HISTORY OF PHYTOSANITARY IRRADIATION Peter Follett & Laura Jeffers USDA ARS Hilo, Hawaii USDA APHIS PPQ CPHST Raleigh, NC Overview Broadly effective against insects APHIS requires doses between 60-400 Gy Good product tolerance FDA limit of 1000 Gy (1 kGy) Irradiated products must carry ‘radura’ Treatment response is sterility or prevention of development to adult “Live” but non-viable insects remain after treatment There are three approved sources for phytosanitary radiation treatments: Ionizing Radiation • Gamma: Cobalt 60 or Cesium 137 emits photons during decay • E-beam: High energy electrons propelled (particle beam) from an electron gun • X-ray: High energy electrons are converted to X-rays (photons) The Technology Ice making machine 1800 Steamships 1820 Transcontinental railway 1840 1860 X-rays and Radioactivity 1880 Oceanliners 1900 First refrigerated meat shipment THE RISE OF TECHNOLOGY Technology >>Research>>Regulations>>Commercial Commercial use of phytosanitary irradiation National Food Irradiation Program 1st cobalt irradiators 1st x-ray device for treatment of insects 1900 1903 - x-ray tube invented 1920 Commercial flights 1940 1960 E-beam/xray first use 1980 1st commercial cobalt irradiator 2000 1st commercial e-beam/x-ray facility IRRADIATION TECHNOLOGY Technology >>Research>>Regulations>>Commercial Hawaii quarantines Export (protect US) 1912 – Medfly hosts Bananas , pineapples allowed with inspection 1914 – sugarcane 1918 – sweet potatoes 1918 – banana plants, cottonseed Import (protect Hawaii) 1888 – coffee plants 1921 – Papaya, avocado, sugarcane Treatments 1938 – cold and heat treatments for Medfly Papayas, avocado and tomatoes 1940 – Methyl bromide 1st Successful Test of Irradiation for Pest Control 1916 Runner, G. A. “Effect of Roentgen Rays on the tobacco, or cigarette beetle and the results of experiments with a new form of Roentgen tube” Earlier tests unsuccessful X-ray treatment not effective against tent caterpillar and tussock moth 1st U.S. Patent for a Device Producing Radiation to Control Insects 1918 “Apparatus for preserving organic materials by use of xrays” D.C. Gillett 1st Commercial use of Irradiation for Pest Control 1929 - American Tobacco Co., Tampa Florida X-ray machine to treat boxes of cigars Stored products irradiation 1963 – US FDA approves irradiation for wheat and flour disinfestation 1965 – Grain Products Irradiator at USDA entomological Research Center (Savannah, GA) 1967 – Hawaii Milling Co. treats 100,000 lbs wheat flour for Defense Supply Agency at Hawaii Development Irradiator 1983 – Commercial e-beam of grain in Odessa Ukraine – 400,000 tonnes/yr at 200 Gy for disinfestation Hawaii Development Irradiator - 1967 1st pilot scale irradiator for a fresh commodity. Semi-commercial for treatment of papaya. Labyrinth style, 200,000 curies cobalt, potential throughput of 25 million lbs. Papaya and flour test shipments. Food irradiation research 1950 – Food irradiation programs initiated in USA, UK, Belgium, Canada, France Netherlands, Poland and Soviet Union. 1955-65 – US Army – wholesomeness 21 foods 1960 – US Atomic Energy Agency food irradiation program. Papayas, strawberries, and finfish 1970 – International Project in the Field of Food Irradiation (IAEA, Vienna) – 24 countries 1980 – Joint FAO/IAEA/WHO Expert Committee on the wholesomeness of Irradiated Food – safe <10 kGy – no toxicological testing needed Phytosanitary irradiation 1930 – Koidsumi suggested irradiation for fruit flies 1949 – Research in Hawaii on fruit flies and mango weevil: 150-200 Gy , 3-4 days more shelf life 1967 – Hawaii Development Irradiator – 1st pilot 1986 – US FDA approves irradiation of fruits and vegetables for insect disinfestation. Labeling required. 1 k Gy limit. 1989 – USDA APHIS approval of Hawaii papaya. 1st rule - phytosanitary irradiation treatment (150 Gy for fruit flies). Major implications: safe, pest complex, “live” pests Phytosanitary irradiation 1992 – Food Technology Services opens, Mulberry, FL 1995 – Hawaii produce exported with special permit (until 2000) 1996 – USDA APHIS – phytosanitary irradiation against fruit flies on any horticultural commodity 2000 – Hawaii Pride LLC opens in Hawaii 2004 – Australian mangos to New Zealand 2006 - USDA APHIS – Generic doses approved 2002 2007-present – International use of phytosanitary irradiation to export fruit to the United States Generic radiation treatments ICGFI – 150 Gy for fruit flies, 300 Gy for others 2000 – Hawaii fruit pests – 250-400 Gy 2004 – Hawaii sweet potato – “toughest insect” concept 2004 – Australia/NZ generic doses for fruit 2006 – USDA APHIS publishes generic doses 150 Gy fruit flies 400 Gy other insects IAEA – coordinated research projects (latest 2014) Florida Milestones 1920s – American Tobacco Co. 1980s – Caribbean fruit fly research 1986 - Laurenzo’s sells mangos – 1st import of irradiated fruit (from Puerto Rico) 1st sale of irradiated fruit Florida Milestones 1992 – Food Technology Services Inc. – modest volumes guava All crops (72) Caribbean fruit fly treatment for CDFA (70 Gy) 2000s – Other insect research FTSI Hawaii Milestones ARS Honolulu Lab Irradiator 1912 – Medfly quarantine on fruit hosts to U.S. 1949 - USDA ARS initiates irradiation research 1956-73 – 1st probit 9 fruit fly research (Balock, Burditt, Seo) 1967 – Hawaii Development Irradiator Seo 1970 Hawaii Milestones 1986 – Bruhn & Noell, papaya acceptance 1989 – Hawaii papaya approved (APHIS) 1995 – Pilot project by HDOA (Lyle Wong) 2000 – Hawaii Pride opens – 1st commercial irradiator HDOA Pilot Project Total >200 Shipments, Distributed in 16 states Hawaii – two commercial irradiators Hawaii Pride • E-beam/X-ray source • Started 2000 • Designed for fresh produce • Low DUR = 1.5 Pa’ina Hawaii • Genesis irradiator (2012) • Cobalt source • Designed for fresh produce • Low DUR = 2.0 Australia Milestones 1965 - Research on Queensland fruit fly 2004 – New Zealand market access Steritech (Brisbane) irradiating 1,000 tonnes/year mangos First mango exports to NZ Labeling 1965 – USDA issued regulation, “Processed by Ionizing Radiation” 1984 – FDA proposed rule proposed elimination of labeling** 1986 – Final rule required labeling 1999 – FDA asked for public feedback on labeling** 2006 – Change to labeling proposed by FDA again – many comments again** 1 kGy limit FDA – Pauli and Takeguchi (1986) Toxicological rationale – negligible risk and too hard to measure Many fruits and vegetables show damage above 1 kGy Raise limit to 1.5 kGy… Deja vu 1918 – D.C. Gillette 2014 – In-line x-ray American Tobacco Co. Sweet cherry industry 1980 Mobile Cobalt-60 Irradiator (Canada) National Food Irradiation Program 1953-1980 U.S. Army and Atomic Energy Agency sponsor projects Research irradiators installed at Identified 5 best: papaya, finfish, strawberries, USDA Grain lab – start stored insect research Hawaii Development Irradiator - papaya
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