Annual and Environmental Report
2013
Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB
Contents
Annual report
2
Statement by the CEO
3
Forsmark in brief
4
How the Forsmark power plant works
5
Directors’ report
7
Safety8
Production, environment and confidence
10
Research and Development
11
Finances, financing and insurance
12
The future
13
Income statement
15
Balance sheet
16
Cash flow statement
18
Supplemental disclosures and notes
19
Auditor’s report
26
Board of Directors and Auditors
27
Management Team and Ownership Structure 28
Environmental report
29
The 2013 Environmental Year in Brief
30
Environmental Policy
31
Environmental management
32
Environmental work at Forsmark
34
Environmental impact during operation
37
Environmental effects of cooling water intake and
discharge39
Environmental data 2013
40
Environmental targets 2014
46
Audit report
47
Glossary and energy units
48
Outages 2013
49
Important events in 2013
50
Forsmark 2014
Cover photo: FKA photo archive
Editor and graphic design: Anna Hammarbäck
Our operations
are performing well
Forsmarks Kraftgrupp, FKA broke its generation record in
2013. We met the targets for our costs, the final safety
measures in the transition plan were implemented and public
confidence in our operations is high.
During 2013 the final measures in the transition plan for
FKA as a whole were concluded. The background is a new
regulation which entered into force in 2005, which requires
safety improvements to be made in our plants. All the work
has been completed in accordance with the plan set, and
a summary of the annual report has been presented to the
Swedish Radiation Safety Authority, SSM.
Safety
FKA has a clear focus on continually improving safety. We
have been assisted in this task, not least, by the nuclear
power industry’s organisation, World Association of Nuclear
Operators (WANO). In late 2013, WANO conducted a followup of its 2011 inspection, what is known as a peer review.
The results of the follow-up were very good. Our targeted
measures following WANO’s review resulted in an 80% approval for our improvements. A comparison with other WANO
inspections, which average about 70-75%, reveals that we
did really well.
Generation
In terms of generation, 2013 was FKA’s best year ever. We
broke the generation record by over 25 TWh. Naturally, the
fact that trial runs of power uprates at F2 were problem-free
played a role in the result. And in combination with satisfactory operation at other reactors too, the outcome was record
generation and availability of almost 90%. During the socalled peak load period, the cold days of the calendar year,
FKA had a power availability of 98%, which only world-class
plants manage.
The future
Continued focus on safe and stable operation gives nuclear
power legitimacy as a very important part of Swedish energy
generation. More cooperation within the Group is delivering even better cost-effectiveness and FKA will continue to
play a central role for our owners and for Swedish electricity
generation during the next 30 years too.
Eva Halldén, CEO Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB
Environment
Work environment and personal safety are also issues on
which we are focusing. A positive outcome of this was
receiving FKA’s certification in early summer last year in
accordance with OHSAS, the Occupational Health Safety Assessment Series management system. Everybody who works
at FKA can feel safe at our workplace. Every shift, every day,
all year round and regardless of task. OHSAS gives us an important tool in continually making FKA a safer workplace and
it is extremely gratifying that we were certified during 2013.
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
3
Forsmark in brief
The Forsmark nuclear power plant accounts for about one
sixth of Sweden’s total electricity generation. This is equivalent to one year’s electricity consumption for three cities the
size of Stockholm, and makes Forsmark one of the country’s
largest electricity generators. The power plant is located in
Östhammar municipality on the Uppland coast, and is one of
the municipality’s largest employers.
Forsmark’s three boiling water reactors generate EPD
(Environmental Product Declaration) electricity – 20 to 25
TWh of electricity a year. The reactors work like giant kettles.
The water is heated and turns into steam, which drives a
turbine, after which a generator converts the kinetic energy
into electricity.
Commercial operation started at Forsmark in the 1980s.
Forsmark 1 was commissioned in 1980, Forsmark 2 in the
following year, 1981, and Forsmark 3 was commissioned four
years later, in 1985. This makes Forsmark Sweden’s youngest nuclear power plant with a total output amounting to
around 3,140 MW. However, output is planned to rise by a
total of 390 MW. The increase in efficiency was the result
of renovations and modernisations, along with measures to
improve safety. Forsmark is continually engaged in developing
4
its safety work, and major projects are under way to further
enhance safety in the plant.
The power station is owned by Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB,
part of the Vattenfall Group. In 1973 Forsmarks Kraftgrupp
was registered as a limited company by Vattenfall AB and
Mellansvensk Kraftgrupp AB. Besides the plant, Forsmark
Kraftgrupp AB owns and manages one of Sweden’s best
preserved Walloon forges – the Forsmark village. Forsmarks
Kraftgrupp AB runs the Forsmark School in the Ironworks in
collaboration with Östhammar Municipality.
The final repository for short-lived radioactive waste (SFR),
where all of Sweden’s low and intermediate-level radioactive
waste is handled, is located near the nuclear power plant.
Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (SKB [Swedish Nuclear
Fuel and Waste Management Company]) operates SFR, and
now plans to also build a repository for spent nuclear fuel
near Forsmark’s nuclear power plant. An application to build
the so-called Nuclear Fuel Repository was submitted to the
authorities in March 2011.
Forsmark’s business concept is safe, sustainable and environmentally low-impact, competitive electricity generation.
Safe and stable production is the highest priority. Forsmark is
allocating around SEK 10 billion over the next five year period
for a life extension programme and adaptation to meet new
safety and environmental demands. The company’s annual
turnover will increase to approximately SEK 5.5 billion.
With its 1,119 employees, Forsmark is a major employer in
Östhammar municipality and in the region. The majority of the
work force at Forsmark reside in surrounding towns such as
Östhammar, Öregrund, Gimo and Alunda. The large number
of retirements and investments that are scheduled mean that
Forsmark plans to hire around 100 new employees each year
over the next few years.
A survey is conducted every year to measure confidence
in Forsmark’s Kraftgrupp AB in the local area, i.e. Östhammar,
Tierp and Älvkarleby municipalities. The survey is implemented by Demoskop. This year’s results show that 85% of the respondents have a very high or quite high level of confidence
in Forsmark. This is an increase of one percentage point over
last year’s results (84% in 2011). If the municipalities of Norrtälje, Uppsala, Heby, Gävle and Sandviken are included – in
other words, the Uppland and Gävle area – the value is lower,
75%.
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
How the Forsmark power plant works
The main activity at Forsmark is the generation of electricity.
This entails a number of support functions and operations,
which, in addition to technical and administrative support,
include water and wastewater treatment and waste facilities.
All areas of the plant are classified according to the radiation protection required. Controlled areas are those where
ionising radiation can occur. These areas are only accessible
to authorised personnel. The activities carried out in the
remaining areas are entirely separate from those performed
in controlled areas.
How electricity is generated
The power plant consists of three light-water, boiling water
reactors. Two of the reactors, Forsmark 1 and Forsmark 2,
are identical in principle. Forsmark 3 is a later model of reactor. The total output is currently around 3,140 MW.
Boiling water reactor, BWR
When uranium atoms are split in the reactor, the heat
generated causes the water surrounding the fuel to boil. The
steam that is formed drives the turbines. The turbines are
connected to generators that generate electrical energy. A
transformer increases the voltage to 400 kV,
before the electricity is distributed to the grid. After the
turbines, the steam is fed into a condenser (heat exchanger),
where a pipe system carrying cold sea water condenses the
steam back into water.
The water then returns to the reactor tank to be heated up
again. Sea water from the Baltic Sea is used for cooling.
The fuel in the reactor tank consists of around 700 uranium fuel assemblies. The fuel is spent after around five years.
So around one fifth of the fuel is replaced each year. This is
done whilst the reactor is shut down for its annual outage.
Radioactive waste management
All waste and materials from the controlled area are treated
in a separate building before being transported to final
storage. Liquid waste, such as water and oil, is treated in a
variety of treatment systems and subject to controls prior
to further processing. Wastewater is subject to radioactivity
controls after the treatment stage in the waste treatment
facility, before being discharged into
the Baltic Sea. Solid waste products are sorted and packaged. Waste that cannot be classified as non-radioactive
and released is sent either to Forsmark’s landfill, to the
final repository for short-lived radioactive waste (SFR) or to
Studsvik, depending on its content and radioactivity. Spent
nuclear fuel is placed in storage pools in the nuclear power
plant before being transported to an interim storage facility
located outside Oskarshamn. After interim storage for approximately 40 years, the fuel is encapsulated and stored in
Sweden’s bedrock.
The principle behind Forsmark’s boiling water reactor is a closed system.
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
Low and intermediate-level waste storage
– Svalören and SFR
Svalören is a repository for low-level radioactive waste from
Forsmark, located within the nuclear power plant site. The
repository is constructed so that leachate from precipitation
such as rainfall or snow, will not pool. This prevents emissions
into water and the surrounding soil. Groundwater analyses
5
The three low-pressure turbines stand in a line inside the turbine hall at Forsmark 3.
During the outage of 2013, 100,000 hours of servicing was put into the LT3 low-pressure
turbine, which is shown in the picture. On the right is the blue generator.
are conducted four times annually to check that no leachate
has formed and is leaking out of the repository. Sweden’s
final repository for short-lived radioactive waste (SFR) is
located close to the power plant. The repository lies deep in
the bedrock more than 50 metres under the sea bed. Low
and intermediate-level radioactive operational waste from
all of Sweden’s nuclear power plants is stored there, sealed
in special canisters. The content and radiation level of each
waste canister is registered. Low-level radioactive waste
from the health care industry, as well as other industry and
research facilities, is also stored at the SFR. Decommissioning waste from nuclear power plants in the future will also be
stored here, and this is part of the reason for SFR’s expansion. The final repository for short-lived radioactive waste
has been run by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB) since 1 July 2009. The groundwater
is analysed regularly to check that no radioactive leachate
has formed. Other controls are carried out according to the
SFR control programme.
Water usage
Cooling water is used to cool the steam used in electricity
generation. The cooling water is extracted from the bay near
Forsmark and is discharged back into the Baltic Sea, and at
6
this point the water is approximately 10°C warmer. The cooling water never comes into direct contact with any of the primary systems containing radioactive substances. The Biotest
Basin, around one square kilometre in size, is surrounded by
dikes and located in the bay around 2 kilometres from the
nuclear power plant. It was built for research purposes. Forsmark conducts environmental monitoring in the Biotest Basin
and the surrounding area, in order to study how the warm
cooling water is affecting marine organisms.
Forsmark also houses a water treatment plant that supplies the plant with various forms of treated water. The raw
water is taken from Bruksdammen, which is located a few
kilometres from the power plant. The water is treated in the
same way as at a municipal water treatment plant. The water
to be used as process water inside the nuclear power plant
undergoes additional purification stages. Forsmark also has
its own treatment plant for the water used outside the controlled area. The water is treated in three separate stages
before being discharged into the Baltic Sea. The sludge
from the wastewater treatment plant is further processed to
produce soil for planting and landscaping.
Energy consumption
The plant is primarily heated using residual heat from the
process. During extreme winters, additional heat is produced by
burning low-sulphur oil in oil-fired boilers. The offices and workshops are heated to a certain extent by heat pumps, but otherwise by electric boilers and oil-fired boilers. There are auxiliary
power facilities for each reactor unit, such as diesel generators
and batteries. These supply the safety systems with electricity
should the normal electricity supply be disrupted. There is also a
gas turbine on the site. The function of the auxiliary power facilities is tested at regular intervals.
Safety
Every effort is made to protect employees, the environment and
the plant from accidents. The safety systems at a nuclear power
plant have a primary function to protect third parties and property,
but they are also there to prevent operational disruptions, mitigate
against an operational disruption leading to a nuclear accident
and alleviate the consequences of a breakdown if it should happen. Forsmark has built many safety systems with the aim of
withstanding errors without serious consequences. The safety
systems are multi-redundant. If the first fails, one of the reserve
systems takes over. The safety systems use a variety of technical
solutions and are physically located in different places, in order
to further increase safety. The safety systems in a nuclear power
plant automatically shut it down in the event of stoppages.
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
Directors’ report
The Board of Directors and the Chief Executive Officer for Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB,
CRN 556174-8525, hereby submit the annual report for the company’s operations
for 2013.Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB is a subsidiary of Vattenfall AB, which owns 66%
of the shares. Mellansvensk Kraftgrupp AB owns 25.5%, with Fortum as the largest
owner, and E.ON Kärnkraft Sverige AB owns 8.5%. The function of the company is
to own and operate the nuclear power plant at Forsmark, with its three reactors, on
behalf of its owners.
Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB has its registered office in the Municipality of Östhammar,
Uppsala County, Sweden.
The reactor tank’s straight and circumferential weld seams are
checked using a piece of equipment with suction pads which can
climb the walls. This device is called ”Mr. T” at Forsmark.
Safety
As the licensee, Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB is responsible for
compliance with the requirements regarding reactor safety
specified in the licences granted, legislation and regulations.
Safety always comes first for Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB.
This includes learning and benefiting from others’ experiences as well as striving for continuous improvement.
Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB judges the facilities to be well
within the safety requirements set and that their safety complies with the licensing requirements specified in the Safety
Analysis Report (SAR).
Incidents that have occurred and the positions taken in relation to them have been handled with appropriate conservatism, and the safety issues have been handled with the attention and priority that they require. During 2013 Forsmark 3
had an incident classified as INES 1 according to the IAEA’s
international seven-grade scale (International Nuclear Event
8
Scale), which means that the incident was a deviation in the
plant’s defence-in-depth system with no safety significance.
Measures and plans of action to deal with the incident have
been drawn up and reviewed by the Swedish Radiation
Safety Authority (SSM). Other incidents were classified as
INES 0 or below the scale.
The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM) conducts regular inspections of reactor safety and monitors
compliance with the authority’s regulations. In 2013, SSM
conducted several targeted inspections and monitored
operations. Areas that the Authority scrutinised included
the performance of safety reviews, the function for investigating incidents, the emergency preparedness contingency
organisation, dealing with Human Factors Engineering
(HFE) aspects in connection with modifications to the plant,
management and follow-up of contractors, as well as order
and method in the plants. Suggestions for improvements in
inspection reports have been addressed within the internal
action programme.
The safety analysis report has been developed over the
course of the year in accordance with the company’s action
plan. The plan monitors municipal requirements that have
been set and progress in terms of methods and tools resulting from research and development efforts and shared experiences within the industry.
Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB has implemented the safety
improvement measures identified for 2013 and 2014 as part
of the transition plan to fulfil SSM’s regulation 2008:17 on
the construction and design of nuclear power reactors. The
transition plan has thus been completed and concluded.
The incident in Fukushima has led to extensive investigative work and lessons have been drawn. Results from
investigations carried out show that Forsmark’s plants,
taking into account ongoing safety improvements, have the
prerequisites to handle incidents analysed, but also that
there are areas where Forsmark can further augment resistance to incidents outside the current design. Major incidents
have been included in the requirements placed on the design
of Forsmark’s plants after filtered pressure relief in reactor
containments in connection with an accident was installed
following a governmental decision 1986.
Decisions on continued measures during the period
2014-2020 have to some extent been made during 2013.
Plans for the work along with measures and investigations
implemented have been presented to SSM in accordance
with decisions made. The plans comprise measures to further
strengthen resistance to protracted loss of electricity supply
and heat sink regardless of which incident initiated the outage. In addition, the company has specified plans to further
strengthen contingency preparedness with the aim of dealing
with serious accident sequences.
During 2013, a major cooperation exercise in respect of
emergency planning was also conducted together with the
County Administrative Board, SSM and other authorities.
Restricted areas have been expanded and a vehicle
checkpoint has been established at a distance from the plant
with the aim of strengthening access control to Forsmark’s
Nuclear Power Plant.
Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB has continued work to develop
the safety culture at the company. The focus for 2013 has
included clarifying and communicating the expectations for
all managers and staff in respect of safe behaviour. This
includes training in methods and procedures that strengthen
our ability to act correctly and prevent human error.
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
The tubes in the condenser for the turbine in Forsmark 1
are being cleaned.
Production, environment and confidence
Generation
Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB generated 25.2 TWh in 2013,
which is the best year for Forsmark since operations began
in 1980. Total energy availability for the Forsmark plant was
89.5%.
During the year a prolonged outage was implemented at
Forsmark 1 and 3, as well as a shorter outage at Forsmark 2.
The outage at Forsmark 1 was planned for 21 days, but
was extended by 15 days to 36. The length of the outage
was determined by repair of cracks in the core shroud support legs. The energy availability for the year was 87.7%.
This year’s outage at Forsmark 2 was for refuelling and was
planned for 14 days, but extended by 5 days. The extension
was primarily due to repair of a valve for the residual heat cooling system. The energy availability for the year was 91.9%.
The energy availability at Forsmark 3 was 88.7%. This
year’s outage at Forsmark 3, the longest of 2013, was
planned for 27 days, but extended by 11 days as a start-up
10
permit from SSM was required. This was due to an incident
on 30 May when the plant had no external power supply.
Environment
Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB operates a business that requires
licensing under Sweden’s Environmental Code and Sweden’s
Nuclear Activities Act. Periodic audits of the company’s
environmental management system under ISO 14001 and the
EMAS (Eco Management and Audit Scheme) directive were
conducted as planned.
Emissions of radioactive substances from the Forsmark
facility to the environment in 2013 amounted to a few tenths
of a percent of the permitted limits.
Radiation doses received by staff working at the nuclear
power plant were well within the permitted limits set by SSM.
During the year a new plant for treating conventional
wastewater was put into operation. The new purifying plant is
based on the Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) principle. The
capacity of the new treatment works is double the old one.
During January 2013, Nacka District Court, the Land and
Environmental Court, handed down its ruling on the application for a permit to increase underground storage for
low-level radioactive waste at Svalören. It decided to permit
expansion of the repository by 14,500 tonnes.
Confidence
The annual confidence survey which Demoskop conducts
on behalf of Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB shows a continued
high level of confidence in the local area, which consists of
Östhammar, Tierp and Älvkarleby municipalities. The survey
is based on 650 telephone interviews with a representative
selection of the population aged 18 or older.
84% of those asked said they have a high level of confidence in Forsmark, a decrease of one percentage point
compared with last year. The figure for the area as a whole,
which includes the Norrtälje, Uppsala, Heby, Gävle and Sandviken municipalities has risen from 75% to 76%.
For the last few years, the question has been asked of
whether the existing reactors in Forsmark should be replaced
with new ones. For 2013, 52% are in favour of building new
reactors in Forsmark, which is a decrease of 9% compared
with last year.
84% of all respondents do not feel ”especially worried” or
”worried at all” about the risk of accidents in Forsmark. The
corresponding figure last year was 85%.
In response to the question on use of nuclear power in
Sweden, 31% (35%) say that they want to develop nuclear
power and build new reactors if necessary, 45% (43%) want
to use nuclear power until the current reactors are decommissioned for safety or financial reasons. Of those asked,
19% (16%) want to decommission nuclear power through a
government decision.
Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB is jointly owned by the largest
players in the Swedish energy market. The Board’s work
takes place in accordance with a code of conduct which the
company’s owner has drawn up in dialogue with the Energy
Markets Inspectorate. The aim is to increase openness in the
Board’s work, and to contribute to creating confidence that
operations are run in accordance with competition legislation.
This work is presented in a specific report.
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
During the outage all four feedwater distributors in the reactor tank
at Forsmark 3 were dismantled. This was done in order to enable
measurement of the feedwater sockets (pipe joints), to which the
feedwater distributors are connected. The feedwater distributors
have a large number of holes on the side which faces in towards the
reactor tank’s centre to distribute the feedwater in the reactor tank.
Research and Development
Any entity with permission to operate nuclear facilities is
by law responsible and obliged to ensure the safe handling
and storage of any nuclear waste produced. In addition, the
licensee is also responsible for safely decommissioning and
demolishing the facilities as well as conducting the research
and development work required to fulfil these obligations.
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
Nuclear power companies in Sweden conduct such research
and development primarily through the jointly-owned company, Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (SKB).
In order to drive development in the fields of reactor safety, reactor ageing, materials, chemistry, testing, maintenance,
HFE, operation and nuclear fuel, Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB
participates in joint research efforts with other power plants
both nationally and internationally. Via the Swedish Centre
for Nuclear Technology, Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB has also
supported research and development at the Royal Institute of
Technology in Stockholm, Chalmers University of Technology
and Uppsala University, as was the case in previous years.
11
Finances, financing and insurance
Finance
The owners of Forsmark Kraftgrupp AB, Vattenfall AB,
Mellansvensk Kraftgrupp AB and E.ON Kärnkraft Sverige
AB have signed a consortium agreement to cover all of the
company’s costs in proportion to their respective holdings
in the company. Operations are based on cost price and, in
principle, will not generate a surplus.
12
All nuclear power companies pay a nuclear power tax, a
selective tax based on the installed thermal output, which
for 2013 entailed a cost of SEK 1,439 million for Forsmarks
Kraftgrupp AB.
In order to secure funding for future costs incurred in the
disposal of spent nuclear fuel and decommissioning of production facilities, reactor owners in Sweden pay a production-based fee, which for Forsmark amounts to 2.1 öre/kWh.
A similar charge is also paid for other radioactive waste that
is associated with the expansion of the Swedish nuclear
power programme. These fees amounted to SEK 606 million
(590) in total in 2013. The Nuclear Waste Fund administers
these funds, which are refunded to the reactor owners as
costs for waste management incurred. In 2013, withdrawals
from the Nuclear Waste Fund totalled SEK 408 million (484).
During 2013, Forsmark has reserved MSEK 25 (25) for the
management and handling of low and intermediate radioactive waste. Investments in reactor plants amounted to SEK
1,365 million (1,205) and consisted of measures to increase
safety and extend the life of the plants.
An added value agreement was signed together with SKB,
Vattenfall, OKG, E.ON and the municipalities of Östhammar
and Oskarshamn in 2009. The agreement covers development activities in the municipalities of Östhammar and
Oskarshamn. The obligation according to this agreement is
divided into two stages, the first of which concerns measures
to be implemented during the period between 2010-2015
and the second stage being the period thereafter. In 2013,
costs amounted to SEK 24 million. At the end of 2013 the
provision was SEK 41 million (45). For the second stage, additional provisions will be made when the decision has been
taken by the government, the undertakings have been clearly
described and the amount necessary can be established with
reasonable certainty.
Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB has extensive supplier contracts
in foreign currencies. In order to eliminate currency risk,
Forsmarks Kraftgrupp purchases currency futures through
the Vattenfall Treasury in accordance with the Group’s policy.
The lower limit applied for currency hedging corresponds to a
value of SEK 1 million.
During 2013 compensation has been paid out of the pension fund which Vattenfall AB’s board decided to wind up
in autumn 2012. Continued safeguarding will take place by
entering the total pension provision in the company’s balance sheet and this undertaking being secured according to
established practice.
Financing
Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB’s interest-bearing liabilities change
at the same rate as the planned depreciated value of its
facilities. The owners of Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB place at
its disposal the capital required to finance the difference
between depreciation, additional investments and settlement
of value added tax, each in proportion to their holdings in the
company.
During 2013, Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB’s interest-bearing
liabilities, including liabilities for the joint owners, increased
by SEK 1,064 million to a total of SEK 14,511 million.
Insurance
For 2013, Forsmarks Kraftgrupp took out liability insurance
coverage for insurable amounts and according to the terms
and conditions stipulated in Sweden’s Nuclear Liability Act.
The highest amount the owner of a Swedish nuclear facility
may be liable to pay in the event of a nuclear accident is
300 million Special Drawing Rights (SDR), which on the date
of the balance sheet were equivalent to SEK 3,007 million
(3,004). SDR is an international reserve created by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The value of SDR is calculated
as a basket of dollars, euro, yen and pounds.
Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB’s facilities are insured against
fire and nuclear and other damage through property insurance. Business interruption insurance is taken out by Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB’s owners where applicable.
Personnel
During the year, Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB recruited 96 new
employees as an element in retaining and strengthening the
company’s expertise.
At the end of the year there were 1,148 people permanently employed at Forsmark, an increase of 29 people from
2012. At the end of 2013, the total number of employees
included 22% (23%) women, and the proportion of managers
was 21% (22%).
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
The future
Generation in 2013 was the highest ever for Forsmarks
Kraftgrupp AB due to the fact that trial runs of power uprates at Forsmark 2, which were implemented during the year,
went according to plan. The challenge for years to come is
to retain a high level of safety, availability and generation and
simultaneously manage an electricity market with downward
pressure on prices and reduced margins.
The prerequisites for this are good, with a fundamentally
robust and well-managed plant. A key factor is the outage
strategy with good long-term planning and a four-year cycle,
which minimises loss of generation due to outage stagnation.
A focus on systematic system health reports is expected to
reduce loss of generation due to technical errors when this
methodology is fully implemented. Furthermore, work on the
simplification project is significant in achieving simplified routines within different areas. The process development which
has been under way for a number of years will also have an
increased element of simplification during the coming years.
The planning horizon for investments at Forsmark is now
60 years service life from when the reactors were commissioned. It means that good long-term planning and prioritisation in relation to investment decisions will become even
more important. To meet these challenges, Group management has established strategic focuses within different
areas, emphasising a number of prioritised activities. An
effective safety culture with a high level of safety and the
ambition to achieve world-class status is the foundation for
Forsmark’s strategic direction.
In international inspections in recent years, work on the
safety culture at Forsmark has been highly rated. However,
the safety culture must be consolidated on a continuous basis. New approaches to keep the safety issue on the agenda
are required if routine thinking is to be avoided. External personnel need to have the same conditions and approach as
Forsmark’s own employees. External suppliers must therefore
take an active part in the safety culture work.
Reducing industrial injuries to both internal employees and
contractors is of great importance. An initiative will be implemented in the next few years within the framework of work
environment certification according to the international OHSAS 18001 standard. So-called workplace coaching, where a
greater presence ”in the field”, also offers managers a better
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
During the 2014 outage a major modernisation task is to be commenced with the objective
of replacing old cable penetration modules in the reactor containment at Forsmark 3. The
so-called KabRI project will proceed until 2022. The picture shows a model of the reactor
containment where staff involved can practise the tasks that are to be performed.
13
chance of monitoring work environment and other issues.
Systematic skills development, which guarantees the
company well-motivated and knowledgeable employees is a
priority to achieve a high level of safety and availability.
The company has to be an attractive place to work. The
task of compiling measures to strengthen Forsmark’s attractiveness to prospective employees is in progress under the
heading ”attractive workplace”. This includes measures both
inside and outside the company, and a dialogue is taking
place with nearby municipalities regarding housing options,
schools, leisure activities and communications. To ensure
future skills within the company, an analysis is under way of
areas where it is of strategic interest to have personnel who
are employed by Forsmark instead of utilising consultants.
Important events subsequent to financial year end
On 10 February Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB’s CEO Stefan
Persson tendered his resignation on his own initiative. On 26
February the Board of Directors appointed Eva Halldén as
the new CEO of Forsmark Kraftgrupp AB.
Significant business risks
Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB is undergoing a period of extensive
investment. The pace has decreased somewhat, but is still at
a historically high level. The company’s work procedures are
being continually revised, with priority given to those investments that increase safety and ensure energy availability.
The supply of spare parts is viewed as an absolute prerequisite for a high level of availability. With the increased
age of the plant, Forsmark Kraftgrupp AB perceives both an
increased need for spare parts and increased difficulties in
obtaining these spare parts. The work of drawing up a spare
parts strategy has commenced as one of the strategic activities addressed in FKA’s business plan for 2014.
Since 2011 the focus on fire risks has increased. This is an
area which Forsmark Kraftgrupp AB is continuously engaged
in improving. The company’s conception is that faults in
electrical components are clearly predominant as the reason
for fires occurring. A study by the NEA (Nuclear Energy
Agency) in relation to fire incidents in Swedish nuclear power
plants confirms the company’s view. During 2013 Forsmarks
Kraftgrupp AB has implemented several improvements to
fire prevention, including oxygen reduction in relay rooms at
Forsmark 2. During 2013 new working practices have also
been introduced to improve fire protection and thereby prevent fires. In consultation between FKA and the supplier of
fire protection services, one dayshift fire technician has been
appointed for each reactor.
The events at Fukushima will continue to affect Forsmark.
Work, including analysis, will be protracted and will produce
new knowledge in relation to Fukushima, which might lead to
major investments and a requirement that the work is completed on time. Work has been taking place within KSKG (the
Nuclear Power Industry’s safety coordination group) with the
objective of finding a joint level of requirements in dialogue
with SSM.
Following the intrusions by Greenpeace in 2011 and
2012, a tightening of the requirements is expected within
the area of physical protection. During 2013, Forsmark has
established a vehicle checkpoint with the aim of identifying, checking and stopping non-legitimate vehicles at an
appropriate distance from the plant. However, the authority
has announced further requirements for reinforcement of the
physical protection.
Fuel damage constitutes a recurrent cause of outages. Extensive work is in progress to counteract the root causes of
this. The measures primarily involve systematically analysing
foreign material that is found in cyclone filters and reactor
tanks to subsequently derive the source of the debris.
Multi-year summar
Power sales (SEK million)
Production (GWh)
Investments for the year (SEK million)
Average number of employees
14
2013 2012 2011 2010 2009
6,543
6,476
5,646
5,166
5,224
25,24624,580 23,595 19,60121,875
1,365
1,205
1,833
1,823
1,812
1,094
1,069
1,003
1,010
979
In order to make intrusions into Forsmark more difficult, a new vehicle checkpoint was built during autumn 2013 along the road to the
nuclear power plant.
Proposed allocation of the company’s profit
The annual general meeting has the following earnings at its disposal:
Profit carried forward Profit for the year 17,565,179
9,408,733
Available profit
26,973,912
The Board proposes the following allocation of profits:
SEK 26,973,912 is carried forward.
With regard to the company’s profits and financial position, refer to the following income statement and balance sheet with their accompanying cash
flow statement and notes.
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
Income statement
Amounts in SEK ’000Note
1 Jan 2013 –
31 Dec 2013
Operating income
Net sales
1
Cost of sold power, etc.
4, 5, 6
6,602,085
–6,033,648
Gross profit
1 Jan 2012 –
31 Dec 2012
6,515,180
–5,724,902
22
568,437
790,278
Administration expenses
4
Research and development costs
4
Other operating income
Other operating costs –57,310
–17,253
15,069
–51,904
–73,323
–15,358
9,589
–70,709
Operating profit
457,039
640,477
11,885
–458,924
25,589
–662,892
10,000
3,174
0
0
2, 3, 22
Profit/Loss from financial items:
Other interest income and similar profit/loss items
7
Interest costs and similar profit/loss items
8
Profit/loss after financial items
Appropriations
9
Profit/loss before tax
10,000
3,174
10
–591
–472
Profit for the year
9,409
2,702
Tax on profit for the year
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
15
Balance sheet
Amounts in SEK ’000Note
31 Dec 2013
31 Dec 2012
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Tangible assets (non-current)
11
Buildings and land
989,354
Machinery and other technical equipment
9,171,079
Equipment, tools, fixtures and fittings
74,406
Construction in progress and advances on tangible assets (non-current)
2,438,528
888,596
8,866,929
73,097
2,117,790
12,673,36711,946,412
Financial assets (non-current)
Participations in Group companies
Participations in other companies
Non-current receivables from Group company
Non-current receivables from other joint owner
12
13
763
14
12,664
15
4,684,468
15
2,298,332
763
12,664
4,248,407
2,048,967
6,996,2276,310,801
Total non-current assets
19,669,594
18,257,213
Current assets
Inventories, etc.
Nuclear fuel
3,528,170
2,533,673
Other materials
722,448
644,870
4,250,6183,178,543
Short-term receivables
Accounts receivable
4,029
Receivables from Group companies
51,346
Receivables from Group companies, Group account
191,014
Other receivables
36,882
Prepaid expenses and accrued income
45,400
1,491
130,467
598,245
470,293
17,141
328,6711,217,637
Cash and bank balances
200
137
Total current assets
4,579,489
4,396,317
TOTAL ASSETS
24,249,083
22,653,530
16
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
Balance sheet
Amounts in SEK ’000Note
31 Dec 2013
31 Dec 2012
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Equity 16
Restricted equity
Share capital (300,000 shares, quotient value SEK 1,000)
300,000
Statutory reserve
16,678
300,000
16,678
316,678316,678
Non-restricted equity
Retained income
17,565
14,863
Profit for the year
9,409
2,702
26,97417,565
Total equity 343,652
334,243
Untaxed reserves
11, 17
Depreciation in excess of plan
6,759,8006,026,374
Provisions
18
Provisions for pensions and similar obligations
592,134
563,638
Deferred taxes
1,109
613
Other provisions
188,232
197,443
Total provisions
781,475
761,694
Non-current liabilities
Liabilities to Group companies
19
9,577,170
Liabilities to other joint owner
19
4,933,723
8,874,993
4,571,993
Total non-current liabilities
14,510,893
13,446,986
Short-term liabilities
Accounts payable
294,709
Liabilities to Group companies
633,523
Current tax liabilities
10,655
Other liabilities
371,878
Accrued expenses and deferred income
20
542,488
285,134
748,711
6,933
588,004
455,451
Total short-term liabilities
1,853,263
2,084,233
TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
24,249,083
22,653,530
MEMORANDUM ITEMS
Pledged assetsNoneNone
Contingent liabilities
21
135,112
100,716
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
17
Cash flow statement
Amounts in SEK ’000Note
2013
2012
Operating activities
Profit/loss after financial items
10,000
3,174
Depreciation644,046 577,745
Disposal cost of tangible assets (non-current)
52,272
20,418
Other adjustments for items not included in cash flow
23
19,285
–22,209
Prepaid taxes
3,636
–11,528
Cash flow from operating activities before changes in working capital
729,239
567,600
Cash flow from changes in working capital
Increase (-)/decrease (+) of inventories –1,072,075
82,636
Increase (-)/decrease (+) of receivables 494,735
–2,219
Increase (-)/decrease (+) of liabilities 829,206
1,089,880
Cash flow from operating activities
981,105
1,737,897
Investing activities
Acquisition of tangible assets (non-current)
–1,423,273
–1,342,857
Cash flow from investing activities
–1,423,273
–1,342,857
Financing activities
Increase (-)/decrease (+) in other non-current receivables
35,000
31,000
Cash flow from financing activities
35,000
31,000
Cash flow for the year
–407,168
426,040
Cash and cash equivalents, opening balance
Cash and cash equivalents, closing balance
598,382
191,214
172,342
598,382
The cash flow includes interest received of 2,087 (2,091) and interest paid
of 437,323 (672,189).
The company’s cash and cash equivalents are a part of Vattenfall’s Group account and are reported
in the balance sheet under Group company receivables.
18
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
Supplemental disclosures and notes
General The annual report has been prepared in accordance
Tangible assets (non-current) Tangible assets (non-current)
with the general recommendations of the Annual Accounts
have been included at cost values after deducting acAct and Swedish Accounting Standards Board. In some
cumulated planned depreciation. Planned depreciation is
instances, the recommendations of the Swedish Financial
calculated based on the cost value with deductions for any
Accounting Standards Council have been applied.
residual value. Accumulated depreciation in excess of plan
is listed as an untaxed reserve and any change in this as an
Group relationships Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB is a subsidiappropriation. Linear depreciation over 50 years is applied
ary of Vattenfall AB (publ), CRN 556036-2138, which has its
to land improvements, buildings, equipment and other plants
registered office in Solna. Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB owns
and machinery that were part of the initial investments in
30% of the shares in Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB, 25%
1980 (Forsmark 1), 1981 (Forsmark 2) and 1985 (Forsmark
in Kärnkraftsäkerhet och Utbildning AB och 33.3% in SQC
3). Up until 2005, the depreciation period for these was 25
Kvalificeringscentrum AB, as well as 30% in AB SVAFO.
years. The depreciation period was then changed to 40 years
These holdings are classified as participations in the Group
up to and including 2007. The current depreciation period is
companies since Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB and Vattenfall AB
50 years. Additional investments made up until 1999 will be
together own more than 50% of the voting rights. Vattenfall
written off in 20 years. For additional investments made up
AB is the parent company in the largest Group company
to and including 2000, object-specific depreciation times are
which prepares the consolidated financial report that inapplied based on the Group’s regulations, with a depreciation
cludes the company. interval of 3-30 years depending on the type of investment.
However, the depreciation time on additional investments can
Group companies Companies that are part of the Vattenfall
never be longer than the total lifespan of the facility, which is
Group are considered group companies.
50 years. Equipment, tools, fixtures and fittings are depreci
ated over 3 or 5 years.
Revenues Sales of power to our joint-owners are governed by
contracts in which it is stipulated that the power is delivered
Borrowing costs The company capitalises interest during
to the owner in proportion to the owner’s holding in Forsmark
the construction period for fixed assets in accordance with
Kraftgrupp AB and at cost price. Group contributions in the
Recommendation No. 21 of the Swedish Financial Accounting
form of extra power fees have been listed in the income
Standards Council. The average interest rate applied during
statement as appropriations.
the reporting period was 2.95%
(4.82%).
Research and development (R&D) Expenses concerning
research and development are listed as a cost when inLeasing agreements The company utilises assets covered by
curred.
leasing agreements on only a very small scale. The company’s
costs for the specified leasing agreements are not critical,
Income taxes
which is why all agreements are recorded in accordance with
The company applies the Swedish Financial Accounting
BFNAR 2000:4 as operating leases. The leasing expenses for
Standards Council’s recommendation no. 9. The income taxes
the year total SEK 5,478,000.
listed include taxes to be paid or received for the year in
question, adjustments concerning the previous year’s taxes
Receivables and liabilities Receivables and liabilities have
and changes in deferred tax.
been reported at the lowest cost value and at the amount
An evaluation of all tax liabilities/receivables is carried out
that they are expected to be received.
for nominal amounts and according to the current tax regula
tions and tax rates.
Inventories Inventories of stores materials and spare parts
Deferred tax is estimated using the balance sheet method
have been reported at their average cost values. The confor all temporary differences that arise between the carrying
sumption of nuclear fuel is calculated as the value of the
amount and taxable value of assets and liabilities. decrease in the energy content of the fuel assemblies and is
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
based on the acquisition cost for individual refuelling.
Foreign currencies Receivables and liabilities in foreign currency are valued
at the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Exchange rate gains and
losses on operating receivables and liabilities are accounted for as operating profit/loss. The company signs futures contracts to hedge future outlays attributed to purchases.
Provisions Provisions are reported in the balance sheet when the company
is obliged to do so (legally or informally) because of an event, and it is probable that an outflow of resources associated with economic benefits will be
required in order to meet the obligation and the amount can be calculated in
a reliable manner. Provisions have been made for obligations and for known
and potential risks based on individual assessment.
Employee benefits The company’s pension obligations according to PRI are
secured through credit insurance in PRI.
Cash flow statement The company applies the indirect method to prepare
the cash flow statement. Cash and cash equivalents include, in addition
to cash and bank balances, the balance of the company’s group account,
which is reported as a receivable for the group company/liability for the
group company in the balance sheet.
Notes
otePage
N
1. Net sales
20
2. Wages, other contributions and social security costs
20
3. Auditor remuneration
21
4. Depreciation according to plan
21
5. Cost of sold power, etc.
21
6. Residual product management
21
7. Other interest income and similar profit/loss items
22
8. Interest costs and similar profit/loss items
22
9. Appropriations
22
10. Tax on profit for the year
22
11. Tangible assets (non-current)
23
12. Financial assets (non-current)
24
13. Participations in Group companies
24
14. Participations in other companies
24
15. Receivables in Group companies and other companies
25
16. Equity
25
17. Untaxed reserves
25
18. Provisions for pensions and similar obligations
25
19. Non-current liabilities
26
20.Accrued expenses and deferred income
26
21. Contingent liabilities
26
22. Related-party transactions
26
23. Adjustments for items not included in the cash flow, etc.
26
19
Note 1 Net turnover
SEK ’000
2013
2012
Power sales to joint owners
Other sales income
6,543,001
59,084
6,475,791
39,389
Total
6,602,0856,515,180
Note 2 Wages, other contributions and social security
Average number of employees
Men
Women
2013
2012
Pension obligations
CEO and Deputy CEO
5,345
Other employees 586,789
4,733
558,905
The company’s activities constitute one branch of operations and are conducted
entirely in Sweden. Segment reporting has therefore not been prepared.
SEK ’000 SEK ’000 Gender distribution in management
2013
2012
840819
254250
1,0941,069
Wages and other contributions
CEO and Deputy CEO*
with a bonus ** of
Other employees
with a bonus ** of
3,417
57
543,849
18,753
547,266530,197
592,134563,638
31 Dec 2013
31 Dec 2012
Distribution between men and women on the company Board of directors:
Women
22
Men
99
Distribution between men and women in Group management:
Women
Men
33
1111
2,981
234
527,216
20,548
* No compensation or other benefits are paid
to the members of the Board.
** The bonus is based on achieving predetermined targets in terms of
finances, quality and safety. Regarding
the CEO and management indicators.
Bonuses are paid out after one year.
Social security costs
Pension costs for the CEO
Pension costs for former CEO and Deputy CEO
Pension costs for other employees
Social security costs required by law or contract
379
487
54,252
185,911
241,029219,763
20
792
0
37,294
181,677
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
Note 3 Auditor remuneration
SEK ’000
Audit assignments
Ernst & Young AB*
Deloitte AB
Tax consulting
Ernst & Young AB
Total
Note 6 Residual product management
2013
2012
479
188
820
100
0
44
6671,032
* SEK 375,000 relates to last year’s accrued auditing costs
Note 4 Depreciation according to plan
SEK ’000 2013
2012
Buildings and land
Machinery and other technical equipment
Equipment, tools, fixtures and fittings
43,833
570,149
30,064
37,871
513,675
26,200
Total 644,046
577,746
–1,196
–297
–1,196
–297
642,553
576,253
2013
2012
Operation and maintenance
Nuclear fuel consumption
Residual product management
Production and property taxes
Electricity and transiting
Depreciation according to plan
Other direct costs
–2,066,846
–937,096
–631,145
–1,545,380
–137,984
–642,552
–72,645
–2,078,925
–821,972
–614,491
–1,458,730
–126,783
–576,253
–47,748
Total
–6,033,648–5,724,902
Redistributed to:
Administration expenses
Research and development costs
Total depreciation against cost of sold power
Note 5 Cost of sold power, etc.
SEK ’000 Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
SEK ’000
2013
2012
Fees paid to Nuclear Waste Fund
Own high-level residual products*
530,162
516,173
SVAFO**
75,73773,739
Transfer to reserve for future management
of low and intermediate-level nuclear waste (note 18)
25,246
24,579
Total
631,145614,491
* According to the Financing of Management of Residual Products from Nuclear Activities Act
(2006:647), the licensee who owns or operates a nuclear power reactor must pay an annual fee to finance the management of spent nuclear fuel and other radioactive waste. The fee is paid to the Nuclear
Waste Fund and is based on current cost evaluations for decommissioning and waste management. The
Fund pays these fees back to the nuclear power companies as they incur costs for the management and
final repository of spent nuclear fuel from their reactors and radioactive waste deriving from the reactor
after the nuclear fuel or radioactive waste has been transported away from their facilities, for the phasing
out or demolition of their reactor facilities, and for the research and development needed to be able to
fulfil these obligations.
** Under the Act on Financing the Management of Certain Radioactive Waste etc. (1988:1597; last
amended 1995:1545), the licensee owning and operating a nuclear power reactor is required to pay a fee
to cover the costs of operations carried out at Studsvik Nuclear AB and AB SVAFO, which has links to
the expansion of Sweden’s nuclear power programme. This fee too is based on the energy supplied by the
reactor, and is paid to and managed by Sweden’s Nuclear Waste Fund.
Share of nuclear waste fund (market value)
SEK ’000
2013
2012
Share on 1 January
Fees paid
Refunds received
Change in value
14,710,959
530,166
–439,472
–94,106
14,131,440
516,173
–474,370
537,716
Share on 31 December
14,707,547
14,710,959
2013
2012
Reserve brought forward 1 January
Provision for the year
Amount utilised during the year
152,186
25,246
–30,520
152,231
24,579
–24,624
Share on 31 December
146,912
152,186
Management of low and medium-level radioactive waste
SEK ’000
21
Note 7 Other interest income and similar profit/loss items
Note 9 Appropriations
SEK ’000 2013
2012
Interest income within the Group
Interest income, external
Other financial income
1,950
1,935
8,000
12,416
3,173
10,000
Total
SEK ’000
Depreciation in excess of plan
Group contribution
Total
2013
2012
–733,426
733,426
–735,980
735,980
00
11,88525,589
Under their contracts, the owner’s were charged extra power fees in 2012 and earlier, and the company’s
claims with respect to these are regulated through non-interest-bearing promissory notes. These extra
power fees are equivalent to the company’s untaxed reserves. The Swedish government has approved
that extra power fees and the repayment of them may be treated as group contributions for tax purposes.
Note 8 Interest costs and similar profit/loss items
SEK ’000 2013
2012
Interest costs within the Group
Interest costs, external
Activated construction interest
Other items
–287,869
–149,399
22,371
–44,027
–443,530
–230,960
25,824
–14,226
Total
–458,924–662,891
The company is obliged, on demand, to deliver power at a lower power fee equivalent to the previously
charged extra power fees. The untaxed reserves accounted here are to be viewed as the company’s commitment with respect to this.
Note 10 Tax on profit for the year
SEK ’000
2013
2012
Current tax for the year
Current tax attributable to previous years
Deferred tax in relation to temporary differences
–18
–78
–495
–3,074
0
2,602
Reported tax cost
–591
–472
Temporary differences are where the reported values of assets or liabilities differ from their tax values.
The company’s temporary differences have resulted in deferred tax liabilities and tax receivables with
respect to the following items:
SEK ’000
Deferred tax liabilities
Land improvements
Buildings
Other receivables
Total
22
2013
2011
666
666
2,0232,023
–1,580
–2,076
1,109613
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
Note 11 Tangible assets (non-current)
SEK ’000
31 Dec 2013
31 Dec 2012
Buildings and land
Opening cost values
New acquisitions for the year
Transfers to plant
3,642,979
950
143,641
3,546,576
0
96,403
Closing accumulated costs
3,787,570
3,642,979
Opening depreciation according to plan
Depreciation according to plan for the year –2,754,383
–43,833
–2,716,512
–37,871
Closing accumulated costs
–2,798,216
–2,754,383
989,354
888,596
Closing accounted value
Machinery and other technical equipment
Opening cost values
New acquisitions for the year
Divestments and disposals for the year
Transfers to plant
21,780,894
10,996
–501,228
915,574
20,963,119
0
–245,764
1,063,539
Closing accumulated costs
22,206,236
21,780,894
Opening depreciation according to plan
Divestments and disposals for the year
Depreciation according to plan for the year –12,913,965
448,956
–570,148
–12,627,281
226,990
–513,674
Closing accumulated costs
–13,035,157
–12,913,965
9,171,079
8,866,929
Closing residual value according to plan
SEK ’000
31 Dec 2013
31 Dec 2012
Opening depreciation according to plan
Depreciation in excess of plan
–6,026,374
–733,426
–5,290,394
–735,980
Closing accumulated depreciation in excess of plan
–6,759,800
–6,026,374
2,411,279
2,840,555
Equipment, tools, fixtures and fittings
Opening cost values
New acquisitions for the year
Divestments and disposals for the year
321,208
31,374
–7,458
311,628
30,704
–21,124
Closing accumulated costs 345,124
321,208
Opening depreciation
Sales and disposals
Depreciation for the year –248,111
7,458
–30,065
–241,391
19,480
–26,200
Closing accumulated costs
–270,718
–248,111
74,406
73,097
Closing accounted value
Closing accounted value
Construction in progress & advance payments
relating to tangible assets (non-current)
Opening accounted value
Costs paid during the year
Transfers to plant
Reclassifications
Closing accounted value
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
2,117,790
1,965,579
1,379,954
1,455,556
–1,059,216
–1,159,942
0–143,403
2,438,528
2,117,790
23
Note 12 Financial assets (non-current)
SEK ’000
31 Dec 2013
Note 13 Participations in Group companies
31 Dec 2012
Participations in Group companies
Opening accounted value
Procurement
Sales
763
763
00
00
Closing accounted value
763
763
SEK ’000
Number
of shares
Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB
Kärnkraftsäkerhet och Utbildning AB
AB SVAFO
SQC AB
300
1,000
3,000
3,333
Year’s
profit/loss
Equity
hare
0
-275
0
1,215
Accounted
value
30.0 25.0
30.0 33.3
30
100
300
333
Total Participations in other companies
Opening accounted value
12,664
12,664
Closing accounted value
12,664
12,644
Receivables from Group companies
Opening accounted value
Additional receivables
4,248,407
436,061
3,795,661
452,746
Closing accounted value
4,684,468
4,248,407
Receivables from other companies
Opening accounted value
Additional receivables
2,048,967
249,365
1,798,733
250,234
Closing accounted value
2,298,332
2,048,967
Total financial assets (non-current)
6,996,227
6,310,801
763
Profit/loss for the year relates to the financial year which ends on 31 December 2012 for all Group companies. This is the most recent financial year for which the annual report has been prepared.
Details of corporate registration numbers and registered offices
CRN
Registered office
Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB
Kärnkraftsäkerhet och Utbildning AB
AB SVAFO
SQC AB
556175-2014
556167-1784
556446-3411
556527-6424
Stockholm
Nyköping
Nyköping
Täby
Note 14 Participations in other companies
SEK ’000 Equity share
Directly owned
Nira m.a.
ELINI
Accounted value
2.51
0
4.3612,664
Total 12,664
Information about the companies
Registered office
Nira m.a.
Luxembourg
ELINIBelgium
24
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
Note 18 Provisions for pensions and similar obligations
Note 15 Receivables in Group companies and other companies
SEK ’000
31 Dec 2013
31 Dec 2012
Vattenfall AB
Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB
E.ON Kärnkraft Sverige AB
Mellansvensk Kraftgrupp AB
4,461,468
223,000
574,583
1,723,749
3,977,407
271,000
512,242
1,536,725
Total 6,982,800
6,297,374
CRN
Registered office
Vattenfall AB
Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB
E.ON Kärnkraft Sverige AB
Mellansvensk Kraftgrupp AB
556036-2138
556175-2014
556132-6371
556138-9643
Stockholm
Stockholm
Malmö
Stockholm
Note 16 Equity
Statutory
reserv
Carrie
forward
Year’s Total
profit profit/loss
Amount at the start of the year 300,000
16,678
14,863 2,702
334,243
Transfer of
previous year’s profit/loss
0
0
2,702 –2,702
0
Dividends
Profit for the year
0
0
0
9,409
9,409
Amount at the end of the year300,000
16,678
17,565
31 Dec 2013
31 Dec 2012
Provisions under the Pension Obligations Vesting Act
FPG/PRI pensions
591,062
Other pensions and similar obligations
1,072
562,417
1,221
Total
of which secured in Pension Trust Fund
9,409
343,652
592,134563,638
0
0
592,134
563,638
Other provisions
Reserve for future management of low and medium-level
nuclear waste and for added value agreement for SKB
Provision at start of year
Provisions for the year
Amount utilised during the year
Added value agreement with SKB, change
197,443
25,245
–30,520
–3,936
220,013
24,580
–24,624
–22,526
Provision at the end of the period
188,232
197,443
613
1,109
3,215
613
781,475
761,694
Reported pension liabilities Details of corporate registration numbers and registered offices:
Share
Capital
SEK ’000
Pension obligations are calculated in accordance with standard
actuarial principles. The pensions are secured through
credit insurance in PRI.
Deferred taxes
Provision at start of year
Provision at end of year
Total provisions
Note 17 Untaxed reserves
SEK ’000
31 Dec 2013
31 Dec 2012
Accumulated difference between reported depreciation
and depreciation in excess of plan
6,759,800
6,026,374
Total untaxed reserves
6,759,800
6,026,374
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
25
Note 19 Long-term liabilities
SEK ’000
Vattenfall AB
E.ON Kärnkraft Sverige AB
Mellansvensk Kraftgrupp AB
Total
Note 22 Related-party transactions
31 Dec 2013
31 Dec 2012
9,577,170
1,233,591
3,700,132
8,874,993
1,143,151
3,428,842
14,510,89313,446,986
SEK ’000
2013
2012
Intra-group purchases and sales
Procurement
Sales
39%17.8%
66%66%
The same pricing principles are applied with intra-group
purchases and sales as with transactions with external parties.
Loans from Vattenfall AB, E.ON Kärnkraft in Sweden AB and
Mellansvensk Kraftgrupp AB has no set repayment time.
Note 23 Adjustments for items not included in the cash flow, etc.
Note 20 Accrued expenses and deferred income
SEK ’000
SEK ’000
31 Dec 2013
31 Dec 2012
Holiday pay liability
Overtime liability
Social security contributions
Staff premiums
Production-related fees
Other items
42,715
23,076
47,381
24,325
168,979
88,410
41,562
31,919
48,109
20,854
160,033
152,974
Accrued expenses and deferred income
542,488
455,451
Note 21 Contingent liabilities
SEK ’000
31 Dec 2013
31 Dec 2012
Pension obligations that are not reported
as liabilities or provisions.
Obligation to FPG
SVAFO AB
EMANI
ELINI
Total contingent liabilities
26
11,821
11,248
16,740
0
74,91462,169
31,63727,299
135,112
100,716
2013
2012
Provisions
Remuneration from the foundation
19,285427,278
0
–449,487
Total
19,285–22,209
Östhammar, 26 May 2014
Torbjörn Wahlborg
Jari Snellman
Leif Olausson
Chairman
Mats Ladeborn
Åsa Carlson
Jan Greisz
Sasu Valkamo
Kerstin Ahlfont
Charlotte Loid
Ingemar Eriksson
Christer Gustafsson
Eva Halldén
Employee representative
Employee representative
President and CEO
Our auditor’s report was submitted on 26 May 2014.
Ernst & Young AB
Deloitte AB
Jonas Svensson
Daniel De Paula
Authorised auditor
Authorised auditor
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
Board of Directors
and Auditors
Board of Directors and Auditors 2013
Board of Directors
Torbjörn Wahlborg
Jari Snellman
Leif Olausson
Mats Ladeborn
Åsa Carlson
Jan Greisz
Sasu Valkamo
Kerstin Ahlfont
Charlotte Loid
Ingemar Eriksson
Christer Gustafsson
Eva Halldén
Deputy members
Carl Hult
Mikko Huopalainen
Rolf Olsson
Dag Svensson
Camilla Söderqvist
Anders Wik
Inger Berglund
Anders Järvelä
Auditors
Ernst & Young AB
Deloitte AB
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
27
Forsmark’s management team
Owners
Ownership structure as of January 2013
Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB
Eva Halldén, CEO
Per-Göran Nilsson
Göran Persson
Jan Lundvall
Niclas Metzén
66%
Pål Petersson
Kerstin
Rodell-Lundgren
Claes-Inge
Andersson
Per Lannerhed
Veronika Gauffin
Christina
Sandström
Lars Berglund
Lennart Åsander
28
25.5%
8.5%
Vattenfall AB
Mellansvensk
Kraftgrupp AB
E.ON Kärnkraft
Sverige AB
Fortum
Generation AB
Skellefteå
Kraft AB
E.ON
Kärnkraft AB
Björn Johansson
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
Environmental Report 2013
On 6 November 1998, Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB received approval for registration according to the EU’s Regulation on the environmental management and auditing scheme (EMAS). This
environmental report has been compiled according to the provisions in the
EMAS Regulation and describes the environmental impact of Forsmarks
Kraftgrupp AB’s operations and the work being done to reduce this impact.
The audit is based on environmental reports to the supervisory authorities and the environmental reviews that have been conducted at Forsmark.
The 2013 Environmental Year in Brief
During 2012, Forsmark’s net electrical output was 24.6 TWh.
During 2012 Forsmark accounted for one sixth of Sweden’s annual
consumption of electricity.
The Forsmark nuclear power plant is situated on Sweden’s
east coast and accounts for about one sixth of the nation’s
total electricity generation. Forsmarks Kraftgrupps AB’s
owners are Vattenfall AB (66%), Mellansvensk Kraftgrupp AB
(25.5%) and E.ON Kärnkraft Sverige AB (8.5%).
An important part of Vattenfall’s vision is to be a company
that leads the way in the development of environmentally
sustainable electricity generation.
Nuclear power plants are required to adhere to stringent
regulations with respect to radioactive emissions and the
protection of third parties. Very high demands are placed
on the plant’s operation and safety. The plants have been
designed according to the defence-in-depth concept, which
means that there are several technical barriers in place to
prevent accidents and the spread of radioactive substances.
Great emphasis is also placed on administrative routines
such as instructions and training.
Environmental certificates
Within the framework of the company’s environmental management system, we have mapped the environmental impact
of our operations in a variety of operational situations and
made a record of the various risks involved. We have then
used this mapping as the basis for setting the environmental
goals for our operations. In 1998, Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB
was certified according to ISO 14001 and approved under
the EMAS Regulation.
To retain its approval, a company registered under EMAS
and certified under ISO 14001 must make regular improvements, which are checked by environmental auditors and the
certification body.
During 2001, Forsmark became the first nuclear power
plant in the world to be awarded a certified Environmental
Product Declaration (EPD) for the electricity it generates.
EPD is a system that allows the consumer to compare different products.
Generation
During 2013 Forsmark’s net electrical output was 25.2 TWh,
the best year ever. During 2013 Forsmark accounted for
one sixth of Sweden’s annual consumption of electricity. The
electricity generated at Forsmark is the equivalent of the
annual consumption for electrical heating in 1 million houses.
30
Energy availability amounted to 89.5%. Energy availability is
a measure that expresses how much energy is produced in a
year in relation to the maximum energy that can be produced.
Planned shutdowns and production disruptions negatively
affect energy availability and production profit.
The radiation dose received by people living in the vicinity
of the power plant as a consequence of the emission of
radioactive substances from Forsmark is less than 1,000th of
the radiation dose received from natural background radiation. Additional information about the utilisation of resources,
waste and emissions for 2013 can be found in the Environmental Data 2013 section. Our environmental targets are
reported under the Environmental goals for 2014 section.
Environmental ruling
In August 2008, Nacka District Court, the Environmental
Court, handed down its decision with respect to Forsmark
nuclear power plant’s permit for the continued and expanded
utilisation of the Svalören landfill repository. Svalören is a
repository for low-level radioactive industrial waste arising
from our own operations.
In January 2013, Nacka District Court, the Land and
Environmental Court, handed down its decision with respect
to a permit for the existing landfill site plus an expansion of
the underground storage for low-level radioactive industrial
waste at the Svalören landfill repository, for a total deposit of
14,500 tonnes. The previous permit will be revoked when this
one is utilised.
See also page 10 under ”Production, Environment and
Confidence”.
The EMAS registration and Environmental Management
System covers:
• The nuclear power plant with its three production units and ancillary
facilities
• The Svalören landfill repository
• Wastewater and sewage treatment plant
• The restaurant and housing area
• The Gunnarsbo gas turbine plant with associated fuel cisterns
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
Environmental Policy
•
Understanding of the significance of global, regional and local environmental issues strengthens the position
of nuclear power.
•
Operations that have an environmental impact are to be conducted in such a way that their environmental
impact and the conservation of natural resources and energy is taken into account.
•
The operations should be set up so that all environmental impacts are minimised and the risk of
environmental accidents is limited through preventive measures. The risk of major accidents that can affect
the environment must be eliminated to the greatest possible extent.
•
The generation of waste must be kept to a low level. When possible, reuse and/or
recycling should always be considered.
•
The environmental goals established must be ensured through continuous improvement.
•
Legislation and directives must be fulfilled by a good margin.
•
Our suppliers and contractors must comply with similar environmental requirements to those that apply to our
own operations.
•
Environmental data and areas of improvement within our operations must be disclosed publicly.
•
Consideration for the environment must be an integral part of our operations and the responsibility for this
lies with the line organisation.
Environmental
management
Work on our environmental management system
Forsmark’s environmental management system was audited
and certified under ISO 14001 in late 1998. In conjunction
with the certification, the company was also approved for
registration with the Swedish Environmental Management
Council as an EMAS company.
We began to conduct routine internal environmental
audits as early as 1997, which were intended as a supplement to the existing internal quality audits. These internal
environmental audits are one of the activities that are a
condition of Forsmark retaining its certification and its
EMAS registration.
Another important factor is the process of identifying environmental goals with the purpose of achieving continuous
improvement. It is fundamental to this work that the company’s environmental impact is properly analysed. In order
to meet this requirement, our entire operations have been
analysed and evaluated from an environmental perspective.
The results of this work are reported in a number of environmental reviews, one for each production unit and one for
the external plants (the Gunnarsbo gas turbine plant, the
water and wastewater treatment plants, etc.) and joint activities such as transportation, purchasing, etc. In addition,
there is a special environmental review of the radiological
aspects of our operations.
Environmental management system
Our environmental management system is an integral part
of Forsmark’s management systems and covers the entire
organisation, its planning, responsibilities, routines and processes. The goal of the environmental management system
is to obtain an overview of the activities that can impact
the environment. The purpose of the management system
is to implement and maintain the company’s environmental
policy and environmental goals.
The environmental management system covers both
radiological and conventional environmental issues.
The basis for the environmental management system is
the environmental reviews. These describe our systems or
activities from an environmental point of view and identify
all the environmental aspects of our operations.
These aspects then form the basis for setting our environmental goals. These goals are compiled in a conventional
environmental programme and the programme for radioactive emissions and doses to staff (the ALARA programme).
These programmes are part of Forsmark’s company programmes, determined by our CEO.
32
EPD certification
Forsmark has been supplying EPD-certified (Environmental Product Declaration) electricity since 2001. EPD is an
environmental product declaration that specifies the extent
of the environmental impact of each unit produced. An
EPD describes resource consumption, emissions, waste,
recycling and land use for every kilowatt hour of electricity
generated. It does not evaluate the environmental impact or
environmental-friendliness, but makes it possible to compare
the environmental characteristics of various products from a
life-cycle perspective - ”from the cradle to the grave”. It also
enables comparisons with other types of energy generation
with an environmental product declaration. An accredited
certification body ensures the quality of the information in
the environmental product declaration.
Demands on our operations
Forsmark’s activities in the area of environment are regulated
by several laws. The most important of these in terms of
conventional environmental protection is Sweden’s Environmental Code. In the radiological area, our activities are
governed primarily by Sweden’s Radiation Protection Act,
regulations from the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority and
Sweden’s Nuclear Activities Act. Our business is operated
under a number of permits and decisions by government
authorities. These deal with both the radiological environment and the external environment in the conventional sense.
In addition, we have our own requirements and goals for our
operations. To ensure that these requirements are met, we
have developed routines and working methods, which are
described in the company’s Management and Quality Manual,
and in various types of instructions. These describe who is
responsible for what, the requirements with respect to each
individual unit, and how follow-up is to be performed. Our
Environmental Management System is integrated into our
quality assurance system.
Safety awareness is deeply rooted within the company, and is
basically very closely aligned with environmental and health
protection issues. Forsmark thus has an excellent foundation
from which to continuously improve its environmental efforts.
Trading carbon emission allowances
Forsmark is covered by trading in emissions allowances for
lower emissions of carbon dioxide. The facilities affected by
this scheme are the diesel generators for reserve power, the
oil-fired boilers for heating and the Gunnarsbo gas turbine
station. The report on annual carbon dioxide emissions for
the year has been reviewed and approved.
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
Environmental management system
Regular inspection
and auditing
EMAS is the acronym for the European Union’s Eco Management and Audit Scheme. Its
aim is to promote environmental management in industry and improve information to the
general public. Participation in EMAS is voluntary for companies.
Participating companies must:
• Review and inspect the environmental impact of their operations
• Draw up an environmental policy
• Implement an environmental management system
• Decide on environmental goals and programmes to achieve these goals
• Describe its environmental protection activities in an environmental report.
Before a company is approved for registration under EMAS, an independent and accredited environmental auditor conducts an audit of the company to establish that it
has implemented all the points above and that its activities meet the requirements in
the EMAS Regulation. The company can then be registered with the Swedish Environmental Management Council, which is responsible for EMAS in Sweden.
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
Environmental
audit
Environmental
Policy
Environmental targets
Environmental
programme
Environmental
management system
Environmental
report
Audit
External
environmental review
Registration of
reg. body
33
From 2013, SKB’s new ship, Sigrid, is transporting radioactive waste
from the Swedish nuclear power plants to the interim storage facility
for spent nuclear fuel, Clab, in Oskarshamn and the final repository
for short-lived radioactive waste, SFR, in Forsmark. Sigrid is bigger
and more environmentally friendly than her predecessor Sigyn.
Environmental
work
Environmental organisation
The environmental work is part of our overall operations. This
means that each manager is responsible for driving environmental activities within his or her unit. It is important that
staff feel they are involved and share responsibility.
The staff of the Safety and Environment unit are responsible for the external environment, radiological issues, and
reactor safety for the entire power plant. This unit monitors
our compliance with the applicable legislation and directives
in the work that we do with respect to these issues. This
staff unit is also responsible for reporting to the authorities
and for information within these areas. The environmental
goals set for our operations are reviewed quarterly.
Working groups
We have a number of working groups, both permanent and
project-based, to support our daily environmental work activities. Some of these are described below.
The Environmental Coordination Group
An environmental coordinator is appointed within each unit.
Important responsibilities for the environmental coordinators include the following areas: exchange of experience,
spokespersons in the organisation and realization of the
environmental goals as the basis for the programme. Environmental coordinators are responsible for producing an annual
environmental report for each unit.
The Radiation Protection Forum
Radiation protection issues is an important part of the work
environment. Top priority is given to reducing the level of radioactive doses to our staff. In this area, the ALARA (As Low
As Reasonably Achievable) principle is applied, which means
that the individual and collective doses, as well as emissions
of radioactive substances, are to be kept as low as possible.
Those responsible for radiation protection at the three
reactor blocks and the final repository for short-lived radioactive waste (SFR) meet regularly. Radiochemistry, dosimetry
and waste management staff also participate in these meet-
34
ings. In addition, representatives from all the nuclear power
plants in Sweden meet annually to compare and exchange
experiences.
The Chemicals Group
The Vattenfall Group systematically manages the chemicals
it uses in its operations. General guidelines have been developed. In addition, the nuclear power industry in Sweden has
had a joint working group for the exchange of experience
with respect to chemical issues. There is a computer-based
chemical register. This register can be used to analyse the
consumption of different chemicals.
The HES Group (Health, Environment and Safety)
The HES is comprised of employers and employees. The staff
organisations and the emergency response organisation
are well represented. The work of the HES group provides
employees with the opportunity to participate in questions
regarding health, environment and safety. The HES group
meets one or two times per quarter.
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
Training
All employees must receive the correct training to be aware
of the company’s environmental policy and of our common
environmental goals, and to be able to follow the instructions
and comply with the other requirements of our Environmental
Management System. Environmental training is therefore
included in the mandatory package of courses for new
employees. All employees complete a refresher course every
three years for repetition purposes, but which also provides
the opportunity to discuss environmental issues within each
area of responsibility. Those whose work could cause significant environmental impact receive special training for their
particular tasks. Contractors and consultants who work on
site at Forsmark also receive the same training.
Purchasing, suppliers and contractors
Forsmark places high demands in terms of quality and environmental protection when it purchases goods and services.
A system of requirements for purchases has been developed
and this system is detailed in our environmental management
system. Vattenfall Nuclear Fuel AB procures uranium and
enrichment services for nuclear fuel via long-term contracts
on behalf of Forsmark and Ringhals. We place quality and
environmental demands on our nuclear fuel suppliers. Several
suppliers have been certified according to ISO 14001.
Environmental records for continuous improvement
All operations are analysed from an environmental perspective, an extensive task with the aim of identifying areas
where environmental performance can be improved. Environmental reviews have been conducted for the production
units, the water and wastewater treatment plants, and the
Gunnarsbo gas turbine plant. Environmental reviews have
also been conducted for common activities such as internal
transportation and procurement. A separate environmental
review covers the radiological aspects of our operations.
All of these reviews describe the environmental aspects of
various activities within our operations. These environmental
aspects were then collated and their environmental impact
and effects evaluated. Some environmental aspects have
been identified as significant. From a life-cycle perspective,
the biggest environmental impacts for nuclear power derive
from the consumption of resources and emissions from the
fuel process. The choice of fuel supplier is therefore a significant environmental aspect of the operations of a nuclear
power plant. This is covered in the nuclear fuel contract we
have with Vattenfall Nuclear Fuel AB.
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
Examples of other significant environmental aspects are
emissions of waste heat, loss of fish in the cooling water
intake, the production of hazardous waste, radioactive emissions into the air and water, and conventional emissions of
phosphorus, nitrogen and oxygen-consuming substances into
the sea from the wastewater treatment plant. The recording of significant environmental aspects is the basis for the
environmental goals we have set for 2013. This assessment
is conducted annually in order to continuously improve our
operations.
Power output and availability
One way to improve the environment is to reduce the need
for coal-powered energy. This can be achieved through
increased power output and higher availability at the nuclear
power plants. The ability to extract more energy from each
kilo of uranium was analysed and during 2010 it was decided
to increase the permitted burnup from 45 to 48 MW day/
kg of uranium. This helps save resources. In order to achieve
increased energy availability, Forsmark is working at several
levels to both avoid operational shutdowns and reduced capacity. This always assumes that safety levels are maintained.
Errors that arise in the safety system are reported. In
normal cases, energy availability is not affected by these
shortcomings. By determining the cause of the incident
and rectifying it, serious errors that require the reactor to
be stopped can be avoided. After repeated problems with
frequent fuel damage incidents at Forsmark 3, long-term
strategic objectives and an action plan have been drawn up.
The action plan includes both preventive and remedial measures. Preventive measures include an improved approach
to work with the Clean System, aiming to ensure that metal
debris, which can get into the reactor and cause damage, is
not present in the systems. A special department has been
formed for analyses and recommendations based on Human
Factors Engineering (HFE) aspects. Primary cause analysis
has increasingly come into focus in the attempts to prevent
errors. Experiences regarding incidents that occurred and
faults that were detected were widely exchanged, both within
Forsmark and between Forsmark and other power plants in
Sweden. Increased energy availability is sought by focussing on safe operations under calm conditions, for example,
components and methods should be well tested as far as
possible. Changes should be tested as thoroughly as possible
in order to detect any inherent errors. At least two types of
inspections should be performed after outages. Training for
operators must emphasise the STARC method (Stop, Think,
Act, Review and Communicate).
Waste management
Forsmark has a system for reducing the amount of waste
produced and recycling non-radioactive waste. Metal, electronics and computer waste, as well as paper, are examples
of waste that is sorted at source and recycled as much as
possible. Hazardous non-radioactive waste such as mercury,
waste oil, fluorescent lighting tubes and batteries are collected at a separate recycling station. The waste is classified
and sorted before being transported away from the facility
for further processing. The amounts are reported in our annual environmental report to the local County Administrative
Board. All waste and materials from the controlled area are
treated in a separate building before being transported to
final disposal. Liquid waste, such as water and oil, is treated
in a variety of treatment systems and subject to controls
prior to further processing. Discharge and wastewater are
subject to control measurements of radioactivity after the
treatment stages in the wastewater treatment plants before
being discharged into the Baltic Sea. The emissions have
been recalculated as doses and are included in the doses
reported under the Environmental data 2013 section: ”Emissions to air and water”. Solid waste products are sorted and
packaged. Solid waste is sent to either Forsmark’s landfill,
to the final repository for radioactive waste (SFR), or to
Studsvik, depending on the content and radioactivity. Spent
nuclear fuel is placed in storage pools in the nuclear power
plant before being transported to an interim storage facility
located outside Oskarshamn. After interim storage for approximately 40 years, the fuel is encapsulated and stored in
Sweden’s bedrock.
Contingency plan
Forsmark has its own full time rescue team. This team trains
regularly at a special firefighting exercise site located within
the area. Certain operational staff are also trained. To offer
additional preparedness, we have established an emergency
organisation which is ready to take over from the ordinary organisation, a decision which is made on a case by case basis.
Besides fire, the biggest risks we face are from oil-related
accidents and spillage. We have established special routines
for managing and limiting oil spills.
External environmental inspection
The Safety and Environment staff unit is responsible for area
35
monitoring of the radiological and external environments.
Special instructions describe the monitoring and testing to
be done. The results are reported to the supervisory authorities. Samples are taken by approved staff and accredited
laboratories are used for the analyses.
the underground storage for low-level radioactive industrial
waste at the Svalören landfill repository, for a total deposit of
14,500 tonnes. The previous permit will be revoked when this
one is utilised. Svalören is a repository for low-level radioactive industrial waste arising from our own operations.
Provisions under the Environmental Code and the Water Acts
The provisions which apply to operations according to the
Environmental Code and Water Acts were fulfilled in 2013.
Damming in connection with renovation of road culvert
A minor damming of the outflow from ”Tjärnpussen” was
implemented prior to renovation of a road culvert. When the
renovation was completed, a mistake was made in that only
half of the dam was removed. In connection with an inventory
of Fen Orchids in Tjärnpussen, it was observed that the water level was half a metre above the normal level. The entire
dam was cleared away and the flow has been reinstated.
A renewed inventory of Fen Orchids in Tjärnpussen will be
undertaken in summer 2014.
Environmental events in 2013
Permit for expansion of the Svalören landfill
In January 2013, Nacka District Court, the Land and Environmental Court, handed down its decision with respect to
a permit for the existing landfill site plus an expansion of
In 2013, the Land and Environmental Court gave Forsmark permission to expand underground
storage for low-level operational waste at Svalören. After sorting, the waste is conveyed to
the waste treatment facilities for further sorting and treatment. The waste classified there
as very low-level is compacted in a baling press and then enclosed in plastic. The repository
is constructed so that leachate from precipitation such as rainfall or snow, will not pool. This
prevents emissions into water and the surrounding soil.
Falling below the lowest permitted flow in the Forsmark River.
The lowest permitted flow was breached in the Forsmark River during four days in September. A contributory reason for
this is that is has been very dry. Measures have been taken
with the aim of improving control. The County Administrative
Board has been informed and is satisfied with the measures
that have been taken.
Hydrazine as corrosion inhibitor
Hydrazine has been reintroduced as a corrosion inhibitor in
the piping system in some coolant circuits. Trials have been
conducted with alternative oxygen evaporation, but this has
proved to be insufficient to prevent corrosion. The hydrazine
will be handled in closed systems.
Reduction in the release of radioactive aerosols
Restriction of aerosol emissions is a requirement in the
environmental ruling, and has been a focus area for a number
of years. The work has been proceeding during 2013. During
the year the focus has been on use of mobile filter units,
making the pool cleaning robot permanent, as well as an
improved working method. The various measures have proven
to deliver excellent results both from a work environment and
an aerosol reduction perspective.
New wastewater treatment plant
A new plant for treating conventional wastewater has been
put into operation during the year. The old wastewater treatment plant was located within the area where SKB intends to
establish the final repository for spent nuclear fuel. The new
treatment plant is based on the Sequencing Batch Reactor
principle (SBR) and consists of the mechanical, biological and
chemical cleaning stages. The new treatment plant has twice
the capacity of the old one.
Working environment
The top-priority work environment issue for us is limiting the
level of radiation to which our staff are exposed. We apply
the ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonable Achievable),
which means that exposure of our employees and the environment to radiation is kept as low as possible. All those who
work in the controlled area, both internal and external staff,
receive training in radiation protection.
All staff working in the controlled area wear personal dosimeters, which measure the amount of radiation to which
the individual has been exposed. This exposure is strictly
regulated and monitored to ensure that the allowable limits
are not exceeded.
36
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
The heated cooling water from Forsmark’s nuclear power plant keeps ice away from
Biotest Basin and the area around the outflow. Large numbers of birds and fish thrive
here all year round.
Environmental impact during operation
In our environmental reviews, we have identified and evaluated the significant environmental aspects of our operations.
Ionising radiation is the environmental issue of greatest significance in the case of operating disturbances. The nuclear
power plant’s operational safety work and radioactive waste
management are well developed and fit for purpose. Radioactive emissions to the air and water during normal operation
are therefore very small - the equivalent of approximately
1,000th of the naturally occurring background radiation from
our everyday environment. Other emissions to the air, soil and
water also derive from our operations.
Fish loss occurs at the cooling water intake. This is considered a more significant consequence of the cooling water use
than the effects of the emissions, which are small and not ex-
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
clusively negative. The ice-free Biotest Basin is an important
resting and wintering area for seabirds and sea eagles.
A large number of chemicals and products are used in the
operation of the power plant such as solvents, lubricating
oils and refrigerants. Their usage results in emissions to the
air and water and also generates waste. Their environmental impact is dependent on what chemical substances they
contain.
In addition, emissions to the air result from the combustion of fuels for transportation, heating, and reserve power
production. These emissions mainly comprise carbon dioxide,
which contributes to some extent to the greenhouse effect,
and nitrogen oxides, which contribute to eutrophication and
acidification.
Significant environmental aspects
The evaluation of environmental aspects is based on knowledge about our operations and the environmental impact that
our operations can have. To support this process, we use an
evaluation methodology in which the product of environmental
significance and size of its impact provide a measure of the
significance of the environmental aspect. Evaluation of the environmental aspect’s significance is performed on the basis of a
specific aspect’s impact on the ecosystem. Evaluation of scope
is based on various basic data such as internal target values,
similar aspects in comparable activities, etc. The evaluation
model can be ordered. Please see the last page for our contact
details. Significant environmental aspects have been identified
and dealt with in accordance with the list on the next page.
37
Significant environmental aspects
Significant environmental aspects and the nature of their impact
Control and monitoring of the environmental impact
The consumption of resources and emissions from the nuclear fuel process. The mining and
enrichment of uranium ore requires a lot of energy. The subprocesses produce the largest
emissions in terms of greenhouse gases and gases that contribute to acidification etc.
Environmental criteria for the supply of nuclear fuel have been produced in collaboration with
Nuclear Fuel AB. It is essential that all new suppliers are subject to a thorough
evaluation.
Emissions of radioactivity to the air and to the sea can lead to doses of radiation to residents in the vicinity.
Objective in our programme for radioactive emissions and issues relating to individual radiation doses ALARA programme (As Low As Reasonable Achievable) and in the environmental
programme.
Intake of cooling water and the release of waste heat can have an impact on flora and fauna.
Monitored through measurements of temperature and flow and by counting fish in the
screening station. This impact is monitored by the area monitoring programme conducted by
the Institute of Coastal Research and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU).
The occurrence of nuclear fuel waste.
Nuclear fuel waste is managed by Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (SKB).
The occurrence of other radioactive waste.
Through improved routines for sorting at source and better information about waste management,
we have been able to reduce the amounts of waste. Monitored through continuous follow-up of
the amounts generated (see under the Environmental Data 2013 ”Radioactive Waste” section).
The occurrence of hazardous waste.
Monitored through measurements and continuous follow-up of the amounts of waste generated (see under the Environmental data 2013 ”Hazardous Waste” section).
The occurrence of conventional waste.
Monitored through measurements and continuous follow-up of the amounts of waste generated (see under the Environmental data 2013 ”Conventional Waste” section).
The consumption of natural resources such as chemicals, fuels, electric energy, water, etc.
Environmental goals aimed at energy saving measures and improving how chemicals are handled. Monitored through measurements of fuel, chemical, water and energy consumption (see
under the Environmental Data 2013 ”Resource Consumption” section).
Risk of soil pollution as a result of discharges of oil, petrol, solvents and other
hazardous substances.
Identified risks are monitored by means of inspection and management.
Discharges of substances into the sea that can lead to eutrophication or pollution.
Monitored by controlling discharges from the wastewater treatment plant and from the controlled area (see under the Environmental Data 2013 ”Discharges into the Sea” section).
Emissions to the air of greenhouse gases and substances that can contribute to acidification and eutrophication.
Monitored by measuring refrigerants (see under the Environmental data 2013 ”Emissions to
the air of refrigerants” section). Monitored by measuring fuel consumption (see under the Environmental data 2013 ”Consumption of Fossil Fuels” section). Environmental goals with the
aim of increased availability in the plant result in a decreased need for alternative fossil fuels.
To achieve continuous improvement, goals have been specified for some of the significant environmental aspects. For more information, see page 45.
38
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
Environmental effects of
cooling water intake and discharge
A programme to monitor the effects of using cooling water
has been produced in consultation with the County Administrative Board in Uppsala county. The monitoring was conducted by SLU’s Institute of Coastal Research in Öregrund.
Perch catches during spring test fishing in Biotest Basin
total per net and night
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
The results are presented in annual reports, as well as
once every five years or so in more comprehensive reports.
Research is also being conducted in the area, including in
the so-called Biotest Basin. The basin covers an area of
approximately 1 km2 of water surrounded by islands linked
together by robust dikes. Cooling water from Forsmark 1
and 2 is discharged via the Biotest Basin, which results in
a temperature 8-10 degrees higher than in the surrounding
water. From 1975 to 2004 there were barriers at the Basin’s
outflow which prevented fish migration, and this has given
researchers the opportunity to examine the effects on fish
and plants in a natural scale. Since the barrier was removed,
it is primarily the inward migration for spawning during the
spring that has been studied. The results have revealed that
species such as perch, roach and white bream have increasingly started to use the Biotest Basin as a breeding ground.
Fry that hatch in the Biotest Basin’s warm water grow rapidly,
which increases their survival. Studies of year-old perch fry
indicate that this has produced positive results in the surrounding archipelago. The area has also become an impor-
tant rest and wintering location for seabirds. The greatest
effect of using cooling water in the nuclear power plants is
loss of fish in the intakes’ screening stations. In Forsmark,
Baltic herring and three-spined stickleback predominate. Due
to the interest in fishing, the eel has attracted most attention as the losses have risen over time, at the same time as
their average size has increased. One explanation that has
been offered is that these eels originate from the largescale release of eel fry that was carried out in a research
programme during the 1990s. The eels that were released
have grown over time and started to migrate to the Sargasso
Sea to breed, and some of them may have been carried into
the power plant with the flow of cooling water. The reduced
losses in recent years confirm this assumption.
Discharge of cooling water has been shown to cause relatively limited effects on the ecosystems, and they have been
of both a negative and a positive character. The negative consequences include the fact that in some years Baltic herring
are attracted to the warm areas where the discharge takes
place to breed during the spring, with the risk of the roe dying.
13
Eel losses during autumn test period (No data available for 2009)
average weight (g)
total
1500
1500
1200
1200
900
900
600
600
300
300
0
0
A researcher from Uppsala University is using perch
from the Biotest Basin to study how they are affected
by the higher temperature compared with perch in the
surrounding water.
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
39
Environmental data 2013
This section sets out our environmental data for 2013 as well as data from the two preceding years, 2012 and 2011.
ForsmarkAmount/volume/number
2013
2012
2011 Unit
Consumption of industrial and process water
Electricity generation
– Electricity generation (net)
– Energy efficiency (electricity usage/energy generation)
– Material efficiency (uranium consumption/energy generation)
– Energy Availability – Energy efficiency (electricity usage/energy generation)
250 000
25,300,000 24,600,000 23,630,000 MWh
3.6
3.5
3.6
%
2.57
2.97
2.45tonnes/TWh
89.5
89.3
86.2
%
3.6
3.5
3.6
%
Resource consumption
Nuclear fuel and energy consumption
- Enriched uranium
– Own consumption of electrical energy
Consumption of fossil fuels
– Diesel fuel for reserve power and heating
– Jet propulsion fuel for reserve power, Gunnarsbo gas turbine
- Petrol for vehicles
- Diesel for vehicles
– Ethanol, E 85
Water consumption
Raw water outlet
Raw water outlet/energy production, of which
- drinking water
– industrial and process water
– other (backflushing, treatment plant operation, pipeline leakage, etc.)
Land use/Biodiversity
Populated area
Populated area/energy generation
m3/year
200 000
150 000
100 000
50 000
65
909,500
73
862,000
58
854,320
tonnes
MWh
3921
3432
13
135
6.0
244
126
17
165
3.0
179
145
43
200
6.0
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
248,400
0.0098
84,600
113,600
50,200
245,300
0.010
82,600
94,400
68,300
226,573
0.0096
86,958
99,946
39,669
m3
m3/MWh
m3
m3
m3
1,080,100
0.043
1,066,400
0.043
950,500
0.043
m
m2/MWh
0
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
12
13
The somewhat increased consumption in recent years is due primarily to the long
outages.
1
During the outage of F3 a fault occurred in the external power supply. For
safety reasons it was decided that a reserve generator should be in operation
throughout the remaining outage, even once the fault had been rectified, which
2
led to unusually high diesel consumption.
2
Test run of the gas turbine in connection with installation of new control equip-
ment led to unusually high consumption of jet propulsion fuel.
40
11
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
Chemical consumption
(The chemicals reported here are the process and consumption chemicals used in large quantities)
2013
2012
2011 Unit
- Acids and bases:
Sulphuric acid
Sulphuric acid/energy generation
Sodium hydroxide (converted to approx. 50% solution)
Sodium hydroxide/energy generation
12
14
16 tonnes
0.000 0005 0.000 0006 0.000 0007 tonne/MWh
37
39
43 tonnes
0.000 0015 0.000 0016 0.000 0018 tonne/MWh
- Solvents:
Ethanol
Ethanol/energy generation
7
11
10tonnes
0.000 0003 0.000 0005 0.000 0004 tonne/MWh
- Other chemicals:
Bitumen (for embedding radioactive waste)
Bitumen/energy generation
Ion exchanger and filtering compounds
Ion exchanger and filtering compounds/energy generation
Discharge of phosphorous into the Baltic Sea
kg/year
50
40
18
13
28
tonnes
0.000 0072 0.000 0054 0.000 0012 tonne/MWh
23
18
20
tonnes
0.000 0009 0.000 0007 0.000 0008 tonne/MWh
30
20
10
0
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
Discharge of oxygen-consuming substances (COD) into the Baltic Sea
Emissions of non-radioactive substances and waste
tonnes/year
2013
Discharge into the sea
Sanitation wastewater
Emissions to water from the controlled area
CODCr
BOD7 (wastewater treatment plant only)
Total nitrogen (wastewater treatment plant only)
Total phosphorus
2012
2011
Unit
10
9
8
140,000
151,000
146,000
m3
34,900
33,700
42,600
m3
5.1
5.9
5.7tonnes
0.6
0.9
0.8
tonnes
2.3
2.9
3.5
tonnes
8.2
8.9
10
kg
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
Converted to tonnes with density 1 g/cm3
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
0
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
41
11
12
13
2013
Emissions to air
HFC - calculated as CO2 equivalents
CO2 – from reserve power and combustion
CO2 – from vehicles
CO2 – equivalents/energy generation
SO2 – from reserve power and combustion.
SO2 – equivalents/energy generation
NOX – from reserve power and combustion
NOX – equivalents/energy generation
2012 2011 Unit
Conventional waste 2013
84
7.2
3.7
tonnes
1,8771 945 825tonnes
375
459
614
tonnes
0.000 09 0.000 057 0.000 061tonne/MWh
565
212
280
kg
0.000 022 0.000 0086 0.000 012 kg/MWh
18
9.0
7.9
tonnes
0.000 71 0.000 370.000 34 kg/MWh
Recycling, 15,1 %
Metal, glass
Compost, 11 %
Park waste,
organic waste,
dewatered sludge,
biological waste, soil
Processing method
Type of waste
Landfill Non-combustible waste, concrete,
excavated material, non-hazardous
sandblasting sand
Energy extraction
Combustible waste
191
196
2043
tonnes
Recycling
Plastic, paper, corrugated cardboard,
wood waste, Metal, glass
238
230
395
357
330
498
tonnes
tonnes
Compost
Park waste, organic waste, dewatered
sludge, biological waste, soil
167
169
197
tonnes
11.3
-
-
tonnes
1,227
1,478
tonnes
0.000 050 0.000 063
tonne/MWh
Total
Conventional waste/energy generation
Landfill, 45,1 %
Non-combustible waste,
concrete, excavated
material, non-hazardous
sandblasting sand
Recycling, 15,6 %
Plastic, paper, corrugated
cardboard, wood waste
Conventional waste
Miscellaneous
Water with dissolved inorganic
substances
Miscellaneous , 0,7 %
689
1,526
0.000 060
Energy extraction, 12,5 %
Combustible waste
110250 tonnes
2
Deponering
Energiutvinning
Återvinning, Plast, papper, wellpapp, träavfall
Återvinning, Metall, glas
Kompostering
Konventinellt avfall
ton
500
1
The increase was due to testing Gunnarsbo gas turbine in connection with installation of new control equipment, and also that a reserve
generator was running throughout the outage of F3 (see also Consumption of fossil fuel, page 40).
2
The increase principally comprises concrete and other waste from demolition of a wastewater treatment plant, as well as blasted rock and
excavated material from construction of a vehicle checkpoint.
3
Of which 56 tonnes is waste from large projects that are not included in the target.
400
300
200
100
42
2011
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
2010
2009
Hazardous waste
2013
2012
2011
Unit
0
tonnes
48
tonnes
124
tonnes
8
tonnes
2.2
tonnes
28
tonnes
39
tonnes
39
tonnes
0.003
tonnes
3.2
tonnes
1.8
tonnes
-
tonnes
-
tonnes
0tonnes
Hazardous waste 2013 (179 tonnes)
Energy extraction Waste oil
Oil-contaminated soil
Solvents, chemical residues, glycol water
Paint waste
Electrical and electronic waste
Batteries
Sandblasting sand
Waste containing mercury
Asbestos
Fluorescent tubes
Drain gully sludge
Low-energy bulbs
Miscellaneous
7.7
36.7
0
20.9
3.5
15.4
7.4
77.7
0.1
0
0
8.0
0.7
1.1
0
38
0
56
4.1
49
40
86 0
0.03 1.1 - - 2.2
Total
179
276 0.000 007
0.000 011
Hazardous waste/energy generation
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
294
Drain gully sludge,3.8,0 tonnes
Miscellaneous 1.1 tonnes
.
Low-energy bulbs 0.7 tonnes
Energy extraction 7.7 tonnes
Waste oil 36.7 tonnes
Sandblasting sand 77.7 tonnes
Chemical residues 10.9 tonnes
Paint waste 3.5 tonnes
Electronic waste 15.4 tonnes
Batteries 7.4 tonnes
tonnes
0.000 012 tonne/MWh
43
Emissions of radioactive substances
Emissions to air and water
Emissions of radioactive aerosols
Dose, excluding C-14
Dose, including C-14
Limit value (dose)
Leachate from Svalören
2013 2012
2011Unit
9.8x107
1.6x108
bequerel
4.6x107
0.0074
0.0046
0.0026
µSv dosage to persons in critical group
0.14 0.14 0.15
µSv dosage to persons in critical group
100 µSv to a person in the critical group, including C-14
Measurements show that no leaching has occurred
Emissions of radioactive substances from Forsmark 1, 2 and 3
SSM’s limit value = 100 µSv
µSv dosage to persons in critical group
water + air including C-14
1,2
water + air excluding C-14
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
Comment: The measurements show a downward trend as
the water borne emissions have dropped, and the greatest
variation in emissions is due to fuel damage during operations, which means that one or more fuel rods are damaged and nuclides are leaking out into the system.
Radioactive waste
Radioactive waste
Very low-level waste for the Svalören landfill
generated
interim storage (fully processed for disposal)
landfilled1
Low and intermediate level waste to SFR
generated
landfilled
Radioactive scrap metal to Studsvik for cleaning
Spent nuclear fuel to CLAB
1
2
0,2
0,0
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
Critical group = A representative hypothetical or actual group of individuals in the population who can be expected to receive the highest radiation doses from a radioactive source.
2013 168
980
0
54+1.22
35
21
45
2012 2011Unit
211327
825 696
00
tonnes
tonnes
tonnes
177+1592 92+2052
tonnes
138
35
m3
66 521
tonnes
56
90
tonnes uranium
The most recent disposal campaign was implemented in 2009. The next one is planned for 2014.
Returns from Studsvik.
44
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
Forsmark Ironworks is owned by Forsmark’s Kraftgrupp AB and it is
one of Sweden’s best preserved Walloon forges. The English park,
which was laid out in the 18th century, was nominated in 2009 for the
”Sweden’s most beautiful park” competition, ending up sharing fourth
place, which makes it one of the most beautiful parks in the country.
Environmental targets 2013
Target fulfilment
Energy efficiency
Measures to save energy are to be implemented with the goal of achieving savings of
3 GWh. These savings are to be achieved over the five-year period 2009-2015.
During the period since 2009, a number of saving measures have been implemented, for example changing to low-energy bulbs, lowering the temperature in the housing barracks, new
fittings in street lighting and fitting motion detectors. The estimated savings amount to 1.6
GWh. The work of finding further saving measures will continue in 2014.
Substitution of chemicals
The number of chemical products that are classified as CMR, risk reducing or phase-out
products is to be reduced by 10%. The reduction will take place during the 2012-2013 period. CMR products refer to chemicals that are carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to reproduction. Risk reduction and phase-out products involve chemicals that are listed in the Swedish
Chemicals Agency’s prioritisation guide (PRIO list).
During the year major efforts have been made to reduce the number of chemical products
classified as CMR and PRIO. It has been possible to remove a number of products. Unfortunately new ones have been added. A new marking system in accordance with an EU directive is in the process of implementation. The directive entails reclassification of some chemicals/products, which are elevated to a higher hazard classification. The target has not been
achieved. The work of finding replacement projects will continue in 2014.
Energy Availability
A high availability of energy generation is a measure of how well the operation and maintenance of the facility is functioning. The target is for energy availability for 2013 to be higher
than 90.1%.
Energy availability during 2013 was 89.5%. Work is under way to raise energy availability
through review of the plant’s status and thereby its need for maintenance and renewal.
Work on long-term outage planning is under way. The target has not been achieved.
Reduction in the release of radioactive aerosols
Annual emissions of radioactive substances from aerosols shall be less than 8x108 Bq in
total for the three blocks.
During 2013 a total of 4.6x107 Bq has been released into the air. A number of measures have
been instituted during the year with the aim of reducing emissions of radioactive substances
in aerosol form. Modification of filter banks, use of pool decontamination equipment and mobile fans, as well as reconnection of ventilation are examples of measures that have been
implemented. The target has been achieved.
The aim of the established, multi-year environmental targets is to achieve permanent, long-term improvements. However, large variations may occur between different years due to the various favourable conditions.
The production profile and the scope of the outage periods are examples of parameters that can affect the results in addition to the measures taken. This has been taken into consideration when determining the extent
to which targets have been achieved.
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
45
Environmental
targets 2014
To make our environment policy more concrete and effective, each year at Forsmark we
decide on a number of environmental goals to be achieved by our operations. Our environmental goals are in line with our environmental policy and are based on the results of the
environmental reviews and environmental audits that we regularly conduct. The environmental goals set during previous years in some instances span a longer period of time.
Some of the environmental goals for 2014 are thus a continuation of efforts in 2013 for
the purpose of achieving sustainable and long-term improvements. Experience has shown
that a more comprehensive survey is required as the basis for determining these goals.
Our environmental goals are in the following areas:
Energy efficiency
Measures to save energy are to be implemented with the goal of achieving savings of 3
GWh. Savings are to be made over the period 2009-2015.
Substitution of chemicals
The number of chemical products that are classified as PRIO phase-out or risk products is
to be reduced by 10%. The reduction is to take place during a three year period 20142016. (PRIO - phase out and risk reduction products involve chemicals that are listed in
the Swedish Chemicals Agency’s prioritisation guide (PRIO list)).
Energy Availability
A high reliability of energy generation is a measure of how well the operation and maintenance of the facility is functioning. The target for energy availability for 2014 is a figure
higher than 88.2%.
Reduction of radioactive aerosols
In 2014 the annual emissions to air of Co-60 shall be less than 3 x107 Bq in total for
the three blocks. Co-60 is the nuclide that has been selected to monitor the emissions
of aerosols.
The stairs to the manor-house in Forsmark Ironworks have
been renovated with hand-forged staples which prevent
stones from breaking apart when frozen.
46
Increase in efficiency
During 2014, the efficiency in the plant shall increase and the current electricity capacity
shall be raised by 17 MW. This shall be achieved through replacement of high-pressure
turbines in Forsmark 3.
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
Audit report
SP Technical Research Institute is one of SWEDAC’s accredited environmental auditors
under EMAS (No. 1002). SP Certification audited Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB in Forsmark
and concluded that the company has an environmental management system that meets
the requirements of the EMAS directive (No. 1221/2009).
In addition, SP Certification has audited this Environmental Report and found it to be sufficiently detailed to meet the requirements in EMAS.
Borås, May 2014
Lennart Månsson
SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden


SP är ett av SWEDAC ackrediterat organ för certifiering av miljöledningssystem
SP is a Certification Body, accredited by SWEDAC, for certification of environmental management systems
1002
ISO/IEC 17 021

nr/no. 5537 M
Härmed intygas att:/This is to certify that:

har ett miljöledningssystem som uppfyller kraven enligt SS-EN ISO 14001:2004 vad gäller:
has an environmental management system that fulfils the requirements of SS-EN ISO 14001:2004 with respect to:
Elproduktion
Electric power production
Certifikatet är giltigt till och med 31 januari 2017 och utfärdades ursprungligen 29 oktober 1998.
Kompletterande uppgifter finns på www.sp.se/certifiering.
This certificate is valid until and including 31 January, 2017 and was originally issued 29 October, 1998.
Additional details are provided at www.sp.se/certification.
Borås den 16 december 2013/16 December, 2013
SP Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut
SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden
Certifiering - Certification
Lennart Månsson
Detta är en avskrift av
originalcertifikatet
utförd av SP./ This is
a duplicate of the
original certificate
issued by SP.
Certificate ISO 14001
No. 5537 M
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
Approved EMAS
S-S-00120
The next environmental report
will be published in spring 2015.
47
Medium-level radioactive waste Generally filters and ion
exchange mass. Stored in a final repository for short-lived
radioactive waste (SFR).
In the summers, Forsmark’s visitor centre moves to Forsmark’s
Ironworks and offers a number of free activities and events.
About 14,000 people visited Forsmark’s Ironworks in 2013.
mSv millisievert A measure of the radiation dose absorbed by
humans.
Natural background radiation The radiation from radioactive
substances that is a natural part of our environment. This
radiation comes from space, from the ground and from ourselves. It is called natural background radiation and gives the
average Swede an annual radiation dose of around 1 mSv,
which is approximately a quarter of the total radiation dose
we normally get per person and year in Sweden.
NOx - Nitrous oxides Contribute to acidification, eutrophication and ground level ozone.
Glossary and energy units
Aerosol Gas with suspended particles of liquid or a solid
substance.
CO2 Carbon dioxide forms for instance as a result of fossil
fuel combustion. A contributor to the greenhouse effect.
Radioactivityis measured in Becquerel (Bq).
EMAS Eco Management and Audit Scheme, the EU’s regulation on environmental management and auditing.
1 Bq Bequerel One nucleus decay per second.
Bitumen The high-molecular, organic constituent parts in
natural, hydrocarbon minerals such as asphalt.
BOD Abbreviation for Biochemical Oxygen Demand, that is,
the amount of oxygen (dissolved in water) required by the
biodegradation of organic compounds in a water sample.
Hazardous waste Waste that is regulated by the Waste Management Ordinance (SFS 2001:1063), for example waste oil
or solvents, waste containing mercury or cadmium.
High-level radioactive waste Spent nuclear fuel.
Controlled area An area within the nuclear power plant
where radioactive substances may be present.
C-14 A particular isotope of carbon that has a fixed half-life.
COD Acronym for Chemical Oxygen Demand, that is, the
amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidise compounds
in an organic substance in water.
Critical group A representative hypothetical or actual group
of individuals in the population who can be expected to receive the highest radiation doses from a radioactive source.
HFC Hydrofluorocarbons; used as refrigerants in heat pumps
and refrigerating plants. A contributor to the greenhouse effect.
LCA - Life Cycle Analysis A method for the evaluation of the
environmental impact of a product throughout its life cycle,
from extraction of raw materials, during production and use,
to recycling or disposal.
CLAB Central storage facility for spent nuclear fuel located
in Oskarshamn.
Low-level radioactive waste Operational waste such as footwear protection, protective clothing, scrap, etc.
48
Radioactivity The spontaneous decay of the nuclei of certain
elements during which ionising radiation is emitted.
(consisting of alpha or beta particles or gamma radiation).
S, SO2 Sulphur and sulphur dioxide Contribute to acidification.
SKB Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (Swedish Nuclear Fuel
and Waste Management Company) is a company owned
jointly by Sweden’s nuclear power companies. SKB is responsible for the storage of nuclear waste.
Radiation dose Measured in Sieverts (Sv) and is a way of expressing the biological impact of radiation. A person in Sweden gets an average annual radiation dose of 5 mSv, of which
just over 3 mSv comes from radon in houses. According to
SSM’s directions, discharges from a nuclear power plant
normally may not increase the radiation dose to the general
public by more than 0.1 mSv.
Radiation Radiation is the energy transferred in the form of
electromagnetic waves or particle motion. A distinction is
made between ionising and non-ionising radiation. When ionising radiation hits living tissue, it releases its energy, which
can damage the cells. Ionising radiation is generated in a
nuclear power plant.
Energy units
Power is measured in Watts (W)
1 kW =1 kilowatt =1,000 W
1 MW =1 megawatt =1,000 kW
Energy is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh)
1 kWh =1,000 Watt for 1 hour
1 MWh = 1 megawatt hour = 1,000 kWh
1 GWh = 1 gigawatt hour = 1,000 MWh
1 TWh = 1 terawatt hour = 1,000 GWh
Forsmark Annual and Environmental Report 2013
At the start of Forsmark 1’s outage,
the motor for a diesel generator was
dismantled, a part of the back-up
power system. The motor was transported to the diesel workshop for a
total overhaul and a back-up motor
was fitted for the period.
Service of cooling water pump
at Forsmark 2.
Outages 2013
For a period every year, Forsmark’s plants are shut down for an outage. The annual shutdown
which is conducted at all nuclear power plants. Maintenance work is performed during the outage
and the fuel is also replaced. Modernisation and safety improvement installations are also carried
out. The shutdowns usually occur from March to October, since the demand for electricity in
Sweden is lowest during this time.
The outage period at Forsmark for 2013 began on 19 May with the outage at Forsmark 3 and
ended when Forsmark 2 was reconnected to the Swedish power grid on 29 August.
Forsmark 1
7 July – 12 August
The work of removing the cracks in two of the support legs for the reactor’s
core shroud frame took longer than expected, the outage was consequently
extended by 15 days.
Some of the tasks performed included:
• Removal of cracks in two of the support legs for the reactor’s
core shroud frame (which determined the length of the outage)
• Replacement of motor in back-up power diesel unit A
• Overhaul of generator in back-up power diesel unit B
• Replacement of 26 control drive rods for regulating control rods
• Replacement of detectors in the reactor tank (1 WRNM, 6 PRM)
• Overhaul of the servo for valves in the turbine system
• Earthquake-proofing of electric cabinets and transformers in reactor and
electrical building
Forsmark 2
10 August –29 August
The outage was a refuelling outage, which means that the refuelling is the
critical line. This entails nuclear physicists, FTBH, besides meeting all safety
requirements and minimising fuel consumption, trying to minimise the number
of fuel transfers for the charging machines.
Some of the tasks performed included:
• End pylons in the line to transformers rebuilt and the line connected to the
new switchgear (ÄT66)
• Introduction of alarm for Highest Permitted Limit Values (HTG) in the
barriers, fuel cladding and the primary system’s pressurised components
• Replacement of contactor groups to ensure that the low voltage switchgear
can be reliable for at least a further 20 years
• Rectification of shortcomings in system function in HC pumps
• Important safety measures to make electric cabinets earthquake-proof
• Replacement of batteries which supply important safety items with uninterrupted power supply
Forsmark 3
19 May – 26 June
The activity determining the length of time for the outage was the
replacement of two external isolation valves and installation of connection
options for alternative long-term cooling of the reactor.
The major maintenance work on the turbines in Forsmark 3 was performing a
100,000 hour inspection of the low-pressure turbine (LT3) which was installed
in 2004. This included an inspection of the turbine blades and their mountings.
Some of the tasks performed included:
• Installation of connection options for alternative long-term cooling of the
reactor.
• Replacement of two of the reactor containment’s external isolation valves
• Overhaul of one of the three low-pressure turbines
• Inspection of cooling water channels
• Inspection of control rods
• Improved working environment in connection with shutdown of the 70 kV
transformer
• Service of two main circulation pumps according to the 10-year plan
• ÄT66 (Älvkarleby transformer station) 70kV switchgear replaced
Important events in 2013
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
Go-ahead for extended
underground storage
The Land and Environmental Court gives Forsmark permission to expand the storage facility
for low-level operational waste. The new ruling
permits the storage facility at Svalören to be expanded and the operational permit is increased
by 14,500 tonnes, which is judged to cover the
requirement for landfill of low level waste for the
rest of the nuclear power plant’s lifetime.
Forsmark in trials with reduced oxygen content
In connection with Forsmark implementing a new fire-control system
based on reduced oxygen content, a number of employees will be
part of a reference group examining how we are affected by working
in an environment with reduced oxygen. It is the cognitive capacity,
as well as the memory capacity, concentration and problem solving,
that is to be studied. The air we breathe normally consists of 21%
oxygen, however, in the project the oxygen content in certain areas
will be reduced to 15% in order to reduce the risk of fire.
March
Increased capacity trial starts
Forsmark was given the green light from Inspecta, the third party
inspector, that all documents were in order for Forsmark 2’s power
uprate. Trial of the higher output starts as planned on 16 March. Socalled routine operation at the higher level of 1,110 MW can be started
at the earliest after the 2014 outage once a permit has been obtained
from the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority.
September
October
December
The new water treatment plant
is completed
Forsmark’s new water treatment plant is a
modern facility which has been built to enable
increasing amounts of wastewater to be received and to meet future requirements for more
effective and improved purification. Construction
commenced in April 2012 and the modernised
purification plant with a capacity of 2,166
cubic metres of water per day is now fully completed. The plant will receive wastewater from
Forsmark’s industrial area, SKB’s operations
and plants, the housing area, sports hall and
Forsmark’s Ironworks.
Forsmark host for SKC conference
On 2–3 October, Forsmark was host for the Swedish Centre for
Nuclear Technology, SKC’s, annual conference. SKC collaborates on
research and education issues at universities and colleges, members
are Forsmark, Ringhals, OKG, Westinghouse and the Swedish Radiation
Safety Authority, along with KTH, Chalmers and Uppsala University.
The new vehicle checkpoint is put into operation
The construction of a new vehicle checkpoint was a direct result of the evaluation
conducted following Greenpeace’s intrusion at Forsmark in October 2012. The new
regulations from the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM), which concern the
outer barrier at Swedish nuclear power plants, are expected to include control of
persons and vehicles. The new vehicle checkpoint makes it possible to divert the
traffic to Forsmark if necessary, without the risk of queues forming on route 76.
November
Good marks for Forsmark after WANO Follow-up
On 22 November, WANO concluded its week-long Follow-up of
the improvement measures which were made since Forsmark was
inspected in 2011. The results showed that 80% of the measures
are approved. The average mark for a WANO Follow-up is approval
for 70-75% of the improvement measures. In those measures where
Forsmark did not achieve the approved grade, the aim is to continue
working on improvements up to the next WANO inspection in 2015.
Double record for FKA in 2013
2013 was the best production year so far for FKA. Together the three reactors
produced just over 25.2 TWh. This is equivalent to the electricity needs for an entire
year for more than 2.5 million households. Forsmark 2 also chalked up a new record
production figure during 2013. F2 produced almost 8.7 TWh compared with 8 TWh
from the previous record year of 2004, as a result of the power uprate which was
implemented during spring 2013. F1 produced almost 7.6 TWh and F3 produced 9
TWh, availability was provisionally some 89.5%
April
Expectations clarified in new employee folder
A folder containing the management’s expectations has
been produced and distributed to everybody who works at
Forsmark. The aim is to clarify which requirements apply in
Forsmark and how we work
together towards
shared goals. The
folder also contains a
number of pamphlets
which explain simply
and pedagogically what
rules and norms apply
at the workplace.
Some 14,000 people visited Forsmark’s visitor centre
in summer 2013, making
Forsmark the largest destination in Östhammar municipality.
Visitors can read on the website about all the activities that
are on offer and book guided
tours of the manor house, the
ironworks and the popular
coach tours.
This year’s outages started at Forsmark 3
The first outage of the year was Forsmark 3. The work which determined the
length of the outage was two renewal projects. One was replacement of two
external isolation valves and the other was installation of connection options
for long-term alternative cooling of the reactor. The theme for 2013’s outages
is ”Three outages – one FKA”.
May
June
Visitforsmark.se launched
A new interactive destination site, visitforsmark.se, is
launched to meet the growing interest in the nuclear operations at Forsmark. Forsmark’s Ironworks is a popular destination for excursions. Interest in visiting the Ironworks and the
nuclear power plant is increasing all the time.
Forsmark has received working environment certification
The certification is called OHSAS 18001:2007 and is a standardised system
which gives Forsmark good potential for further development within the area
of the working environment. External auditors will inspect Forsmark on an
annual basis and provide valuable assistance to develop and maintain a high
standard in relation to the working environment. Individual employees will
benefit in that the procedures for detecting shortcomings and rectifying them
will be improved.
July
Outage at Forsmark 1
The outage was a maintenance outage with one of the most
important tasks, which also determined the length of the outage, being to repair the two small cracks in the brackets for the
core shroud frame legs for the reactor tank.
August
Forsmark’s
meet’n’cruising
On 10 August, Forsmark’s
meet’n’cruising was held
in Forsmark’s Ironworks
by the East Coasters
Roselaw motoring club
in collaboration with
Forsmark’s visitor centre.
The day included an exhibition of American cars
and motorbikes, musical
entertainment and naturally, cruising.
Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB’s strategic goals for 2013–2016
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
An explicit effort to achieve ’world class’ status in terms of safety and operations.
Increased internationalisation, whereby our procedures and technical solutions are increasingly
harmonised with international practice via IAEA, WANO and cooperation and harmonisation within the EU.
Extensive investment aimed at improving reactor safety, minimising the impact of the plants’ ageing and implementation of a power uprate at all three units
Establishing a final repository at Forsmark that affects our infrastructure and global relations
Extensive retirements that require active planning in terms of resources and skills
An international suppliers market characterised by strong growth in the energy sector with the subsequent
need for measures to extend the life of existing plants and a global investment in new nuclear power. This development is leading to a lack of skills and resources amongst our largest suppliers. This situation necessitates changes to the way we run our investment operations, to improve
the way we control and manage planned measures
Need for cost control. The owners shall be offered safe operations under competitiveconditions
Need to develop maintenance and renovation processes so that there is a good balance between options. In this way a high level of energy availability can be achieved at the
right price
If you would like to order information material or book a visit,
please contact:
Visitor Centre
Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB
Tel: 0173-810 00
www.visitforsmark.se
www.vattenfall.se/forsmark

opg community info - Chippewas of Georgina Island

Invitation for publishing scientific works in RJP in RJP

INMM-UIT Workshop

「軽水炉安全対策高度化」と LWR Sustainability

Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Health Physics at OSU:

Summary of Proposed Reliability Standard NUC-001-3

SEC NRS

Committee of Energy and Commerce 2125 Rayburn House

Opening address By Dr. Nguyen Nhi Dien, Vice

CyTRAK Orange™ in Imaging Based in vitro Toxicity