DTU 2014 - GSE Nordic

Edited and Presented by Henrik Thorsen, IBM Technical Director
IBM Denmark
DTU 2014
Mainframe
History and Introduction
a history of robustness
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
Agenda June 13, 2014
What defines a Mainframe – Basic concepts?
– Focus on robustness
Mainframe 50 year history
– A lot of evolution
– One revolution (1964)
– And since many evolutions
– Let’s review the historical most significant events
Who uses Mainframes in 2014?
– The whole world, including you
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© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
What defines a Mainframe ?
HW - well defined architecture (POP)
Centralised administration
Database HUB (I/O)
Transaction Processing
RAS (Reliability, Availability and Serviceability)
Scalability
Hardware Memory Protection
Virtualisation
Performance
Security
Operating Systems
Solutions
Open (but also closed and proprietary if only using legacy)
Hybrid architecture
Compatibility
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© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
The IBM Mainframe History
Well, maybe a little before…
IBM started out as a merger of
three US companies, which
became units of CTR
– Computing Scale
– Tabulating Machine
– Time Recording
The Canadian unit became the
International Business Machines
Co. Ltd. in 1917
The parent became International
Business Machines Corporation in
1924
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IBM
Worlds first computers
most were one of a kind
1944 Harvard IBM Mark I (Mechanical) (idea funded by IBM in 1939)
– 60 sets of 24 switches, manual data entry,store 72 numbers, each 23 decimal digits. 3
additions/subtractions a sec. Multiplication in 6 secs, division took 15 secs, and a
logarithm/ trigonometric function took over one minute.
– Read from 24-channel punched paper tape, executed current instruction and then read
next. No conditional branch instruction. Complex programs had to be long.
– A loop accomplished joining the end of the paper tape back to the beginning of the tape
literally creating loop. Separation of data and instructions known as Harvard architecture.
1946 ENIAC (Electro mechanical):
– 17468 vacuum tubes, 7200 crystal diodes, 1500 relays, 70000 resistors, 10000
capacitors, 5 mio hand-soldered joints. 30 tons, 2.4m×0.9m×30m, (167 m2), 150 kW.
– Rumor when computer was on, lights in Philadelphia dimmed.
– Input from an IBM card reader, and an IBM card punch used for output. These cards could
be used to produce printed output offline using an IBM accounting machine, the IBM 405
– Cycle time 200 microsecs, or 5,000 cycles/sec. In one cycle/write number to register, or
add/subtract two numbers. A multiplication of a 10-digit numbers took 14 cycles, or rate of
357/sec. Division or square root took up to 143 cycles, or rate of 35/sec.
– Reliability: Tubes burned out every day, leaving it nonfunctional about half the time. Most
failures occurred during the warm-up/ cool-down. Engineers reduced failures to rate of
one tube every two days. Longest continuous period of operation without failure 5 days.
1947 Harvard IBM Mark II, 1950 III (partially electronic), 1952 IV (all electronic)
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IBM
IBM 701 – 1952
1st generation
"I think there is a world market for maybe five computers" is often attributed to
The first
IBM Senior
large-scale
electronic
computer
manufactured
inis from
Thomas
Watson
and Junior
at several
dates in the
1950s. Misquote
quantity
1953
IBM annual stockholders meeting. Describing the market acceptance of the
IBM
701.first
Before
production Watson
visited
with 20 potential
customers. This is
IBM's
commercially
available
scientific
computer
a result ofinour
trip, on
which wewere
expected
to in
getan
orders
for
what
said:
“Asmachine
Thehefirst
IBM
which
programs
stored
internal,
five
machines, we
came home
with orders for 18”
addressable,
electronic
memory
The first of the pioneering line
of IBM 700 series computers,
including the 702 through 709
–
–
–
–
–
Vaccum tubes (72-144, each 1024 bytes)
702 introduced magnetic tapes
704 introduced floating point aritmetics
705 introduced core memory
709 had 32,768 words of 36-bit memory and
could execute 42,000 add or subtract instructions
per second. It could multiply two 36-bit integers
at a rate of 5000 per second.
701
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© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
IBM 305 RAMAC – 1956
1st generation
Access time 600ms.
Weight 1 Ton.
Price approximately 1 Million Dkr.
The first computer to include a disk
($150K)
drive (named the IBM 350 Disk File)
Prior to this magnetic computer 1000s were built.
storage had consisted of core
memory, tape, and drums
The 350 Disk File consisted of a
stack of fifty 24 inch discs
The capacity of the entire disk file
was 5 million 7-bit characters, which
works out to about 4.4 MB in modern
parlance
7
350 Disk
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
And in Denmark we had DASK
and for a short while amongst the fastest in the world!
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© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
IBM SW for the 1401 included:
IBM 1401 – 1959
nd
2
• 1401generation
Symbolic Programming System assembler.
• Autocoder
on Tape, a more advanced
assembler,
requiredProcessing
at least 4K memory
and four tape
drives.the
The all-transistorized
IBM
1401 Data
System
placed
features found in electronic data processing systems at the disposal
• Autocoder on Disk, similar to, but not compatible with, Autocoder on Tape, required one or more 1311 disk
of smaller businesses,
drives.
previously limited to the use of
1402
1401
1403
• COBOL
required at least
4k memory card
and 4 tape drives.
conventional
punched
equipment
• FARGO (Fourteen-o-one Automatic Report Generation Operation), a predecessor of RPG, required 4K
memory.
These features included: high
speed card punching and
• FORTRAN II required at least 8K memory
reading, magnetic tape input
and output,
high
speed
• FORTRAN
IV required
at least
12K memory and either 4 tape drives or 1 IBM 1311 disk drive.
printing, stored program, and
• RPG (Report Program Generator) Basic RPG required at least 4K memory.
arithmetic and logical ability
729
– Over 10,000 units were produced and many
were leased or resold in less developed
countries after they were replaced
with newer technology.
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IBM
IBM 1440 – 1962
2nd generation
Low-cost system specifically designed to solve the increasing data
handling problems of smaller volume businesses
The 1440 met the need for a
1443
1441
1311
complete accounting system
and offered the benefits of a
business information system
With a variety of models and
special features available for
the 1440, a system could be
tailored to meet immediate
data processing requirements
and expanded to absorb
increased demands
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© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
IBM 7094 – 1962
2nd generation
Built for large-scale scientific computing
Compatible with the IBM 7090, the advanced solid-state IBM 7094
offered substantial increases in internal operating speeds and
functional capacities
7094
New expanded functions provided
with the IBM 7094 were
double-precision floating-point
operations and seven index registers
– In 1960, a typical system sold for $2.9 million
(equal to 100 million Dkr. in 2014)
– At 100 Kflop/s, the 7090 was six times faster than the
709, and could be rented for half the price.
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© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
IBM 7094 – 1962
2nd generation
I 1963-64 udgav en komité bestående af IBM og SHARE
beskrivelsen
af etcomputing
nyt programmeringssprog kaldet NPL
Built for large-scale
scientific
Sproget skulle være en erstatning for de tidligere
Compatible with the IBM 7090, the advanced solid-state IBM 7094
programmeringssprog ALGOL, Cobol og Fortran. Sproget lånte
offered substantial
increases
operating
speeds and
elementer
fra allein
treinternal
sprog. Det
nye programmeringssprog
functional capacities
skulle udvikles til IBMs nye computerarkitektur IBM S/360, der
7094
blev
annonceret
i
1964.
Navnet
på
sproget
blev
ændret
til
PL/I
New expanded functions provided
pga.were
navnesammenfald med det britiske National Physical
with the IBM 7094
Laboratory.
double-precision
floating-point
operations and seven index registers
– In 1960, a typical system sold for $2.9 million
IBM solgte en 7099 til undervisningsministeriet i
1965
forthe1 dkr, og den blev grundlaget for NEUCC
At 100 Kflop/s, the 7090 was six times faster
than
709, and could be rented for half the price.
(Northern Europe Computing Center) på
Polyteknisk Læreanstalt I Lundtofte. Det foretrukne
programmeringssprog var Fortran, og det gjorde,
at mange studerende lærte dette sprog.
(equal to 100 million Dkr. in 2014)
–
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© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
The family tree – 1952 to 1964
Several mainframe families
announced, designed for
different applications
Every family had a different,
incompatible architecture
Within families, moving from one
generation to the next was a
migration
– Common compilers made
migration easier – COBOL and
FORTRAN
– Outside IBM the ”BUNCH”
competed
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© 2014 IBM Corporation
The April 1964 Revolution
3rd generation
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
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© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
System/360 – Announced April 7, 1964
IBM decided to implement a wholly new architecture specifically
designed both for data processing and to be compatible across a
wide range of performance levels
IBM invested $5B to develop a family of five increasingly powerful
computers that run the same operating systems and can use
the same 44 peripheral devices
with the same architecture
S/360-75
– Architecture published in the S/360
Principles of Operation
– 24-bit addressing (32-bit architecture)
– Solid logic circuit cards
2401
16
2311
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
System/360 – a child is born
Hardware
– One main storage, maximum size is 16MB
– One or two Central Processing Units (CPUs)
– One to seven Channels
- Selector or Byte Multiplexor
- Block Multiplexor
– Control Units (which connect to Channels)
– Devices (which connect to Control Units)
Family of operating systems from IBM
– Operating System/360 (OS/360)
– Disk Operating System/360 (DOS/360)
– Tape Operating System (TOS)
– Basic Programming Support (BPS)
– Airlines Control Program (ACP)
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© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
Core
Memory
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© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
System/360 Model 20IBM Important System SW:
1966
Special purpose
“entry level” S/360
24K of core memory
Half the registers of
other models
Instruction set that
was not binarycompatible with the
rest of the S/360
family
Popular as an RJE
workstation
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•JES2/JES3 1966/1967...2560 Multi-Function Card Machine
•IMS 1966 (Apollo)...
•CICS 1968....
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
IBM 9020 System
Air Traffic Control system
The 9020 was a conglomeration of IBM System 360 computers
– Models were made up of IBM System 360 Model 65s hooked together
into a highly redundant and reliable single system image and Model 50’s
as IO Control Elements
Here is a picture of the operator control panel for
one computing element of a 9020E system, which
looked a great deal like a Model 65 panel, but with
additions specific to the air traffic control
configuration
A complete 9020E was made up of three or four
Model 65s, three Model 50s, storage units, and
peripheral adapters for things like displays and
incoming radar data
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IBM
System/370 with Virtual Storage
Announced August 2, 1972
Compatible upgrade from S/370 with virtual storage
First popular multiprocessor models (158MP, 168MP)
Family of operating systems
3850 Mass Storage Subsystem
– OS/360
OS/VS
3705
S/370-148
– DOS/360
DOS/VS
– CP/67
VM/370
3350
Used at DTU
When I studied
there
1977-1983
3505
21
3203
3525
3270
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
S/370 – the Architecture Matures
IBM Important System SW:
Virtual storage •VTAM (SNA, NCP, ...) 1974
•HSM
storage) 1974
– 2KB or 4KB pages
of(Mass
memory
•VTAM 1976....
– 64KB or 1MB segment
sizes
– Translation of virtual addresses to
real addresses using Dynamic
Address Translation (DAT) logic
– Segment tables point to page
locations
Channel architecture
– 256 channels
CPU changes
– Extended MP support via CPU
address
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3033
3031
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
System/370 with Extended Architecture
IBM Important System SW and HW:
Evolution of S/370
•SQL/DS 1981...
•DB2 1983...
3081 introduced Thermal
•QMF,5-31
...
Conduction Modules (1983
MIPs)
New peripherals
PR/SM (Processor Resource/System Manager) is a
type-1 Hypervisor or VM that allows multiple LPARs
– 3800 page printer
to share physical resources such as CPUs, I/O and
DASD.
– 3370/3380 disk
Introduced in 1985 with the IBM 3090-E processors.
– 3480 tape
Family of operating systems
– OS/VS
MVS/SP
MVS/XA
– DOS/VS
VSE/SP
– VM/370
VM/SP, VM/SP HPO
– VM/370
VM/XA MA
VM/XA SF
VM/XA SP
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3083
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
System/390 with Enterprise Systems Architecture
IBM Important System SW:
Announced September 1990
Evolution of ESA/370
•Sysplex (XCF) 1990
1994 – S/390 Parallel Transaction
•Parallel Server
Sysplex 1994
•WLM Goal Mode operation 1995...
– Family of CMOS processors
– 15 MIPs 1W G1, 1200+ MIPs 12W G6)
1998 – System/390 G5 server – more than 1,000 MIPS
1999 – System/390 G6 server – copper chip technology
Common set of peripheral devices
– RAMAC, Enterprise Storage Subsystem disk
– 3590 Magstar tape
Family of operating systems
– MVS/ESA
OS/390
– VSE/ESA
– VM/ESA
– AIX/ESA
– Linux for S/390 (December 1999)
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9672-G5
ES/9000 (1990)
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
eServer zSeries with z/Architecture
Announced October 2000
Evolution of ESA-390
– 24-bit, 31-bit, and 64-bit addressing
supported concurrently
– z900 – up to 16 processors (200-3200 MIPs)
– z800 – up to 4 processors
zSeries 900
• Linux-only model in January 2002
• General purpose model in February 2002
- Integrated Facility for Linux on z900/z890
Family of operating systems
– OS/390
z/OS
– VSE/ESA
z/VSE
– VM/ESA
z/VM
– TPF
z/TPF
– Linux for S/390
Linux for zSeries
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© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
IBM zEnterprise system
Announced 2010-07
Unified
Unified management
management for
for aa smarter
smarter system:
system:
zEnterprise
zEnterprise Unified
Unified Resource
Resource Manager
Manager
The
The world’s
world’s fastest
fastest and
and
most
scalable
system:
most scalable system:
zEnterprise
zEnterprise™™ 196
196 (z196)
(z196)
Ideal for large scale
data and transaction
serving and mission
critical applications
Most efficient
platform for Largescale Linux®
consolidation
Leveraging a large
portfolio of z/OS® and
Linux on System z
applications
Capable of massive
scale up, over 50
Billion Instructions
per Second (BIPS)
Provides platform, hardware and
workload management
Unifies management of resources,
extending IBM System z® qualities of
service across the infrastructure
Scale
Scale out
out to
to aa trillion
trillion
instructions
per
second:
instructions per second:
zEnterprise
zEnterprise BladeCenter
BladeCenter®®
Extension
Extension (zBX)
(zBX)
Selected IBM POWER7®
blades and IBM x86
Blades1 for tens of
thousands of AIX® and
Linux applications
High performance
optimizers and
appliances to accelerate
time to insight and
reduce cost
Dedicated high
performance private
network
HMC
1 All statements regarding IBM future direction and intent are subject to change or withdrawal without notice, and represents goals and objectives only.
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© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
Reports of the death of the
mainframe were premature
“I predict that the last mainframe will
be unplugged on March 15, 1996.”
– Stewart Alsop, March 1991
“It’s clear that corporate customers
still like to have centrally controlled,
very predictable, reliable computing
systems – exactly the kind of
systems that IBM specializes in.”
– Stewart Alsop, February 2002
Source: IBM Annual Report 2001
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© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
IBM System z:
Design Comparison
for High End Systems
System I/O Bandwidth
384 GB/Sec*
Balanced System
CPU, nWay, Memory,
I/O Bandwidth*
288 GB/sec*
172.8 GB/sec*
96 GB/sec
24 GB/sec
Memory
3 TB**
1.5 TB**
512 GB
256 64
GB GB
261
413
560
902
1202
PCI for
1-way
1514
16-way
32-way
54-way
64-way
zEC12
z196
z10 EC
* Servers exploit a subset of its designed
I/O capability
** Up to 1 TB per LPAR
PCI – Processor Capacity Index (z/OS 1.13)
28
80-way
z9 EC
z990
101-way
Processors
z900
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
What are the trends …………..
Java
Semiconductor
Technology
29
Microprocessor
Design
Systems
Design
Virtualization
& Operating
Systems
Compilers &
Java Virtual
Machine
Optimized
Middleware
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
Summary
From System/360 in 1964 to today’s zEnterprise System, we have
seen an evolution that has preserved customer investments in a
unique way
From OS/360 to MVS to OS/390 to z/OS, we have seen an evolution of
the operating system that is core to most corporate IT environments
From DOS/360 to VSE/ESA to z/VSE, we have seen this operating
system thrive meeting the needs in smaller environments
From CP/67 as a research project and VM/370 as a migration tool, VM
has evolved to today’s z/VM as the core of IBM’s System z
virtualization technology
And now with Linux on System z, we have a truly open operating
environment
“Legacy systems are systems that work!”
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© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
Who use Mainframes in 2014?
Banks
Financiel Institutions
Airlines
Supermarkets
Telecoms
Trafic control
Art Galleries
SU!
Shipping
O.M.M.A
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© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
Examples of IBM Mainframe Robustness Features
Forward compatibility of programs
Resiliency of Memory, Cores, Channels, Power ...
– RAIM memory
– Spare cores
– Channel redundancy (DPR, sparring
– Extra power cooling equipment
”Call home” if machine needs extra maintenance
Parallel Sysplex
Disk sparing, RAID, Mirroring
System z resiliency
– Concurrent maintenance (books, I/O, memory, CPs ... inflight)
– Concurrent Growth (books, I/O, memory, CPs, Capacity Back Up, LPARs, On/off capacity…inflight)
– Fault Tolerant design: system continues if there is the loss of single component.
• Moreover, it is designed to do this without even impacting transactions.
You can change the airplane’s engines, wings,
• System z provides fault tolerance for all of its key components: CPs (Transparent CP sparing), memory (Dynamic
memory sparing), or I/O (I/O Interconnect),
but and
also the
timing
oscillator you
card, power
supply,grow
channelitpaths,
OSA
fuselage,
the
cockpit,
can also
from
a
cards, Support Elements (SEs), and others.
plane
a 400
passenger
• In addition to IBM’s most robust simple
processor four-passenger
design with intelligent retries
and to
a very
elaborate
and successful design
of internal recovery hardware.
luxury-liner….in flight!
40 – 50 years MTBF
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© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
Bibliography
Melinda Varian, Princeton
– “VM and the VM Community: Past, Present, and Future” presented at SHARE 89, 1997
Jeff Gribbin, EDS UK
– “Development of 360/370 Architecture – A Plain Man’s View”, 1989
Chuck Boyer
– “The 360 Revolution”, 2004 available at
ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/eserver/zseries/misc/bookoffer/download/360revolution_040704.pdf
IBM Archives: Valuable resources on IBM's history
– http://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/
IBM Systems Journal
– “VM/370–a study of multiplicity and usefulness”
L H Seawright and R A MacKinnon, Volume 18, Number 1, 1979
– Evolution of a virtual machine subsystem
E C Hendricks and T C Hartmann, Volume 18, Number 1, 1979
– “ESA/390 interpretive-execution architecture, foundation for VM/ESA”
D L Osisek, K M Jackson, and P H Gum, Volume 30, Number 1, 1991
IBM Journal of Research and Development
– “The Origin of the VM/370 Time-Sharing System”
R J Creasy, Volume 25, Number 5, 1981
– “System/360 and Beyond”
A Padegs, Volume 25, Number 5, 1981
z/Architecture Principles of Operation
– http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=isg2b9de5f05a9d57819852571c500428f9a
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© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
A little perspective
Mainframes process
30 billion
business transactions per day
1.3 million
CICS Transactions.
Every Second.
In comparison, there are
59,421 Google searches
every second globally.
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© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
It all started with a
$5 billion dollar bet.
IBM
System/360™
Linux
PR/SM
Virtualization
Java
CICS, DB2, &
IMS
Parallel
Sysplex
Hybrid with zBX
Bipolar to
CMOS
IBM DB2
Analytics
Accelerator
Capacity on
Demand
IBM zEnterprise EC12
& zBC12
Analytics
Cloud
Mobile
Security
Social
Constant evolution driven through
co-creation with our clients
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© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
How many times have you used a Mainframe today?
IBM Mainframe: Make the Extraordinary Possible
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0tgt4VSrPso
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© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM
Notices
© Copyright IBM Corporation 2000, 2010. All rights reserved.
This document contains words and/or phrases that are trademarks or registered trademarks of the
International Business Machines Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. For
information on IBM trademarks go to http://www.ibm.com/legal/copytrade.shtml.
The following are trademarks or registered trademarks of other companies.
Java and all Java-related trademarks and logos are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc., in the United
States and other countries.
UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries.
Microsoft, Windows and Windows NT are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
Red Hat, the Red Hat "Shadow Man" logo, and all Red Hat-based trademarks and logos are trademarks
or registered trademarks of Red Hat, Inc., in the United States and other countries.
Linux is a trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States, other countries, or both.
All other products may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.
Notes:
This publication was produced in Canada. IBM may not offer the products, services or features
discussed in this document in other countries, and the information may be subject to change without
notice. Consult your local IBM business contact for information on the product or services available in
your area.
All statements regarding IBM's future direction and intent are subject to change or withdrawal without
notice, and represent goals and objectives only.
Information about non-IBM products is obtained from the manufacturers of those products or their
published announcements. IBM has not tested those products and cannot confirm the performance,
compatibility, or any other claims related to non-IBM products. Questions on the capabilities of non-IBM
products should be addressed to the suppliers of those products.
Prices subject to change without notice. Contact your IBM representative or Business Partner for the
most current pricing in your geography.
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