪀 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 Sending rate (kbps) ࿑ 11 ࡦࠢ㑆ࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻ Aggregate Throughput (kbps) 100 ࿑ 9 ታ㛎ࠪࡦ 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 㪠㪜㪜㪜㩷㪏㪇㪉㪅㪈㪈 㪛㪤㪘㪚 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Sending rate (kbps) 1 2 1 㱍 150㫦 3 ⹏ଔ2 ࿑ 10 ⹏ଔ࠻ࡐࡠࠫ ࿑ 11 ࠃࠅ DMAC ߩ┵ᧃ 3́┵ᧃ 1 㑆એᄖߪ࠺࠲ ⊒↢࠻߇ߔࠆߦߟࠇߡࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻߇ߔ 3 ⹏ଔ1 ࿑ 12 ว⸘ࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻ 2 ࠆ৻ᣇ㧘DMAC ߩ┵ᧃ 3́┵ᧃ 1 㑆ߪ 30 kbps ࠍᦨᄢ ߦਅ㒠ߒߡߊߩ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ㧚IEEE 802.11 ߢߪ⽶⩄߇㜞 ― 653 ― RTS Failure Ratio The number of not received CTSs (2) The number of transmitted RTSs ߚ㧘࿑ 13 ߩࡦࠢ㑆ߩࡄࠤ࠶࠻ᑄ᫈₸߆ࠄ㧘Deafness ߦࠃࠆDMACߩ┵ᧃ 3́┵ᧃ 1 㑆ߩ㜞ഀวߩRTSᄬᢌ ₸߇ߘߩ߹߹㜞ࡄࠤ࠶࠻ᑄ᫈₸߳❬߇ߞߡࠆߎߣ Packet Drop Ratio The number of droped packets (3) The number of generated packets ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ㧚৻ᣇ㧘ߘߩઁߩ 3 ߟߪࡄࠤ࠶࠻ᑄ᫈₸ߪ 0 ߢផ⒖ߒߡࠆ㧚࿑ 13 ߆ࠄIEEE 802.11 ߩ┵ᧃ 3́┵ ᧃ 1 㑆ߩ 50 kbpsߢߪ 40%ᒙߩᄬᢌߣߥߞߡࠆ߇㧘 ߘ ࠇ߇ࡄࠤ࠶࠻ᑄ᫈ࠍᒁ߈ߎߒߡߥ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ 1 0.9 RTS Failure Ratio per Link ߎߣ߆ࠄታ㛎ᤨ㑆ࠍ㐳ߊߔࠇ߫ߎࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ߇㧘 㪠㪜㪜㪜㩷㪏㪇㪉㪅㪈㪈㩷㩿㪈㪄㪉㪀 㪠㪜㪜㪜㩷㪏㪇㪉㪅㪈㪈㩷㩿㪊㪄㪈㪀 㪛㪤㪘㪚㩷㩿㪈㪄㪉㪀 㪛㪤㪘㪚㩷㩿㪊㪄㪈㪀 0.8 RTSᄬᢌ₸߇߅ࠃߘ 50%ࠍ߃ߥ㒢ࠅ㧘ࡄࠤ࠶࠻ᑄ ᫈ߦߪߟߥ߇ࠄߥߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ㧚 0.7 એ߆ࠄ⽶⩄߇㜞ߊߥࠆߦߟࠇߡ DMAC ߩ 0.6 Deafness ߦࠃࠆᓇ㗀߇㗼⪺ߦࠇߡࠆߣ߃ࠆ㧚 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.035 0.2 0.03 0.1 10 20 30 40 Packet Drop Ratio 0 50 Sending Rate (kbps) ࿑ 13 RTS ᄬᢌ₸ 㪠㪜㪜㪜㩷㪏㪇㪉㪅㪈㪈㩷㩿㪈㪄㪉㪀 㪠㪜㪜㪜㩷㪏㪇㪉㪅㪈㪈㩷㩿㪊㪄㪈㪀 㪛㪤㪘㪚㩷㩿㪈㪄㪉㪀 㪛㪤㪘㪚㩷㩿㪊㪄㪈㪀 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 ߊߥߞߡ߽┵ᧃ 1́┵ᧃ 2 㑆ߣ┵ᧃ 3́┵ᧃ 1 㑆߇ᐔ 0.005 ߦ࠴ࡖࡀ࡞ࠍಽߌว㧘ㅢାߢ߈ߡࠆߩߦኻߒ㧘 DMAC ߢߪ⽶⩄߇㜞ߊߥࠆߣ㧘┵ᧃ 3 ߪ┵ᧃ 1́┵ᧃ 0 10 2 㑆ߩㅢାࠍᛠីߢ߈ߕ㧘ࠃࠅㅢା㐿ᆎࠍ⹜ߺࠆ߇㧘 20 30 40 50 Sending Rate (kbps) ┵ᧃ 1 ߽ࠃࠅ⥄りߩࡆࡓࠍ┵ᧃ 2 ᣇะߦะߌߡㅍฃ ାߔࠆߎߣ߇㐳ߊߥࠆߚ㧘ᄬᢌࠍ➅ࠅߔߎߣߢࠬ ࿑ 14 ࡄࠤ࠶࠻ᑄ᫈₸ ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻ૐਅߒߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘࿑ 12 ߦࡀ࠶ ࠻ࡢࠢోߩࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻ࠍ␜ߔ㧚IEEE 802.11 ߪ⽶ ⩄߇㜞ߊߥࠆߦߟࠇࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻߽ะߒߡߊߩߦ ኻߒ㧘 DMAC ߪ 60 kbps ߚࠅ߆ࠄ߈߇ዊߐߊߥࠆ㧚 5.2 ⹏ଔ 2 ᰴߦ࿑ 9 ߩฝߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ㧘┵ᧃ 1́┵ᧃ 2 㑆ߣ ┵ᧃ 3́┵ᧃ 1 㑆ߩⷺᐲࠍࡄࡔ࠲ߦߣࠅ⹏ଔࠍⴕ ߎࠇߪ࿑ 10 ߅ߡ┵ᧃ 1́┵ᧃ 2 㑆ߢߺࠇ߫ਔ⠪ߦᏅ ߞߚ㧚࠺࠲ࡈࡠߪ⹏ଔ 1 ߣห᭽ߢ㧘࠺࠲⊒↢ ⇣ߪߺࠄࠇߥ߇㧘┵ᧃ 3́┵ᧃ 1 㑆ߢߩ DMAC ߩ ࠻ࠍ┵ᧃ 1 ߆ࠄ┵ᧃ 2㧘┵ᧃ 3 ߆ࠄ┵ᧃ 1 ߘࠇߙࠇ Deafness ߩᓇ㗀ߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߢࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚 50 kbps ߣߒߚ㧚ߎߩ⹏ଔߪᜰะᕈࠕࡦ࠹࠽ߩࠨࠗ࠼ࡠ ࿑ 13㧘࿑ 14 ߦߘࠇߙࠇ㧘ࡦࠢ㑆ߩRTSᄬᢌ₸ߣ ࡉ㧘ࡃ࠶ࠢࡠࡉߩᓇ㗀ࠍ⺞ߴࠆ߽ߩߢ߽ࠆ㧚࿑ ࡄࠤ࠶࠻ᑄ᫈₸ߩផ⒖ࠍ␜ߔ㧚RTSᄬᢌ₸㧘ࡄࠤ࠶࠻ 14 ߦࡦࠢ㑆ߩࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻ࠍ␜ߔ㧚߹ߕ┵ᧃ 1́┵ ᑄ᫈₸ߪᢥ₂ 15) ߢቯ⟵ߐࠇߡࠆࠃ߁ߦᑼ 2㧘3 ߢ ᧃ 2 㑆ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ IEEE 802.11㧘DMAC ߣ߽ߦ৻ቯߩ ߐࠇࠆ㧚࿑ 12 ߆ࠄ㧘࿑ 10 ߩࡦࠢ㑆ߩࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶ ࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻ࠍ␜ߒߡࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ㧚IEEE 802.11 ࠻ᕈ⢻ߦࠇߡࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘DMACߩ┵ᧃ 3́┵ᧃ 1 ߩ┵ᧃ 3́┵ᧃ 1 㑆ߢⷺᐲǩ߇ 120 ᐲߩὐߢᕆỗߦࠬ 㑆ߩRTSᄬᢌ₸߇ઁߦᲧߴ㜞ߊߥߞߡࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻߇ૐਅߒߡࠆߩߪ㧘ࡈࠚࠫࡦࠣߦࠃࠆ ߆ࠆ㧚․ߦ 30 kbpsએ㒠ߪඨᢙએ߇ᄬᢌߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߘ ⚿ᨐߢࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚৻ᣇ㧘DMAC ߩ┵ᧃ 3́┵ ࠇ߇ࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻ૐਅߦ❬߇ߞߡࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚 ᧃ 1 㑆ߪⷺᐲǩ߇⋥߆ࠄ᳓ᐔߦߥࠆߦߟࠇߡᓢߦޘ ৻ᣇ㧘หߓ㑆ߩIEEE 802.11 ߦ⋡ࠍะߌࠆߣߎߜࠄ߽ ࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻߇ૐਅߒߡࠆ㧚 ․ߦⷺᐲ 180 ᐲߩߣ߈㧘 30 kbpsએ㒠㧘ᄬᢌ₸߇ߒߡࠆ㧚ߎߩߎߣ߆ࠄή 3 ┵ᧃ߇৻⋥✢ߦਗ߱ᜰะᕈ㓝ࠇ┵ᧃ㗴߇⊒↢ߔࠆ ᜰะᕈㅢାߦ߅ߡ߽⽶⩄߇㜞ߊߥࠆߦߟࠇߡ㧘ࡦ ࠪ࠽ࠝߦߥࠆߪߕߢࠆ߇㧘DMAC ߩ┵ᧃ 1́┵ᧃ ࠢ㑆ߩㅢାߦਇᐔᕈ߇↢ߓߡࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ㧚߹ 2 㑆ߩࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻ߦૐਅ߇ࠄࠇߥߚߦ㧘ߎߩ ― 654 ― 1 45 0.9 RTS Failure Ratio per Link Thruoghput per Link (kbps) 50 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 㪠㪜㪜㪜㩷㪏㪇㪉㪅㪈㪈㩷㩿㪈㪄㪉㪀 㪠㪜㪜㪜㩷㪏㪇㪉㪅㪈㪈㩷㩿㪊㪄㪈㪀 㪛㪤㪘㪚㩷㩿㪈㪄㪉㪀 㪛㪤㪘㪚㩷㩿㪊㪄㪈㪀 㪠㪜㪜㪜㩷㪏㪇㪉㪅㪈㪈㩷㩿㪈㪄㪉㪀 㪠㪜㪜㪜㩷㪏㪇㪉㪅㪈㪈㩷㩿㪊㪄㪈㪀 㪛㪤㪘㪚㩷㩿㪈㪄㪉㪀 㪛㪤㪘㪚㩷㩿㪊㪄㪈㪀 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 90 120 150 180 90 Angle Į (degree) 120 150 180 Angle Į (degree) ࿑ 15 ࡦࠢ㑆ࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻ ࿑ 16 ࡦࠢ㑆 RTS ᄬᢌ₸ ႐วߪ┵ᧃ 3́┵ᧃ 1 㑆ߩࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻ૐਅߩේ࿃ߪ 0.012 ߪ┵ᧃ㑆ߩ〒㔌ࠍ 20 m ߣߒߡߚߚ㧘┵ᧃ㑆߇㔌 ࠇߔ߉ߡ㧘ฃାߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆ߶ߤߢߪߥ߆ߞߚߣ⠨ ߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘┵ᧃ 1 ߇┵ᧃ 2 ߳ᜰะᕈࡆࡓࠍะ ߌߡࠆ႐ว㧘ࠨࠗ࠼ࡠࡉ߇ᒝߊ㧘ࡃ࠶ࠢࡠࡉߪ ߘࠇ߶ߤᓇ㗀ߥߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚 ࿑ 15 ߦࡦࠢ㑆 RTS ᄬᢌ₸ࠍ␜ߔ㧚࿑ 14 ߢ⏕ߒ ߚࠃ߁ߦ┵ᧃ 3́┵ᧃ 1 㑆ߩ IEEE 802.11 ߪⷺᐲ 120 Packet Drop Ratio per Link ᜰะᕈ㓝ࠇ┵ᧃ㗴ߢߪߥߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚ᧄ⹏ଔߢ 㪠㪜㪜㪜㩷㪏㪇㪉㪅㪈㪈㩷㩿㪈㪄㪉㪀 㪠㪜㪜㪜㩷㪏㪇㪉㪅㪈㪈㩷㩿㪊㪄㪈㪀 㪛㪤㪘㪚㩷㩿㪈㪄㪉㪀 㪛㪤㪘㪚㩷㩿㪊㪄㪈㪀 0.01 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 ᐲߩߣ߈㧘ᕆỗߦࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻߇ૐਅߒߡߚ㧚ߎߩ ේ࿃ߣߒߡߪ࿑ 15 ߩหࡦࠢߩ 120 ᐲ߇␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ 0 RTS ᄬᢌ₸߇㜞ߎߣ߇ߍࠄࠇࠆ㧚ߟ߹ࠅ㧘ࡈࠚ 90 120 150 180 Angle Į (degree) ࠫࡦࠣߦࠃࠆ㜞 RTS ᄬᢌ₸߇ࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻ૐਅࠍ ߚߎߣ߇߃ࠆ㧚৻ᣇ㧘หࡦࠢ㑆ߩ DMAC ߪ㧘 ࿑ 17 ࡦࠢ㑆ࡄࠤ࠶࠻ᑄ᫈₸ ⷺᐲ 150 ᐲߩߣ߈৻⇟ᄬᢌഀว߇ᄙߊ㧘ઁߩⷺᐲߪ߶ ߷╬ߒߊߥߞߡࠆ㧚ࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻ߢߪ 180 ᐲߩߣ߈ ߇৻⇟ૐਅߒߡߚ߇㧘RTS ᄬᢌ₸߇৻⇟ᄙߩߪ 6. ߹ߣ 150 ᐲߢࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘150 ᐲߩ႐วߪ㧘┵ᧃ 3 ߪ┵ᧃ ᧄⓂߢߪ㧘MAC ࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ࠍኈᤃߦ⹏ଔߢ߈ࠆ࠹ 1́┵ᧃ 2 㑆ߩㅢାߦ᳇ߠ߆ߕ Deafness ߦࠃࠆᓇ㗀߇ ࠬ࠻ࡌ࠶࠼ߢࠆ TRNC/ESPAR ࠍ↪ߡ㧘ᜰะᕈ ࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻ࠍૐਅߐߖߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚 ߘࠇߦኻߒ㧘 MAC ࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ߩ⺖㗴৻ߟߢࠆ Deafness ߦߟߡ 180 ᐲߩߣ߈ߩࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻ૐਅߩේ࿃ߪ㧘Deafness ታⅣႺߢߘߩᓇ㗀ࠍ␜ߒߚ㧚2 ߟߩⷞὐߩ⹏ଔ߆ࠄታ ߦࠃࠆᓇ㗀ߦട߃㧘┵ᧃ 3 ߇┵ᧃ 1́┵ᧃ 2 ߩㅢାࠍ ⅣႺߦ߅ߌࠆ Deafness ߦࠃࠆᓇ㗀ࠍ⏕ߒߚ㧚 ᛠីߒ㧘DNAV ࠍ⸳ቯߒߚߚߦㅍାᯏળ߇ਈ߃ࠄࠇ ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߣߒߡ㧘ࠪࡒࡘ࡚ࠪࡦߦࠃࠆ⹏ଔߣ ߥ߆ߞߚߎߣߩ 2 ߟߩⷐ࿃ߩ⋧ਸ਼ലᨐߦࠃߞߡᄙᄢߥ ߩᲧセ㧘࿁ߩታ㛎ߢᓧࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚᜰะᕈ㓝ࠇ┵ᧃ ࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻ૐਅߦߟߥ߇ߞߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚 㗴ߦߟߡ㧘ߤ߁߁႐วߦᓇ㗀߇ࠆ߆ࠍ⹏ଔߔ ࿑ 16 ߪࡦࠢ㑆ࡄࠤ࠶࠻ᑄ᫈₸ߢࠆ߇㧘DMAC ߩ┵ᧃ 3́┵ᧃ 1 㑆ߩ 180 ᐲߩߣ߈㧘ࡄࠤ࠶࠻࠼ࡠ࠶ ࠆ㧚߹ߚ Deafness㧘ᜰะᕈ㓝ࠇ┵ᧃ㗴ࠍ⸃ߔࠆࡊ ࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ߩታⅣႺߢߩലᕈߩ⹏ଔࠍⴕ߁ᔅⷐ߇ࠆ㧚 ࡊߪ 0 ࠍ⸥㍳ߒߡࠆ㧚ߟ߹ࠅ㧘180 ᐲߩߣ߈ߪ 150 ᐲߩߣ߈߶ߤߩ Deafness ߦࠃࠆᓇ㗀ߢߪߥ߇㧘ߘࠇ ⻢ㄉ ߦട߃ߡ㧘 వߦㅀߴߚㅢାߩᛠីߦࠃࠆ DNAV ࠍ⸳ቯ ᧄ⎇ⓥߪᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ⾌ၮ⋚⎇ⓥ A(17200003) ߔࠆߎߣߢࠬ࡞ࡊ࠶࠻߇ૐਅߒߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚 ߩഥᚑࠍฃߌߡⴕߞߚ㧚 ― 655 ― ෳ⠨ᢥ₂ 1) R. Jurdak, C. V. Lopes and P. Baldi, “A Survey, Classification and Comparative Analysis of Medium Access Control Protocols for Ad hoc Wireless Networks,” IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, Vol.6, No.1, First Quarter 2004. 2) S. Xu and T. Saadawi, “Does the IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol Work Well in Multihop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks?,” IEEE Commun. Mag., Vol.39, No.6, pp.130-137, June 2001. 3) R.R. Choudhury, X. Yang, R. Ramanathan and N.H. Vaidya, “Using Directional Antennas for Medium Access Control in Ad Hoc Networks,” ACM Mobile computing and Network (MobiCom), Sep. 2002. 4) Hill, J. and Culler, D.: MICA: A Wireless Platform For Deeply Embedded Networks, IEEE Micro, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 12-24 (2002). 5) Hikaru MITSUHASHI, Masahiro WATANABE, Sadao OBANA, Masaki BANDAI, Takashi WATANABE "A Testbed with a Practical Smart Antenna for Directional MAC Protocols in Ad hoc Networks," HWISE2007 6) Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks, IEEE Std 802.15.4TM-2003 7) ᄢᐔቁ㧘”ࠛࠬࡄࠕࡦ࠹࠽ߩേේℂߣࠪࠬ࠹ࡓᔕ ↪”, 㔚ሶᖱႎㅢାቇળ㧘Vol. 87, No. 12, pp. 1061-1064, Dec. 2004. 8) ANSI/IEEE Std 802.11, “Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications,” 1999. 9) M. Takata, K. Nagashima, T. Watanabe, “A Dual Access Mode MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks Using Smart Antennas,” IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp.4182-4186, June 2004. 10) M. Takata, M. Bandai, and T. Watanabe, “A Receiver-Initiated Directional MAC Protocol for Handling Deafness in Ad Hoc Networks”, Proc. IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), June 2006. 11) M. Takata, M. Bandai, and T. Watanabe, “On a MAC Protocol with Directional Antennas for Deafness Problems in Ad Hoc Networks”, ᖱႎಣℂቇળࡑ࡞࠴ࡔ࠺ࠖࠕ, ಽᢔ, ᒝ⺞ߣࡕࡃࠗ࡞(DICOMO 2006) ࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓ ⺰ᢥ㓸(Τ) pp.553-556, July 2006. 12) H. Gossain, C. Cordeiro and D. P. Agrawal, “MDA: An Efficient Directional MAC scheme for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks,” Proc. IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Nov. 2005. 13) Masanori Sekido, Masanori Takata, Masaki Bandai, Takashi Watanabe, “A Directional Hidden Terminal Problem in Ad hoc Network MAC Protocols with Smart Antennas and its Solutions,” Proc. IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Nov. 2005. 14) ᷰㄝᱜᶈ㧘ਃ⸁ノ㧘⪦ઍ㓷Ꮧ㧘ዊ⧎⽵ᄦ㧘ᷰㄝ ዏ㧘”ESPAR ࠕࡦ࠹࠽ߣ ZigBee ࠴࠶ࡊࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖߚ ࠕ࠼ࡎ࠶ࠢή✢ⵝ⟎ߩ MAC ࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ታ㛎ߣ⠨ኤ”, ࡑ࡞࠴ࡔ࠺ࠖࠕ㧘ಽᢔ㧘ᒝ⺞ߣࡕࡃࠗ࡞(DICOMO 2006)ࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓ⺰ᢥ㓸㧔Τ㧕RR,WN[ 2006. 15) M. Takata, M. Bandai and T. Watanabe, “Performance Analysis of a Directional MAC Protocol for Location Information Staleness in MANETs,” IPSJ Journal, Vol. 46, No. 11, pp. 2623-2632, Nov. 2005. ― 656 ―
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