8EOC_Schmitt

Towards copper-free organic systems
Annegret Schmitt
JKI, Institute for Biological Control
www.jki.bund.de
Towardscopper-freeorganicsystems
Content
Introduction to copper
Substitution / reduction of copper in plant protection
- EU and national guidelines
- German activities
- Research approaches
- EU-project CO-FREE
www.jki.bund.de
Introduction to copper I
www.antje-gesinn.de
- As trace element involved in vital biological processes in plants, animals
and humans
- Cu2+ ions act poisoning on microorganisms in small amounts
(„multi site activity“)
-Copper used since end of 19th century in crop
protection (“Bordeaux mixture”) (grape, potato etc.)
- Copper present in the ecosystem with varying
contents in agricultural soils
Ann Arbor Argus, June 3, 1892
www.oldnews.aadl.org
- Main copper inputs by manure and sewage sludge, vehicular traffic, water
supply, measures of crop protection and use of copper in construction
www.jki.bund.de
Introduction to copper II
Enrichment of copper in soil
Content of copper in vineyards in Germany (Strumpf et al. 2011 )
Copper enrichment unfavourableecotoxicological profile with
negative effects on beneficial and aquatic organisms
 Organic farming and EU aims at
substitution / reduction of copper
www.jki.bund.de
Substitution / reduction of copper
in plant protection
EU and national guidelines
- Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 on organic production and
labeling of organic products
 6 kg of copper per ha and year
- Organic growers associations (Germany and Switzerland)
3 kg (to 4 kg in hops) per ha and year
- Few national growers associations /countries
(in Germany Demeter / Denmark, Norway, The Netherlands)
prohibited copper use in plant protection
Overall, use of copper still indespensable
www.jki.bund.de
Substitution / reduction of copper
in plant protection
EU and national guidelines
Currentsituation
-
Copperregisteredforuse in Europe until Nov. 2016
Whathappensafter Nov. 2016???
Solutions forcopperreplacement / furtherreductionseaked
www.jki.bund.de
Substitution / reduction of copper
in plant protection
German activities
German steering group, initiated by the Federal Ministry of Food and
Agriculture and led by Julius Kühn-Institut
- Coordinated activities on monitoring of copper accumulation and effects
on soil organisms
- Yearly presentation of results from copper monitoring and from experience
with copper alternatives
-Strategy paper on copper reduction (published by BÖLW e.V. and German
organic growers associations)
Up-dated information at http://kupfer.jki.bund.de
www.jki.bund.de
Substitution / reduction of copper
in plant protection
German activities
Strategy paper on copper reduction
Optimizedmanagementsystemsand
reducedcopperuseby
-Useofforecastingmodels
- Development of alternative agents
-Optimizationof plant cultivation
measures
-Increaseduseofresistant / robust
varieties
www.jki.bund.de
Substitution / reduction of copper
in plant protection
Research approaches
Research projects on copper reduction fundednationally and by EC, e.g.
-BlightMop (potato; EC-funded)
- REPCO (grapevine; EC-funded)
-Glycyrrhizaglabraextract (vegetables / potato;
nationally-funded)
All projects yielded valuable results (e.g. single alternative agents, but not yet
developed for use)
Overall conclusions:
 Copper replacement not achievable by single agent
 Need for integration of different approaches
www.jki.bund.de
Substitution / reduction of copper
in plant protection
Research approaches
Results from national and international projects,
e.g.
http://ag.arizona.edu/ento/faculty/stock/images/
Slide2.jpg
Photo: S. Doltsinis, NAGREF
www.wisegeek.com
EU-funded project: Innovative strategies for copper-free
low input and organic farming systems
Acronym: CO-FREE
www.jki.bund.de
Basic data CO-FREE
Start / duration of project: January 2012 / 54 months
Coordinator:
JKI Darmstadt / Braunschweig
Deputy-coordinator:
Switzerland
Research Institute of OrganicAgriculture(FiBL),
Number of partner:
20: companies, fieldstations, researchinstitutes
Numbercountries: 10
Budget:
3 Mio Euro
www.jki.bund.de
Partner in CO-FREE
Benef.
Acronym
JKI
Benef.
Type
Res
Forschungsinstitut für Biologischen Landbau Stiftung
FiBL
Res
Switzerland
3
Fondazione Edmund Mach
FEM
Res
Italy
4
Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek
DLO
Res
The Netherlands
5
Benaki Phytopathological Institute
BPI
Res
Greece
6
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique
INRA
Res
France
7
Instytut Ochrony Roslin – Panstowowy Instytut Badawczy
IPP
Res
Poland
8
Institut Technique de l'Agriculture Biologique
ITAB
Res
France
9
Centro di Sperimentazione Agraria e Forestale Laimburg
Azenda
LAI
Res
Italy
10
Louis Bolk Instituut
LBI
Res
The Netherlands
11
Universität Kassel
UKA
Res
Germany
12
ORC
SME
Great Britain
13
Progressive Farming Trust Ltd T/A The Organic Research
Centre
AkiNao UPVD
AKI
SME
France
14
Agro-Levures et Dérivés SAS
ALD
SME
France
15
Bio Fruit Advies BV
SME
The Netherlands
16
Ceradis BV
BIFA
CER
SME
The Netherlands
17
FytoFend SA
FYTO
SME
Belgium
18
BioAtlantis Ltd
BioAt
SME
Ireland
19
Trifolio-M GmbH
TRIF
SME
Germany
20
E-nema Gesellschaft für Biotechnologie und Biologischen
und Biologischen Pflanzenschutz mbH
ENE
SME
Germany
Benef.Number°
Beneficiary name
1 (coordinator)
Julius Kühn-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für
Kulturpflanzen
2
Country
Germany
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Structure of CO-FREE
Alternative
compounds /
BCAs
Decision support
systems
Varieties /
Breeding goals
Cropping
systems
Development of strategies for copper-free production
www.jki.bund.de
Host / pathogen systems
in CO-FREE
apple / Venturia inaequalis
Grape / Plasmopara viticola
tomato and potato / Phytophthora infestans
www.jki.bund.de
Structure of CO-FREE
Alternative
compounds /
BCAs
Decision support
systems
Varieties /
Breeding goals
Cropping
systems
Socioeconomic
and
ecological
impact
Consumer
acceptance
Development of strategies for copper-free production
apple
Venturia inaequalis
grape
Plasmopara viticola
tomato and potato
Phytophthora infestans
Dissemination
www.jki.bund.de
Alternative compounds
Alternative
compounds /
BCAs
Decision support
systems
Varieties /
Breeding goals
Cropping
systems
www.jki.bund.de
Alternative compounds
Alternative
compounds /
BCAs
Decision support
systems
Control agents
Varieties /
Breeding goals
Cropping
systems
Research aspects
Microbial origin
Trichoderma atroviride SC1and protein extract
SCNB

Development of stable formulations
for improvement of efficacy under
field conditions

Optimization / scale-up of production

Extended elucidation of the mode(s)
of action
Aneurinibacillus migulanus and Xenorhabdus
bovienii

Characterization of chemical active
components
Plant origin

Identification of key components and
interactions / synergies between
active compounds

Improvement of application timing
Yeast-based derivatives
Cladosporium cladosporioides H39
Oligosaccharidic complex COS-OGA
Sage extract
Liquorice extract
PLEX
Seaweed extract
www.jki.bund.de
Alternative compounds
Fieldtrials
Resultsfromfieldtrialswith CO-FREE test products (CTPs) as
stand-alonetreatment 2012/2013
www.jki.bund.de
Small scale field trial grape
Greece 2013 (BPI)
% bunch area infected with Plasmoparaviticolaper vine (cv. `Chardonnay´)
Days after first application
49*
57 **
84 *
BBCH Crop
75-77
77-79
81
Part rated
Bunches
Bunches
Bunches
7
7
7
Disease severity
Disease severity
Disease severity
Sample Size
Assessment Type
Transformation
-
Treatment
Control
9,44 a
27,33 a
41,32 a
Ref
1,82 c
4,51 c
7,47 c
COFREE6715A
10,01 a
19,92 ab
28,83 b
COFREE24
5,92b
12,76 b
29,11 ab
F prob. treatments
0.031
<0.001
<0.001
• Mean differences were separated using Tukey’s (P=0,05) multiple comparison test * and Mann-Whitney test **
• Means were back-transformed
One-Way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test
www.jki.bund.de
Small scale field trial grape
Greece 2013 (BPI)
Area Under Disease Progress Curve Plasmoparaviticolaper
(cv. `Chardonnay´)
AUDPC (% bunch area infected)
p < 0.001
* DR: Disease Reduction
1600
a
AUDPC (%-days)
1400
DR=26%
1200
ab
1000
DR=40%
b
1106,9
800
600
DR=82%
400
c
812,9
660,6
200
193,4
0
Control
Ref
COFREE6715A
COFREE24
www.jki.bund.de
Large scale field trial grape
Greece 2013 (BPI)
Number of lesions of Plasmoparaviticolaper grape leaf (cv. `Cabernet Sauvignon´)
49 days after first treatment
www.jki.bund.de
Large scale field trial potato
Germany 2012 (JKI)
Disease severity of Phytophthorainfestanson potato leaves (cv. `Ditta´)
100
03.08.12
BBCH 91-95
90
31.07.12
BBCH 79
70
[%] (James)
diseased leaf area
80
06.08.12
BBCH 91-95
27.07.12
BBCH 79
60
UK Control
Cuprozin fl.
50
Standard deviation
31.07.12
UK = 17,53
Cuprozin fl. = 23,68
COFREE24 = 20,69
COFREE25 = 16,28
24.07.12
BBCH 75
40
30
ALD1901
COFREE24
COFREE25
Algacan
Plus
20
17.07.12
10
0
17.07.
24.07.
27.07.
31.07.
03.08.
06.08.
www.jki.bund.de
Large scale field trial potato
Germany 2012 (JKI)
Yield of potato (cv. `Ditta´)
500
dt/ha
+ 64,8 dt/ha
435
400
+ 35,4 dt/ha
+ 36,2 dt/ha
406
407
COFREE24
COFREE25
370
300
200
100
0
untreated
control
Cuprozin fl.
Data statistically not significantly different
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Alternative compounds
Alternative
compounds /
BCAs
Decision support
systems
Varieties /
Breeding goals
Cropping
systems
-Promising results by use of CO-FREE test products (CTPs) as
stand-alonetreatments, despite of extreme and diverse weather conditions
- Postitive side-effect on beneficial organisms, yield, quality etc.
- Further optimization in progress for rain-fastness and UV-stability of CTPs
- In 2014 / 2015 testing of strategies with combinations of CTPs and management tools
www.jki.bund.de
Management tools
Alternative
compounds /
BCAs
Management
tools
Decision support
systems
Varieties /
Breeding goals
Cropping
systems
Research aspects
Decision Support • Validation in susceptible and tolerant varieties
System (DSS) in • Optimization for alternative agents
grape (RIMpro)
• DSS for secondary diseases
Decision Support
System (DSS) in • Integration of canopy growth model
potato
• Optimization for alternative agents
(ÖkoSIMPHYT)
www.jki.bund.de
Management tools
Alternative
compounds /
BCAs
Decision support
systems
Management tools
Cultivar ideotypes
(example potato)
Consumer
acceptance of new
varieties
Varieties /
Breeding goals
Cropping
systems
Research aspects
• Conceptual frame of ideotype design and validation
• Performance and acceptability of ideotype packages
• Strategies to foster supply chain and consumer
acceptance (example potato)
• Proposals for adaptation to apple, grapevine and
vegetable crops
www.jki.bund.de
Consumer acceptance of new
varieties
It appears that for some
reasons consumer acceptance
for new varieties has to be
improved!
www.jki.bund.de
Potato ideotypes (INRA)
Conceptual frame of ideotypes
Ideal combination of traits to associatewithin a cultivar
Depends on
- Production objectives
- Production situation
• Input use
• Climatic conditions
• Pathogen complexes
www.jki.bund.de
Potato ideotypes (INRA)
Designing “copper-free” organic potato ideotypes for contrasting conditions
Designingideotypesbased on
- Former results
- Ownquestionnaire
www.jki.bund.de
Potato ideotypes (INRA)
Ownquestionnaire: Meanimportance of pests and diseasesfororganic and
lowinputpotatoproduction in northern Europe
Scores are means of six independent expert answers from four countries
www.jki.bund.de
Potato ideotypes (INRA)
Ownquestionnaire: Meanimportance of abiotic stress factorsfororganic and
lowinputpotatoproduction in northern Europe
Scores are means of six independent expert answers from four countries
www.jki.bund.de
Potato ideotypes (INRA)
Designing “copper-free” organic potato ideotypes for contrasting conditions
Different traits important for oceanic vs. continental climates (virus
resistance, insect resistance, growth habits)
- They mainly concern copper non-relevant characteristics
Late blight resistance is of major importance in all production systems
- Fragility and low durability of late blight resistance
Resistant cultivars to be used in integrated systems
- DSS-guided applications of alternative control products
- Nutrition (mainly nitrogen) management
- General prophylactic measures ( healthy, vigorous seed;
general farm hygiene, including volunteer management)
www.jki.bund.de
Potato ideotypes (INRA)
Next steps in CO-FREE
Compare the current strategies (with copper) against a CO-FREE strategy
across four sites in Europe
CO-FREE strategy includes
- Resistant cultivars
- Use of plant resistance inducers and/or biocontrol products
- Crop husbandry (N supply, pre-sprouting of certified seed …)
Trial sites in France (INRA), Germany (JKI, UKA) and Poland (IPP)
www.jki.bund.de
Management tools
Alternative
compounds /
BCAs
Decision support
systems
Varieties /
Breeding goals
Cropping
systems
• Traditional high yield
• Advanced high productivity
• Highly diversified low input
• Agroforestry
Photo: ORC
www.jki.bund.de
Agroforestry (ORC)
Concept of agroforestry
Integration of trees and agriculture into a single system aiming at
- Positive ecological and economic interactions
- Enhanced productivity compared to monocultures due to complementarity
of resource use
Agroforestry systems
- Silvopastoral: trees and livestock
- Silvoarable: trees (fruit, timber, nuts etc.) and arable or horticultural crops
www.jki.bund.de
Agroforestry (ORC)
Concept of agroforestry
- Lower densities of trees favour increased air circulation
 Reduced severity of scab by reducing leaf wetness duration
- Regular cultivations within the crop alleys incorporate leaf litter into the soil
 Reduced risk of re-inoculation in spring from overwintered scabbed leaves
www.jki.bund.de
Agroforestry (ORC)
Concept of agroforestry
- Greater distance between tree rows with crops in the adjoining alleys
 Likely to reduce spread of pathogens
www.jki.bund.de
Agroforestry (ORC)
Concept of agroforestry
- Greater distance between tree rows with crops in the adjoining alleys
 Likely to reduce spread of pathogens
Future Pathogenympics in Agroforestry
endangeoured: athlets gave up due to
extreme spacings in long distance hopping
www.jki.bund.de
Wakelyns agroforestry (ORC)
Cases study on apple / Venturiainaequalis
Wakelyns Agroforestry
•
•
•
•
•
•
~ 2ha system
21 varieties of apple; 38 trees
7 timber species
12m crop alleys
Planted 1994
Unsprayed
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Organic reference orchard
(ORC)
Cases study on apple / Venturiainaequalis
Clarkes Lane Orchard (CLO)
•
•
•
•
•
•
0.2 ha organic orchard
Planted 2004
19 varieties of apples
M9 rootstock (dwarfing)
3m between rows, 1.5m
between trees within row
Unsprayed
www.jki.bund.de
Agroforestry trials (ORC)
Mean scab incidence per plot in agroforestry (WAF) and orchard (CLO) sites
www.jki.bund.de
Agroforestry trials (ORC)
Total apple yields (t/ha) from agroforestry (WAF) and orchard (CLO) sites (2012)
NB. Apple trees account for 2.5% of land area in the agroforestry system
Scale up to 100% apples (i.e. x 40): Class I and II = 15.7 t/ha
Standard figures = 14t/ha (OFMH, Lampkin et al 2011)
www.jki.bund.de
CO-FREE webpage
www.co-free.eu
Download of Newsletter
Subscription to Newsletter
www.jki.bund.de
Thank you!
Group photo at the start-up meeting in Darmstadt, January 2012
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