UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

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DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT REPORT AND COPYRIGHT
Author’s full name : MUHAMMAD FARHAN BIN AZHARI
Date of Birth
: 09TH MEI 1991
Title
: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PARTIAL DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS ON
PALM-BASED OIL AND MINERAL OIL AS POWER TRANSFORMER OIL
Academic Session : 2013/2014
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1972)*
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21 / 6 / 2014
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DR. YANUAR Z. ARIEF
NAME OF SUPERVISOR
Date:
21 / 6 / 2014
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ii
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opinion this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering(Electrical)”
Signature
: …………………………....................
Name of Supervisor
: DR. YANUAR Z. ARIEF
Date
: 21thJUNE 2014
i
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PARTIAL DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS
ON PALM-BASED OIL AND MINERAL OIL AS POWER TRANSFORMER OIL
MUHAMMAD FARHAN BIN AZHARI
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia
JUNE 2014
ii
I declare that this thesis entitled “Comparative Analysis Of Partial Discharge
Characteristics On Palm-Based Oil And Mineral Oil As Power Transformer Oil” is
the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The thesis has not
been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any
other degree.
Signature
:
.........................................................
Name
:
MUHAMMAD FARHAN BIN AZHARI
Date
:
21thJune 2014
iii
DEDICATION
To my beloved parent,
Azhari Bin Majid &AminahBintiMamat
My supporting brother and sisters,
NurFarhanaBintiAzhari
NurulRaihanaBintiAzhari
NurulFarihahBintiAzhari
NurArinaBintiAzhari
Muhammad Irfan Bin Azhari
and
My entire friends
for their encouragement
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, all praise to Allah, the Almighty, the Benevolent for His blessings
and guidance had given me the inspiration to embark on this project and instilling in
all of my strengths to complete this project with good health. Many obstacles were
encountered during the implementation of the project but each of them has enhanced
my knowledge in my field.
First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my
supervisor, Dr.Yanuar Z. Arief who has helped me a lot in giving ideas, opinions,
and positive criticism. I am grateful to have him as a supervisor and also my mentor.
His guidance and supervision will undoubtedly help me in my future undertakings.
Last but not least, I am also greatly indebted especially to all my family and
friends for being such understanding and open minded for sharing and discussing
knowledge until today. Thanks to those who have helped me indirectly or directly in
completing
this
project
v
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mencari dan mengkaji jenis minyak yang baru
sebagai bahan penebatan berbanding dengan minyak yang sedia ada iaitu miyak
petroleum yang berasakan minyak mineral. Minyak mineral telah digunakan sebagai
bahan penyejuk dan penebatan kerana memiliki sifat dielektrik yang sangat baik,
iaitu kekuatan medan elektrik tinggi, kehilangan dielektrik rendah dan prestasi
jangka panjang yang bagus. Kebanyakan transformer kuasa menggunakan insulator
jenis cecair yang dipanggil juga sebagai minyak transformer. Minyak transformer
bukan sahaja berfungsi sebangai insulator elektrik tetapi juga berfungsi untuk
menyekat korona dan percik api, serta berfungsi sebagai medium penyejuk. Selama
ini, minyak transformer yang digunakan secara meluas adalah minyak transformer
yang berasaskan petroleum kerana mempunyai kekuatan medan elektrik yang tinggi,
kehilangan dielektrik yang rendah dan prestasi jangka panjang yang baik.
Walaubagaimanapun, minyak transformer yang berasaskan petroleum adalah tidak
terbiodegradasi dan sumbernya adalah tidak boleh diperbaharui. Tumpahan yang
serius boleh menyebabkan pencemaran kepada tanah dan air. Ia adalah tidak boleh
diperbaharui oleh itu kekurangan sumber akan terus meningkatkan harga minyak. Ini
telah menggalakkan penyelidik untuk mencari alternative minyak kuasa pengubah
dan pada masa ini minyak berasaskan sawit telah dilihat sebagai minyak yang
berpotensi
untuk
menjadi
alternatif
pengganti
sebagai
minyak
transformer.Iaadalahmesraalamsekitardanbolehdiperbaharui. Oleh itu projek ini telah
dijalankan untuk pelepasan separa minyak berasaskan sawit yang berpotensi.
Minyak berasaskan sawit berpotensi dalam projek ini adalah “Palm Fatty Acid
Ester” (PFAE) dan minyak sayuran FR3 juga telah bereksperimen sebagai
perbandingan dengan minyak mineral, Hyrax.
vi
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this project is to find out new insulating oil as liquid
insulation material compared to petroleum based mineral oil. Petroleum based
mineral oil have been used as a coolant and insulation purpose because of its high
electric field strength, low dielectric losses and good long-term performance. Most
of power transformer used liquid insulation which is power transformer oil. Power
transformer oil functions not only as electrical insulator but also functions to
suppress corona and arching, and as cooling medium. Over these years, power
transformer oil that has been widely used is petroleum based mineral oil because of
its high dielectric field strength, low dielectric losses, and good long-term
performance. However, petroleum based power transformer oil is non-biodegradable
and non-renewable. Serious spill could contaminate soil and water. It is nonrenewable therefore depletion of the source will further increase the oil price. These
have encouraged researchers to find alternative power transformer oil and currently
palm-based oil has been seen as potential alternative power transformer oil. It is
environmental friendly and renewable. Therefore this project has been carried out to
investigate partial discharge of potential palm-based oil. Potential palm-based oil in
this project is Palm Fatty Acid Ester (PFAE) and FR3 vegetable oil was also been
experimented as comparison with Hyrax mineral oil.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRAK
v
ABSTRACT
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
xii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Background of Study
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Objective
2
1.4
Scope
3
1.5
Flow Chart of Project
3
1.6
Summary
4
THEORY AND LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1
Background of Study
5
2.2
Introduction of Insulation
5
2.3
Power Transformer Oil
6
2.4
Palm-Based Oil
7
viii
2.5
3
4
5
Partial Discharge
7
METHODOLOGY
9
3.1
Introduction
9
3.2
Preparation of Test Cell
9
3.3
Preparation of Test Samples
10
3.4
Partial Discharge Measurement for Oil
12
3.4.1
Apparatus
12
3.4.2
Experimental Setup
13
3.4.3
Measurement Procedure
16
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
17
4.1
Introduction
17
4.2
Results
18
4.2.1
PD Trends
18
4.2.2
PD Number
19
4.3
Analysis and Discussion
25
4.3.1
PD trends
26
4.3.2
Average PD Change
27
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
29
5.1
Conclusion
29
5.2
Recommendation
29
REFERENCES
31
ix
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
4.1
PD Trends for 10 Kv
18
4.2
PD Trends for 20 Kv
18
4.3
PD Trends for 30 Kv
19
4.4
Data of Partial Discharge Numbers for 10 kV
19
4.5
Data of Partial Discharge Numbers for 20 kV
20
4.6
Data of Partial Discharge Numbers for 30 kV
20
x
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Project Overview
4
3.1
Test Cell
10
3.2
Filtering Process
11
3.3
Stirring Process
11
3.4
Test Cell Filled with Test Sample
12
3.5
Equipment Setup for Partial Discharge Test
13
3.6
Equipment Setup for Partial Discharge Data
Collection
14
3.7
PD Detector DDX 9101 Software
14
3.8
Test Cell for Partial Discharge Test
15
3.9
PD Calibration
15
4.1(a)
NQP Graph at 10kV Voltage Application for Hyrax
21
4.1(b)
NQP Graph at 10kV Voltage Application for FR3
21
4.1(c)
NQP Graph at 10kV Voltage Application for PFAE
22
4.2(a)
NQP Graph at 20kV Voltage Application for Hyrax
22
4.2(b)
NQP Graph at 20kV Voltage Application for FR3
23
4.2(c)
NQP Graph at 20kV Voltage Application for PFAE
23
4.3(a)
NQP Graph at 30kV Voltage Application for Hyrax
24
4.3(b)
NQP Graph at 30kV Voltage Application for FR3
24
4.3(c)
NQP Graph at 30kV Voltage Application for PFAE
25
4.4
PD Trends for 10 kV
26
4.5
PD Trends for 20 kV
26
4.6
PD Trends for 30 kV
27
xi
4.7
Average PD Change at 10 kV
27
4.8
Average PD Change at 20 kV
28
4.9
Average PD Change at 30 kV
28
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
PFAE
-
Palm Fatty Acid Ester
FR3
-
Environtemp Fire Resistant Natural Ester
BDV
-
Breakdown Voltage
PD
-
Partial Discharge
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of Study
Transformers have traditionally used mineral oil as insulation, and vegetable
oil has been used mainly for edible purposes. Examples of transformer oil that were
used are mineral oil, silicon oil, and synthetic ester. Generally mineral oil is used as
transformer oil because of their properties of low flammability and good dielectric
which is suitable for insulation. Then, silicon has very high flash point (low
flammability) and it’s generally used in place where safety is highly desired. The
silicon oil is very expensive compared to all oil types and the source cannot be
renewable.
Malaysia is the country that exported palm oil in the world. The researchers
try to investigate the use of vegetable oil as alternative transformer oil. The
properties of vegetable oil as insulator are biodegradable, environmental friendly,
cheap and available in Malaysia. The examples of vegetable oil are palm oil, coconut
oil, soya bean oil, and sunflower oil. Several important properties such as flash point,
pour point, kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, water content, and chemical
stability have to be considered when qualifying certain oil as transformer oil. The
2
quality of oil is very important because highly loaded transformer demands better
quality oil rather than light loaded transformer.
1.2
Problem Statement
Nowadays, many researches are carried out to find alternative of liquid
insulating material for transformer oil which is friendly to the environment. The
reason is because the insulating material that is usually used such as mineral oil is
non-biodegradable and unrenewable source. Petroleum-based oil will run out in
many years, so that the alternative transformer oil in necessary to be found. This
study will investigate the partial discharge characteristics of palm-based oil as an
alternative transformer oil application.
1.3
Objective
(1) To investigate partial discharge characteristics of palm-based oil as an
alternative transformer oil application.
(2) To perform comparative analysis of palm-based oil and existing transformer
oil based on partial discharge characteristics.
3
1.4
Scope
There are several scopes has been outlined in order to achieve the objectives
of this project. The scopes of the project are as stated below:
(a) The types of the sample oil are FR3, PFAE, and Hyrax (mineral oil).
(b) Electrical properties that will be studies are partial discharge characteristics.
(c) All the electrical properties will be investigated after experiencing different
rate of voltage, namely 10 kV, 20 kV and 30 kV.
1.5
Flow Chart of Project
This report contains five (5) chapters. In chapter one (1), it discuss about the
background of study, problem statement, objective, scope, outline and summary of
work. While Chapter two (2) discusses more on the theory and literature reviews that
have done. It discusses more details about the new insulation oils and electrical
characteristic of liquid insulation material.
Meanwhile, for Chapter three (3), methodology of the project is explained
further. The methodology consists of the experimental procedures on the test
samples. For the result, analysis and discussion of the project will be explained in
detailed in Chapter four (4).
Finally, Chapter five (5) discusses the conclusion and recommendation of the
project for the future work research.
4
1.6
Summary
Implementation and works of the project are summarized into the flow chart
as shown in Figure 1.1, which illustrate the detail of work of the project that has
been implemented in the first and second semester.
1
• Find the information about research
2
• Prepare of experiment
3
• Electrical test
4
• Experimental
5
• Writing report
Figure 1.1: Project Overview
5
CHAPTER 2
THEORY AND LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Background of Study
This chapter includes is all about insulation and characteristics of liquid
insulation for the petroleum-based mineral oil. The literature reviews discussed more
about electrical properties for liquid insulation such as partial discharge. The partial
discharge characteristic will be used as parameter to investigate whether the palm
based oil is a good insulator or not.
2.2
Introduction of Insulation
High voltage insulators have developed since early this century [4].
Basically, an insulator is a material that resists the flow of electric current. This
insulator is also known as dielectric. An insulating material has atoms with tightly
bonded valence electrons. The materials that are used in parts of electrical equipment
6
can be called insulators or insulation. Insulation materials intended to support or
separate electrical conductors without passing current through themselves.
Electrical insulating materials or dielectrics are materials in which
electrostatic fields can remain almost indefinitely. These materials thus offer a very
high resistance to the passage of direct currents. However, they cannot withstand an
infinitely high voltage. When the applied voltage across the dielectric exceeds a
critical value the insulation will be damaged. The dielectrics may be gaseous, liquid,
or solid in form [5].
2.3
Power Transformer Oil
Transformer oil is highly refined oil that can be stable at high temperatures
and has excellent insulating properties of the power. This enables it was used in
transformers that contain oil, some high-voltage capacitors, various types of high
voltage switches and circuit breakers. Its role is to protect the tool, reducing the
corona and arc and the air to these tools [4].
Transformer oil helps cool the transformer so as to provide electrical
insulation between the inner lives as the transformer must maintain stability at high
temperatures in the long term. Transformer oil filled in the conservator at the top of
the transformer. This is also a safety device that detects gas piled on the transformer.
7
2.4
Palm-Based Oil
The latest insulating oil implementation is vegetable oil which is known as
themost potential source to replace mineral oil because of its biodegradability and
bundlesources available. Vegetable oil contains natural esters. Natural ester which
beconsidered for power transformer application is fatty acid ester triglyceride. Palm
oil likeother vegetable oil is mixes of fatty acid triglycerides.
2.5
Partial Discharge
Partial discharge is an electrical discharge that only partially bridges the
dielectric or insulating medium between two conductors. Examples of partial
discharge are internal discharge, surface discharge, and corona discharge. Internal
discharges are discharge in cavities or voids which lie inside the volume of the
dielectric. Surface discharges are discharge from the conductor into a gas or liquid
medium and form on the surface of the solid insulation. Corona discharge is a gas or
a liquid insulation around the conductors that are away or remove from the solid
insulation [12].
Current or voltage pulse that results from a partial discharge occurring within
the object under test defined as partial discharge pulses. This pulse is measured using
suitable detector circuit, which been introduced into the test circuit for the purpose of
the test. A current pulse produces from a partial discharge which occurs in the test
object. A detector in accordance with the provisions of this standard produces a
current or a voltage signal at its output, proportional to the charge of the current
pulse at its input [13].
8
Partial discharges in liquid insulations may show an effect that is
characteristic for liquid insulations. This phenomenon is very unique in liquids and
contrast to solid insulations. In liquids, the molecules may move easily, thus
generating a gas filled void, if gaseous degradation products have been generated by
a preceding partial discharge. In the presence of high electric fields in a semiconducting or insulating material, electrons are accelerated by the electric field and
gain energies much higher than the thermal energy. They become hot electrons that
are able to transfer energy to collision partners, i.e. molecules of the material and
thus an ionization or a degradation of these molecules e.g. by bond scission may
occur. The concept of hot electrons is well known for many years, especially for
electrical treeing, the relevant degradation process in polymer insulations [14].
9
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
This chapter will present the apparatuses, experimental setup, and
measurement procedures used in order to obtain the partial discharge of the samples.
To ensure that the samples used can be as an alternative for petroleum-based mineral
oil.
3.2
Preparation of Test Cell
Preparation of test cell follows IEC 60156. Based on this standard, the
cleanliness of test cell is important when measuring dielectric properties because of
the extreme susceptibility of insulating liquids to the influence of contamination. The
test cell must be cleaned every time before use and it is strongly recommended that
test cells in continuous use for routine measurements are regularly cleaned.
10
When cells are to be regularly used for testing fluids with similar chemical
type and having similar electrical properties, they may be stored filled with a clean
sample of the fluid. Then when to be used, simply flushed with a volume of the next
sample at least three fillings of the cell. Figure 3.1 shows the example of test cell
used in this project.
Figure 3.1: Test Cell
3.3
Preparation of Test Samples
After taking test sample from the container, the test sample was filtered to
filter out any impurities or contaminations as shown in Figure 3.2.
11
Figure 3.2: Filtering Process
The sample was first stirred for 10 minutes using magnetic stirrer with the
settingof temperature 50˚C in order to vaporize water content and remove air
bubbles in thesample. Figure 3.3 shows the stirring process.
Figure 3.3: Stirring Process
12
The cell and electrodes were cleaned and dried before filled with test
sample.According to IEC 60156, the gap between electrodes were set to 2.5 mm ±
0.05 mm andtest sample were filled for about 500 ml, leaving only 3% of the test
cell empty as shown in Figure 3.4.
Figure 3.4: Test Cell Filled with Test Sample
3.4
Partial Discharge Measurement for Oil
Partial discharge measurement in this project follows the IEC/BS 60270
including preparation of measurement tools.
3.4.1
Apparatus
The apparatuses used in the factor dissipation test are as follows:
13
1. HVAC/DC test set to supply voltage to the samples.
2. Test cell to place the sample.
3. Step up transformer, AC voltage 50 Hz to supply high voltage.
4. Protection gear as protection device.
5. Voltage regulator as voltage divider.
6. Partial discharge detector device DDX 9101.
7. Partial discharge calibrator.
8. PC installed with PD detector DDX 9101 software.
3.4.2
Experimental Setup
The equipment setup is as shown in Figure 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8 and 3.9.
Figure 3.5: Equipment Setup for Partial Discharge Test
14
Figure 3.6: Equipment Setup for Partial Discharge Data Collection
Figure 3.7: PD Detector DDX 9101 Software
15
Figure 3.8: Test Cell for Partial Discharge Test
Figure 3.9: PD Calibration
16
3.4.3
Measurement Procedure
The experiments conducted are based on the procedures listed as follows:
1) The test cell was prepared as shown in Figure 3.14. The spacer 2.5 mm was
placed in between electrodes to avoid breakdown during test.
2) Before test, PD calibration was firstly done by connecting PD calibrator at
test cell as shown in Figure 3.15 and calibrated in PD detector software.
3) The voltage application was slowly increased to 5 kV.
4) The graph of PD reading versus time was recorded for 1 minute.
5) Then, NQP graph was recorded for 3 minutes.
6) Step 3, 4 and 5 were repeated for voltage application of 10 kV, 15 kV and
20kV.
7) Lastly, PD readings obtained in step 3 were averaged for analysis.
17
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1
Introduction
All results obtained from experiments will be presented and discussed in this
chapter. First result will be the comparison of partial discharge trends of PFAE, FR3,
and Hyrax at 10 kV, 20kV and 30kV, respectively. The second result will be the
average of partial discharge trends in 10 kV, 20kV and 30kV of PFAE, FR3, and
Hyrax. The third result will be the partial discharge number occurred at 10 kV, 20
kV and 30 kV of PFAE, FR3, and Hyrax.
Partial discharge measurement and preparation of measurement tools in this
project follows the IEC/BS60270.
18
4.2
Results
The experiment was conducted at 10 KV, 20kV and 30 kV. From the
experimental works, the data which were obtained from three samples are presented
here.
4.2.1
PD Trends
Table 4.1,4.2, and 4.3 show the PD Trends for 10 kV, 20 kV, and 30 kV.
Table 4.1: PD Trends for 10 Kv
Time (second)
Hyrax (pC)
FR3 (pC)
PFAE (pC)
10
1.7
24.3
1.2
20
1.7
13.8
1.5
30
1.6
7.2
1.6
40
1.6
7.5
1.6
50
1.7
6.5
1.8
60
1.7
13.6
1.4
Table 4.2: PD Trends for 20 kV
Time (second)
Hyrax (pC)
FR3 (pC)
PFAE (pC)
10
4.8
15.84
4.5
20
5.0
14.86
4.7
30
4.7
12.47
4.7
40
2.8
10.51
5.4
50
8.3
10.87
5.0
60
4.6
10.39
5.2
Table 4.3: PD Trends for 30 kV
19
Time (second)
Hyrax (pC)
FR3 (pC)
PFAE (pC)
10
7.62
17.48
17.48
20
6.90
16.85
16.85
30
6.68
12.56
12.56
40
3.67
13.51
13.51
50
4.74
13.97
13.97
60
3.74
13.58
13.58
4.2.2
PD Number
The data for PD Numbers for each sample are shown in Table 4.4, Table 4.5
and 4.6.
Table 4.4: Data of Partial Discharge Numbers for 10 kV
Numbers of Partial Discharge
Time (second)
Hyrax
PFAE
FR3
0 – 10
41
40
37
11 – 20
42
42
35
21 – 30
43
42
35
31 – 40
42
41
35
41 – 50
43
42
41
51 – 60
40
42
40
Table 4.5: Data of Partial Discharge Numbers for 20 kV
20
Numbers of Partial Discharge
Time (second)
Hyrax
PFAE
FR3
0 – 10
41
38
37
11 – 20
42
37
36
21 – 30
42
36
37
31 – 40
42
38
37
41 – 50
43
37
37
51 – 60
42
37
41
Table 4.6: Data of Partial Discharge Numbers for 30 kV
Numbers of Partial Discharge
Time (second)
Hyrax
PFAE
FR3
0 – 10
42
42
37
11 – 20
43
43
38
21 – 30
42
42
37
31 – 40
42
42
37
41 – 50
43
42
37
51 – 60
42
42
37
Figures 4.1(a), 4.1(b), 4.1(c), 4.2(a), 4.2(b), 4.2(c), 4.3(a), 4.3(b), and 4.3(c)
are additional data represent the same results of partial discharge but shown in the
form of NQP graph. NQP graph is the graph of partial discharge number (N),
magnitude (Q), and phase degree of partial discharge (P).
21
Figure 4.1(a): NQP Graph at 10kV Voltage Application for Hyrax
Figure 4.1(b): NQP Graph at 10kV Voltage Application for FR3
22
Figure 4.1(c): NQP Graph at 10kV Voltage Application for PFAE
Figure 4.2(a): NQP Graph at 20kV Voltage Application for Hyrax
23
Figure 4.2(b): NQP Graph at 20kV Voltage Application for FR3
Figure 4.2(c): NQP Graph at 20kV Voltage Application for PFAE
24
Figure 4.3(a): NQP Graph at 30kV Voltage Application for Hyrax
Figure 4.3(b): NQP Graph at 30kV Voltage Application for FR3
25
Figure 4.3(c): NQP Graph at 30kV Voltage Application for PFAE
4.3
Analysis and Discussion
From the data experiment of partial discharge shown in Table 4.1, Table 4.2
and Table 4.3 are plotted in bar and line chart form. The chart form is easier to
analyse in term of partial discharge properties.
4.3.1
PD trends
26
PD Charge (pC)
Figures4.4, 4.5, and 4.6 showed the PD Trends for 10 kV, 20 kV, and 30 kV.
30
25
20
Hyrax
15
FR3
10
PFAE
5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (second)
Figure 4.4: PD Trends for 10 kV
20
18
16
PD Charge (pC)
14
Hyrax
12
10
FR3
8
PFAE
6
4
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
Figure 4.5: PD Trends for 20 kV
60
Time (second)
27
18
16
14
Hyrax
10
FR3
8
PFAE
PD Charge (pC)
12
6
4
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (second)
Figure 4.6: PD Trends for 30 kV
4.3.2
Average PD Change
Figure 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6 show the average of PD Change at 10 kV, 20 kV, and
30 kV.
16
14
12
Hyrax
10
FR3
8
PFAE
6
4
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
Figure 4.7: Average PD Change at 10 kV
60
28
20
PD Charge (pC)
15
Hyrax
FR3
10
PFAE
5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (second)
Figure 4.8: Average PD Change at 20 kV
18
16
14
Hyrax
10
FR3
8
PFAE
PD Charge (pC)
12
6
4
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
Figure 4.9: Average PD Change at 30 kV
60
Time (second)
29
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1
Conclusion
This study has been conducted to investigate partial discharge characteristics
(PD) of palm-based oil as an alternative transformer application. The results revealed
that palm-base oil has as well as PD characteristics compared with existing mineral
oil. Thus, palm-based oil has a good potential to be used as transformer oil.
5.2
Recommendation
Based on experiments carried out, clearly shows that palm-based oil like
PFAE have potential to replace petroleum-based mineral oil as insulating oil in
transformer as transformer oil. However, the recommendation and proposed to be
done to improve the experimental results in the future. Among the recommendation
are:
30
(a) Other electrical properties such as relative permittivity and viscosity
should be tested
(b) Partial discharge test must be conducted for a long time to show the
stability of the performance
(c) To prove the palm-based oil is a very good insulation, this oil must be
tested at real power transformer
31
REFERENCES
[1]
SuwarnoAditama (2005) “Dielectric Properties of Palm Oils as Liquid
Insulating Materials: Effects of Fat Content”. Department of Electrical
Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung
40132, Indonesia.Proceedings of 2005 lntemational Symposium on Electrical
Insulating Materials, June 5-9, 2005, Kitakyushu, Japan.
[2]
U. U Abdullahi, S M Bashi, RobiaYunus, Mohibullah, Hj.An1ir Nurdin
(2004). “The Potentials of Palm Oil as a Dielectric Fluid”.National Power &
Energy Conference (PECon) 2004 Proceedings, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
[3]
IEEE Std. 100 Authoritative Dictionary of Standards Terms, 7th edition
ISBN 0-7381 -2601-2
[4]
D.C. Abeysundara*, C. Weerakoon* and J R Lucas*, K.A.I. Gunatunga and
K.C. Obadage, Coconut Oil as an Alternative to Transformer Oil,
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Lanka
Transformer Ltd, Angulana Station
[5]
Norazlianibinti Md. Sapari (September 2009). Electrical and Chemical
Properties of Natural Palm Oil as a New Insulation for Transformer.Degree
of Master, UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia.
32
[6]
Shakira AzeehanAzli. Effect of Electrical Ageing on Electrical Properties of
RBDPO as Dielectric Material. Master Thesis. UniversitiTeknologi
Malaysia; 2012.
[7]
NurulFadillaAzwanibintiMdAkil.
Comparison
of
Electrical
Properties
between New Insulating Oil with Petroleum Based Mineral Oil as Liquid.
[8]
Insulating Material. Degree Thesis.UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia; 2010.
[9]
Looms, J.S.T, “Insulators for High Voltage”. Peter Peregrinus, London,
1988.
[10]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil
[11]
17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel
[12]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_oil

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