1 NCC CADET HANDBOOK NAVY SPECIALISED SUBJECT JD/ JW 2 Section - 1 Section - 2 Section - 3 Section - 4 Section - 5 Section - 6 Section - 7 Section - 8 Section - 9 Section - 10 Section - 1 Section - 2 Section - 3 Section - 4 Section - 5 Section - 6 Section - 7 Section - 8 Section - 9 Section - 1 Section - 2 Section - 3 Section - 4 Section - 1 Section - 2 Section - 3 Section - 1 Section - 2 Section - 3 INDEX CHAPTER-I NAVAL ORIENTATION History of The Indian Navy Organisation of IN -NHQ, Commands & Ships Main Parts of a Ship Types of Warship & Role Indo Pak War Organisation on board a Ship Rank structure & Badges – Sailors Rank structure & Badges – Officer & Equivalent Mode of entry into Indian Navy Survival & Rescue CHAPTER-II SEAMANSHIP Rigging – Types of Ropes Rigging – Bends & Hitches Fundamental of Steering Parts of Sail and types of Sails Parts of Whaler and Pulling orders Parts of Cadets Class Dinghy Anchor and Cables Heaving Line Bosun’s Call CHAPTER-III NAVAL COMMUNICATION Introduction to Naval Communication Semaphore Introduction to Radio Telephony Procedure Phonetic Alphabets CHAPTER-IV NAVIGATION Navigational Charts Chart Marking Map reading and NAV aids CHAPTER-V SHIP MODELLING Principles of Ship Modelling Reading of a Ship Drawing of a model Practical Training Period Pg No 2 3 3-5 6 -12 4 4 2 2 2 2 1 2 13 -15 16 - 19 20 - 22 23 - 25 26 - 27 28 - 29 30 - 41 42 - 45 5 5 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 47 - 49 50 – 51 52 – 53 54 - 55 56 - 57 58 – 59 60 – 62 63 – 64 65 - 66 1 4 2 1 68 - 69 70 - 71 72 - 73 74 - 75 2 1 3 77 - 78 79 - 81 82 - 84 1 1 6 86 - 88 89 - 90 91- 91 3 CHAPTER-I NAVAL ORIENTATION 4 SECTION- 1 (JD/JW) HISTORY OF THE INDIAN NAVY Period - 02 Type - LEC Term - 1 Revised by - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Training Aids 1. Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Pointer & Projector Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 min (b) Early History - 15 min (c) Indo Pak - 15 min (d) Present Status - 05 min ------------40 mins ------------- 3. Introduction. On 26 January 1950 when India became a Republic, the Royal Indian Navy was re-designated and the new Indian Naval Ensign (Naval Flag) was adopted on this date. The Indian National flag had earlier taken the place of Union Jack on 15th Aug 1947. Soon after independence the first cruiser INS Delhi and 03 ‘R’ class destroyers Rajput, Ranjit & Rana joined the Indian Navy. In late 50’s the second cruiser INS Mysore & 02 Frigate INS Trishul & Talwar were acquired, this was followed by the acquisitions of the anti Submarine Frigates INS Khukri, Kuthar, Kirpan & Anti Air Craft Frigates Brahmaputra, Beas & Betwa. With the joining of these ships the Indian Naval Flotilla was constituted into a Fleet. The Air Craft carrier INS Vikrant was commissioned in February 61. This added an Integral Air Defence & strike capability to our Fleet. 5 4. Goa Operation. Indian Naval Ships were deployed for action for the first time in the liberation of Goa in Dec 1961. In the encounter that took place off Goa. Portuguese warship Albuquerque was disabled, after which the Indian Navy established its command of the Sea off Goa and was able to enforce a blockade of this port there by denying the Portuguese of any further assistance from the Sea. 5. In the mid 60’s the only addition to the Indian Navy was an oil tanker acquired from West Germany. With the addition of this oil tanker the range of the Fleet increased as also its capacity and endurance at Sea. 6. Indo- Pak War. With the change in the Geo political situation in the Indian Ocean there was a need for faster and more sophisticated ships to meet the maritime defence needs of the Indian Navy. The result was the acquisition of ships, missile boats and submarines in the late 60’s and early 70’s with systematic and sustained growth, proper training and courage and initiative in battle, it was possible for the Indian Navy to give a good account of itself both in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea in the 1971 conflict with Pakistan for the liberations of Bangladesh. 7. Post 1971. After the 1971 war, the Navy has been acquiring more ships and Aircraft to enable to discharge its responsibility effectively. It acquired an Aircraft Carrier from Britain which was christened as INS Viraat and two more ‘R’ class ships Ranvir & Ranvijay. The Indian Navy has also became self sufficient in building of frigate of Leander Class and Godavari Classes, Corvette of Khukri Class, Missile boats of Nishank Class, Submarine of Shalki class which were built indigenously and Helicopters of ‘Chetak’ class. We have increased our warship building capabilities phenomenally, the recent production of Destroyers INS Delhi, Mumbai & Mysore proves this. The Indian Navy recently commissioned the latest of Delhi class Destroyers INS Mysore which was built indigenously in the Mazagaon Dock in Mumbai. The Navy also acquired sophisticated vertical/ slant take off and landing(VSTOL)’Sea Harrier’ Aircraft from Britain which can take from a small deck of ships and maritime reconnaissance and anti 6 submarine role Aircraft TU142 from Russia which increased the capacity of our Navy by leafs and bounds making it a world class Navy. 8. Present Status. Modernisation is a constant process. Indian Navy is in the process of acquiring Air Craft Carrier from Russia, Admiral Gorshkhov named INS Vikramaditya along with MIG 29K. It also acquired a LPD, INS Jalashwa from USA. It has indigenously built stealth Frigates in its service. 9. Post -Indo Pak war 1971, Navy has been engaged in various operations like Pawan, Cactus, TASHA, etc. besides providing humanitarian assistance during Tsunami etc. During Kargil war, though no naval action took place, Navy embarked upon OP Talwar and brought all its force to bear upon Arabian Sea prompting Pakistan to desist from further misadventure. Presently it is active in Anti-Piracy ops off Somalia as part of UN ops. 10. Conclusion. Indian Navy has come a long way since ore Independence. Starting with a small no of ships at the time of Independence, it has grown over the years both in terms of number and quality of platforms in order to become a 3 dimensional Navy. It has acquitted itself with glory whenever called up to meet national interest both during war and peace. Note. The lecture needs to be supplemented by pictures/ movies clips for better assimilation by cadets. 7 SECTION - 2 (JD/JW) ORGANISATION OF IN-NHQ, COMMANDS & SHIPS Period - 03 Type - LEC Term - 1 Revised by - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Training Aids 1. Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Pointer & Projector Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 min (b) Organisation of NHQ - 15 min (c) Organisation of Commands, Fleet & Shore establishments - 15 min (d) Conclusion - 05 min ------------40 mins ------------- 3. Introduction. The Indian Navy is organized to meet its charter of duties as an important component of the Armed Forces of our country. The aim of the organization is for effective administrative control and functional operational efficiency from apex HQ to unit level. 8 4. ORGANISATION OF NHQ /IHQ MOD (NAVY) CNS VCNS DCNS WNC COP ENC SNC (Training Command) 5. COM CINCAN (Unified Command) The NHQ stands for Naval Head Quarters. It is located at New Delhi and is over all responsible for smooth functioning of the Navy. The Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) controls the functioning of the Navy from NHQ and is assisted by his Principal Staff Officer (PSO’s). The CNS is assisted by four PSO’s namely VCNS, DCNS, COP and COM. (a) Vice Chief of Naval Staff (VCNS). The VCNS is the head of the Staff Branch - I. He is responsible for planning, programming and all administrative services. He officiates as CNS in his absence. (b) Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (DCNS). The DCNS is the head of Staff Branch – II. He is responsible for Operation, Intelligence, Communications, Submarine and Naval Aviation. (c) Chief of Personnel (COP). The COP controls the manning requirement of the Navy. He is responsible for recruitment, training, welfare and discipline of naval personnel. 9 (d) Chief of Material (COM). The Chief of Material is responsible for providing maintenance and assistance to the ships of the Indian Navy. He is also responsible for design, construction and maintenance of ship’s and craft including Engineering, Electrical and Weapon aspects. 6. Commands. The Indian Navy is divided into four commands for administrative and operational purpose. Typical Organisation of a Command is:C-in-C CSO (OPS) SL. COMMAND CSO(TRG) HEADED CSO (TECH) CSO(P&A) HQ Remarks NO 1 Western Naval FOCINC(W) Mumbai Command (WNC) 1. Commanded by Vice Admiral designated as .the FOC- in-C West. 2. It is an operational command and responsible for is naval operation on the western coast of India. 2. Eastern Naval FOCINC(E) Command (ENC) Visakhapatnam 1. Commanded by Vice Admiral designated as .the FOC- in-C (East). 2. It is an operational command and responsible for is naval operation on the Eastern coast of India 10 3 Southern Naval FOCINC Command(SNC) Kochi (South) 1. Commanded by Vice Admiral, designated as .the FOC- in-C South. 2. It is a training command and all training establishment come under this command. 4 Unified Command A & N Is 1. Commanded by Vice Admiral designated as .the CINCAN 2. This has the operational control of all Army, Navy, Airforce, and Coast Guard components respective under component Commander. ACC, NAVCC, AFCC, CGCC. 7. Fleets. Fleet is a group of various types of warships and aircraft organized in a unit to fight a war. The IN has two Fleets:- (a) Western Fleet. It is based at Mumbai and commanded by a Rear Admiral designated as the Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet (FOCWF). (b) Eastern Fleet. It is based at Visakhapatnam and commanded by a Rear Admiral designated as the Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet (FOCEF). 8. Flotilla. Flotilla is a group of small vessels. The IN has many small warships. These warships are organized in groups called Local Flotilla. These local Flotillas are generally placed under the Command of NOIC (Naval Officer –in - Charge) 11 who is area Commander of a small area. The Biggest Local Flotilla is based in Bombay under the command of Flag Officer Maharashtra Area (FOMA). 9. Shore Establishments. Shore Establishments function under the Administrative Authority(C-in-C) serve the following function:(a) Training officers and sailors (b) Providing logistic support, berthing and allied harbor facilities to ships, such as playgrounds recreation facilities etc. 10. The location and main functions of the establishments of the Indian Navy are given below:SL. NAME PURPOSE/FUNCTION NO (a) New Delhi INS India (b) Administrative establishment of Naval Headquarters Mumbai INS Angre Administrative establishment of Western Naval Command INS Agnibahu Administrative establishment for Local Flotilla(Small Ships) INS Kunjali Provost establishment, Naval Detention Quarter(Naval Jail), School for Naval Musicians (c) INS Shikra Naval Air Station INS Trata Naval Missile Battery, INS Vjrbahu Submarine Base INHS Asvini Naval Hospital and school for Medical Assistance INS Abhimanyu Marine Commando School INS Tunir Missile storage, assembling and servicing base INS Hamla School for Logistics branch INS Abhimanyu II College of Naval Warfare Lonavala INS Shivaji Marine Engineering School, Naval Engineering College and 12 NBCD School INHS Kasturi (d) Jamnagar INS Valsura (e) Naval Hospital Training School for Electrical Branch Goa INS Mandovi College of Naval warfare INS Gomantak Support base for ships and establishments, Hydrographical School (f) INS Hansa Naval Air Station INHS Jeevanti Naval Hospital Kochi INS Vendurthuy Naval base Semanship School, Communication School, ND School, PT School, ASW School, NIETT School, Diving School. (g) (h) (i) INS Dronacharya Gunnery School, Naval Coastal Battery INS Garuda Naval Air Station, INHS Sanjivani Naval Hospital Visakhapatnam INS Circars Administrative establishment of Eastern Naval Command INS Virbhu Submarine base INS Satavahana Submarine Training School INS Kalinga Missile storage and servicing INS Kalyani Naval Hospital INS Dega Naval Air Station INS Eksila Marine Gas turbine Overhauling Centre Port Blair INS Jarawa Support base INS Utkrosh Naval Air Station INHS Dhanvantri Naval Hospital INS Kardip Naval base in Kardip (A & N Islands) Chennai 13 (j) INS Adyar Naval base INS Rajali Naval Air Station Kolkata INS Netaji Subash (k) (l) Chilka INS Chilka Sailors Basic Training School INHS Nivarini Naval Hospital Coimbatore INS Agrani (m) Leadership and Management course for sailors. Dwaraka INS Dwarka (n) Administrative support to vessels on forward Area Deployment Tirunelveli (IN) INS Kattabomman (o) (p) Naval Base Low Frequency transmission centre Karwar INS Kadamba Supporting Base INHS Pattanjali Naval Hospital Ezhimala INA Zamorin Indian Naval Academy INHS Navjivni Naval Hospital 11. Conclusion. At HQ, Command and Fleet level, the organization of Navy is aimed at providing efficient administrative and logistics support to meet the operational need of its fighting units like Ship, Air craft & Submarine. 14 SECTION -3 (JD/JW) MAIN PARTS OF A SHIP Period - 4 Type - LEC-2, PRAC-2 Term - 1 Revised by - ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Training Aids 1. Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Pointer & Projector, Ship Model Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 min (b) Hull & Terms applied to Hull - 15 min (c) Important Parts & Fittings - 15 min (d) Conclusion - 05 min = 40 mins Terms Defining Parts of the Ship:3. Hull. The main body of the ship is called hull, which is divided into three parts forward part, midship part and after part. 4. Terms Applied to the Hull. (a) Stem. The foremost part of the ship is called stem. (b) Stern. The aftermost part of the ship is called Stern. (c) Fore and Aft. Any lines which run length ways in the ship is called fore and aft line. (d) Decks. The continuous horizontal surfaces running throughout the ships are called decks. (e) Flats/ Platforms. Those horizontal surfaces which are not continuous are called flats/ platforms. 15 (f) Freeboard. The height of upper deck from waterline. (g) Draught. The depth of keel below waterline. (h) Beam. The greatest width of the hull. (j) Camber. The curve given to surface of the deck so that water will drain away to ship’s side, (k) Flare. When the ship’s side curves outwards above the waterline it is said to be flared. (l) Tumble Home. When the ship’s sides curve inwards above the waterline, it is tumble home. (m) Upper Deck. The upper deck also called weather deck is exposed to outside atmosphere. 5. 6. Important fittings (a) Mast (b) Anchor (c) Jack Staff (d) Capstan (e) Break water (f) Accommodation Ladder (g) Davits (h) Funnel (j) Guardrail (k) Doors/ Hatches Important Parts of a Ship. (a) Foxle (b) Quarter Deck (c) Flag Deck (d) Bridge (e) ASP (f) Engine Room/ MCR (g) MSB (h) MSO (j) OPS Room (k) Mess Decks 16 7. (l) Galley (m) Ward Room (n) Gang Way (p) Cat Walk (q) Sick Bay (r) Sick Bay (s) Magazines (t) Helo Deck Conclusion. A ship is constructed in such a way that it becomes a home away from home for a sea man. On board a ship, the ship company can stay comfortably and carry on their duty. Like any other profession, the parts of ships have their peculiar terms to describe the nautical environment onboard. 17 SECTION – 4 (JD/JW) TYPES OF WARSHIPS & ROLES AIRCRAFT CARRIER, SUBMARINES, DESTROYERS & FRIGATES Period - 4 Type - LEC Term - 1 Revised by - ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Training Aids 1. Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Pointer & Projector, models and charts Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 min (b) Types of Warships - 15 min (c) Role of Ships - 15 min (d) Conclusion - 05 min - ------------40 mins ------------3. Introduction. Ships are designed for specific role. Indian Navy has various class and types of Ships, Submarines and aircraft for deployment to meet requirements of the nation. Ships can be classified into types and classes. (a) Types of Ships. Ship can be classified under a type based on the role and the purpose for which she has been built. For example an Aircraft carrier is built to operate aircrafts and submarines are built to operate under water. (b) Class of Ships. Ships of the same type can be grouped into classes based on their design and built i.e. similar ships built on same design belong to a particular class. 18 4. Type Class Names AirCraft Carrier British Hermes Viraat Class Destroyers 1) Rajput Class Rajput, Rana, Ranjit, Ranvir, Ranvijay 2) Delhi Class Delhi, Mysore, Mumbai 3) Brahmaputra Brahmaputra Class Frigates Corvettes Godavari Class Godavari, Ganga, Gomati Leander Class Taragiri Talwar Class Talwar, Trishul, Tabar Khukri Class Khukri, Kuthar, Kirpan, Khanjar, Kora, Kulish Durg Class Vijaydurg, Sindhudurg Veer Class Veer, Nirbhik, Nipat, Nishank, Nirghat, Vipul, Vinash, Vibhuti, Nashak, Prahar Patrol Vessels Abhay Class Ajay, Abhay, Akshay, Agray Sukanya class Sukanya, Suvarna, Sarada, Sujata, Subhadra, Savitri, Saryu Mine Sweepers Karwar Class Karwar, Kozikode, Canannore, Konkan, Cuddalore, Kakinada LST(L) Magar Class Magar, Gharial LST(M) Ghorpad Class Ghorpad, Shardul, Sharabh LCU LCU L-32 to LCU L-39 Tankers Jyoti, Shakti, Deepak, Aditya Ocean going Tug Matanga class Matanga Survey ships Sandhayak class Sandhayak, Nirdeshak, Nirupak, 19 Investigator, Jamuna, Sutlej, Sarvekshak Submarines Foxtrot class Vagli, Vaghsheer,Vagir, Vela, Karanj, Kursura, Kalvari Kilo class Sindhughosh, Sindhuvir, Sindhurakshak, Sindhuraj, Sindhudhvaj, Shindhukeshri, Sindhukiriti, Sindhuvijay, Sindhuratna, Sindhushastra Shishumar class Cadet Training Shishumar, Sankush, Shalki, Shankul Tir Ship Diving Support Nireekshak Vessel Missile Tender 22 KS Nipat, Nirbhik, Nishank, Nirgnat, Vipul, Vinash, Vibhuti, Vidyut, Prahar, Nashak, Veer Fast Attack Craft T 80, T 81, Trinkat, Tillanchang, Tarasa Oceanographic Sagardhwani Research Vessel Sail Training Ship 5. Tarangini Role. (a) A/C Carriers. It is a floating air field; it can operate aircrafts and helicopters. (b) Destroyers. These ships are lighter than cruisers and they also general purpose fighting ships. They carry Surface to Surface Missile (SSM), Surface to Air Missile (SAM), gun, rocket launchers, torpedoes and ASW helicopters. (c) Frigates. Frigates are smaller than Destroyers. These are basically escort ships, they also equipped with guns, missiles, torpedoes etc. They are classified 20 as Anti Aircraft Frigate, Anti Submarine Frigate, Multipurpose Frigate etc based on their function and equipment carried onboard. (d) Cruisers. They are ships of surface action. They carry heavy guns, long range missiles, antisubmarine weapons, helicopters etc, presently there are no cruiser in the Indian Navy. (e) Corvettes. These ships are lighter than frigates and they are fitted either with antiaircraft weapons or with antisubmarine weapon. These ships have limited endurance. (f) Patrol Vessels. These are lighter vessels for patrolling coastal areas, oil field etc. (g) Mine Sweepers. These ships are fitted with special equipment to detect and sweep mines and keep the see lanes open by clearing mines laid by enemy. (h) LSTS (Landing Ships Tanks). These ships are specially constructed so that they can beach on shore and off load tanks troops and other vehicles directly on to the beach. (j) LCU (Landing Craft Utility). These are smaller landing ships which can beach but cannot carry tanks, they are used to land trucks ,jeeps and other utility item. These are small compared to LSTs. (k) Tankers. These ships can store fuel and fresh water and supply it to the fleet at sea by a method know as Replenishment at Sea(RAS), thereby increasing the endurance of the ships. (l) Submarines. These vessels can operate under water, i.e. they can navigate and fire their torpedoes in dived state under. (m) Survey Ships. These ships carry out geographical survey of sea and coastal areas and prepare charts for navigation. 6. Conclusion. Indian Navy, in order to fulfill its charter of duties has various types of ships. Each class of Ship has different role to play during peace and war. This 21 gives flexibility to command for deploying them depending upon kind of mission and threat. 22 SECTION -5 (JD/JW) INDO PAK WAR -1971 Period - 2 Type - LEC Term - II Revised by - ************************************************************************************************ Trg Aids 1. Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Pointer & Projector, video clips Time Plan. 2. (a) Introduction - 05 Mins (b) Role of IN Indo Pak War-1971 - 30 Mins (c) Conclusion - 05 Mins ------------40 Mins ------------- 3. Introduction. The Indo Pak War of 1971 was brought about by the flawed inner dynamics of the Pakistani system of governance where in the Bengalis of the East Pakistan were not dealt with according to democratic norms. Even when ballot gave them overwhelming majority, they were refused their rights by the Pakistani Government, that lead to Mujibur Rahman declaring Bangladesh an independent country on 25 Mar 1971. NAVAL OPERATIONS IN ARABIAN SEA. 4. The situation in the Arabian Sea was altogether different. The Submarine, surface and air threats were higher and assessment of threats were little confusing. 5. Missile Boat Attack. The first missile boat attack on Karachi, launched from Saurashtra (Okha) along the coast, was a success. It sank a Pakistani destroyer and a coastal minesweeper. The Indian Fleet planned its next attack for night 8/9 December. To divert attention from missile attack on Karachi, they had also planned a diversionary 23 attack on Jiwani (Makran Coast). The bombardment group, under the Cruiser Mysore, apprehended Pakistani Merchant Ship ‘Madhumati’ south of Jiwani after she had transmitted an SOS to Karachi. After Madhumati was boarded FOCWF called off gun bombardment of Jiwani as SOS was good enough distraction for the missile boats to go though the attack on Karachi. Once again this second strike also was successful. A missile set Karachi fuel storage tanks aflame and another hit Dacca, the Pakistani Navy’s tanker, at the anchorage. These two missile attack on Karachi achieved Western Fleet dominance of Sea approaches to Karachi. 6. Sinking of INS Khukri. A submarine was reliably D/F’d off Bombay. On 8thDecember two frigates Khukri and Kirpan, were sailed from Bombay to ‘Flush’ this submarine away from the Saurashtra coast where ships were assembling for the next missile attack on Karachi. On the evening of 9th December, the Pakistani submarine Hangor successfully torpedoed and sank Khukri. A sustained anti-submarine operation over the next four days was unable to prevent the Hangor’s return to Karachi. NAVAL OPERATIONS IN BAY OF BENGAL. 7. In the Bay of Bengal there was no Surface threat. At the very beginning of the war, the Submarine threat vanished after, Pakistani Submarine Ghazi exploded at the entrance to Visakhapatnam Harbour whilst laying mines. There was no air threat after Indian Air Fare attacks grounded aircraft in East Pakistan. Carrier borne Air Craft avoided attacking neutral Merchant Shipping at Sea. They concentrated on immobilizing Pakistani Vessels and damaged all Air Strips, which Pakistani Forces in East Pakistan might use to escape capture. Ships of Eastern Fleet enforced contraband control until tasked with amphibious landing to out off escape routes into Burma. Pakistan’s Forces in the east laid down their arms after thirteen days of war and new Nation Bangladesh came into being. 8. Conclusion. The war ended on 17th December when Pakistan accepted India’s offer of cease-fire. While Indian Navy gave a good account of itself following lessons were learnt and post war action was taken to address these issues. 24 (a) Innovation and Exercise. Missile boat attack carried out by Indian Navy by towing them near the vicinity of target was a plus point of improvisation. (b) Submarine is a dangerous enemy in typical hydrological condition where it is difficult to detect and requires attack from air, surface and underwater –all three directions. (c) Large caliber gun engagement between warships not likely. missile would dominate future war at sea. Anti ship 25 SECTION - 6 (JD/JW) ORGANISATION ON BOARD A SHIP Period - 2 Type - LEC Term - 1 Revised by - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Training Aids 1. Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Pointer & Projector Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 min (b) Organisation of a typical Ship - 10 min (c) Watch Systems & Stations - 15 min (d) Conclusion - 10 min ------------40 mins ------------- 3. Introduction. Every Warship has schemes of complements which show the number of Officers and men required to man her under various condition of war and peace. Officers and men are divided into departments according to their specialization and these in turn form divisions or may be further divided into two or more sub-divisions, according to the number borne. 4. Department. A chart of the departmental organization of a Destroyer along with the specialists borne in each department is given below:- 26 CAPTAIN Cdr (E) Cdr (L) CDR CDR (Log) Sr Engr PMO Met Offr DLO (EXO) ALOGO (Pay MO LO(P) First Lt ALOGO (Vict) Dental Offr. LO(R) Gunnery Officer ALOGO (Cloth) Navigating Officer Anti Submarine Officer Signal Communication Officer Regulating Officer NBCDO Shipwright Officer Diving Officer 5. Watch System. The seaman complement on a ship is normally large, It is divided into Foxle, Midship and Quarter Deck division. In war, depending on the threat the whole or a portion of the ships armament must be ready for instant action, to make this possible the ships company is divided into watches. The systems of watches on a naval ship are given below:- (a) Two Watches. In this system the men are equally divided into the two watches that are starboard and port. (b) Three Watches. In this system men are divided in three watches Red, White and Blue. (c) Four Watches. In this system men are divided in four watches that are Port I, Port II and Starboard I, Starboard II. 27 6. Stations & Routines. The ship company is closed up in various stations to meet various requirements and routine is so ran onboard a ship to balance operational requirement and adequate rest to the crew. 7. (a) Cruising Station (b) Defence Station (c) Action Station (d) Sea & Action (e) SSD & Cable Party (f) Clear Lower Deck Conclusion. A ship is a cohesive unit and organized in such a way that it runs efficiently both administratively and operationally. 28 SECTION - 7 (JD/JW) RANK STRUCTURE & BADGES-PBOR TO MCPO & EQUIVALENT Period - 2 Type - LEC-1, PRAC- 1 Term - II Revised by …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Training Aids 1. Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Chart, Pointer & Projector Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 min (b) Rank Structure - 30 min (c) Conclusion - 05 mins ------------40 mins ------------- 3. Introduction. Every person in the Defence Force is given a rank to denote his position and is recognized by it. It is the ‘rank’ which groups, the service personnel as Officers, senior sailors and junior sailors. The word ‘promotion’ indicates a person moving up to a higher rank. Rank structure of sailors of Seaman Branch of IN and equivalent rank of other services in descending order is as follows:NAVY ARMY AIRFORCE MCPO I Sub Major Master Warrant Officer MCPO II Subedar Warrant Officer Chief Petty Officer Naib Subedar Junior Warrant Officer Petty officer Havaldar Sergeant Leading seaman Naik Corporal Sea I Lance Naik Leading Airman 29 Sea II Sepoy Airman Note:- The Sailors of the rank of Petty Officer and above are called ‘Senior Sailors’ and those of the rank of Leading and below are called ‘ Junior Sailors’. 4. Conclusion. The rank structure in the Defence Forces denotes the responsibility and status of an officer or sailor. In the structure of Defence Forces facilitates its ease of discharging duty in a smooth manner. 30 SECTION – 8 (JD/JW) RANK STRUCTURE & BADGES- OFFICER & EQUIVALENT Period - 2 Type - LEC-1, PRAC- 1 Term - II Revised by …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Training Aids 1. Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Chart, Pointer & Projector Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 Min (b) Rank Structure - 30 Min (c) Conclusion - 05 Min ------------40 Mins ------------- 3. Introduction. The rank Structure of Officer of IN and equivalent ranks in other services in descending order are as given below:NAVY ARMY AIRFORCE Admiral of the Fleet Field Marshal Marshal of the Air Force Admiral General Air Chief Marshal Vice Admiral Lt General Air Marshal Rear Admiral Major General Air Vice Marshal Commodore Brigadier Air Commodore Captain Colonel Group Captain Commander Lt Colonel Wing Commander Lt Commander Major Squadron Leader Lieutenant Captain Flight Lieutenant Sub Lieutenant Lieutenant Flying Officer 31 Midshipman Cadet _ Gentleman Cadet _ Flight Cadet Note: - The Officers of the rank of Commander and above are called ‘Senior Officer’ and the Officer of the rank of Rear Admiral and above are called ‘Flag Officer’. 32 SECTION -9 (JD/JW) MODE OF ENTRY INTO INDIAN NAVY Period - 1 Type - LEC Term - II Revised by ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Training Aids 1. Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Pointer & Projector Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 Min (b) Officers Entry - 15 Min (c) PBOR Entry - 15 Min (d) Conclusion - 05 Min ------------40 Mins ------------- 3. Introduction. Like other Defence Forces of the Nations, Indian Navy is a volunteer force. This lecture gives a detail view of how to join Indian Navy as an Officer or Sailor. ENTRY AS OFFICER IN THE INDIAN NAVY 4. EXECUTIVE BRANCH (a) (Permanent Commission) SL No (i) BRANCH/TYPE OF ENTRY Cadet Entry (NDA) (UPSC) MEN /WOMEN Men AGE LIMIT (YEARS) 16 1/2 -19 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION 10+2 or equivalent with 33 Physics & Math (ii) (iiii) (iv) Cadet Entry (10+2)(NA) (UPSC) Graduate Special Entry, Naval Academy (UPSC) NCC Special Entry Naval Academy Men 16 1/2 -19 Men 19 -22 10+2 or equivalent with Physics & Math B.Sc. (Physics & Maths) or BE B.Sc. (Physics & Maths) Men 19 -24 or BE with Naval wing.NCC ‘C’ Certificate Degree in Electronocs/ (v) Direct Entry Naval Armament Inspection Cadre Men 191/2 -25 Elect/ Mech Engg. Or post Graduate in Electronis or physics. A Degree in Law qualifying for enrolment (vi) Direct Entry Law Cadre Men 22-27 as an advocate under the Advocates Act 1961 with minimum 55% marks. BCom/MCom/MA/ BA(Economics), MBA/ BBA/ BBM, MCA/ BCA/ B.Sc.(IT), B (vii) Logistic Cadre Men 191/2 -25 Tech/ BE, Graduate Degree with post graduate Diploma/ Degree in Material Management/ICWA or Chartered Accountancy. 34 (b) (Short Service Commission) AGE SL BRANCH/TYPE OF MEN No ENTRY /WOMEN (i) (ii) General Service (Executive) General Service (Hydro Cadre) LIMIT (YEARS) EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION Men 191/2 -25 BE/ B Tech in any Discipline. Men 191/2 -25 BE/ B Tech in any Discipline. A Graduate Degree with (iiii) Aviation Pilot Men 19-24 minimum 60% marks in any discipline with Mathematics & Physics at 10+2 level. AGraduate Degree with (iv) Observer Cadre Men/ Women 19 -23 minimum 55% marks in any discipline with Mathematics & Physics at 10+2 level. A First class Degree with minimum 60% marks in any of the followings:- (v) Logistics Cadre Men / Women BCom/ BA(Economics), MBA/ 191/2 -25 BBA/ BBM, MCA/ BCA/ B.Sc.(IT), B Tech/ BE, Graduate Degree with post graduate Diploma/ Degree in Material 35 Management/ICWA or Chartered Accountancy. A Degree in Law qualifying for (vi) Law Cadre Men / Women enrolment as an advocate 22-27 under the Advocates Act 1961 with minimum 55% marks. A first class science graduate (vii) ATC(Air Traffic Control) Men/ Women 191/2 -25 with Physics & Maths or Msc with Physics or Math securing min 55% marks. (viii) Naval Armament Inspection Cadre Degree in Electronocs/ Elect/ Men 191/2 -25 Mech Engg. Or post Graduate in Electronis or physics. Final/ Pre Final Year student of BE/ B Tech in Mech/ Marine/ Aerospace/ Aeronautical/ Production/ (ix) University Entry Scheme Men 19-24 Computer Science/ IT/ Control/ Electrical/ Electronics/ Telecommunication min 60% marks till VIth Semester / IVth Semester respectively. BE / B Tech (Computer Science / Computer Engg (x) SSC(IT) Men 191/2 -25 (IT), BSc (IT), MTech (Computer Science), MSc (Computer) BCA/ MCA 5. Education Branch 36 SL No MEN BRANCH/TYPE OF ENTRY /WOME N AGE LIMIT EDUCATIONAL (YEARS QUALIFICATION ) A Master’s Degree in one of the following with atleast 50% marks. (a) Physics (Math in B.Sc) or (i) Permanent Commission Men 21-25 (b) Maths (Physics in B.Sc) An Engineering Degree in Mech./ Electrical/ Electronics/ Computer Science/ IT with m,inimum 60% marks (ii) 6. SL No (a) Short Service Commission Men/ Women 21-25 -----do---- Engineering Branch (Marine Engineers) MEN BRANCH/TYPE OF ENTRY /WOME N AGE LIMIT EDUCATIONAL (YEARS QUALIFICATION ) Permanent Commission (i) Cadet Entry (NDA) (UPSC) Men (ii) Cadet Entry (10+2)(Tech) Men 16 1/2 19 10+2 or equivalent with Physics & Math 16 1/2 - 10+2 or equivalent with 19 Physics,Chem & Maths 37 (Minimum 75% marks in aggregiate of PCM, Minimum 50% marks in English either in 10th or 12th class. (b) Short Service Commission A Degree in Marine/ (i) Direct Entry (Technical Branch) Mech./ Aeronautical/ Men 191/2-25 Control/ Mettalurgical/ Production Engineer with minimum 55% marks. (ii) Direct Entry (Submarine Cadre) Men 191/2-25 B.E(Mechanical) with minimum 55% marks) A Degree in Marine/ Mech./ Aeronautical/ (iii) University Entry Scheme (UES) Men 19-24 Metallurgical/ Production Engineer with minimum 60% marks up to 6th semester. 7. SL No (a) Engineering Branch (Naval Architects) MEN BRANCH/TYPE OF ENTRY /WOME N AGE LIMIT EDUCATIONAL (YEARS QUALIFICATION ) Permanent Commission 10+2 or equivalent with (i) Cadet Entry (10+2)(Tech) Men 16 1/2 19 Physics,Chem & Maths (Minimum 75% marks in aggregiate of PCM, Minimum 50% marks in 38 English either in 10th or 12th class. (b) Short Service Commission B.E in Mech./ Aeronautical/ (i) Direct Entry (Naval Men/ Architecture) Women 191/2-25 Mettalurgical/ Civil/ Naval Architecture with minimum 60% marks. (ii) 8. SL No (a) Special Naval Architect Entry Men/ Scheme (SNAES) Women 191/2-25 B.E(Naval Architect) with minimum 60% marks) Electrical Branch BRANCH/TYPE OF ENTRY MEN AGE /WOME LIMIT N (YEARS) EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION Permanent Commission 10+2 or equivalent with (i) Cadet Entry (NDA) (UPSC) Men 16 1/2 -19 Physics & Math 10+2 or equivalent with (ii) Cadet Entry (10+2)(Tech) Men 16 1/2 -19 Physics, Chem & Maths (Minimum 75% marks in aggregiate of PCM, 39 Minimum 50% marks in English either in 10th or 12th class. (b) Short Service Commission A Degree in Electrical/ Direct Entry (Technical (i) Branch) Electronics/ Men 191/2-25 Instrumentation & control/ Telecommunication Engg. with minimum 55% marks. A Degree in Electrical/ (ii) Direct Entry (Submarine Cadre) Electronics/ Men 191/2-25 Telecommunication control Engg. with minimum 55% marks. A Degree in Electrical/ Electronics/Powers/ Instrumentation & control/ (iii) University Entry Scheme (UES) Men 19-24 Telecommunication/ power system Engg. With minimum 60% marks up to VIth / IV th Semester respectively. 9. Note: (a) Women are eligible to apply for Short Service Commission in Law, ATC, Observer, Education & Naval Architecture. (b) The duration of Short Service Commission is 10 years, extended to 14 years. (c) The training of officers selected through the above entries normally commences in the months of Jul/ Jan every year. Advertisements calling for applications from eligible candidates are published in Employment News and 40 important News papers in Apr to Jun and Sep to Nov every year. The selection procedure includes UPSC examination (for NDA, 10+2 Cadet Entry and GSES Scheme), Interview at Service Selection Board and Medical Examination. (d) University Entry Scheme is applicable for Final Year students only (VII th semester) (e) The above information is a broad guideline and is subject to change as per the induction requirements of Indian Navy. 10. For Recruitment information you can Contact any Naval Establishment or DMPR at Integrated Headquarters of Ministry of Defence (NAVY), Sena Bhawan, New Delhi110011, Tel: 011-2301182 (Officers) & 011-23793067 (Sailors) 011-23010498 (publicity), www.nausena-bharati.nic.in. 11. ENTRY AS SAILOR Entry Branch Age Educational Month of Method of (yrs) Qualification Adv. Recruitment Artificers Through written examination in science, Maths, English & GK 10+2 or Equivalent AA (Artificer Apprentice) Electrical/ Mech/ Shipwright 1720 with Physics, Chemistry & Maths with minimum 60% held at Dec & AROs/ZROs/A June SCs/NREs twice in a year marks in Apr/Oct for the courses commencing in Aug/Feb. DE(DH) Electrical/ 18- Three Year Dec/ June Through written 41 (Direct Entry Mech/ Diploma Electronics 22 Holder) Diploma with examination in minimum 50% Maths, English, marks in GK and Mechanical/ additional Electrical/ section as per Electronics/ specialization Telecommunicatio followed by n/ Aeronautical/ interview. Held Ship-building/ twice a year in Instrumentation/ Apr/ Oct for Engineering/ courses Mettallurgical from commencing in a recognized Aug/ Feb. polytechnic/ Institute. Non Artificers Seaman/ Minimum 45% Communicat aggregate marks ion/ in 10+2/equivalent Electrical/Me with compulsory SSR(Senior dical/Engine subjects maths & Secondary ering/Writer/ Recruit) Store MR(Matric Recruit) 1721 Physics with at least one optional Assistant/ subject such as Naval Chemistry or Aviation Biology or Sailor Computer I-Musicians 1721 Matric Through written examination is English, GK, Maths and Science held at Dec/Jan & ZROs/AROs/A June/July SCs/NREs twice a year in Apr/Oct for course commencing in Aug/Feb March/ April Candidates should have aptitude for 42 music and knowledge of at least one musical instrument is mandatory. Recruitment is conducted once a year. II-Stewards 1721 Matric Dec & Through written June examination in Maths, English, GK and Science held twice a year in Apr/ Oct conducted by III- Cooks 1721 Matric Dec & the Naval June Recruiting Establishments for courses commencing in Oct/ Apr for both entries. Through written examination in NMR(NonMatric Recruit) Topass 1721 VI Class Dec & General June Awareness and Arithmetic. Held twice a 43 year in Apr/ Oct conducted by the Naval Recruiting Establishments for courses commencing in Oct/ Apr. Sports Entries Direct Entry (Sports) Seaman (Acting Petty Officer) 1721 Matric or Equivalent (can be Recruitment is Dec & Jun conducted relaxed) twice a year in Minimum 45% Apr/Oct for aggregate marks courses Seaman/ in 10+2/ equivalent commencing in comm./ with compulsory Aug/ Feb. SSR Elect/ eng/ (Outstanding medical/ Sportsman) writer/ store/ 1721 subjects math & physics with at least one optional Dec/Jan & June/ July Exceptionally outstanding sportsmen who Naval subject such as have Aviation Chemistry or represented Biology or international/ Computer. National level may contact or write directly to MR (Outstanding Sportsman) :Steward/ 17- Cook 21 Matric Dec & The Secretary, June Indian Naval Sports Control Board, Integrated 44 Headquarters of Ministry of Defence (Navy) Room No.8,’C’Wing, Sena Bhawan, New Delhi110011 Tel.: 23010562 12. Note: (a) The above information is a broad guideline is subject to change as per the induction requirement of the Indian Navy. (b) All the Advertisements are published in Employment News and National/ Regional/ Leading News Papers. (c) Minimum % age of marks, for each entry, are promulgated through advertisements for particular batch & may differ from the &age mentioned above. For further Details and Information, Contact or write to: The Joint Director, Manpower planning and Recruitment (NRO) Integrated Headquarters of Ministry of Defence (NAVY), Sena Bhawan, New Delhi- 110011, Tel: 011-23793067 (Sailors) 13. Conclusions. The Indian Navy employing cutting edge technology in administration & operation is a dynamic service. The recruitment into Navy is based on selection through merit and calls for bright youth to join this finest service and serve the Nation. It also provides high class salary, housing, children education and hospital facility to its service personnel. 45 (This lecture needs to be supplemented by movies produced by DMPR/ IHQ/ MoD (Navy) periodically for better assimilation by cadets) SECTION -10 (JD/JW) SURVIVAL & RESCUE – LIFE SAFETY ITEMS ON BOARD SHIP, LIFE RAFT, LIFE BOATS & DISTRESS SIGNALS Period - 2 Type - PRACTICAL Term - 1 Revised by - ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Training Aids 1. Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Pointer & Projector Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 10 min (b) Survival Equipments - 25 min (c) Conclusion - 05 Mins ------------40 Mins ------------- 3. Introduction. When the ship is at distress, the Abandon Ship is piped. All the crews onboard are mustered on the boat deck at their appropriate places with fully inflated life jacket around the neck. They are asked to leave the ship immediately after emergency station. To survive they need to have knowledge of life saving equipments available onboard. . 4. Lifesaving items. Modern life saving equipment has been designed specifically to counteract the dangerous heat loss from the body. Additionally, in the event of consciousness being lost, it will give the best possible protection against drowning. Good knowledge of life saving equipments, especially personal equipment, is essential in order to survive the rigorous of a cold sea. Accounts of recent loss of life at sea, 46 where modern equipment was available to men who did not know how to use it to the best advantage, reveal the importance of such knowledge and training. However, remote may be the possibility of disaster from fire, collision or standing or enemy action, sea farers should always be prepared to abandon ship when necessary and take to the life rafts. Every sea farers should also be prepared to rescue survivors from another ship. Preparations for such eventualities include the provision of life saving equipment and training in its use, but the best equipment is of little value without good organization and high standards of discipline, leadership and moral. The chance of survival after shipwreck is better today than at any time in the past. A life jacket is designed to enable the wearer to jump safely into the Sea from a considerable height and to keep wearer’s mouth and nose out of the water should they be unconscious or asleep. A survival suit keeps them dry, and an enclosed life raft protects them from the elements and provides them with food and water until rescued. The prospects of rescue from life rafts have also been improved by radio beacons and other aids to detection. The following paragraphs give details of the Survival and safety equipments used in Indian Navy. 5. 6. Life Saving equipments on board ships are as follows:(a) Life Raft (b) Life Jacket (c) Life buoy. (d) Life boats. (e) Distress signal with vary’s pistol. (f) Helicopter Life Raft. It is a floating life saving equipment available onboard ship, which contains necessary provisions for a common man to survive during sea rick. (a) Purpose. To save the life of the crew at Sea. (b) Types. (i) 2, 4, 6 men for Air Crew of Auxiliary boats. (ii) 8 for small Ships. (iii) 20 & 25 men life raft for larger Ships. 47 (c) 7. Stowage. (i) Both Bridge wing. (ii) In Aft part at ship. (iii) Large Ship carry additional a mid ship. Contents of Survival Pack (Life Raft) (a) Deflation plugs. (b) Topping up valves. (c) Leak stoppers devices (Rubberised Conical shape 3 nos). (d) Topping up pumps. (e) Rescue line Gromet with meter line. (f) Sea cells. (Activated with sea water) (g) Hand book for survival BR 1329- 1. (h) Hello graph mirror- 1. (j) Sponge- 2 in nos. (k) Sea Sickness Tablets. (m) Floating Knife- 01 (n) Water pockets for collecting water from rain. (p) Drogue or sea Anchor. (q) Distress signal for day & night. (r) Personal locator Beacon- 243 Mega Hz. (s) First aid box- 01 (t) Pure drinking water 78×400 ml 520 ml of water. 31.20 Ltr/ personal 173ml/ISS issued. (u). Playing Cards – 02 48 (w) Survival ration 10 Kg (1 Kg each contains 24 Tablets concentrated food or 240 tablets food or 120 tab of Glucose. Scale P/ person, P/day Glucose tab 21 day, 1/3 tab at a time. 8 Life Jackets. Life Jackets are a hood with a transparent visor a rescue strop, a whistle, a life line, a toggle and a sea light with a dry cell battery. The battery is fitted into a metal container located in a pocket with in the life jacket pouch. 9 Monthly Inspection (Life Jacket). (a) Fully inflate the buoyancy chamber & leave for one hour. (b) Inspect the buoyancy chamber when inflated for any damage perishing or contamination by acid, oil or gases etc. (c) Inspect the visor for tears, cracks, discoloration and security of attachment. Inspect the velco patches for broken stitching & security of attachment (d) & serviceability. Inspect the waist belt fabric channel for tears damage & security of attachment. (e) 10 Inspect the harness hoisting strap and pouch for broken stitching. Life Buoy. It is a circular shaped floating object commonly used for rescue purposes on board a ship. 11 Life Boats. The power boats available on board a ship are generally used as life boats. The man purpose of life boats is to rescue man and material at sea. 12 Distress Signal with Vary's pistol. The signal cartridges used during sea wreckage available in three different colours and the pistol used to fire those cartridges are called Vary’s pistol. 13 Helicoptor. Besides all the above lifesaving equipment’s available onboard ships, the helicopter plays an important role in saving the crew life of affected vessels. 49 14 Conclusion. Abandoning ship is last resort of a sea man. To survive at sea until rescued is of great importance. Towards survival, it is through knowledge of equipment’s available on board which literally decides the question of life & death. 50 CHAPTER-II SEAMANSHIP 51 SECTION-1 (JD/JW) RIGGING- TYPES OF ROPES & ROPEWORK Period - 05 Type - I LEC & 4 PRAC Term - I Revised by - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Training Aids 1. Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Rope, Pointer & Projector Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 min (b) Types of Rope - 15 min (c) Terms - 15 min (d) Conclusion - 05 Mins ------------40 Mins ------------- 3. Introduction. Ropes are used extensively onboard ships. Different ropes are used for different purpose. Knowledge of ropes is essential for every seaman. 4. Three types of Ropes (a) Natural fibre ropes (b) Man made ropes (c) Steel wire ropes 52 5. 6. 7. 8. Types of Natural Fibre Ropes (a) Sisal (b) Manila (c) Coir (d) Hemp Types of Manmade Fibre Ropes (a) Polyamide, Polyester, Polyethylene (b) Polyethylene Parafil Aramid Types of Steel Wire Ropes (a) Steel wire rope (b) Flexible steel wire rope (c) Extra flexible steel wire rope (d) Mild steel wire rope Rope work term (a) To heave to throw a rope or to pull on a rope or cable either by hand or power (b) Heave the order to give a strong pull together (c) Heave in the order to heave in on a capstan or winch. (d) Two six heave an order to men hauling on a rope to make them heave together, repeated as necessary (e) To haul to pull by hand (f) To haul hand over hand: to haul a rope in quickly with alternate hands (g) Haul taut: An order to take down the slack and take the strain (h) Avast hauling and avast : order to stop hauling (i) Hold fast: An order to hold rope under strain so as to keep it from moving (j) To hoist: to lift 53 (k) Hoist away: the order to haul away on a rope when hoisting something with it (l) High enough: the order to stop hoisting (m)Marry: the order to bring two ropes together side by side and handle them as one 9. Conclusion. Ropes are extremely useful for securing items at sea. They require regular maintenance and have to be stowed in a proper manner to prevent deterioration and thereby losing their strength. 54 SECTION-2 (JD/JW) RIGGING - BENDS AND HITCHES Period - 05 Type - 1 LEC & 4 PRAC Term - I Revised by - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Training Aids 1. Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Rope, Pointer & Projector Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 min (b) Bends - 15 min (c) Hitches - 15 min (d) Conclusion - 05 Mins ------------40 Mins ------------- 3. Introduction. Ropes can be secured to each other or items and fittings by means of bends and hitches. Each bend or hitch is used for a specific purpose and cannot be interchanged. 4. Types (a) Bend Temporary joining of two ropes together (b) Hitch Joining a rope to a spar or structure or a ring (c) Knots Made within the strands of a rope 55 5. Types of Knots (a) (b) Reef knot used to join two ropes of equal size. Clove hitch useful for tying a line to a post, even when the end of the line is not available (c) Rolling hitch this hitch also used for securing a rope to a spar, rail or similar fitting when the pull is expected to be from one side or the other (d) Timber hitch this hitch is used to secure a rope’s end to a spar or bale (e) Bow line. This is the most useful knot for making temporary eyes in ropes of all sizes. It is used for bending a heaving line to a hawser/ as a lifeline round a man’s waist (f) Round Turn and Two half hitch. It is used to secure a heavy load to a spar, ring or a shackle (g) Bow line on the bight Bowline is made on the bight. it can be used for lowering a man from aloft or over the ship’s side the short bight being placed under his arms and the long one under his buttocks 6. 7. Element of bend and hitches (a) A Bight (b) Round turn (c) A Half hitch (d) A Twist (e) An Over hand knot Conclusion. Ropes are extremely useful for securing items at sea. They require regular maintenance and have to be stowed in a proper manner to prevent deterioration and thereby losing their strength. The use of ropes requires knowledge of the types of Bends and hitches. 56 SECTION-3(JD/JW) FUNDAMENTALS OF STEERING Period - 02 Type - 1 LEC & 1 PRAC Term - II Revised by - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Training Aids 1. Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Boat, Pointer & Projector Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 min (b) Demo - 15 min (c) Practice - 15 min (d) Conclusion - 05 Mins ------------40 Mins ------------- 3. Introduction. Steering forms the basis of guiding a ship from one port to the other. Altering course is part of steering. A ship is steered with a specific set of orders which have to be acknowledged and acted upon, thereafter report made. 4. Conning and Steering The speed of ship is controlled by speed of rotation of propellers (rpm) or by altering the pitch of propeller blades (CP propellers) 57 The course of the ship is maintained or altered by rudder The Captain / OOW cons the ship by giving wheel or engine orders The wheel orders are applied by helmsman (QM) The engine orders are applied directly or passed to ship’s Machinery control room (MCR) 5. Steering orders and reports All steering orders should be given clearly and in the standard form. It equally important for the steering / conning orders be acknowledged in the standard form and obeyed correctly and in orderly manner. Steering from course 000 to 090: OOW QM Acknowledge Stbd 15…. Stbd 15 Qm Report after order executed 15 of Stbd wheel on sir When ships head near 080 Midships Midships Wheel on midship sir When ship’s head shows 090 Steady Steady Steer 090 Steer 090 6. Steady on 090 sir Conclusion. It is essential for all seaman and officers performing duties of OOW to know the steering orders in order to successfully steer a ship. 58 SECTION - 4 (JD/JW) PARTS OF SAILS AND TYPES OF SAILS Period - 01 Type - 1 PRAC Term - II Revised by - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Training Aids 1. Model of Sailing Boat with sails Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 min (b) Demo - 15 min (c) Practice - 15 min (d) Conclusion - 05 Mins ------------40 Mins ------------- 3. Introduction. Sailing is an art in which the wind speed and direction are used to sail the boat. Knowledge of the various parts of sail is required to understand its purpose to ensure maximum usage to propel the boat. 4. Parts of a sail. (a) Head Upper side of lug sail (b) Foot Lower side of any sail (c) Luff The forward edge of sail 59 (d) Leach The after edge of a sail (e) Peak After upper corner of a lug sail (f) Tack Lower fwd corner of a sail (g) Clew Lower after corner of a sail (h) Throat Forward upper corner of a sail 5. 6. Three types of sail (a) Fore sail - The sail set immediately before the fore mast (b) Main sail - The sail set on the main mast (c) Mizzen sail - The sail set on the mizzen mast Conclusion. The sail basically consists of a sheet of either clothe or PVC Sheet stitched into specific shapes to withstand varying wind speeds. Different types of sails are used depending on its position in the Yacht. 60 SECTION-5 (JD/JW) PARTS OF WHALER AND PULLING ORDERS Period - 03 Type - 3 PRAC Term - II Revised by - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Training Aids 1. Whaler and Oar Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 min (b) Parts of Whaler - 15 min (c) Parts of Oar - 05 min (d) Pulling orders - 10 min (e) Conclusion - 05 mins ------------40 Mins ------------- 3. Introduction. Ships seldom come alongside. The men move from ship to shore by using their boats, when the ships are at anchorage. Boats can be maneuvered by using oars and sails. Whaler is a commonly used boat in the navy. 4. Parts of Whaler Apron, Back board, Badge block, Benches, Bilge, Bilge rails, Bottom board, Bow, Canopy, Capping, Drop keel, Cleats, Crutches, Deck Eyes, 61 Floors, Floor board, Garboard strake, Grating, Gudgeon & pintails, Gunwale, Hog, Keel, Keelson, Mast step & clamp, Pillars, Planking, Plug, Ringbolts, Rowlocks, Rubbers, Rudder, Stem, Stern post, Stern sheet, Stretcher, Tabernacle, Thwarts, Timbers, Wash strake. 5. Parts of Oar Copper bands, leather, grip, blade, shaft and loom 6. Pulling orders When a pulling boat is under way any order to the oarsman except hold water is obeyed on completing one full stroke after the order is given. All such orders should be given at the moment when the blades of the oars are in water (a) Ship your oars -This is the order to place the oars in the crutches and ready for pulling (b) Shove off - This is the order to shove the boat off with looms of the oars from the ship or landing place alongside which she is lying or from bottom of the boat if grounded (c) Give way together - This is the order to start pulling and it is obeyed together by the whole crew (d) Oars - This is an order to cease pulling (e) Hold water - This is the order to reduce or stop the way of the boat by holding the oars at right angles to the boat and with their blades in water (f) Stroke together - This is the order for all to give one stroke together (g) Back together - This is the order to back water together by pushing on the looms of the oars instead of pulling (h) Easy all - This is the order to pull less vigorously so that the speed of the boat will be reduced. If the boat is being turned the order easy port or easy starboard may be given (i) Mind your oars - This is the warning to the crew to keep the blades of their oar clear from obstructions (j) Eyes in the boat - This is an order to the crew to keep their gaze from wondering aboard and to pay attention to their duties (k) Bow - This is an order to the bow man to boat his oar and be ready to fend off the bows of boat with his boat hook 62 (l) Boat your oars - This is the order to unship the oars from crutches and lay them fore and aft in the boat on their respective sides. 7. Conclusion. Knowledge of various parts of the boat and oar is very essential while putting the boat to use at sea. . SECTION-6(JD/JW) PARTS OF CADETS CLASS DINGHY Period - 02 Type - PRAC Term - II Revised by - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Training Aids 1. Cadet Class Dinghy Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 min (b) Parts of Dinghy - 15 min (c) Sailing Terms. - 15 min (d) Conclusion - 05 Mins ------------40 Mins ------------- 3. Introduction. Sailing is an integral part of the Naval training which makes a trainee familiar with the winds and tides and its influence on the movement of boats on 63 water. For a beginner, the Cadet class Dinghy is the most elementary sailing boat to familiarize with to understand the basics of sailing. 64 4. Term used in sailing (a) Close-hauled - A boat is close-hauled or sailing by, or the wind, when her sheets are hauled close aft and all her sails are drawing and she is sailing as close as possible to the direction from which the wind is blowing (b) Reaching - A boat is reaching when she is sailing free with the wind abeam or before the beam. (c) Running - A boat is running when she is sailing with the wind abaft the beam. (d) Sailing free - A boat is sailing free whenever her sails are filled and she is not sailing close- hauled, i.e. when sailing so that she is free top manoeuvre on either side of her course without having to go about (see tacking) (e) Wearing / Gybing - This is altering course away from the wind until the boat is on her new course or begins to gybe (f) Beating - When the destination of sailing boat lies directly up wind she beats to windward by sailing close-hauled in a series of alternate tacks (g) To luff - This is altering course to bring the boat’s head closer to the wind (h) In irons - A boat is in irons when she fails to go about from one tack to the other and lies head to wind unable to pay off on either tack (i) Port and Starboard tacks - A boat is on the port tack when she is closed hauled with the wind on her port side, and on the starboard tack when she is close hauled with the wind on her starboard side 5. Conclusion. The Cadet class dinghy is a very basic class of sailing boat used to train beginners in the art of sailing. However to understand sailing one must be familiar with various sailing terms. 65 SECTION-7(JD/JW) ANCHOR AND CABLES Period - 02 Type - 1 LEC & 1PRAC Term - I Revised by - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Training Aids 1. Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Pointer & Projector Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 min (b) Anchor & Cables - 15 min (c) Types of Anchor. - 15 min (d) Conclusion - 05 Mins ------------40 Mins ------------- 3. Introduction. Whenever a ship wants to hold its position at a particular place in shallow waters, anchor is used. 4. Purpose of anchor. Anchor is a hook, attached to a length of chain or rope called a cable, by which a ship or a boat can be held temporarily to the sea bed in comparatively shallow water. 5. Types of an anchor 66 (a) Admiralty Plan Anchor used for anchoring Danbuoy and markers and occasionally as boat anchors (b) Admiralty Standard Stockless (ASS) used in older surface ships as stream (astern) anchor (c) Admirality Class (AC) 14 designed to quickly bite and achieve maximum holding power after dragging two shank lengths (d) AC 16A and AC 17 Anchor used for submarines (e) Stocked Close-Stowing (Danforth) anchor used in small ships like facs and boats (approx weight 135 kg) (f) 6. 7. CQR Anchor used in small crafts like SDBS Parts of an anchor (a) Anchor Ring (b) Anchor Shackle (c) Shank (d) Fluke (e) Pea or bill Types of chain cable (a) Grade 1- Made of non ferrous copper based material, referred as aluminum bronze (b) Grade 2- Forged steel. Used by majority of ships in the fleet (c) Grade 3- 8. A higher grade steel stronger than grade 2 used by CVSGs Parts of Cable (a) Lugged Anchor Shackle (b) Lugless Joining Shackle (c) Securing to Buoy Shackle (d) Bottle Screw Slip (e) Blake Slip (f) Cup Swivel 67 9. (g) Box Swivel (h) Adaptor Piece Identification of cable (a) The shackle and joining shackle are marked from outer end to its inner end. (b) Every joining shackle except one between two half shackles, is painted white (c) One link on each side of a joining shackle is also painted white and marked with a number of turns of seizing wire around the stud corresponding to the number of the joining shackle 10. Conclusion. Anchor and cable are used to hold a ships position in water. The cable is designed to act as a spring with the anchor holding it secured to the bottom of the sea. The size and type of Anchors and cables depend on the tonnage and type of ship. 68 SECTION-8(JD/JW) HEAVING LINE Period - 02 Type - PRAC Term - II Revised by - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Training Aids 1. Heaving Line Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 min (b) Throwing of Heaving Line - 15 min (c) Uses of Heaving Line - 15 min (d) Conclusion - 05 Mins ------------40 Mins ------------- 3. Introduction. Heaving line is used for passing a rope between ships and from ship to shore or shore to ship. Proper knowledge of coiling and preparing a heaving line is essential prior throwing to obtain the desired length of throw. 4. Heaving Line Heaving Line is a length Of Rope Used Onboard Ship for: (a) Passing the Berthing Howsers from Ship to Shore and Vice Versa 69 (b) A heaving line is generally 30 mtrs of 10 mm cordage (c) One end will be whipped and the other end weighted with a monkeys fist, a small sand bag or a heaving line knot. (d) 5. It is also used to pass the rope from boats coming along side a ship Conclusion. Practice of throwing heaving line is essential for actually throwing the line up to the desired distance. Heaving line is thereafter attached to the heavier hawser and the same is passed across 70 SECTION-9 (JD/JW) BOSUN’S CALL Period - 02 Type - PRAC Term - II Revised by - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Training Aids 1. Boatswain Pipe Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 min (b) Parts of Pipe - 15 min (c) Types of Calls - 15 min (d) Conclusion - 05 Mins ------------40 Mins ------------- 3. Introduction. A Boatswain (Bosun) call is a pipe used to sound various alerts or commands. Every crew member onboard a ship has to know the calls and anyone can be asked to sound the call. The Bosun pipe is normally used by the Quartermaster to sound alerts. 4. Boatswain’s call. Boatswain’s call/piping is a naval method of passing orders and information or call the attention of the ship’s crew. The expression to pipe means, 71 generally, to make the sound of the boatswain’s call and to give the spoken order, which may qualify it. Some pipes however are orders in themselves and do not require any verbal addition 5. Types of Boatswain’s call (a) General call. It is usually made prior to announcements onboard ships/establishments (b) Pipe still. It is the order to bring everybody to Attention position. It is generally given during colors, sunset, VIP movements, night rounds etc (c) Pipe carryon. To come back to normal state on completion of any of the events as mentioned above (d) Side pipe. Is given during Commanding officers of ships or Flag officers embark / disembark the ship, foreign dignitaries (only authorised personnel) 6. (e) Hands call. Is piped for waking up the ships company (f) Pipe down. Is piped to indicate the commencement of silent hours Conclusion. Every sailor onboard must know the Boatswain’s call in order to understand the orders. 72 CHAPTER-III NAVAL COMMUNICATION 73 SECTION-1 (JD/JW) INTRODUCTION TO NAVAL COMMUNICATION Period - 01 Type - LEC Term - I Revised by - ************************************************************************************************ Training Aids 1. Pointer, Blackboard, chalk, white board, Marker Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 Min (b) Naval Communication - 30 Min (c) Conclusion - 05 Mins ------------40 Mins ------------- 3. Introduction. Communication is the exchange of thought, idea, information and data. In Navy communication are the means whereby command is exercised or executed. In communication the message passed should be clear, clarity, understandable between the senders and receivers. Orders and information must be passed rapidly, accurately and where possible, securely between ships, aircrafts and shore establishments. An efficient system of communication is vital for fighting efficiency of a modern fleet. The signal Communication Officer (SCO) is the overall in charge of the communication department onboard a ship. 74 4. Duties of Various Communication Sub-departments. Further communication department is divided into three sub departments viz. Tactical, Radio and Special. The responsibility of each of three sub departments is given below:(a) Tactical. Fleet work, Visual Signalling, cryptography (offline) and traffic handling. (b) Radio. Radio telegraphy, automatic telegraphy, radio telephony, cryptography (online) and traffic handling. (c) Special. 5. Electronic warfare and traffic handling. Conclusion. Naval communication is essential for exchange of information from shore to sea, sea to sea and sea to shore. During war, important messages are passed which need to be received clearly, understood so that they can be acted upon to achieve the desired result. All cadets should aware about functioning of Naval communication. 75 SECTION-2 (JD/JW) SEMAPHORE Period - 04 Type - LEC 2 / PRACT 2 Term - I (1 lectures) & II (1 lectures) Revised by - ************************************************************************************************ Training Aids 1. Pointer, Blackboard, chalk, white board, Marker, Semaphore Flags Pair Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 Min (b) Semaphore - 30 Min (c) Conclusion - 05 Mins ------------40 Mins ------------- 3. Introduction. Semaphore is a visual means of communication which provides a rapid means for passing messages over short distances during daylight. 4. Semaphore. The different semaphore signs are made by moving one or two hand flags so that they form Various angles with the perpendicular, it is essential that 76 each angle be formed correctly, as good communication depends upon accuracy in this respect 5. Alphabet and Special Signs. The alphabet and the special signs used are shown below. It should be noted that there are no special signs for numerals, which are always spelt out. The numeral sign is used to indicate that the numerals that follow are to be recorded as digits. (a) Answering Sign : By making ‘C’ (b) Attention Sign : By making ‘U’ and arms waved up and down (c) Direction Sign : By making ‘J’ (d) Front Sign : Made by crossing both flags in front of body (to indicate the end of group or word) (e) Error sign : Made by succession of E’s (f) Numerical Sign : Right hand at ‘D’ position, left hand at ‘E’ Position (Numerals follows) 6. Prosigns used in semaphore. Prosign is a single letter or a combination of letters which are transmitted as a single character to convey a specific meaning. Some prosigns which are used in Semaphore and their use are given below: 7. BT - Break MIM - Comma KN - (Open Brackets KK - ) Close Brackets AAA – Full Stop XE - Slant DU - Hyphen B - More to follow C - Correct WA - Word After WB - Word before AR - End of transmission II - Seperative Sign AS - Wait Learning Semaphore. How to Remember 1st Circle : A to G (Single arm signs) 2nd Circle : H to N (omitting J, Right hand at A position) 77 8. 3rd Circle : O to S (Rt hand at B Position) 4th Circle : T,U,Y (Rt hand at C position) 5th Circle : J,V (Right hand at D position) To complete : W,X,Z Conclusion:- All cadets should be trained in Semaphore skills which is highly essential on board ships to communicate with other ships at sea. Semaphore is the very important skill in Indian Naval Communication. 78 SECTION-3 (JD/JW) INTRODUCTION TO RADIO TELEPHONY PROCEDURE Period - 02 Type - PRACT Term - II Revised by - ************************************************************************************************ Training Aids 1. Pointer, Blackboard, chalk, white board, Marker Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 Min (b) RT Procedure - 15 Min (c) RT Practical - 15 Min (d) Conclusion - 05 Mins ------------40 Mins ------------- 3. Introduction. When signaling by voice, greatest care is to be taken that the messages are kept short and to the point. Voice procedure is simple and easily understood 4. RT Procedure. When signaling by voice greatest care is to be taken that the messages kept short and to the point. The tendency to carry on a telephone conversation is to be avoided. Voice procedure is simple and easily understood. It is most important that this procedure is used as all times and the instruction in its use is 79 given to all offices out ratings who may have to pass messages by radio telephone. Messages transmitted by voice are not invariably written down, but whenever practical a short note of their purpose should be made Speech should be clear and slow with natural emphasis on each word. Messages should normally be spoken in natural phrases and not word by word. The phonetic alphabet and pronunciation of figures are to be used when applicable 5. RT Practical. Voice procedure should generally clear to the receiving operator. All the difficult words to be spelt out. An example of a voice procedure is given below: Collective DE (This is) Ctrl = Radio Check = K (over) DE A1 (Alfa One) = Roger = K DE Ctrl = Roger out. Time Check: Collective DE Ctrl = When I Say time it will be exactly 1030… 15 seconds… 10 seconds.. 5 4 3 2 1 Time 1030 = A1 K Note: While calling collective we have to control one 6. addressee Conclusion. The Naval communication has a unique method of Radio Telephony. It is the duty of every cadet to implement simple voice procedures as used in Navy. Messages should be spoken in natural phrase and not word by word. The phonetic alphabet and pronunciation of figures are to be used wherever applicable. 80 SECTION-4 (JD/JW) PHONETIC ALPHABETS Period - 1 Type - LEC Term - I Revised by - ************************************************************************************************ Training Aids 1. Pointer, Blackboard, chalk, white board, Marker Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 Min (b) Phonetic alphabets - 30 Min (c) Conclusion - 05 Mins ------------40 Mins ------------- 3. Introduction. Some of the alphabets sound very similar especially on radio circuits which cause confusion to the receiving operator, to avoid this standard phonetics are used. 4. Phonetic Alphabets. When the letters of the alphabet are read out it will be observed that some of them sound very similar especially on radio telephone. This can cause confusion when important messages are being passed. In order to eliminate the ambiguity phonetic alphabets are used. 81 5. 6. The Phonetic alphabets are given below: A– Alfa J - Juliet S - Sierra B– Bravo K – Kilo T - Tango C– Charlie L – Lima U - Uniform D- Delta M – Mike V - Victor E– Echo N – November W - Whiskey F- Foxtrot O – Oscar X – X ray G- Golf P – Papa Y - Yankee H– Hotel Q – Quebec Z - Zulu I– India R – Romeo Conclusion. It is the duty of every cadet to communicate in phonetics especially while receiving a semaphore so as the writer could frame the message without any ambiguity. They must also use phonetics while communicating on radio telephone circuits. 82 CHAPTER-IV NAVIGATION 83 SECTION-1(JD/JW) NAVIGATIONAL CHARTS Period - 02 Type - 1 LEC; 1 PRACT Term - II Revised by - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Training Aids 1. Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Chart, Pointer & Projector Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 min (b) Types of Charts - 20 min (c) Chart Scales - 10 min (d) Conclusion - 05 Mins ------------40 Mins ------------- 3. Introduction. To a navigator, the most useful chart is the one which can show the track of his ship by drawing one or a series of straight lines between his starting point and destination, and measure the steady course he must steer in order to arrive there. Navigation deals with the movement of ships from one place to another safely in the most economic way. 84 4. The various types of charts are:- (a) Navigational Charts: - They are used for marine navigation There Are mainly three scales of navigational charts used for different purposes. They are mainly are large scale, Medium scale, Small scale charts. (b) Ships Boat Charts: - These charts are charts which are kept in boats and are generally water resistant plastic. (c)Routing Charts:- Routing charts provide data like; routes and distances between ports, Ocean current, wind roses, ice limits, etc. (d) Magnetic Charts:- There are mainly twelve magnetic charts six of them cover magnetic variations all over the world. Other six shows magnetic elements such as inclination, dip, etc. (e) Ocean Sounding charts:-Ocean sounding charts are used for compilation of small scale navigational charts. True depths are shown on these charts and in meters. 5. Chart Scales. Charts are generally published in three different scales, they are:(a) Small scale charts. These are charts covering a very vast area and the information such as sounding, lights etc. are not given in detail. These charts are generally used for passage planning and never should be used for navigation. (b) Medium scale charts. These charts are used for passage. The information for navigation including dangers is clearly shown on these charts. These charts cover a general area of about 50 – 70 NM. (c) Large scale charts. These charts are generally of harbours and their approaches. These charts contain all information’s required for precise navigation. These charts cover an area of 5 – 7 NM. 85 6. Conclusion. Charts are used to plot ships course and also for planning passage from one place to another. Large Scale Charts cover small area whereas Small Scale charts cover large areas. A lot of information is given on the charts which are used for accurately positioning the ship. 86 SECTION-2(JD/JW) MARKINGS ON CHART Period - 01 Type - PRACT Term - II Revised by - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Training Aids 1. Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Chart, Pointer & Projector Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 min (b) Light Houses - 15 min (c) Navigational Buoys - 15 min (d) Conclusion 05 Mins - ------------40 Mins ------------3. Introduction. The chart contains information on land and sea. Important objects are marked by particular symbols. In addition, heights and depths are marked alongwith tidal streams. Knowledge of symbols and what information is available on charts is essential for finding own position on the chart as well as planning the track of the ship. 4. Various information shown on charts is. (a) Number of chart (b) Title of the chart 87 (c) Survey data (d) A source data diagram (e) Date of publication (f) New edition (g) Date of printing (h) Chart dimension (k) Scale of the chart (l) Abbreviations & symbol (m) Heights (n) Drying heights (p)Tidal stream information 5. Chart Markings. Arrow on tracks denotes: (a) A single arrow denotes course steered, water track, leeway vector. (b) A double arrow denotes ship’s ground track. (c) A triple arrow denotes tidal stream, current, surface drift and drift. 6. Function of Light house and Buoys. Light house helps the mariner a lot to do coastal navigation this helps him to identify various places using the characteristics of the lights. Buoys helps to demarcate and area in the sea especially harbour. 7. Classes of Lights (a) Fixed Lights- are those exhibited without interruption (b) Rhythmic Lights- lights those showing a sequence of intervals of light and dark. The whole sequence is repeated at a regular interval. The characteristics rhythmic lights may be flashing quick flashing isophase or occulting according to the relative duration of light and darkness. 8. Light phase characteristics. The following is a summary of the common light phase characteristics seen:- 88 Fixed’[f] , flashing[fl] , quick flashing[q fl] interrupted quick flashing[I q.fl 5sec] , group flashing[gp.fl] , equal interval[e.int], occulting[occ] , group occulting [gp.occ] , composite. 9. Identifying a Navigational Light. When seeking to positively identify a light the navigator should take all three of its attributes into account i.e. Physical structure, light phase characteristics.. This is especially true when the light in question is in close proximity to other light with which it might be confused. To eliminate all possible error, no light would ever be considered positively identified until its period is timed by a stopwatch and found to be identical with published information. 10. Buoys. Buoys are floating structures, moored to the bottom, used to mark channels and fairways, shoals, banks rocks wrecks and other dangers to navigation, where permanent structures would be either uneconomical or impracticable. Buoys have a distinctive colour and shape they may carry a top marks and exhibit light, all of these are of great importance because they indicate the buoys purpose. Buoys may also be fitted with radar reflected and may sound bells, gongs, whistle or horns. 11. Conclusion. Knowledge of Chart markings is essential to understand what all objects exist which can be used for navigation and finding ships position at sea. Lighthouses are the most important landmarks. Beacons indicate danger. 89 SECTION-3 (JD/JW) MAP READING AND NAV AIDS Period - 03 Type - 2 LEC; 1 PRACT Term - II Revised by - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Training Aids 1. Blackboard, chalk, White board, Marker, Chart, Pointer & Projector Time Plan 2. (a) Introduction - 05 min (b) Map Reading - 15 min (c) Nav Aids - 15 min (d) Conclusion - 05 Mins ------------40 Mins ------------- 3. Introduction. For navigating using a chart, we must know to find the ships position on the chart. This is called fixing the position of the ship. 4. The various types of fixing are:(a) Visual Fix. Visual fixing is done by selecting two or three terrestrial objects on the chart which are clearly visual to the person taking the fix. The person takes the bearing of the three objects simultaneously so as to reduce the time lag error. This can also be done by two or three people taking the bearing simultaneously. 90 These bearings are plotted on a chart as arrowhead lines. The point at which the three lines inter sect is the ships position (b) Radar Fix. When the land is not visible visual fix is not possible during such occasions we can resort RADAR fixing. This is done by selecting prominent projections on the chart which paint on radar as an echo. The range and bearing of this landmark is taken from the RADAR and is plotted on the chart. The radar range is drawn as a curved line. The accuracy of this fix depends on the performance of the RADAR (c) GPS Fixing. Global Positioning System (GPS) is the most commonly used method of fixing. The latitude and longitude obtained on the GPS is directly plotted on the Chart. 5. Instrument and equipment used in navigation (a) Radar. Radio aided Direction and ranging i.e. with the help of radio waves, the direction and range of objects are obtained. Three types of Radars used in Navy. (b) Sextant. It is an instrument by which as hip’s position can be determined by taking the sight of heavenly bodies such as sun, stars, etc. (c) Compass It is used to find the direction of the ship at sea. There are mainly two types of compass magnetic and gyro. The navigational compass is an instrument that gives the necessary datum line from which courses and bearings can be measured. Compass helps us to find the direction of the ship at sea. (d) Echo Sounder. It is an instrument by which depth of the water can be measured below the keel of the ship. This helps us to prevent the ship from grounding. (e) Log. Used for finding the speed and distance travelled through water (f) Plotting Table. (g) Charts. Used for plotting the ships position, course etc. Used for plotting position and track of the ship 91 6. Global positioning system (GPS) is one of the most important modern Navigational Aid. These help us to locate our position to the accuracy of a few hundred meters. All sea going vessels are suppose to have GPS fitted onboard for navigation. Modern navies even use GPS for accurate launching of ballistic and continental missiles. GPS functions using 14 satellites located at different places in the space. An user gets feed from the various satellites in his range and then gives the position after inter relating all the feeds. This is not fully accurate and must not be fully dependant for navigation. We must also do plotting to cross check the position given to us by GPS for errors. 7. Conclusion. Use of electronic aids has enhanced the accuracy of Navigation. A Navigator has to be conversant with the operation of all electronic aids available on the ship. 92 CHAPTER-V SHIP AND BOAT MODELLING 93 SECTION-1 (JD/JW) PRINCIPLES OF SHIP MODELLING Period - 01 Type - LEC Term - I Revised by - ************************************************************************************************ Trg Aids 1. Blackboard, chalk, white board marker and projector and pointer. Time Plan. 2. (a) Introduction - 05 Mins (b) History - 10 Mins (c) Principles - 20 Mins (d) Conclusion - 05 Mins ------------40 Mins ------------- 3. Introduction. Ship Modelling is a creative activity. It is an important part of naval training for a NCC Cadet. It can also be taken up as a hobby. It makes a cadet observant, patient and applies scientific knowledge to excel in this discipline. 4. History. Ancient ship and Boat models have been discovered throughout the Mediterranean, especially from ancient Greece, Egypt and Phoenicia. These models provide archaeologists with valuable information regarding seafaring technology and the sociological and economic importance of seafaring. Ships made far-flung travel and trade more comfortable and economical, and they added a whole new facet to warfare. 94 Thus, ships carried a great deal of significance to the people of the ancient world, and this is expressed partly through the creation of boat and ship models. Ship models are helpful to archaeologists in that they allow archaeologists in that they allow archaeologists in that they allow archaeologists to make estimates regarding the size of the vessel would be in the real life. While this technique makes the assumption that artists scaled the models appropriately, it is useful to get some sense of how large these ships and boats may have been in real life. Archaeologists are able to calculate these estimates of size by employing a series of assumptions about the distance between rowers and a maximum draft of the vessels. Until the early 18th century, virtually all European small craft and many larger vessels were built without formal plans being drawn. A builder would construct models to show prospective customers how the full size ship would appear and to illustrate advanced building techniques. Ship models constructed for the British Navy were referred to as Admiralty models and were principally constructed during the 18th and 19th century to depict proposed warship design. In the early part of 20th Century, amateur Ship Model Kits became available. Early 20th Century models comprise a combination of wooden hulls and cast lead for anchors, deadeyes and rigging blocks. These materials gradually gave way to plastic precast sets. 5. Principles of Ship Modeling. Ship modeling is a creative activity. It is an activity that calls for great skill to excel in it. However any one can quickly pick up sufficient knowledge of this art to make a fair show. The successful model maker has to be observant, patient, painstaking and careful. (a) To make the desired model he has patience and some aptitude for this sort of work. It is possible for any reasonably handy person to produce a good model, provided he is prepared to give time and follows the instructions carefully. (b) Elementary solid models for which the parts are provided in the kit and they are only to assemble them, with the help of sequential drawing supplied with the kit. (c) In the second stage cadets are required to build powered models and sailing yachts out of kits which contains pre-cut parts, marine fittings and 95 construction plan. These steps are followed to enable the ship modeler to finally construct advanced models from full scale plans using only readily available materials. 6. Conclusion. Ship Modeling is a creative activity which calls for great skill and application. It makes a cadet to become familiar with various parts and fittings of a ship, boat or yacht and their function. Cadets having attitude for same may opt for studying Naval architecture available in some University. 96 SECTION-2 (JD/JW) READING OF A SHIP DRAWING OF A MODEL Period - 01 Type - LEC/ PRAC Term - I Revised by - ************************************************************************************************ Trg Aids 1. Blackboard, chalk, white board marker and projector and pointer & Drawing. Time Plan. 2. (a) Introduction - 05 Mins (b) View Plan - 15 Mins (c) Explanation with Blue Print - 15 Mins (d) Conclusion - 05 Mins ------------40 Mins ------------3. Introduction. When a building is made, it is made from the architectural plan. Similarly when a ship is made it is done in accordance with the blue print. 4. An important aspect in Ship modeling is the ability to read a drawing. Generally a drawing supplied with the kit is known as a blue print and comprises of two aspects, these are:(a) The top view or ‘Plan’. From the plan, length-breadth and superstructure fittings can be measured. (b) The side view or ‘elevation’. From the elevation, length height and the actual thickness of the various parts of the superstructure are measured. 97 5. In the case of a yacht, the drawing comprises of two figures i.e. the hull plan and the sail plan. These plans may however differ from yacht to yacht and from manufacturer to manufacturer. 6. When building a model, it is to best to get full sized plans, if possible, as this minimises the chances of error, especially when enlarging from a scale plan since the error is multiplied by the scale. 7. Conclusion. A model is based on a plan called blue print. Proximity to dimension as given in the blue print is criteria for executing a ship/ boat model. Therefore proper reading and comparison of blue print is an important aspect of shop modeling 98 SECTION-3 (JD/JW) PRACTICAL TRAINING ON STATIC MODELS Period - 06 Type - PRAC Term - II Revised by - ************************************************************************************************ PRACTICAL TRAINING TO BE IMPARTED BY THE SMI. ************************************************************************************************
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