Download / Overview of women status in science

Overview of women status in science
Executive summary: Overview of today's
today s global situation
Over the 14 countries analyzed worldwide, 2 distinct groups emerge regarding women's status in science
• "Women in Science advanced countries" (France, UK, Spain, Germany, US, Japan, China) with a high level of schooling and a
fair integration of women into society in general and more specifically into the scientific world
• "Women in Science emerging countries" (Brazil, Argentina, India, Indonesia, Morocco, Egypt, South Africa) with a low level of
schooling and a weak integration of women outside of the domestic sphere
In these countries over the past decade
decade, share of women among science researchers has improved by 12% (+3pt
(+3pt, from 26%
to 29%) but gender parity is still far from being reached
•
A first representation gap of women in science arises as early as Bachelor level (32%) and continues throughout the scientific
career (11% of women in top academic positions)
•
Moreover a second representation gap occurs across all academic levels: women choose primarily health-related scientific
Moreover,
studies vs. engineering and general science
Overall today, a girl graduating from high school has in average a 35% probability to enroll in a scientific Bachelor, a 18%
probability
p
y to graduate
g
Bachelor,, a 8% probability
p
y to graduate
g
Master and a 2% probability
p
y to be a science Doctor
• Those probabilities are respectively 77%, 37%, 19% and 6% for a boy
Reaching gender parity would enable an additional pool of 300k women to graduate as science Doctors each year
•
Which means a pool of +3M potential female researcher within ~15
15 to 20 years
1
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Given low level of maturity of second group, immediate launch of a science focused schooling initiative only valuable for
"Women in Science advanced countries", therefore being the focus of our study
Over the 14 countries analyzed worldwide, 2 distinct groups
emerge regarding women's
women s status in science
Women in science advanced countries
Literacy
rate
99%
Gender Share of women
inequality
among
1
index
researchers
0.106
Literacy
rate
26%
France
Gender
Share of pop.
inequality attending at most
index1
primary school
90%
0.449
45%
98%
0.372
68%
88%
0.490
N/A
70%
0 510
0.510
68%
66%
N/A
61%
74%
0.617
61%
92%
0 505
0.505
52%
Brazil
99%
0.085
25%
Germany
0.117
38%
Spain
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A
Argentina
ti
99%
South Africa
99%
0 209
0.209
38%
UK
Morocco
99%
0.299
35%
US
Egypt
99%
0.123
14%
Japan
India
96%
China
Women in science emerging countries
0 209
0.209
25%
Indonesia
1. UNDP index capturing the loss of achievement due to gender inequality using three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation
2010 data
Source: Human development report 2011, wikipedia, census, Education at a glance 2011, Population projected by level of education for Egypt
2
End of the 1990's
Beginning of 2010's
26% women
among
researchers
29% women
among
researchers
+3 points
(12%)
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Over the past decade, +12% in share of women among
science researchers but parity still far from being reached
N d tto ttackle
Need
kl the
th issue
i
by
b identifying
id tif i
its
it roott cause
Source: Eurostat, UNESCO 1999 and 2009 data, DDG research, BCG analysis
3
First representation gap of women in science arises as early as
Bachelor level and continues throughout the scientific career
1
2
Middle school
3
High school
4
University
Researcher
career1
5
Top academic 2
achievement
Bachelor Masters Doctorate
Career
achievement
Nobel prize
97%
68%
70%
75%
71%
25%
29%
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89%
51%
=
49%
32%
Gap
initiation
30%
11%
3%
1. Are considered as researcher professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods and sciences and also the management of the project
concerned; management being also included in researcher oversized data especially for China 2. Data only available for EU-27
BCG analysis, China targets 10 major universities not entire country
Source: UNESCO, national statistic bureau, China confidential BCG study, BCG analysis
4
1
Similar scientific performances for boys and girls aged 15
Science performances
More girls average
performers
f
100
49
50
53
59
50
22 21
9
20 16
US
Level 2/3
Level 4
19 18
8
7
0
Level 0/1
More girls average
performers
f
100
55
21 17
Level 5/ 6
Level 0/1
100
Level 2/3
49 50
50
40
Level 5/ 6
48
25 27
13 11
29 30
13 11
Japan
0
Level 0/1
Level 2/3
Level 4
Level 5/ 6
9
8
21
15
0
Level 0/1
100
Level 2/3
Level 4
33 36
34 37
Level 2/3
Level 4
Level 5/ 6
100
49 53
50
50
25 21
14 16
UK
Level 4
100
50
Germany
7
0
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France
Science performances
13 10
0
Shanghai
g
3
29 25
2
0
Level 0/1
Level 2/3
Level 4
Level 5/6
Level 0/1
Level 5/ 6
100
57
63
50
21 18
16 16
Spain
6
4
0
Source: PISA 2012
Level 0/1
Level 2/3
Level 4
Level 5/ 6
5
3
4
After high school, regular drop-off of women, from first
specialization at Bachelor level to top academic position
High school
University
Bachelor
France
46%
37%
43%
36%
26%
Germany
51%
36%
N/A
34%
25%
Spain
p
50%
46%
48%
56%
38%
1
49%
50%
N/A
44%
38%
USA
50%
50%
46%
41%
35%
Japan
J
51%
23%
14%
24%
14%
China
46%
28%
28%
18%
25%
Data 2010
Share of women
1
UK
University
Master
1. First specialization occurs in high school 2. Gap occurs when loss >5 points or share becomes <40%
Data France, UK, Japan 2011, data China 2012
Source: INSEE, local ministries of Education, Eurostat, Destatis, UNESCO, China confidential BCG study, BCG analysis
University
Doctorate
Researcher
career
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2
Moment when
gap2 occurs
6
5
Resulting in only 11% women among top academic positions
European scope
Vertical segregation
g g
towards women present
p
across all academic fields...
100
2006: Proportion of men and women in
typical academic career EU-27
...particularly
p
y marked in science and engineering
g
g
fields with a faster pace of improvement
2006: Proportion of men and women in typical academic
career in science and engineering EU-27
100
81
80
89
80
78
64
55
56
45
44
36
40
60
64
40
36
67
33
22
19
20
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60
20
11
0
PhD.
Academic
staff
grade C
Academic Academic
staff
staff
grade B grade A
Women 2006
0
PhD.
Academic
staff
grade C
Academic Academic
staff
staff
grade B grade A
Men 2006
Source: UNESCO
7
Unequal representation of women on boards of main scientific
institutions
%
Share of women on boards of main scientific institutions
100
80
60
40
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5
34 %
29 %
28 %
27 %
20 %
20
17 %
6%
0
Spain
France
UK
US
Germany
China
Japan
Note: Total number of board members and scientific institution varies considerably between countries
Source: BCG analysis
8
Dramatic under representation among science Nobel Prize
winners: ~3.5%
3.5% of Nobel prizes awarded to women
5 Nobel prizes awarded to women out of 132 (~3.5%)
Nb of Nobel
prizes awarded1
1998-2013: Nobel prizes awarded by gender
15
Medicine:
L. Buck (USA)
Medicine:
E. Blackburn (Australia)
C. Greider (US)
Medicine:
F. Barré Sinoussi
(France)
10
Chimie:
Ada Yonath (Israël)
1
1
12
3
11
5
9
9
7
7
03
04
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5
8
10
9
8
6
7
6
8
6
4
0
98
99
00
Women
Men
01
02
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
Women scientists who
received the award of the
L'Oréal Foundation
1. Including Fields Medall awarded every 4 years
Source: nobelprize.org
9
Second representation gap occurs across all academic levels:
women choose primarily health-related
health related scientific studies
Healthcare studies
1st year bachelor
General science studies
1st year bachelor
Engineering studies
1st year bachelor
1999-2009 trend
1999-2009 trend
1999-2009 trend
100
100
100
~20 %
80
80
80
60
60
60
40
40
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~30 %
~60 %
40
~80 %
~70 %
20
~40 %
0
Women
20
20
0
0
Men
Note: Healthcare studies include med school, pharmaceutical school, nurse and mid-wife, physiotherapist; general science study include physics, chemistry, mathematical, computing science;
engineering study include manufacturing, construction, general engineering
Source: Eurostat, China confidential BCG study, BCG analysis
10
Among the (few) Nobel prizes awarded to women, 80%
were in medicine
1998-2013: Split of Nobel prizes per field and per gender
4 out of 5 Nobel prizes
awarded to women
were in medicine 80%
50
42
39
40
37
1
4
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30
42
20
36
35
14
10
14
0
Medicine
Women
Chemistry
Physics
Mathematics
(médaille Fields) 2
Men
1. Including Fields Medal 2. Fields Medal awarded every 4 years
Source: nobelprize.org
11
Today, a girl graduating from high school has in average a 2%
probability to be a science Doctor vs. 6% for a boy
2%
8%
35%
Entering scientific
B h l
Bachelor
Graduating from
scientific Bachelor
Graduating from
scientific Master
Graduating from
scientific Doctorate
6%
19%
37%
77%
Entering scientific
Bachelor
Graduating from
scientific Bachelor
Graduating from
scientific Master
Graduating from
scientific Doctorate
Source: UNESCO, national statistic bureau, China confidential BCG study, BCG analysis
12
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18%
Reaching gender parity would enable an additional pool of
300k women to graduate as science Doctors each year
+300 000 women Doctorates if parity was achieved today at all levels
~15-20 years from now
2010 Share of women at each step of scientific career
%
50
+3.2m
+3
2
Bachelors
enrolled
40
+1.6m
+1
6
Bachelor
graduates
+0.9m
Masters
30
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+0.3m
Doctorates
+3 million
potential
researchers
7,602
20
2 909
2,909
1 455
1,455
679
166
10
0
0
20
40
High school
Size of cohort in
thousand
60
Bachelor
enrollement
Sh
Share
off women
80
100
Bachelor
Graduate
Doctorate
Graduate
Master
Graduate
G
Note: If gender parity is reach total size of cohort increases
Source: INSEE, local ministries of Education, Eurostat, Destatis, BCG analysis
13
Contacts
Laurent Acharian
• Marketing & Communications Director
• Tel. +33 1 40 17 15 74
• [email protected]
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Myriam Gasnier
• Marketing Coordinator
• Tel. + 33 1 40 17 11 86
• [email protected]
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