Supplement of Ozone vegetation damage effects on gross primary

Supplement of Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9137–9153, 2014
http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/9137/2014/
doi:10.5194/acp-14-9137-2014-supplement
© Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License.
Supplement of
Ozone vegetation damage effects on gross primary productivity in the
United States
X. Yue and N. Unger
Correspondence to: X. Yue ([email protected])
Table S1. Match of model PFTs with that from NACP sites and the ISLSCP dataset.
PFTs in the model
PFTs at NACP sites
PFTs from ISLSCP
ID
PFTs
ID
ID
1
Tundra
2
C3 grassland
3
C4 grassland
4
Shrubland
PFTs
N/A
I
PFTs
N/A
Grasslands
a
Grasslands
N/A
b
Savannas
II
Closed Shrubland
c
Closed Shrubland
III
Woody Savannas
d
Open Shrubland
IV
Permanent Wetlands
e
Woody Savannas
f
Permanent Wetlands
g
Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
5
Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
V
Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
h
Deciduous Needleleaf Forest
6
Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
VI
Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
i
Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
VII
Mixed Forests
j
Mixed Forests
N/A
k
Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
Croplands (C4)
l
Croplands (C3/C4)
m
Cropland/Natural vegetation mosaic (C3/C4)
7
Tropical Rainforest
8
Cropland
VIII
NACP sites
Fig. S1. Distribution of 40 North American Carbon Program (NACP) sites. The color
indicates different land types as evergreen needleleaf forest (ENF, blue), deciduous
broadleaf forest (DBF, magenta), grasslands (GRA, green), croplands (CRO, red),
shrublands (SHR, yellow). “Mixed Forests” are classified as ENF, “Permanent Wetlands”
and “Woody Savannas” as SHR (Table S1). The local vegetation type at each site is
described in appendix Table A.
Land Cover from ISLSCP
Water
Savannas
Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
Grasslands
Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
Permanent Wetlands
Deciduous Needleleaf Forest
Croplands
Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
Urban and Build-up
Mixed Forests
Cropland/Natural vegetation mosaic
Closed Shrubland
Snow and Ice
Open Shrubland
Barren or Sparsely vegetated
Woody Savannas
Unclassified
Fig. S2. Land cover types in North America developed by the International Satellite
Land-Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP).
CA−Ca1 (125.3oW, 49.9oN)
CA−Ca2 (125.3oW, 49.9oN)
CA−Ca3 (124.9oW, 49.5oN)
6
6
6
ENF
4
ENF
4
2
0
J
A
J
o
o
0
J
A
J
J
0
J
O
o
6
ENF
A
J
A
J
0
J
O
CA−SJ2 (104.6oW, 53.9oN)
CA−SJ3 (104.6oW, 53.9oN)
6
6
6
ENF
ENF
4
2
0
J
A
J
o
US−Dk3 (79.1 W, 36 N)
6
0
J
O
o
US−Ho1 (68.7 W, 45.2 N)
ENF
4
2
J
o
6
ENF
4
A
0
J
A
J
0
J
O
o
o
4
2
0
J
0
J
J
O
CA−Oas (106.2oW, 53.6oN)
6
A
J
A
J
o
US−UMB (84.7 W, 45.6 N)
8
6 DBF
4
2
0
J
A
o
A
J
O
US−MMS (86.4oW, 39.3oN)
o
A
A
J
0
J
O
o
CA−Mer (75.5 W, 45.4 N)
o
0
J
A
J
0
J
O
o
o
A
J
0
J
O
o
US−Ton (121 W, 38.4 N)
o
2
0
J
A
J
0
J
O
o
o
US−IB1 (88.2 W, 41.9 N)
4
2
0
J
A
J
O
J
o
o
4
2
0
J
0
J
J
O
A
J
O
GRA
2
A
J
0
J
O
o
US−Ne2 (96.5 W, 41.2 N)
2
A
O
US−Var (121oW, 38.4oN)
4
GRA
o
6
CRO
J
GRA
0
J
O
US−Shd (96.7 W, 36.9 N)
0
J
O
US−Ne1 (96.5 W, 41.2 N)
4
J
o
4
o
6
CRO
A
2
A
A
2
6
GRA
2
O
CA−Let (112.9oW, 49.7oN)
4
SHR
0
J
O
US−IB2 (88.2 W, 41.8 N)
4
GRA
4
J
o
US−ARM (97.5 W, 36.6 N)
6
A
J
SHR
4
2
2
A
2
4
SHR
O
CA−WP1 (112.5oW, 55oN)
6
SHR
o
US−SO2 (116.6 W, 33.4 N)
J
DBF
4
o
0
J
O
O
2
4
o
J
US−MOz (92.2oW, 38.7oN)
6
DBF
6
J
A
US−Syv (89.3oW, 46.2oN)
8
6 ENF
4
2
0
J
A
2
2
SHR
0
J
O
ENF
0
J
O
DBF
0
J
o
US−Los (90 W, 46.1 N)
4
J
2
O
J
US−PFa (90.3 W, 45.9 N)
US−WCr (90.1 W, 45.8 N)
4
J
A
o
4
o
6
o
6
A
ENF
2
2
0
J
O
o
4
ENF
6
DBF
O
4
0
J
O
J
US−Me3 (121.6oW, 44.3oN)
4
2
0
J
o
A
US−Me2 (121.6 W, 44.5 N)
6
US−Ha1 (72.2oW, 42.5oN)
4
2
o
O
ENF
0
J
O
2
6
DBF
4
J
o
0
J
O
ENF
2
A
J
US−NR1 (105.5 W, 40 N)
4
ENF
A
o
US−Me5 (121.6 W, 44.4 N)
A
2
2
J
2
2
0
J
O
o
A
CA−TP4 (80.4oW, 42.7oN)
4
ENF
4
2
O
ENF
4
CA−SJ1 (104.7oW, 53.9oN)
4
J
2
0
J
O
A
CA−Qfo (74.3oW, 49.7oN)
CA−Ojp (104.7 W, 53.9 N)
2
0
J
O
A
o
4
ENF
2
2
2
0
J
O
CA−Obs (105.1 W, 54 N)
4
ENF
4
J
o
CA−NS1 (124.9 W, 49.5 N)
6
A
ENF
4
2
0
J
O
o
ENF
4
2
CA−Gro (82.2oW, 48.2oN)
6
6
CRO
A
J
O
US−Ne3 (96.4oW, 41.2oN)
4
CRO
2
A
J
O
0
J
A
J
O
Fig. S3. Comparison of monthly mean leaf area index (LAI, m2 m-2) from the Modern
Era-Retrospective Analysis (MERRA) reanalysis (red solid lines) and the Moderate
Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (blue dashed lines) at each NACP site.
The name and location (longitude, latitude) are shown in the title. The land types include
evergreen needleleaf forest (ENF), deciduous broadleaf forest (DBF), shrublands (SHR),
grasslands (GRA), and croplands (CRO).
o
o
CA−Ca1 (125.3 W, 49.9 N)
15
ENF
10
o
o
CA−Ca2 (125.3 W, 49.9 N)
10
ENF
0
J
A
J
o
o
o
ENF
0
J
A
J
o
CA−SJ1 (104.7 W, 53.9 N)
10
5
A
J
o
CA−SJ2 (104.6 W, 53.9 N)
A
J
15
J
0
J
A
J
o
10
5
J
o
A
J
o
CA−Oas (106.2 W, 53.6 N)
15
J
o
0
J
A
J
o
US−UMB (84.7 W, 45.6 N)
15
J
A
J
10
J
A
o
5
A
J
0
J
O
o
A
J
0
J
O
o
o
A
J
0
J
O
o
CA−Mer (75.5 W, 45.4 N)
10
5
A
J
0
J
A
J
0
J
O
o
o
US−IB1 (88.2 W, 41.9 N)
20
CRO
0
J
o
US−Ne1 (96.5 W, 41.2 N)
J
O
0
J
J
o
J
O
O
J
O
GRA
5
A
J
0
J
O
o
o
US−Ne2 (96.5 W, 41.2 N)
0
J
A
US−Var (121oW, 38.4oN)
10
GRA
CRO
A
J
O
US−Ne3 (96.4oW, 41.2oN)
20
CRO
10
10
A
J
GRA
0
J
O
US−Shd (96.7 W, 36.9 N)
20
10
A
A
o
30
CRO
A
5
0
J
O
o
20
10
J
O
CA−Let (112.9oW, 49.7oN)
10
5
A
J
SHR
0
J
O
SHR
10
5
A
5
15
GRA
O
CA−WP1 (112.5oW, 55oN)
10
SHR
US−Ton (121oW, 38.4oN)
o
J
5
0
J
O
A
DBF
10
o
US−IB2 (88.2 W, 41.8 N)
15
GRA
J
o
US−ARM (97.5 W, 36.6 N)
10
A
O
US−MOz (92.2oW, 38.7oN)
15
5
0
J
J
ENF
10
DBF
10
SHR
A
5
0
J
O
O
US−Syv (89.3oW, 46.2oN)
15
ENF
10
J
J
ENF
0
J
O
5
5
SHR
A
US−MMS (86.4 W, 39.3 N)
US−SO2 (116.6oW, 33.4oN)
A
US−Me3 (121.6oW, 44.3oN)
10
o
o
DBF
0
J
O
US−Los (90oW, 46.1oN)
0
J
O
US−PFa (90.3 W, 45.9 N)
0
J
O
5
0
J
J
o
US−WCr (90.1 W, 45.8 N)
10
5
A
o
15
DBF
10
A
5
0
J
O
o
O
5
10
5
J
ENF
10
ENF
15
DBF
A
CA−TP4 (80.4oW, 42.7oN)
15
US−Me2 (121.6oW, 44.5oN)
0
J
O
US−Ha1 (72.2 W, 42.5 N)
10
5
A
o
5
10
o
15
DBF
10
o
5
0
J
O
o
O
ENF
0
J
O
ENF
15
ENF
5
0
J
J
CA−SJ3 (104.6 W, 53.9 N)
0
J
O
US−NR1 (105.5 W, 40 N)
10
ENF
A
o
US−Me5 (121.6 W, 44.4 N)
A
5
0
J
O
o
J
o
10
o
10
5
A
CA−Qfo (74.3 W, 49.7 N)
5
0
J
O
ENF
10
5
A
US−Ho1 (68.7oW, 45.2oN)
15
ENF
10
o
5
0
J
O
US−Dk3 (79.1oW, 36oN)
0
J
O
ENF
10
ENF
5
0
J
J
CA−Ojp (104.7 W, 53.9 N)
0
J
O
o
10
ENF
A
5
0
J
O
o
ENF
10
o
10
5
5
o
5
0
J
O
CA−Obs (105.1 W, 54 N)
10
ENF
10
J
o
CA−NS1 (124.9 W, 49.5 N)
15
A
o
CA−Gro (82.2 W, 48.2 N)
15
5
0
J
O
o
ENF
10
5
5
o
CA−Ca3 (124.9 W, 49.5 N)
15
A
J
O
0
J
A
J
-2
O
-1
Fig. S4. Comparison of long-term monthly mean GPP (g [C] m day ) from
observations (blue points with error bars indicating one standard deviation) and the O3free simulations (black lines with shadings indicating one standard deviation) averaged
over measurement period at each site. The simulation, METsite_LAImerra, is driven with
meteorological forcings from MERRA and site measurements. The LAI is from MERRA.
The name and location (longitude, latitude) are shown in the title. The land types include
evergreen needleleaf forest (ENF), deciduous broadleaf forest (DBF), shrublands (SHR),
grasslands (GRA), and croplands (CRO).
Observed JJA GPP (g [C] m−2 d−1)
18
w/o ozone effect r = 0.81
15
high ozone effect r = 0.80
12
9
6
3
0
0
3
6
9
12
15
−2 −1
Simulated JJA GPP (g [C] m d )
18
Fig. S5. Comparison of simulated summer average GPP without O3 damage (blue) and
with O3 damage (red) with observations at 40 NACP sites.
0
−2
−2
US−Dk3
CA−Ca1
US−Ne1
US−Me2
US−Ha1
CA−Gro
CA−TP4
US−Ho1
US−NR1
US−Me3
US−PFa
US−Ton
CA−Ca2
US−MOz
US−UMB
US−SO2
US−Ne2
US−IB1
CA−WP1
US−Syv
CA−Ca3
US−MMS
US−Ne3
US−IB2
US−WCr
US−Me5
US−Shd
CA−Obs
CA−Qfo
US−Los
CA−Oas
US−ARM
CA−SJ3
CA−Ojp
CA−Mer
CA−Let
CA−NS1
US−Var
CA−SJ1
CA−SJ2
2
10
US−Dk3
CA−Ca1
US−Ne1
US−Me2
US−Ha1
CA−Gro
CA−TP4
US−Ho1
US−NR1
US−Me3
US−PFa
US−Ton
CA−Ca2
US−MOz
US−UMB
US−SO2
US−Ne2
US−IB1
CA−WP1
US−Syv
CA−Ca3
US−MMS
US−Ne3
US−IB2
US−WCr
US−Me5
US−Shd
CA−Obs
CA−Qfo
US−Los
CA−Oas
US−ARM
CA−SJ3
CA−Ojp
CA−Mer
CA−Let
CA−NS1
US−Var
CA−SJ1
CA−SJ2
2
15
US−Dk3
CA−Ca1
US−Ne1
US−Me2
US−Ha1
CA−Gro
CA−TP4
US−Ho1
US−NR1
US−Me3
US−PFa
US−Ton
CA−Ca2
US−MOz
US−UMB
US−SO2
US−Ne2
US−IB1
CA−WP1
US−Syv
CA−Ca3
US−MMS
US−Ne3
US−IB2
US−WCr
US−Me5
US−Shd
CA−Obs
CA−Qfo
US−Los
CA−Oas
US−ARM
CA−SJ3
CA−Ojp
CA−Mer
CA−Let
CA−NS1
US−Var
CA−SJ1
CA−SJ2
2
(a)
(b)
(c)
2
2
2
for each site
ENF
DBF
SHR
GRA
CRO
5
2
for each site with low ozone effect
1
0
−1
2
for each site with high ozone effect
1
0
−1
Fig. S6. The calculated (a) χ2 of GPP and changes in χ2 after the inclusion of O3 damage
impact with (b) low and (c) high O3 sensitivity at each site. The sites are sorted according
to the values of χ2 in (a). The land cover definitions are: GRA, Grasslands; CRO,
Croplands; ENF, Evergreen Needleleaf Forest; DBF, Deciduous Broadleaf Forest; SHR,
Shrubland. See section 2.2.1 for the definition of χ2.
(a) JJA mean Ozone from GCM
(b) JJA mean Ozone from CASTNET
o
o
50 N
50 N
40oN
40oN
30oN
30oN
120oW 110oW 100oW 90oW 80oW 70oW
120oW 110oW 100oW 90oW 80oW 70oW
(c) JJA MDA8 Ozone from GCM
o
50 N
20
30
(d) JJA MDA8 Ozone from AIRDATA
40
50
o
50 N
40oN
40oN
30oN
30oN
120oW 110oW 100oW 90oW 80oW
20
30
70oW
40
60
70
80
(ppbv)
120oW 110oW 100oW 90oW 80oW
50
60
70
80
70oW
(ppbv)
Fig. S7. Comparison of summertime surface (a, b) diurnal mean and (c, d) daily
maximum 8-hour average ozone between (a, c) GCM and observations from (b)
CASTNET and (d) AIRDATA.
(a) JJA GPP with high ozone damage
(b) JJA GPP from NACP sites
o
o
50 N
50 N
40oN
40oN
30oN
30oN
120oW 110oW 100oW 90oW
2
80oW
4
70oW
6
120oW 110oW 100oW 90oW
8
10
12
14
80oW
70oW
(g m-2 day-1)
Fig. S8. Comparison of summertime GPP from (a) simulations with high ozone damage
effects and (b) in situ measurements from NACP.

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