1. No category 

Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature
Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation
Georgian Literature of XVI-XVIII Centuries
on the
Crossroad of Eastern and Western Cultural
and Literary Processes
Tbilisi
2012
2
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti
SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondi
XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli
literatura
aRmosavluri da dasavluri kulturulliteraturuli procesebis gzaSesayarze
Tbilisi
2010
3
UDC(uak) 37.01(479.22)
q-279
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis
sagamomcemlo programa
`qarTuli mwerloba. periodebi da mimarTulebani”.
programis xelmZRvaneli _ irma ratiani
aRniSnuli proeqti ganxorcielda
SoTa rusTavelis erovnul samecniero fondSi
mopovebuli grantis (№ B-13-10) meSveobiT
redaqtori
irma ratiani
© irma ratiani, ivane amirxanaSvili,
Tamar barbaqaZe, goCa kuWuxiZe,
giorgi lobJaniZe, Tamar lomiZe,
zaza firaliSvili, rusudan canava,
malxaz xarbedia
operator-damkabadonebeli
TinaTin duglaZe
ydis dizaineri
nodar sumbaZe
arakomerciuli gamocema
gamomcemloba `universali~, 2012
ISBN 978-9941-0-5065-7
4
Sinaarsi
irma ratiani
XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba _
revizia da reinterpretacia.................................................................9
Teoriuli da kulturologiuri preambula
zaza firaliSvili
XVI-XVIII saukuneebi da
qarTuli sulierebis bedi....................................................................12
irma ratiani
evropuli konceptis
rekonstruqcia qarTul mwerlobaSi................................................39
giorgi lobJaniZe
qarTul-aRmosavluri mxatvruli
gemovneba da literaturuli
universaliebi XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi..................................................56
kulturuli atmosfero XVI-XVIII saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi
goCa kuWuxiZe
kulturis kerebi da sagamomcemlo
saqmianoba XVI-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi.............................69
goCa kuWuxiZe
XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli sasuliero
mwerlobis analizi..................................................................................86
Tamar lomiZe
`sayovelTao gramatikis~
Seqmna dasavleT evropaSi da
anton kaTalikosis gramatika............................................................100
epoqis poetikuri tendenciebi.
aRmosavluri motivebi qarTuli konotaciebiT
goCa kuWuxiZe
mefe-poetebi (biografiuli narkvevebi).......................................111
5
Tamar lomiZe
klasikuri epistemis cneba da
qarTuli anbanTqebebi..........................................................................139
Tamar barbaqaZe
mefe-poetTa leqswyobis principebi..............................................156
malxaz xarbedia
naratiuli modelebi qarTvel
mefeTa ZiriTad teqstebSi..................................................................190
giorgi lobJaniZe
aRmosavluri eposi da
qarTuli literaturuli sivrce.....................................................200
sulxan-saba orbeliani.
qarTuli ganmanaTleblobis karibWesTan
ivane amirxanaSvili
sulxan-saba orbeliani (biografiuli narkvevi)........................231
ivane amirxanaSvili
`sibrZne sicruisa~. teqsti da konteqsti.....................................240
rusudan canava
qaragmis hermenevtika.
sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisa~...............................254
giorgi lobJaniZe
igavis transformacia aRmosavlur
literaturaSi da misi mxatvruli
funqciebi `qilila da damana~-s teqstSi......................................310
malxaz xarbedia
20 mokle mogoneba.
`mogzauroba evropaSi~ _
teqstis arqeologiis mcdeloba......................................................322
ivane amirxanaSvili
sulxan-saba orbeliani _ ganmanaTleblobisa da
enciklopedizmis ideebis mkvlevari..............................................344
Tamar lomiZe
klasikuri epistemis cneba da
sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis kona~.........................................349
6
gzajvaredinidan gzisken
goCa kuWuxiZe
besik gabaSvili (biografiuli narkvevi).......................................359
goCa kuWuxiZe
besikis Semoqmedebis aRmosavlur-dasavluri
aspeqtebis urTierTmimarTebisaTvis............................................367
Tamar barbaqaZe
besikis versifikaciuli sistema......................................................384
daviT guramiSvili. axali qarTuli narativi
ivane amirxanaSvili
daviT guramiSvili (biografiuli narkvevi)................................395
ivane amirxanaSvili
daviT guramiSvilis esTetika...........................................................403
ivane amirxanaSvili
daviT guramiSvilis poetika.............................................................412
Teoriuli poskriptumi
Tamar lomiZe
XVI-XVIII saukuneebis literaturis
kvlevis meTodologiuri gamocdileba
evropul literaturaTmcodneobaSi.............................................422
7
8
irma ratiani
XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba _
revizia da reinterpretacia
wigni _ `XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli literatura aRmo-
savluri da dasavluri kulturul-literaturuli procesebis
gzaSesayarze~ warmoadgens qarTuli literaturis istoriisaTvis saetapo mniSvnelobis mqone epoqis, XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli mwerlobis gaazrebis mcdelobas axal rakursSi _ kulturaTaSorisi dialogis, konceptualuri, struqturuli da
stilisturi gadakveTebisa da winaaRmdegobebis WrilSi. mecnierTa jgufis mier Catarebuli kvlevebi efuZneba Sesabamisi
istoriuli, esTetikuri, ideologiuri da religiuri konteqstis monacemebs, meTodologiur CarCod ki gansazRvrulia interdisciplinuri, interkulturuli da komparativistuli, agreTve, hermenevtikuli da naratologiuri kvlevebi. qarTuli
literaturis am konkretuli periodis kvlevam, Tanamedrove
filologiur standartebze dayrdnobiT, saSualeba mogvca,
ideologiuri kliSeebisagan damoukideblad, masStaburi kulturologiuri analizisa da novatoruli meTodologiebis danergvis gziT, mogvexdina qarTuli literaturuli procesis
erTi etapis Teoriuli gadasinjva, gadaazreba, periodizaciis
CarCoebis Sesworeba da, rac aranakleb aqtualuria, sakiTxisadmi inovaciuri midgomis Camoyalibeba.
saqarTveloSi literaturismcodneobiTi kvlevebis didi
tradicia arsebobs, magram literaturismcodneoba, isev rogorc yoveli sxva dargi mecnierebisa, win miiwevs, iTxovs axali
xedvebis danergvas, kvlevis horizontebis gafarToebas, konceptualur da struqturul inovaciebs. Tanamedrove qarTuli
literaturismcodneoba valdebulia, moaxdinos reagireba aRniSnul moTxovnebze da qarTul sazogadoebas SesTavazos qarTuli literaturis istoriis Tanamedrove recefcia, ris dadasturebasac warmoadgens winamdebare wigni.
wignis avtorTa yuradReba araerTma mniSvnelovanma problemam miiqcia: rogoria XVI-XVIII saukuneebis polikulturuli
konteqsti; rogor yalibdeba am konteqstSi axali drois qarTuli identoba; ra gavlenas axdens mimdinare geopolitikuri
da geokulturuli cvlilebebi qarTul kulturul realobaze;
ra konceptualur da poetikur tendenciebs gvTavazobs am
epoqis qarTuli literatura, romelic Tanabar interess iCens
aRmosavluri da dasavluri kulturuli iniciativebisadmi; iZleva Tu ara qarTul-aRmosavluri da qarTul-dasavluri literaturebis SedarebiTi tipologiuri kvlevis gaRrmavebis
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SesaZleblobas ara mxolod Tematuri, fabuluri an leqsikuri,
aramed farTo Janruli da stilisturi analogiebisa da gansxvavebebis Zieba, dadgena da dasabuTeba; ratom da rogor inacvlebs qarTuli literatura aRmosavluri kulturuli sibrtyidan dasavlurisaken da rogor aisaxeba es gadanacvleba poetikur sistemaze.
moniSnuli problematikis kvlevisas mecnierTa interesis
sferoSi Semovida umniSvnelovanesi teqstebi, agreTve, qarTvel mweralTa da sazogado moRvaweTa didi jgufi, romelTa
Semoqmedebamac reformatoruli mniSvneloba iqonia qarTuli
literaturis istoriaSi. teqstebis analizi ganxorcielda
dadgenili meTodologiebis farglebSi, xolo avtorTa Semoqmedeba gaazrebul iqneba farTo kulturulogiur WrilSi. gaSuqda mniSvnelovani samecniero Temebi. maT Soris: ra konceptualuri modelebiT aRiniSneba CvenTvis saintereso epoqaSi
aRmosavluri poetikis, renesansuli realizmis, klasicizmisa
da ganmnaTleblobis Sinaarsobriv-stiluri Tanaarseboba qarTul saliteraturo sivrceSi; ra Janrul siaxleebs gvTavazobs
qarTuli literatura da rogoria epikuri da lirikuli
Janrebis balansi; narativis rogor modelebs irCevs qarTuli
literatura da Txrobis ra principebi SeiZleba gamoikveTos
gansxvavebuli literaturuli Janrebis doneze; ra versifikaciul formebs amkvidrebs aRmosavluri da dasavluri versifikaciuli kanonebis gzajvaredinze mdgomi qarTuli poezia; ra
meTodologiuri gziT xorcieldeba evropuli poetikuri kanonebisa da stilisturi modelebis danergva qarTul mwerlobaSi.
kvlevis kidev erTi axali amocana iyo dadastureba imisa,
rom yoveli Rirebuli teqsti Sreobrivi sistemaa da mudmivad
ganaxlebad recefcias eqvemdebareba. magaliTad, sulxan-saba
orbelianis `sibrZne-sicruisa~ wakiTxul iqna rogorc klasicizmis poetikuri kanonebis, ise antikuri epoqis poetikisa da
hermenevtikuli Teoriis WrilSi. sabas teqstebi gaanalizda
aramarto konceptualuri da struqturuli, aramed _ istorizmis principiT, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli gaxda
`mogzaurobis narativisa~ da epoqis `qalaquri teqstis~ specifikis dadgena; qarTvel mefeTa teqstebi Seswavlil iqna aramarto versifikaciuli formebis, aramed _ narativis formebis
mixedviT; besik gabaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi, aRmosavluri leqsis
tendenciebis mxardamxar, dadgenil iqna dasavluri kulturis
Teoriuli zegavlena da misi praqtikuli gamovlinebani; daviT
guramiSvilis teqstebi wakiTxul iqna rogorc evropeizmis,
Janruli da versifikaciuli reformis, ise _ miTologiuri,
mistikur-alegoriuli da folkloruli poetikis konteqstSi...
amgvari kompleqsuri kvlevebi mravlad aris Tavmoyrili wignSi.
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wignis avtorTa erT-erTi mTavari mizani iyo XVI-XVIII saukuneebis epoqis literaturuli teqstebis saetapo mniSvnelobis warmoCena zogadad qarTuli literaturis istoriisaTvis:
dasabuTeba im azrisa, rom XVI-XVIII saukuneebi aris qarTuli
mwerlobis istoriis gardamavali, uaRresad speqtruli periodi, kardinaluri Semobrunebisa da ganaxlebis safexuri, romelic momdinareobs winare epoqebis gamocdilebidan da konceptualurad miemarTeba Semdgomi epoqebis qarTuli literaturisaken.
literaturismcodneobis mecnierebisaTvis dRes arsebiT
mniSvnelobas iZens literaturuli sistemis farTo kulturul
perspeqtivaSi gaazreba, rac gulisxmobs, erTi mxriv, konkretuli literaturuli sistemis analizs epoqisaTvis niSandoblivi
zogadkulturuli kanonzomierebebis doneze, xolo, meore
mxriv, mis wakiTxvas sxvadasxva kulturuli modelebis kveTis
WrilSi. vfiqrobT, wignis avtorebma warmatebiT gaarTves Tavi
am rTul amocanas: literaturis problemebis kvleva farTo
perspeqtivaSi dResac da xvalac saSualebas mogvcems, ganvaxorcieloT qarTuli literaturis istoriis kompleqsuri
kvleva da movaxdinoT misi faseuli gadaazreba Tanamedrove
recefciisa da reinterpretaciis dasabuTebuli surviliT.
11
Teoriuli da kulturologiuri
preambula
zaza firaliSvili
XVI-XVIII saukuneebi da qarTuli sulierebis bedi
Sesavali
kultura individTa sakomunikacio sivrceSi adasturebs Tavis raobas. swored am sivrcis erTgvar „kvanZebSia“ ganlagebuli is metaforebi da sicxadeebi, romlebic, rogorc energetikuli centrebi, urTierTqmedebaSi qmnian im „sakomunikacio eqstazs“ (J.bodriari), im qsovils, romelsac Cven kulturas
vuwodebT. TavisTavad nebismieri metafora, rogorc kulturis
energiis wyaro, SeuZleblis postulirebas SeiZleba niSnavdes
da, rac ar unda ucnauri iyos, swored am SeuZleblobasTan mimarTebaSi ibadeba kulturis „zRvruli energetikuli daZabuloba“. amitomac aris, rom „kulturis sxeulSi yofna,“ Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, misi agentebis erTgvar wminda infantilizms gulisxmobs, jerac Sors rom aris sakuTari siymawviliT daqanculobisa da siberis pragmatizmisagan, ymawvilur mindobas imisa,
rac SeuZlebelia, magram garduvali. amitomac SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom kultura, rogorc utopia, rogorc jerarsuli ganmsazRvreli ama Tu im sazogadoebisa, aris is, riTac es ukanaskneli
Tavis Rirsebas adasturebs, riTac igi axerxebs, ganacxados, rom
pragmatuli da kalkulirebadi sazrisis „gareTac“ SeuZlia arseboba.
qristianuli sulierebac xom SeuZleblis _ RvTis gankacebis _ postulirebiT iwyeba da swored am metaforis SeuZleblobaSi povebs Zalebs saimisod, rom Tavisi raoba daadasturos.
RvTis gankacebisa da jvarcmis Semdgomi aRdgomis postulatSi
ukve imTaviTve igulisxmeba qristianuli sulierebis ani da hoe.
amis Semdeg eZleva sivrce qristianuli sulierebis paradigmaTa
da sicxadeTa im erTobliobas, mis „tans“ rom warmoadgens. amiT
imas, rac postulirdeba, kreatiuli Zalmosileba eZleva da amiT
iqmneba is samyaro, romelsac qristianul kosmoss vuwodebT.
amis analogiurad, swored „SeuZlebelSi“ yofniT moipovebs
esa Tu is kultura sakomunikacio garkveulobasa da identobas.
am azriT, kultura postulatebze agebuli sakomunikacio matricaa. rogorc vTqviT, am matricis „kvanZebSi“ swored konkretuli istoriuli garemoebebis prizmaSi gardatexili postulatebia da metaforebia ganlagebuli da isini inarCuneben mas,
12
ar aZleven saSualebas, amorful da iracionalur, TviTgamanadgurebel ramed iqces. ase iqmneba is (Sinagani da garegani) konteqsti, romelSic konkretuli kultura arsebobs.
Tema, romelsac Cven vexebiT, Seexeba swored im konteqstis
ngrevasa da axlis Senebis mcdelobas, rac igivea, Zveli sicxadeebis, Zveli identobebis ngrevasa da axalTa mopovebis im jerac
dausrulebel process, romelSic Cveni suliereba meTxuTmete
saukunis Semdeg aRmoCnda. qarTuli kosmosis Cveuli formebis
ngrevam Cven amorfuli da araartikulirebuli identobis winaSe dagvayena. arsebiTad, am epoqis erTaderTi realoba es tragikuli amorfuloba iyo da kidev warsulis is fragmentebi, romlebiTac mis daZlevas vcdilobdiT.
warsulis gageba, pirvel rigSi, albaT, imis amocnobas niSnavs, Tu rogor atarebs awmyo warsulis xmianebas. am ukanasknelSi TiTqos Cveni dRevandelobis prefiguraciebs movniSnavT xolme. amiT warsuli ucnauri kavSirSia CvenTan da raRacnairad monawileobs aq da axla. is, rac TiTqos erTxel da samudamod movitoveT, kvlav cdilobs Ceni saSualebiT sakuTari
Tavis gamoTqmas da Cvens aqtualur raobaSi mobrunebas. raRac
Sinagani da amoucnobi kanonzomierebebis ZaliT gagamJRavnebas
iwyebs arsebobis is formebi, romlebic, erTi SexedviT, sadRac
mitovebuli naSTia da meti araferi.
es gansakuTrebiT dRevandelis msgavs gardatexis epoqebs
exeba. Zalauflebis mqoneTa yaCaRuri morali, gonebisa da gulis kanonebze agebuli sakuTari sasicocxlo garemos Seqmnis
unaris deficiti, eqstremistuli ganwyobilebebisa da iracionaluri qaosis siyvaruli, dabolos, yvelafris xelis erTi
dartymis gamomsworebeli jadosnis mudmivi Zieba, rogorc Cans,
meTeqvsmete-meTvramete saukuneebidan miRebuli memkvidreobaa. istoriulma bedisweram damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg
TiTqos kidev erTxel mogvaxilina sakuTari Tavi, raTa iluziebisagan gaTavisuflebis Sansi mogvcemoda. amis gareSe am iluziebis CixSi CarCenaa, TviTmumificirebaa, sakuTari Tavis gawirvaa im maxisaTvis, romelic Cvenma ugunurebam da ulmobelma
istoriam moqsoves.
amitomac aris Rirebuli warsulis Seswavla da gageba. igi ar
SeiZleba mxolod nacional-utopiuri warmodgenebiT narkotikuli Trobis sagnad davtovoT. is sulieri krizisi, romelic
saqarTveliSi XV saukunis Semdeg mefobda, kvlav da kvlav gagebas saWiroebs.
mcire da, xSirad, ara mxolod mcire erebis istoriografia
warsulis garkveul fazebs xSirad usamarTlo, aramarTlzomier epoqebad ganixilavs da erTgvar martirologiur narativad
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aqcevs. es miT ufro xSiria, Tu amgvar fazas win warmatebuli saukuneebi uZRoda da amiT gaaTmagebulia survili, rom dacemis
saukuneebSi mxolod usamarTloba da bedisweris daumsaxurebeli dartymebi iqnas danaxuli, rasac esa Tu is xalxi udreki da
xSirad tragikuli heroizmiT xvdeboda.
amiT istoriografia da istoriosofia Tavisi sagnobrivi velis gareT gadis da umal nacional-utopiur narativad iqceva,
vidre _ sakuTari warsulis gagebis mcdelobad. ganvlili warmatebuli saukuneebi warumateblobis epoqaSi erTgvari preteristuli iluziebis wyarod gvevlineba, rac, cxadia, TiTqmis
gamoricxavs sakuTari Tavis gagebasac da momavalze orientirebul identobaTa da strategiaTa gansazRvrasac. amgvari narativi iqceva kulturis cnobierebis im wred, romelic iZleva ara
mxolod warsulis universalur aRweras, aramed _ metaforaTa
im sistemasac, romliTac kultura sakuTar Tavs aRiqvams da `aq
da axla~ aRwers. ase iqceva warsuli, ufro sworad, warsulis
xedva awmyosa da momavlis bediswerad. ase iqmneba is Caketili
wre, romelSic mcire erma, rogorc sakuTari warsuliT datyvevebulma, SeiZleba saukuneebi gaataros. amgvar wres Tavisi gamJRavnebis formebi aqvs savaldebulo warmodgenaTa sistemebis
saxiT, Tavisi sicxadeebis sistema, Tavisi sakomunikacio imperativebi. yvelafer amaSi naTlad Cans mTeli kulturis unari Tu
uunaroba, gaarRvios es wre.
swored metaforaTa da sakomunikacio imperativTa es sistemaa is erT-erTi umTavresi memkvidreoba, romelic XVI-XVIII,
Cveni saxelmwifoebrivi da kulturuli identobis krizisis saukuneebSi Caisaxa, istoriuli prizma ganvlo da Cvenamde ise
movida. eTnomiTologiuri warmodgenebiT gajerebul narativSi efemeruli arsebobis Cveva da sakuTari bedis martirologiur naTelSi xedva TandaTan iqceoda im paTetetikuri patriotizmis sakomunikacio demonebad, romlebidan Tavis daRwevac
CvenTvis dRemde istoriaSi dabrunebis amocanis Tanazomadia.
kidev erTxel gavimeorebT: socio-kulturul garemos, rogorc sakomunikacio sistemas, awmyosTan SeTanadebul konvenciur sicxadeTa matrica qmnis. swored am matricaze dayrdnobiT xorcieldeba, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, kulturis industria,
misi uwyveti aRwarmoeba, igi iZleva saxelmwifoebrivi da socialuri, zogadad, istoriuli cxovrebis formebis myar wanamZRvrebsa da garkveulobebs, igi iZleva istoriuli dinamikisa da
kulturis industriis veqtorebs. Tuki XVI-XVIII saukuneebi SeiZleba ramiT davaxasiaToT (da es avbediTi memkvidreoba dRemde mogvdevs), es aris swored amgvar sicxadeTa totaluri deficiti da droiTi mimarTebebidan fataluri amovardna. istoriulma kataklizmebma qarTuli sazogadoeba daayena im saSiS-
14
roebis winaSe, rom igi erTgvari Caput Mortuum-is, „mkvdari Tavis“ mdgomareobaSi SeiZleboda aRmoCeniliyo (mkvdar Tavs Sua
saukuneebSi alqimiuri operaciebis Sedegad darCenil usargeblo naSTebs uwodebdnen). aseTi naSTis mdgomareobisaTvis SeiZleboda ganwiruliyo mTeli suliereba, Tuki igi sakuTari identobis axal formebs ar miagnebda da amiT istoriuli dinamikis
axal energias ar SeiZenda. istoriis alqimiam igi kvdomis safrTxis winaSe daayena.
amasTan, Tuki raimeTi gvaocebs Cveni XVI-XVIII saukuneebi, es
aris is dramatuli moqniloba, romliTac Cveni moRvaweebi cdilobdnen Tavsdamtydari istoriuli garemoebebidan Tavis daRwevas da kulturis sxeulSi cocxali wertilebis moZebnasa da
gaRvivebas. am viTarebaSi mxolod erTeulebs esmodaT kargad,
rom mTeli yuradRebisa da nebelobis mimarTva Zvel da ukve istoriul sazriss moklebul saxeTa, simboloTa Tu paradigmaTa
SenarCunebaze SeuZlebelia, Tundac im mizeziT, rom sul sxva
istoriul da geokulturul konteqstTan gvaqvs saqme, Sesabamisad, saqme aRar gvaqvs istoriis Zvel subieqtTanac. istoriis
subieqti, romelic ukve aRar arsebuli garemoebebis `mobrunebisa~ da Zveli mimarTebebis aRdgenis imedzea, tragikuli, istoriidan amovardnili subieqtia, igi istoriuli qronotopis gareTaa da efemerul arsebobas ganagrZobs manam, sanam erT dRes
erTeulebSi gamJRavnebuli neba ar aiZulebs, rom qimerebad
qceuli Zveli saxeebi Tavidan moiSoros da sakuTari kulturuli da sulieri potenciebis gasamJRavneblad axali formebisa da saxeebis Ziebas Seudges.
vfiqrobT, mokled swored ase SeiZleba aRiweros XVI-XVIII
saukuneebis qarTuli sulierebis bedi _ saukuneebisa, romelTa Semdegac es suliereba sruliad axal istoriul konteqstSi
cdilobda TviTgamJRavnebis formaTa moZiebas.
amitomac aqvs am saukuneebis gagebas CvenTvis udidesi mniSvneloba. swored am saukuneebSi iSva kulturis makonstituirebeli mravali is cxovelmyofi Tu mkvdari metafora, romelTa
diqtatic Zalze didia da romlebic didwilad gansazRvraven
Cvens istoriul energiasac da, amasTanave, im xelTupyarobasac, romlis gamoc am energias cocxali da qmediTi formebi ver uwarmoebia.
es, albaT, unda iyos kidev erTi mcdeloba, rom efemeruli
miTologizmebidan Tavisufali mzeriT Cveni dRevandeli mdgomareoba ukeT gaviazroT. Tuki bedisweras kanonebi gaaCnia, erTerTi umTavresi kanonia is idumali wesi, romliTac warsulSi
sakuTar Tavs vpovebT da vcnobT, Tu rogor gangvsazRvravs
warsuli dRes, aq da axla, rogor gansazRvravs igi Cvens dRevandel, erTi SexedviT, sruliad unikalur situaciurobas. rogorc vTqviT, warsulis xedva xom TiTqos sakuTari bedisweris
15
xedvis Tanazomadia. misi meSveobiT Cven TiTqos vixsenebT sakuTar, `aq da axla~ mocemul raobas da, ufro metic, misi xedva
gvanaxebs im efemerul TviTgamJRavnebasac, romlebic dRemde
istoriul borkilebad dagvdevs.
is garemoeba, rom religiuri cxovrebis roli kulturuli
identobis CamoyalibebaSi uaRresad didia, eWvs ar iwvevs. igi
didwilad gansazRvravs im inteleqtualur da eTikur reliefs,
ama Tu im sazogadoebis istoriul garkveulobas rom iZleva.
amitomac vfiqrobT, rom XVI-XVIII sauuneebis qarTuli kulturis raobaze msjelobisas religiuri cxovrebis ragvarobasTan
dakavSirebuli garemoebebis ganxilvas erT-erTi centraluri
adgili unda mivakuTvnoT. am problemas mieZRvneba monakveTi,
romelSic aRwerili iqneba aRmosavleT qristianobis bedi
konstantinopolis dacemis Semdeg.
Semdegi monakveTi mieZRvneba mcdelobas imisa, rom aRwerili
iqnas epoqis religiuri da inteleqtualuri xasiaTi da mis konteqstSi iqnas danaxuli qarTuli sulierebis mdgomareoba. saqme xom Seexeba axal dros _ epoqas, romelmac Zireulad Secvala
maSindeli samyaros raoba.
maSasadame, Cveni mizania, aRvweroT, Tu ras warmoadgenda es
Secvlili samyaro, anu ras warmoadgenda is saxeSecvlili globaluri kulturuli konteqsti, sadac qarTuli suliereba cdilobda damkvidrebas. mTeli am panoramisaTvis Tvalis gadavleba sainteresoa imitomac, rom igi saSualebas gvaZlevs, CavwvdeT
Tavad saqarTveloSi mimdinare kulturul procesebsac. garda
im unikalobisa, romelic Cvens sulierebas gaaCnia, igi amave
dros asaxavs da prizmisebr gardatexs yvelafer imas, rac maSindel samyaroSi xdeboda. ama Tu im xalxis suliereba xom ar warmoadgens izolirebul da sakuTar TavSi hermetulad Caketil
rames. masSi, rogor sicocxliseulobaSi, aisaxeba yvelaferi is,
riTac samyaro cxovrobs da sunTqavs.
marTlmadidebeli samyaro
1453 wlis 29 maiss muhamed II-is jarebma konstantinopoli
aiRes. bizantiis imperatori konstantine XI brZolaSi daiRupa.
1459 wlisaTvis Turqebma daipyres bulgareTi da serbia, 14591460 wlebSi daikaves saberZneTis evropuli nawili, 1463 wels _
bosnia. 1448 wels konstantinopolis patriarqis kurTxevis gareSe xeldasmulma da SemdgomSi kanonizebulma moskovis mitropolitma ionam ganacxada, rom konstantinopoli daeca Tavisi codvili bunebis gamo da rom amqveynad arsebobda erTaderTi WeSmariti eklesia da igi rusuli eklesia iyo. 1512 wels es
16
motivi fskovelma berma filofeosma mesame romis idead gaaforma da Tavis gzavnilSi did Tavads vasili III-s arwmunebda,
rom mxolod igia qristianTa WeSmariti xelmwife. vasili III Seecada, am doqtrinisaTvis erTgvari kanonieri safuZveli Seeqmna da 1472 wels jvari daiwera bizantiis ukanaskneli imperatoris Zmis, Tomas qaliSvilze zoiaze, romelic manam 10 wlis
asakSi erT romael didebulze gaaTxoves da sul male daqvrivda. realurad am qorwils gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba ver eqneboda, radgan zoias hyavda ori ufrosi Zma andria da manueli
da evropaSi swored andrias ganixilavdnen paleologTa dinastiis memkvidred. amasTan zoiam iolad auRo alRo, Tu ra sikeTes uqadda mas da mis memkvidreebs mesame romis idea, gaTxovebis Semdeg xelaxla moinaTla marTlmadideblad, iwoda sofiad
da mTeli arsebiT CaerTo eklesiaTa Soris intrigebSi. jvriswera vatikanSi gaimarTa. es faqti romis paps siqst IV-s did diplomatiur warmatebad miaCnda da Tavadve uzrunvelyo zoia
mziTviT, Tumca ki Sedegad dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis eklesiaTa kidev ufro mwvave dapirispireba miviReT.
erTaderTi qristianuli qveyana, romelmac mogeba naxa konstantinopolis dacemiT, iyo ruseTi (ranismani 1969: 13). jer kidev XIV saukuneSi TavianT samefoebs romis memkvidreebad serbTa mefe duSani da bulgarelTa mefe ioane-aleqsandre acxadebdnen. bulgarelebma konstantinopolis dacemidan sul mcire xanSi mesame romad Tavisi dedaqalaqi tirnovo gamoacxades,
Tumca ki ramdenime weliwadSi Turqebma bulgareTic daipyres.
yvela am pretenzias xels uwyobda bizantiur istoriografiaSi gavrcelebuli `adgilmonacvle qalaqis~ koncefcia, romlis mizanic Zveli romis konstantinopoliT Canacvlebis gaamarTleba iyo. am koncefciam Tavisi religiur-nacionalisturi
motivebiTa da daufaravi elino-centrizmiT sakmaod didi roli Seasrula imaSi, rom qristianuli samyaro sagrZnoblad gulgrilad Sexvda konstantinopolis dacemas.
1438-1445 wlebSi feraraSi, florenciasa da romSi tardeba
msoflio saeklesio kreba, romlis Sedegebic florenciis uniad aris cnobili. misi mowvevis iniciativa ekuTvnis paps evgeni
IV-s, xolo bizantiis imperatorma daadastura misi, rogorc
msoflio saeklesio krebis uflebamosileba. garda kaTolikuri
eklesiis warmomadgenlebisa, mas eswrebodnen konstantinopolis patriarqi ioseb II, romelmac aRmosavleTis episkoposTa
TanxmobiT, krebis kanonikuroba scno, vlaxeTis, moldaveTis,
kievisa da sruliad ruseTis mitropoliti isidori da mravali
sxva, sul _ 700 kaci. yvela marTlmadidebelma ierarqma, mitropoliti markoz efeselis garda xeli moawera dokuments,
romlis Tanaxmadac is cvlilebebi, romlebic kaTolikur ekle-
17
siaSi iqna Semotanili, wminda gadmocemisa da wminda werilis
Sesabamisi iyo da rom aRmosavleTis eklesiebi romisas uerTdebodnen, Tumca ki uars ambobdnen laTinuri liturgiuli da saeklesio CveulebaTa gaziarebaze. yvelam — maT Soris bizantiis
imperatormac _ xeli moaweres papis mier SemoTavazebul bulas, romlis ZaliTac aRmosavleTis eklesiebi miuerTdnen dasavlurs. Turqebis samxedro dawola bizantiel religiur moRvaweebs aiZulebda, ufro gagebiT SeexedaT kaTolikur eklesiaSi ganxorcielebuli bevri cvlilebisaTvis. cxadia, papic cdilobda am situaciiT esargebla.
sul ramdenime weliwadSi florenciis uniis Sedegebi gadasinjuli da uaryofili iqna aRmosavluri eklesiebis mier, xolo xelismoweris faqts xsnidnen intrigebiT, mosyidvebiT da
sxvani. amaSi Zalze mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula ukve naxsenebma miropolitma markoz efeselma. mcdeloba, Turqul saSiSroebas qristianuli samyaro erTiani daxvedriliyo, marcxiT damTavrda. uaxloesi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi eklesiaTa Serigebis
idea papis eqspansionizmis, elinuri nacionalizmis, rusuli mesianizmisa da Turquli politikuri interesebis msxverplad iqceoda.
erTerTi upirvelesi, rac sulTanma muhamed meorem moimoqmeda konstantinopolis aRebis Semdeg, konstatntinopolis sapatriarqos aRdgena iyo. man berZeni sasuliero pirebi moiwvia
da patriarqs arCeuli iqna genadi sqolariusi, florenciis
saeklesio krebis monawile da momxre, romelic Semdgom markoz
eTeselis gavleniT uniis dauZinebel mtrad iqca. arCevani rom
SemTxveviTi ar iyo, aSkaraa. uniis mowinaaRmdegeebze aqcentis
gakeTeba muhameds saSualebas aZlevda, aRmosavlur-dasavluri
saeklesio kavSirebi gaewyvita da aRmosavleTis eklesiaSi dasavluris mimarT eWviani da undobeli damokidebulebisaTvis
xeli Seewyo. amiT igi bizantiis bedisadmi dasavleTis TanagrZnobas da mimavalSi politikuri aliansebis Seqmnas imTaviTve
aclida safuZvels. sulTnis firmanma otomanTa imperiaSi qristianTa legaluri statusi gansazRvra. konstantinopolis patriarqs eZleoda sruli damoukidebloba saeklesio saqmeebis
gangebis saqmeSi. gamocxadebuli iqna patriarqisa da episkoposebis xeluxlebloba. konstantinopolis taZarTa naxevari sapatriarqos ganmgeblobaSi darCa. otomanTa imperiaSi eTnikuri
da religiuri identobebi gaigivebuli iyo da, amdenad, qristianobas sakuTriv berZnul saqmed ganixilavdnen, rac berZnuli
nacionalizmisaTvis sruliad misaRebi viTareba iyo. Turqebma
yvelaferi moimoqmedes saimisod, rom berZnuli religiuri azri nacionalizmis CarCoebamde daeviwroebinaT da saxelmwifoebrivi katastrofis Semdeg Tavisi identoba nacionalurisa
da religiuris TanxvedraSi eZiaT. Tu es viTareba gamarTle-
18
buli iyo nacionaluri ideis gadarCenis azriT, mas mZime Sedegebi mohqonda religiuri cxovrebisaTvis, radgan qmnida qristianuli universalizmis nacionalur mniSvnelze dayvanis precendents. Tu gavixsenebT, rom bizantiis sulieri gavlenis mTavari ganmsazRvreli iyo is universalizmi, romlis matarebelic
iyo aRmosavleTis eklesia, ioli gamosacnobia, Tu rogor maxes
ugebdnen amiT Turqebi qristianuli erTobis ideas da rogor
aqcevdnen eklesias sxvadasxva xalxTa geopolitikur instrumentad.
Turqebma Tavis mizans miaRwies, xolo SemdgomSi, rodesac
dasavleTi sabolood gulgrili gaxda aRmosavleTi qristianobis bedis mimarT, xolo TurqeTsa da ruseTs evropuli qveynebi
ukve ganixilavdnen, rogorc or urTierTdamabalansebel
mtrul Zalas, patriarqis uflebebi mkveTrad iqna SezRuduli.
XVIII saukunis 73 wlis ganmavlobaSi Seicvala 48 patriarqi (Smemani1953: 147). zogma maTganma xuTjerac ki daikava patriarqis
taxti. berZnuli religiuri nacionalizmi, romelic isedac yovelTvis iyo bizantizmis xan aSkara, xan kidev faruli motivi,
rogori ucnauric ar unda iyos, swored Turqebis batonobis
dros iqceva wamyvan Zalad. ar SeiZleba, amaSic sakmaod kargad
gaTvlili poltikuri angariSi ar davinaxoT. mas bizantiis kraxi TanamedroveTa TvalSi dahyavda konkretuli xalxis tragediamde da mas faravda geopolitikuri katastrofis masStabebs.
amas ufro adre jvarosnulma omebma da jvarosnebs Soris arsebulma antibizantiurma ganwyobilebebmca Seuwyo xeli. berZnebi
hkargavdnen ara mxolod monofiziti somxebisa da sirielebis
mxardaWeras, aramed, rac gacilebiT mZime iyo am axal istoriul viTarebaSi, qarTvelebisa da slavuri modgmis xalxTa TanagrZnobasac. bizantiuri samyaro hkargavda universaluri samyaros konturebs da sakuTriv berZnul samyarod iqceoda.
msoflio patriarqi TandaTan elinuri patriotizmis simbolod
iqca (Smemani 1953: 150).
TurqebisTvis xelsayreli iyo am procesebis gaRrmaveba. isini yovelgvarad uwyobdnen xels berZnebis primats yvela, gansakuTrebiT dapyrobili slavuri qveynebis eklesiebSi da berZnebic sargeblobdnen am garemoebiT (Smemani 1953: 149). slavur sapatriarqoebs aqcevdnen eparqiebad da iq berZen ierarqebs niSnavdnen. Turqebi xels Svelodnen berZnebs ierusalimis, antioqiisa da aleqsandriis sapatriarqoebSi gabatonebaSic. aRmosavleTis eklesia iqca erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli da erTmaneTis mimarT eWviani da zogjer mtruli damokidebulebis mqone eklesiebis nakrebad.
tragikuli iyo sasuliero ganaTlebis xarisxis dacemac. XVI
saukuneSi Tesalonikis mitropoliti wers, rom mis eparqiaSi
arc erT bers ar esmis Zveli berZnuli ena da ar esmis locvaTa
19
Sinaarsi. Zalze mcire iyo sakmarisi saimisod, rom adamiani
mRvdlad an diakvnad kurTxeuliyo. Seiqmna viTareba, rodesac,
rogorc amas giorgi florovski wers, dasavleTi RvTimetyvelebaSia Cafluli, xolo aRmosavleTi dums da mxolod dagvianebiTRa imeorebs dasavlur saRvTismetyvelo formulebs
(Smemani 1953: 151).
kidev ufro mZime mdgomareoba Seiqmna saqarTveloSi, sadac
sasuliero pirTa ganaTlebis deficits zed maTi TviTneboba da
saero Zalauflebisaken swrafva erTvoda. „qarTveli mRvdelmTavari sanjayis (gamgeblis) uflebis mqonea da xSirad kargad
arc ki icis wera-kiTxva. _ wers antioqiis marTlmadidebeli
patriarqi makari 1665 wels walenjixis monasterSi yofnisas, _
roca mas ZRvens miarTmeven axali diakvnis sakurTxeblad, igi
maSinve akurTxebs mas da arc ki kiTxulobs, monaTlulia igi Tu
ara, diakvnobis Rirsia Tu ara, kanonieri qorwinebiT Tu iyo
SeuRlebuli qalwulTan. (. . . ) mas arc ki ekiTxebian, wera-kiTxva
Tu icis. (. . .) bevrma diakvanma da mRvdelma saerTod ar icis
wera-kiTxva. zepirad uswavlia erTi-ori locva da iyenebs maT
wirvis, jvrisweris, micvalebulTaTvis wesis agebis da sxva
amgvarTa dros. bevrma mRvdelmTavarma ar icis diakvnad da
mRvdlad kurTxevis wesebi, Tavisi xeliT verc ki Seudgens (axlad xelTdasmuls) kurTxevis damamtkicebel sabuTs. qarTvelma episkoposebma ar ician agreTve, rogor akurTxon axlad nagebi eklesiebi. kurTxevis win episkoposi uTanxmdeba eklesiis
aRmSenebels: _ ras momcem eklesiis kurTxevisTviso. (es yvelaferi imitom xdeba, rom qarTvelebs naklebad esmiT sjulis sakiTxebi“ (makari antioqieli. 1982: 96). es mogonebebi savsea sasuliero pirebis Tavnebobisa da tyveTa syidvaSi maTi daufaravi
monawileobis Sesaxeb faqtebiT. rogori gadaWarbebuladac ar
unda mogveCvenos es monacemebi, isini naTlad mianiSneben im
saerTo suraTze, romelic am epoqis saqarTveloSi iyo.
am viTarebaSi izrdeba romis misioneruli aqtivoba aRmosavleT samyaroSi. romis eparqiaTa qseli faravs yofil bizantiur
samyaros. 1577 wels gaxsnili wminda aTanases kolegiaSi aRzrdili da kargad gawafuli misionerebis moRvaweoba iseT masStabebs aRwevs, rom marTlmadidebeli samyaro safrTxis winaSe
grZnobs Tavs. religiuri ganaTlebis simwire maT aRar aZlevda
saSualebas, qmediTi winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT dasavluri eklesiis
moZalebisaTvis. da am dros berZeni sasuliero pirebi da Turqebi saocrad iolad poveben saerTo enas. rodesac XVIII saukunis
dasawyisSi sirieli marTlmadideblebi SesCivleben portas laTinTa aqtiurobis gamo, porta gamoscems firmans, romelSic
laparakia imaze, rom zogi frangi eSmakeuli beri cudi miznebi-
20
Ta da boroti zraxvebiT, berZnul raias mTels qveyanaSi STaagoneben TavianT amao swavlebas; Tavisi briyvuli saubrebiT
isini raias Tavis ZvelisZvel rwmenas aarTmeven da frangul
rwmenas STaagoneben. firmani miuTiTebda, rom am berebs ara
aqvT ufleba iyvnen sxvagan garda im adgilebisa, sadac maTi konsulebia, maT ar unda imogzauron da ar unda gaswion misioneruli saqmianoba (Smemani 1953: 151) firmanis teqstSi kargad Cans
ara mxolod berZnebis dasavluri qristianobis samyarosTan dapirispirebis xarisxi, aramed Turqebis mcdelobac, rom saeklesio gansxvaveba eTnikur gansxvavebad yofiliyo ganxiluli, aRaraferi rom ar vTqvaT im cinizmze, roliTac firmanSi berZnebis
uZveles rwmenazea saubari. msoflio eklesiis universalizmi
qristianobis eTnikur interpretaciaTa dapirispirebis enaze
iqna Targmnili.
cxadia, 1453 wels konstantinopolis dacemam mTlianad Secvala Cveni qveynis bedi. geopolitika bizantiuri religiurobis
ganuyofeli nawili iyo da igi mTeli qristianuli samyaros erT
religiur-politikur mTlianobad Sekvris ideiT iyo gaJRenTili. amiT iyo ganpirobebuli bizantiuri politikis eWviani damokidebuleba ara mxolod dasavluri qristianobis, aramed im
marTlmadidebeli saxelmwifoebis mimarTac, romlebic suverenitetisaken miiswrafodnen da uars ambobdnen bizantiis politikuri pirvelobis aRiarebaze. miuxedavad am Sinagani winaaRmdegobisa, es samyaro mainc warmoadgenda erT sulier mTlianobas, romelsac politikuri urTierTobebis xasiaTi ver azaralebda. konstantinopolis dacema aRmosavleT qristianuli
samyaros marcxis niSani iyo, rasac misi SemorCenili fragmentebis ganadgureba Tu ara, maTi istoriul movlenaTa periferiaze
gadasrola unda mohyoloda.
miuxedavad saqarTvelosa da bizantias Soris arsebuli mudmivi qiSpisa da berZenTa mcdelobisa, rom saqarTvelo yofiliyo ara mxolod bizantiuri sulieri kosmosis, aramed politikuri wesrigis nawilic; miuxedavad ybadaRebuli bizantiuri siveragisa da mudmivi SeTqmulebisa yvelasa da yvelafris winaaRmdeg, miuxedavad bizantiuri politikuri samyaros mimarT mudmivi undoblobisa, konstantinopolis dacema aRmosavleT qristianuli samyaros muslimur samyaroSi gafantul nawilebad
qcevas niSnavda. Cveni qveyanac damangraveli istoriuli stiqiebis tyveobaSi aRmoCnda.
kacobriobis istoriam icis araerTi faqti, Tu rogor Sobda
aRsasrulis koleqtiuri molodini Tavis borot nayofs zneobrivi da religiuri relativizmis saxiT. samwuxarod, saqarTvelos ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi swored amgvar zneobriv
inerciaSi mouwia arseboba: qarTlis samefo darbazis mier qvey-
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nis daSlis dadasturebidan 1490-iani wlebSi 1801 wels istoriuli kapitulaciis momentamde. situacia ufro da ufro emsgavseboda qveynierebis dasasrulis molodiniT aRZrul TavaSvebulobas. qristianuli kosmosis ngrevam ormagi moraliT cxovrebis unari Sva, am ukanasknelma umZimesi zneobrivi fenomeni _
tyveTa syidva _ moitana. albaT, am saukuneebSia saZiebeli umsgavsobaTa nacional-utopiuri da nacional-fetiSisturi ritorikiT SeniRbvis mcdelobaTa sawyisebi. qarTul sulierebas
TandaTan mZime seniT ipyrobda.
amas emateboda religiuri identobis problemac. Tu konstantinopolis dacemamde am sferoSi ama Tu im xarisxis garkveuloba arsebobda, meTxuTmete saukunis bolodan aTvlis wertilebi ikargeba. SeiZleba gamoiyos am saukuneebis religiuri
cxovrebis ori TvalsaCino niSani. erTismxriv, es gaxldaT sul
ufro da ufro mzardi daZabuloba dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis eklesiebs Soris. amas emateboda Turquli intrigebi, romlebic xels uwyobdnen am eklesiaTa urTierTdaSorebas. amasTan
erTad, qarTveli moRvaweebi grZnobdnen, ramdenad aucilebeli
iyo qveynis fizikuri arsebobis gadasarCenad dasavleTis samyarosTan kavSirebis SenarCuneba da gaRrmaveba bizantiuri Suamavlobis gareSe, im situaciaSi, rodesac berZnebi veRar gamodgebodnen geopolitikur mokavSireebad. magram dasavluri qristianobac ukve sakmaod daSoreboda imas, ra warmodgenac mis
Sesaxebac saqarTveloSi istoriul xsovnas Semoenaxa.
dasavleTis qristianuli samyaro
hegeli Sua „sulis fenomenologiaSi“ Sua saukuneebis evropul cnobierebas aRwers, rogorc gaorebul, ubedur cnobierebas. es aris gabzaruli cnobiereba, romelic or urTierTSeurigebeli ganwyobis, ori polusis daZabulobaSia moqceuli _
RmerTisa da sakuTari TviTobisa, zeciurisa da miwierisa. Tavis
miznebs igi mxolod da mxolod miuwvdomelSi, miRmur arsebobaSi eZiebs, Tumca ki miwier arsebobaSi rCeba da uzenaes arsebobasTan yovel miaxlebas misTvis sakuTari arsebobis ubadrukobis gancda moaqvs (hegeli1992). es ori polusi qmnis im daZabulobas, romelSic Sua saukuneebis evropuli cnobiereba arsebobs, es qmnis im uzarmazar energias, romelic ar sjerdeba monastrizmis farglebs da da dauyonebliv, aq da axla, miwier garemoebebSi cdilobs RvTis sasufevlis aRmoCenas. aqedanaa SuasaukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli codvisaken vnebiani midrekilebac da misive usazRvro siZulvili codvis mimarT, mTels am
sivrceze mborgavi garyvnileba da sisxlisni angariSsworebebi
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da, meores mxriv, egzaltirebul religiur moZraobaTa siuxve;
aqedanaa mudmivi Zarcvisa da omis mdgomareoba, ukiduresi siRatake da garyvnili fufuneba da, amavdroulad, masobrivi
msvlelobebi wminda adgilebisaken; aqedanaa is enTuziazmic,
romelmac dasavleTi evropa moicva, rodesac 1095 wels klermonSi papma urban meorem qristianul samyaros jvarosnuli omebisaken mouwoda da gaorebuli cnobierebis mTeli es giganturi
energia, RvTis sasufevlis aq da axla povnis imediT aRZruli
mTeli enTuziazmi da dauokebeli religiuri paTetika aRmosavleTis qristianuli samyaros Turq-seljukebisagan xsnisa da
macxovris saflavis gamoxsnisaken warmarTa.
Cveni, raciosa da wonasworobisaken midrekili epoqisaTvis
dRes Zneli warmosadgenia Suasaukuneebis evropis mTeli es eqstaturi da ambivalenturi xasiaTi, “ubeduri cnobierebis” mTeli es mravalsaxeoba. erTian kulturul sxeulSi iCenda Tavs
sulis xsnisaken mimarTuli gulubryvilo Teurgia da masTan
ucnauri wesiT organulad Serwymuli magizmi, romelsac xalxur qristianobas uwodeben; xalxuri azrovnebis wiaRSi warmoSobili aTasgvari eqstaturi moZraoba, romlebSic macxovris
mxsneli misiis ufaqizesi da Rrmesi gancda da sisxliani Zaladoba erwymoda erTmaneTs; sqolastikur meditaciebi, mcdeloba, axali ca da axali miwa, axali adamianis idea da RvTis sasufevlis molodini azris umkacres disciplinaSi moeqciaT da
sisxliani politikuri angareba. mTel am mousvenar da mgznebare konteqstSi Jamidan Jams Tavs wamohyofda xolme bneleTis
Zalebis nebayoflobiTi msaxureba, rodesac Zalauflebisa da
qonebisaTvis sulis xsnazec ambobdnen uars. radikaluri religiuri daZabuloba im epoqisa da geografiuli garemos bunebrivi mdgomareoba iyo da RvTis sasufevlisaken svlis eqstaturi formebis mravalsaxeobas aRZravda: radikaluri asketizmiT
dawyebuli da vulgaruli religiurobiT damTavrebuli.
rogorc erTisaTvis, ise meorisaTvis RvTis sasufeveli unda
miRweuliyo `aq da axla~, sulis zRvruli daZabulobiT. gansxvaveba is gaxldaT, Tu saiT iyo mimarTuli es daZabuloba da es
vneba: Sinagani cxovrebisaken, monaniebis gziT ufalTan idumali Sexvedrisaken, Tu Sua saukuneebis qristianobisaTvis samyaros centrad miCneul ierusalimSi mdebare macxovris saflavisaken adamianTa egzaltirebuli masebis svliT. polarobaTa es
daZabuloba erTdroulad Sobda aTasgvar eresebs, religiur
protestsa da, amasTanave, qristianuli azrovnebis Sedevrebs,
asketur gmirebsa da borotebis sulis matarebel codvilebs,
qveynierebaze borotebis daTrgunvis ideis msaxur raindebsa da
meiJoratis sistemiT Cagrul da yaCaRobis gzaze damdgar aristokratias, jvarosnuli omebis umTavres socialur bazad rom
23
iqca, wmindanebs, romlebic kacobriobis idumal msaxurebaSi
atarebdnen TavianT miwier arsebobas da magikosebs, romlebic
saidumlo magiur moZRvrebaTa ZiebaSi mTels evropaSi daxetialobdnen. iqmneboda da qreboda aTasgvari religiur-mistikuri jgufebi, raindTa ordenebi Tu, ubralod, mcire wreebi,
romelTa meSveobiTac es kultura sakuTari Tavis gamoxatvas
cdilobda mas Semdeg, rac qristianobam masSi axali cisa da axali qveynis, axali adamianisa da gankacebuli RvTis horizontebi
dasaxa. mTeli es daZabuloba Tavisi Warbi energiis daxarjvis,
Tavisi xSirad urTierTgamomricxav sulier impulsTa ganxorcielebis asparezs eZebda da dasavleTma miagno kidec mas jvarosnuli omebis saxiT. am omebma, miuxedavad mTeli im marcxisa
da sulieri identobis dakargvisa, romelic mas mohyva, Tavad
evropa ixsna sakuTari Tavisagan, im ukiduresi daZabulobisagan,
romelSic igi cxovrobda.
ubedurma cnobierebam daZabulobis ukidures sicxoveles,
rogorc Cans, 1212 wls, bavSvTa jvarosnuli omis dros miaRwia,
rodesac safrangeTsa da germaniaSi ori ymawvili qadagis, vinme
stefanesa da nikolozis mowodebas imis Sesaxeb, rom qristianul kacobriobas RvTis saflavisaken umanko bavSvebi unda gaZRolodnen, ramdenime aTeuli aTasi bavSvi da mozrdili gamoexmaura. bavSvebis udidesi nawili alpebis gadasvlisas an marselidan gemebiT gasvlis Semdeg qariSxalSi daiRupa, mniSvnelovani nawili monebad gayides egvipteSi (ris gamoc zogjer varaudoben, rom es moZraoba monebiT vaWarTa mier iyo provocirebuli). meore aseTive nimuSia e.w. mwyemsTa ori jvarosnuli omi
1251 da 1320 wlebSi, rodesac “suliT Ratakma” mwyemsebma, romelTa winamorbedebmac axladSobil macxovars sces Tayvani,
qristianuli samyaros upirvelesi siwmindis gamoxsna iTaves.
RvTis saxeliT momavali aTiaTasobiT frangi da germaneli glexis aRtkinebuli da iracionaluri masis Sekaveba safrangeTis
samxreTis Zarcvisagan mxolod papis ioane XXII-is qadagebis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli, romliTac safrangeTis mefe filipe mexuTes xel-fexi gaexsna banalur Zalmomreobad qceuli religiuri
vnebaTaRelvis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad (frankenberi 2004: 172).
jvarosnul omebSi gancdilma marcxma, bizantiis dacemam da
didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis wyalobiT samyaros axali ganzomilebebisa da perspeqtivis xilvam im msoflmxedvelobrivi
formebis ngreva gamoiwvia, romlebic qmnidnen am samyaros. am
ukanasknelis suraTi imdenad mkveTrad icvleba, rom macxovris
saflavi, rogorc samyaros centri, realur geografiul sazriss hkargavs da 1494 wels ideba tordesilis xelSekruleba espaneTsa da portugalias Soris, romlis Tanaxmadac isini mTels
dedamiwas Tavisi gavlenis sferoebad yofen. 1506 wels es xel-
24
Sekruleba sagangebo buliT mowonebuli iqna papis iulius meoris mier, rac TavisTavad simboluri movlena iyo samyaros suraTisa da perspeqtivis Secvlis TvalsazrisiT.
1543 wels nikoloz koperniki aqveynebs naSroms „ciur sxeulTa moZraobis Sesaxeb“, rac saTaves udebs axal astronomiul
suraTs. geocentrul sistemas TandaTan, Teologiuri azris winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxviT heliocentruli sistema anacvlebs.
am publikaciidan sul 124 wlis Tavze qveyndeba isaak niutonis
„naturaluri filosofiis maTematikuri sawyisebi“. am or
publikacias Soris SualedSi TamaSdeba is, rac didi samecniero
aRmoCenebis saxeliT aris cnobili: galileis, bekonisa da dekartes Ziebebi, romlebic samyaros axal xats udebdnen saTaves.
mTeli am moZraobis saTaveSi idgnen koperniki, tixo brage, kepleri da galilei.
Zveli paradigmebis ngreva TavisTavad mohyva is, rom evropulma gonma yuradReba sakuTarive miviwyebul warsuls, klasikur memkvidreobas miapyro, klasikuri kulturis legitimacia
sruliad axal ganzomilebebs iZens. Tuki adre platonisa da
aristotelesadmi yuradReba, umal, maTi naazrevis formis
TvalsazrisiT iyo gamowveuli, aRorZineba ukve maT Sinaarsobriv mxaresac apyrobs yuradRebas. amasTanave, fasadze gamosvlas iwyebs kulturis is represirebuli Sreebic (aRmosavlur
mistikur moZRvrebaTa qristianuli interpretaciebis saxiT),
aqamde periferiuli da xSirad hermetuli jgufebis sakuTrebas
rom warmoadgenda. aqamde legitimurobas moklebuli warmodgenebi TandaTan Zalas ikrebs da axal paradigmebs sTavazobs evropul azrovnebas. sakiTxi dadga Tavad dasavluri qristianuli samyaros axali identobis Sesaxeb. es iyo procesi, romliTac
CixSi Sesuli ubedurma cnobierebam polarobaTa daZabulobis,
ubeduri cnobierebis istoriul maxes daaRwia Tavi da axali
identobis ZiebiT daiZra imisken, rasac Semdgom axalevropuli
samyaro daerqva.
axal identobaTa dadgena dasavluri qristianuli kulturis wiaRSi cvlilebaTa epicentrebis gaCenas gulisxmobda. amgvari cvlilebebi Seexo yvela sferos: sazogadoebrivs, politikurs, mxatvruls, literaturuls, mecnierulsa da, sakuTriv, religiurs. humanizmisa da aRorZinebis epoqaSi kvlevebi
iZens upiratesad analitikur da dargobriv xasiaTs, mecnierebma TiTqos dakarges is, rac dasavleTis, rogorc kulturaTa
sinTezis grandiozuli sivrcis niSans warmoadgenda (reale
1994: 2). kaTolikuri universalizmis adgils reformaciasa da
protestantizmTan erTad qristianobis lokaluri kulturuli
interpretaciebi ikavebs. gamoTqma „religiuri nacionalizmi“,
25
romelic bizantiasTan dakavSirebiT gamoviyeneT, SedarebiT
ufro sustad, berZnulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli geopolitikuri Sinaarsis gareSe, magram mainc iCens Tavs. 1517 wels vitenbergis universitetis doqtori martin luTeri cixis eklesiis
karze akravs Tavis 95 Teziss, riTac reformacias udebs saTaves. reformaciis dasasrulad miiCneven 1648 wels vestfaliis
zavis xelmoweras, romelmac bolo mouRo protestantebisa da
kaTolikeebis dapirispirebiT dawyebul 30 wlian oms wminda
romis imperiaSi da 80 wlian dapirispirebas espaneTsa da niderlandebis gaerTianebul provinciebs Soris. zavma uzrunvelyo
dasavleTevropuli nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis suvereniteti
da saTave daudo epoqas, rodesac eklesia TandaTan CamoSorebuli iqna aqtiuri politikuri rolisagan. es aris sekularizaciis epoqis dasawyisi dasavleT evropaSi.
italiuri humanizmi, albaT, civilizaciuri horizontebis
cvlilebis erT-erTi pirveli niSani iyo. Tavdapirvelad termini „humanisti“ savsebiT konkretuli mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda. igi Cndeba iseve, rogorc mravali sxva termini, vTqvaT giurista
(iuristi), canonista (kanonikuri samarTlis specialisti), artista
(mxatvari) da sxv. da aRniSnavda Sesabamisi dargis pedagogs. igi
gamoiyeneboda TiTqmis imave mniSvnelobiT, ra mniSvnelobiTac
mas ciceroni iyenebda _ Zveli berZnuli paideia-s _ sityvierebis, ritorikis, istoriisa da filosofiis swavlebiT adamianis
aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis azriT. meToTxmete saukunis meore naxevridan Cndeba tendencia, humanitaruli literaturis Seswavlas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWos da am literaturis
udides, xSirad ki erTaderT nimuSad Zveli berZnuli da laTinuri testebi iqna miCneuli. berZeni da romaeli avtorebi kacobriobis udides maswavleblebad miiCneodnen. 1453 wels konstantinopolis dacemisa da da Zveli berZnulis mcodne mecnierTa italiaSi gadasaxlebam klasikuri memkvidreobis mimarT
interesi arnaxulad gazarda.
arsebiTad, humanizmis saxiT ukve saqme gvaqvs, Sua saukuneebis saazrovno ganzomilebebis daTmobasTan, xolo gamoTavisuflebuli sivrcis adgils swrafad avsebda siZveleTa saxeliT momavali axali kultura, codnis axali sistema. saqme exeboda evropuli Suasaukuneebis pirvelwyaroTa gacocxlebas da
aqedan isic aris gasagebi, rom es procesi religiuri reformaciis gareSe ver Caivlida. unda ganaxlebuliyo evropuli civilizaciis ara mxolod mecnieruli da samarTlebrivi wanamZRvrebi, aramed religiuric. mecnierebis, xelovnebisa da samarTlebrivi azrovnebis sferoebSi klasikuri memkvidreobisken
mzeris mipyroba ukve dasaxelebuli sami Zlieri dartymis (jvarosnuli omebis marcxiT damTavreba, bizantiis imperiis ganad-
26
gureba da didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi) Semdeg TviTganaxlebis aucilebel pirobad iqca. amasTan, ramdenadac es TviTganaxleba, cxadia, ver amoiwureboda Zveli formebis ganmeorebiT,
klasikuri memkvidreoba, umal, axali horizontebis mosapovebeli instrumentis rols TamaSobda, vidre erTxel da samudamod
dadgenili normisa. swored esaa renesansi, maSin, rodesac humanizmi literaturisa da ritorikis sferod darCa (reale 1994:
12). renesansi, rogorc kulturuli movlena, humanizmisagan
gansxvavebiT scildeba adamianis ganviTarebis interesTa farglebs da cdilobs moicvas mTeli universumi.
axali msoflmxedvelobrivi perspeqtivebis ZiebaSi meToTxmete-meTxuTmete saukuneebSi, berZnulTan erTad, kvlav mimarTes aRmosavlur moZRvrebebs, vrceldeba werilobiTi wyaroebi, romlebsac jer kidev gviani antikurobis epoqaSi antikur
RmerTebs an winaswarmetyvelebs miawerdnen. cxadia, rogorc
gviandelma filologiurma gamokvlevebma cxadyves, es wyaroebi
yalbi iyo (reale 1994: 14), magram renesansis epoqis moazrovneebs maT WeSmaritebaSi eWvi ar eparebodaT. sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom humanistebi, romlebic teqstebis mimarT yovelTvis
kritikulebi iyvnen da lingvisturi analizis safuZvlebze mravali teqstis siyalbe amxiles, WeSmaritad miiCnevdnen im teqstebs, romlebic miewereboda hermes trismegistoss, zoroastrsa da orfeoss. Zveli warmarTuli kultebi TiTqos platonizmis enaze cdilobdnen ametyvelebas da SurisZiebas saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi maTi devnis gamo. yovelive es qmnida sinkretul msoflmxedvelobaTa panoramas, romlebSic erT filosofiur-Teologiur qvabSi aRmoCnda berZnuli warmarTuli doqtrinebi, neoplatonizmi, qristianoba, aRmosavluri kultebi da sxv.
aRorZinebis kulturaSi Teurgia jer kidev warmoadgenda magiur codnas da xelovnebas, romelic mistikuri da religiuri
miznebisaTvis gamoiyenebda. am TvalsazrisiT igi, Tu SeiZleba
iTqvas, mxolod erTgvar Teologiur gadaxvevas warmoadgenda.
Tumca ki, gansxvavebiT Sua saukuneebisagan, mis gavrcelebaSi
ukve Cans swrafva imisaken, rom adamians, romelic Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi RmerTisa da adamianis TanaobaSi simZimis centri RvTis nebaze gadahqonda da idealad am usasrulo nebis
konteqstSi moqcevas miiCnevda sakuTari miwieri nebis sruli
uaryofis gziT, aRorZinebis xanaSi ukve cdilobs sakuTari metafizikuri kompetenciis Sesaxeb ganacxadis gakeTebas, sakuTari nebis, roigorc samyaros makonstruirebeli Zalis Cvenebas.
rogorc a.f. losevi wers, pirovneba, aTas xuTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi absoluturi pirovnebis, ufro sworad, absolutis, rogorc pirovnebis, gamocdilebaze rom izrdeboda, axla Tavad
cdilobs absolutad gaxdomas, magram renesanss pirovnebis am-
27
gvari absolutizaciis Zala bolomde jer ar Seswevda, Tumca es
motivi calkeul momentebSi mTeli renesansis ganmavlobaSi
viTardeboda (losevi1978: 289). absoluturi subieqtivizmi mxolod mogvianebiT, meTvramete saukuneSi germanuli ganmanaTleblobis erT-erTi udidesi warmomadgenlis, axalgazrda
iohan gotlib fixtes naazrevSi iCens Tavs.
amave tendenciebis niSani iyo alqimiis bedi aRorZinebis epoqaSi. merve saukuneSi arabi omeiadebis mier pireneis naxevarkunZulis dapyrobis Semdeg dampyroblebis wyalobiT evropa aleqsandriis skolaSi Camoyalibebul berZnul alqimias ecnoba. mis
mimarT udides interess iCenen udidesi kaTolike Teologebi
albert didi da Toma aqvineli da did Zalisxmevas axmaren imis
dasabuTebas, rom Zveli berZnuli da arabuli alqimia arafriT
ewinaaRmdegeboda qristianobas. albert didma sagangebod izruna, rom sorbonis universitetSi aristoteles swavleba damkvidrebuliyo, anu im filosofosisa, romlis sabunebismetyvelo warmodgenebsac eyrdnoboda klasikuri alqimia. pirvel
TvalsaCino evropel alqimikosad miiCneven franciskanel rojer bekons (1214-1294), romelmac Tavisi alqimiuri ZiebebiT eqsperimentalur qimias daudo saTave. papma ioane 22-m sagangebod
akrZala alqimia, rogorc eSmakeuli mecniereba, magram am procesis gaCereba ukve aRar SeiZleboda, miTumetes, rom alqimia
mWidrod daukavSirda samTamadno saqmes, metalurgias, medicinas, meores mxriv, igi axali codnisa da adamianis, rogorc samyaros SemoqmedebiTi sawyisis dadasturebis erT-erT umniSnelovanes gzad iqca. Semobrunebis wertili xdeba paracelsusis
(1493-1541) naazrevi, romelic bevrwilad uars ambobs alqimiis
okulturi mxaris mraval elementze da Tavis Zalisxmevas eqsperimentaluri teqnikisa da meTodebis daxvewisaken warmarTavs
(kingi 2001:178). dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored alqimiis wyalobiT viTardeba evropaSi eqsperimentaluri mecniereba da gamokveTas iwyebs empirizmi, rogorc filosofiuri doqtrina. aristotelur racionalizms upirispirdeba frensis bekonis antiaristotelizmi da sqolastikur, Teologiur azrze
dafuZnebuli mecnierebis uaryofis mcdeloba.
dasasruls renesansuli titanizmis dasaxasiaTeblad saWirod migvaCnia, erTi adgili moviyvanoT vilhelm vindelbandis
`axali filosofiis istoriidan~: Seicno ra Tavisi mniSvneloba
da uflebebi, individma azrovnebac sakuTari riskis fasad daiwyo. igi Seecada, sakuTar TavSi moeZebna saganTa Semecnebisa da
maT Sesaxeb msjelobebis sazomebi. cxadia, es individualizmi
swrafad gascda Tavis kanonier sazRvrebs. Tavisufali da damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebis SesaZleblobiT gabruebulma individma Tavisufleba TviTnebobiT Caanacvla. misma boboqarma
28
Zalebma gamosavali damangrevel ZlevamosilebaSi hpoves. istoriaSi iSviaTad Tu gvxvdeba diadi bunebis adamianTa iseTi simravle, rogorc es am xanaSia. magram, amasTan, raRac dauokebeli
da demonuri Tvlems maTSi da maT Soris mouTokavi pirvelyofili ZlevamosilebiT Tavs iCenen danaSaulobaTa is titanebi,
romelTac istoria mzeras aridebs (vindelbandi 1908: 7).
am axal msoflmxedvelobriv garemoSi samyaro, rogorc
grZnobadi aRqmis obieqti da rogorc Semecnebis TvalsazrisiT
Rirebuli ram, personis sulis siRrmeebisaken mimarTuli qristianuli tendenciebis wyalobiT uaryofili rom iyo, kvlav ibrunebs Tavis uflebebs. igi RvTiur saidumloebaTa Semcvelad
ganixileba. grZnobadi sinamdvile RvTis gamoxatulebaa imdenad, ramdenadac RvTiur ZalaTa sisrule zeciuri sferoebidan
miwier sferoebSi eSveba, Semdeg ki naTels ziarebuli adamianebis sulTa meSveobiT kvlav Tavis Tavs ubrundeba. k.fiSeri
wers, rom swored kosmosis gaRmerTebiT ambobs berZnuli filosofia Tavis bolo sityvas da zurgs aqcevs qristianobasa da
samyaros, romelic qristianuli gaxda (fiSeri1885:23). aRorZineba TiTqos swored am msoflmxedvelobrivi wertilidan cdilobs gzis gagrZelebas. samyarosa da bunebis Semecneba Tavis
uflebebs ibrunebs. sul ufro xSirad gaismis mkvdari da unayofo sqolastikis uarmyofeli xmebi. buneba gaigeba saidumloebad, romelic amocnobil unda iqnas. igi idumali asoebiT dawerili wignia, romlis wasakiTxadac aseve idumali gasaRebia saWiro (fiSeri1885:24). Teosofiur warmodgenaTa reablitacias naturfilosofiis ganviTareba mohyveba, rac epoqis sulis Sesabamisad magiuri codnis sistemebis ganviTarebasa da gavrcelebas iwvevs (fiSeri 1885:25). es ukanaskneli ki ukve ara mxolod
samyaros ridis Camoxsnas cdilobs mistikur-Teosofiuri Ziebebis gziT, aramed, rac CvenTvis arsebiTia am epoqis ukeT gasaazreblad, kosmosur xdomilebaTa konteqstSi personis sasruli nebis CarTvasac lamobs. individi, romlis mdgomareobac
samyaroSi qristianobis wyalobiT mniSvnelovani gaxda da romelmac bevrwilad itvirTa samyaros bedis gamo pasuxismgeblobis tvirTi veRar aokebs momwifebul Zalebs. individualuri
suli qristianobis mier samyaros yvela saidumloebis gamJRavnebis adgilad iqna miCneuli. mas samyarosa da sakuTar bedSi Careva surs ukve ara mxolod Sinagani potenciebis daxvewis gziT,
aramed garegani qmedebebiTac.
kuno fiSeri saerTo evropuli kulturis fonze ase axasiaTebs am viTarebas: magia erTdroulad RvTisagan gandgomadac
iTvleba da adamianis umaRles TviTgamoxatvadac. orive tendencia Tavs erT warmodgenaSi iyris: uRmerTo magikosi Tavis
sidiadeSi, titanis msgavsad, RmerTs upirispirdeba. amitomac
29
aris, rom magikosTa Sesaxeb TqmulebebSi meTeqvsmete saukuneSi
Cven gvxvdeba maTi damaxasiaTebeli sami niSani: satanuri, romelic Sua saukuneebidan modis, tragikuli, romelic protestantizmis wiaRSi Cndeba da titanuri, romlis wanamZRvrebsac
aRorZineba qmnis (fiSeri 1885:31-32). persona Tavs ver iokebs im
anonimuri arsebobis farglebSi, romlisTvisac mas Sua saukuneebi wiravda. am ukanasknelis imperativTa sawinaaRmdegod, magikosi cdilobs, Tundac saukuno tanjvis fasad moaxdinos sakuTari personaluri arsebobis, Tavisi pirovnuli ganumeoreblobisa da Zalebis qmediTobis manifestireba.
TiTqmis yvela es msoflmxedvelobrivi motivi iCens Tavs
axal droSi magikosi faustis literaturuli Temis ganviTarebaSi. Tqmulebebi doqtori faustis Sesaxeb pirvelad Cndeba meTeqvsmete saukunis bolos da swrafad vrceldeba mTel evropaSi. isini protestantuli azrovnebis ganuyofel nawilad iqcnen. amasTan, yvela gamocemis paTosi magiisa da magikosTa winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli da aqve igulisxmeba saeklesio magiac.
mefistofeli xan franciskaneli beris samosSi gvevlineba, xan
kidev faustTan erTad kardinaliviT gamowyobili Cndeba asparezze. Tavad doqtori faustis miswrafebaTa ZiriTadi Sinaarsi, sxeulis ltolvaTa dakmayofilebasTan erTad, Semecnebisa
da qmedebis wyurvilia. mis dasakmayofileblad igi sawyisTa Semecnebisaken miiswrafis. Tavad magikosi ase aRwers Tavis miswrafebas: me msurs sawyisebs vumzerde da radganac saamiso Zalebs ver SeviZen verc RvTisa da verc adamianebisagan, jojoxeTis suls mivende. igi Zalebsac momcems da maTTan mopyrobasac maswavlis (fiSeri 1885:43-44).
RvTismosavoba mas survilTa dakmayofilebaSi ver Svelis.
amitomac aris, rom Tqmulebis yvela variantSi fausti Teologiis doqtorad gvevlineba, romelic ukmayofiloa sqolastikuri codnis usicocxlobiT. saukuno tanjvis saSiSroebac araferi Cans im tkivilTan SedarebiT, romelsac mas samyaros erTxel
da samudamod dadgenil ierarqiaSi erT-erT usaxo elementad
yofnis perspeqtiva aniWebs. briyvi famulusi-vagneris msgavsad
mas ar ZaluZs, samyaros sawyisTa Semecnebis wyurvili mSrali
codnis sistemiT daikmayofilos. codna da am ukanasknelze dafuZnebuli qmedeba misTvis is aqtia, romelic misive ZalisxmeviT unda daibados, Tundac saamisod eSmakeuli Zalebis moSvelieba dasWirdes. man Tavad unda mosinjos is pirvelprincipebi,
romlebic samyaros ageben. reformaciis ideologiisaTvis amgvari miswrafeba mxolod aRorZinebis epoqaSi kaTolicizmis
wiaRSi dabadebuli titanizmia. fausti unda daisajos da Tqmulebis Tavdapirvel gadmocemebSi igi isjeba kidec.
30
lesingis mier am Temaze Seqmnili nawarmoebis Sesaxeb Zalze
cotaa cnobili. SemorCenili mogonebebisa da ramdenime fragmentis safuZvelze mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom swored faustis Temis lesingiseul interpretaciaSi unda gamJRavnebuliyo
is didi cvlileba, romelic Semdgom mTeli sisruliT goeTesTan iCens Tavs. lesingiseuli prologi mitovebul eklesiaSi
TamaSdeboda da masSi mxolod qvesknelis Zalebi iRebdnen monawileobas. prologis centralur punqts is momenti warmoadgenda, rodesac faustis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulT zecidan xma CaesmiT:
Tqven ver gaimarjvebT. lesingis rwmeniT, ra xrikebsac ar unda
mimarTon jojoxeTurma Zalebma, fausti daumarcxebelia. am istoriul wertilSi faustis Tema sruliad axlebur elfers
iZens _ xdeba adamianis aqamde uaryofili miswrafebebis reabilitacia. lesingis Canafiqris mixedviT, yovelgvari eSmakeuli
TaTbiri, yovelgvari mcdeloba imisa, rom negatiuri azri mieces imas, riTac adamiani sakuTari sulis cxovelmyofelobas
adasturebs, amaoa, radgan, RvTiuri Canafiqris mixedviT, adamians swored Semecnebisa da qmedebis wyurvili aqcevs sakuTriv
adamianad. kuno fiSeri wers, rom lesingTan erTad germanuli
sulisaTvis diadi ganviTarebis xana dadga: igi sakuTari Zalebis rwmeniT aRivso da faustis Temis axali interpretaciebi
amis TvalsaCino dadasturebas warmoadgenen (fiSeri 1885: 69).
axali drois evropuli azrovnebisaTvis faustis mamoZravebeli
cecxli RvTiuria da ara satanuri. promeTeseuli ar SeiZleba
eSmakeuli iyos. ori msoflmxedvelobrivi antipodi _ aRorZineba da reformacia erTad miimarTebian raRac axlis gamosakveTad da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom axali drois evropuli azrovnebisa Tu mxatvruli Semoqmedebis saukeTeso nimuSebi gveZleva
iq, sadac isini erTmaneTs xvdebian.
fausturi suliskveTebis optimisturi versia, sabolood,
goeTesTan yalibdeba. swored masTan gveZleva am Temis imgvari
interpretacia, romlis Semdegac SesaZlebeli gaxda rogorc
nicSeseuli zekaci, am Temis ukidures ganviTarebas rom warmoadgens, sadac WeSmaritebac ki pirveladi swrafvis, Zalauflebis nebis konteqstSi moicema da romlis mopovebaSic aRar monawileoben aRarc zeciuri da aRarc jojoxeTuri Zalebi, ise dasavluri civilizaciis Spengleriseuli gageba an fausturi
msoflmxedvelobis mTeli is tragizmi, Tomas manis `doqtor
faustusSi~ rom gvaqvs. aq kidev erTxel gavimeorebT im Zireul
azrs, romelic jer kidev lesingTan gvxvdeba, xolo goeTesTan
ukve axalevropuli sulis qvakuTxedis saxes iRebs: adamianis
suli manam adasturebs Tavis raobasa da uzenaes mniSvnelobas,
sanam igi miiswrafvis. swored am viTarebaze fuZndeba goeTeseul prologSi uflis imedi da swored faustur miswrafebaTa
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dadumebis imedze agebs mefistofeli Tavis strategias. maSasadame, mTavaria, dadumdeba Tu ara Tavad swrafva, miuxedavad im
Secdomebisa da danaSaulobebisa, romlebic man Tavisi ganxorcielebis gzaze SeiZleba moitanos, radgan goeTesaTvis mTavaria, SenarCunebuli iqnas ioanes saxarebis pirveli leqsis fausturi gageba _ `pirvelTagan iyo saqme~ nacvlad `pirvelTagan
iyo sityvisa~.
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom lesingTan da goeTesTan faustis Temis
reablitaciasTan erTTad sabolood ikveTeba evropis axali
civilizaciuri kodi, swored am Zalze mokled aRweril sulier
panoramaSi ibadeba axalevropuli subieqtivizmi, racionalizmi
da empirizmi, xolo aRorZinebiseuli titanizmi Semecnebisa da
qmedebisaken mimarTuli personis idealad Camoyalibda. amdenad, qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis es ukve iyo ara mxolod geografiulad, aramed civilizaciurad daSorebuli samyaro. evropas
ukve Seebijebina, rogorc osvald Spengleri ambobs, fausturi
formebis samyaroSi da iq cdilobda Tavisi axali geokulturuli identobis damkvidrebas.
amasTan, dasavleTisaken svlis yvela mcdeloba marcxiT
dasrulda. es mcdelobebi daiwyo jer kidev daviT aRmaSeneblis
mier bizantiis samefo karis titulze uaris TqmiT, gagrZelda
meToTxmete saukuneSi giorgi brwyinvalis zrunviT imaze, rom
kaTolikuri samisionero centri smirnidan TbilisSi gadmotaniliyo, meTxuTmete saukuneSi ki giorgi VIII-is mier Tavis papis
morCilad gamocxadebiTa da didi antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis mcdelobiT da bolos giorgi XI-is 1687 wlis 29 apriliT daTariRebul weriliT, romelSic igi Tavisi da Tavisi Svilis bagratis saxeliT erTgulebas ucxadebs romis paps inokenti XI-s.
kidev mravali TvalsaCino da naklebTvalsaCino faqtis dasaxeleba SeiZleba imis sademonstraciod, rom qarTuli samefo kari
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi jer kidev qristianuli erTobisa da
SesaZlo jvarosnuli omis kategoriebSi iazrebda geopolitikur da geokulturul procesebs.
qarTvel moRvaweebs, adre Tu gvian mouwevdaT imaSi darwmuneba, Tu rogor Secvliliyo dasavleTis sulieri reliefi da
ramdenad gulgrili iyo es samyaro mcire da gadakarguli qristiani xalxis mimarT. osvald Spenglers Tu moviSveliebT, mTeli Cveni suliereba Sua saukuneebis „nagvianebi stumris rolSi“
aRmoCnda samyaroSi, romelic sul ufro da ufro Sordeboda
Cveni winaprebis warmodgenebs. dasavluri socio-kulturuli
sxeuli Wirveulad Tavisufldeboda sakuTari warsulisagan da
religiuri gancdis is zereloba eufleboda, romelic, sabolood, msoflmxedvelobriv sekularizmad gaformda. Sua saukuneebis idealebi am samyarosaTvis ukve ucxo iyo. am viTarebaSi ru-
32
seTi da mxolod ruseTi Tu dainteresdeboda mcire qristianuli qveyniT, radgan misi moRvaweebis geopolitikuri xedva, bizantielebis msgavsad, SeuniRbavad iyo gamsWvaluli marTlmadidebeli imperializmis ideologiiT. amdenad, es iyo ara navTsayudeli, aramed iZulebiTi Tanxmoba ragindara daxmarebaze,
Tundac es daxmareba mxolod qristianobis mouxeSavi niRbiT
SemoeTavazebinaT.
iranis alternativis ZiebaSi
Cveni qveyanac saxeSecvlili Sexvda aRweril epoqas. saukuneze didxans gagrZelebuli monRoloba (1220-1320 wlebi) Savi Wiris epidemia da ekonomikuri krizisi daviT IX-is uiRblo mefobis ganmavlobaSi, rac memkvidreobiT bagrat V-is mefobis xanas
gadaeca, Temur lengis rva Semoseva (1386-1403), TurqmanTa Semosevebi, qveynis daSla, romelic, rogorc faqti meTxuTmete saukunis bolos daadastura qarTlis samefo darbazma, osmalebisa da iranelebis mier qveynis dayofa gavlenis sferoebad da
sxva mravali faqti metyvelebs, rom saqme ukve istoriis sxva
subieqtTan gvaqvs, romelsac axali identobis ZiebaTa sakmaod
xangZlivi da rTuli xana elis win.
rogorc vTqviT, geopolitikuri TvalTaxedva bizantiuri
religiurobis ganuyofeli nawili iyo da mTeli qristianuli
samyaros erT religiur-politikur mTlianobad Sekvris ideiT
iyo gaJRenTili. amiT iyo ganpirobebuli bizantiuri politikis
eWviani damokidebuleba ara mxolod dasavluri qristianobis,
aramed im marTlmadidebeli saxelmwifoebis mimarTac, romlebic suverenitetisaken miiswrafodnen da uars ambobdnen bizantiis politikuri pirvelobis aRiarebaze. da mainc, swored bizantiuri Teologiuri azris wyalobiT aRmosavleTis qristianuli samyaro erT sulier mTlianobas warmoadgenda, rac gansazRvravda kidec mTeli am samyaros geokulturul raobas. politikurma winaaRmdegobebma da bizantiuri imperializmis mimarT gaRizianebam ki gansazRvra is, rom konstantinopolis dacemas, rac aRmosavleT qristianuli samyaros marcxisa da fragmentebad daSlisa da istoriul movlenaTa periferiaze gadasrolis niSani iyo, amave samyaroSi ar gamouwvevia tragediis
grZnoba da, rogorc vTqviT, ramdenime qveyanam myisierad ganacxada Tavisi pretenziebi bizantiis memkvidreobaze.
kulturaTa bedi TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanesi movlena
iyo is, rom XV saukunidan qveynis samxreT-aRmosavleTSi Tavs
iCens axali geopolitikuri moTamaSe sefianTa iranis saxiT. XVXVI saukuneebis mijnaze igi saqarTvelosac swvdeba. Sah Tamaz
pirvelis dros iranelebi oTxjer gamoilaSqreben saqarTvelo-
33
ze, xolo 1555 wels amasiis zaviT dasavleT saqarTvelo osmaleTs ergo, xolo qarTl-kaxeTi samcxe-saaTabagosTan erTad _
irans. Siituri iranis gavlena ukve scildeboda politikuri
gavlenis farglebs da Zlieri kulturuli determinantas gaCenasac gulisxmobda. qarTuli qristianuli suliereba, romelic
gankacebuli RvTis ideaze aigeboda da romelmac individualuri sulis usasrulo perspeqtiva Tavis umTavres ganzomilebad
aqcia, suliereba, romlisTvisac yovel individualur arsebobaSi iyo naTeli WeSmariti, romelic ukunSi ikvalavda gzas,
qristianuli TvalsazrisiT, depersonalizebuli, inteleqtualuri da yofiTi hedonizmis Zlieri niSnis matarebeli da istoriuli sulierebis intervenciis winaSe aRmoCnda. saqme mxolod formaluri gavlena ar iyo. kulturis formebi garduvalobiT gulisxmobs im metafizikur wanamZRvrebsac, romlebidanac es formebi amoizrdeba. formebis eqspansia metafizikis
farul eqspansiasac niSnavs da Sedegad SeiZleba miviRoT viTareba, rodesac kulturis imanenturi formebi sazriss hkargavs,
xolo is, rasac samyaro Wirveulad gvTavazobs, arasakuTrivia
da, osvald Spenglers moviSveliebT, Tavsmoxveul formebad,
erTgvar istoriul fsevdomorfozad _ kulturis yalb da
araimanentur formebad gvevlineba, rac cxadia, mcirericxovani xalxis sulierebisaTvis momakvdinebeli SeiZleba aRmoCndes. is, rac sazrisiT aris savse, konkretuli, am SemTxvevaSi,
iranuli kulturisaTvis, gansxvavebuli kulturul-esqatologiuri garemosaTvis kvdomis nairsaxeoba SeiZleba iyos.
am procesebis Sesabamisad, XVI-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi sulierebis mravali elferi SeiZleba amovikiTxoT: ganwyoba, romlisTvisac qveynis awmyo mxolod istoriuli gaugebrobaa da meti araferi da warsulis sulebis gamoZaxebisaTvis
miuyvia xeli, rac iolad iqceva awmyodan gaqcevad da preteristuli utopiis msaxurebis nairsaxeobad. religiurobac amgvari
gonisaTvis, xSirad umal, gonebisa da keTili nebisagan daclil
liturgiul jadosnobaa, vidre sulis xsnis gza da masSi ucnaurad ganzavdeba erTmaneTSi preteristuli patriotizmi da
wminda religiuri grZnoba Tavisi qristianuli kosmopolitizmiT; aqve naxavT qristianuli sulierebis iranul formebSi moqcevis mcdelobas, rogorc es Teimuraz pirvelis poeziaSia,
farsadan gorgijaniZis daufarav nihilizmsa da zneobriv relativizms da koleqtiuri suicidis nairsaxeobas tyveTa syidvis
saxiT; aqve naxavT guramiSviliseul Rrma, mistikur sulierebasa da sabas mcdelobas, evropisaken radikaluri nabijebis gadadgmiT qveyana kvlav erTiani qristianuli kosmosis nawilad iqces.
pirobiTad SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom XVI-XVIII saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dasavleTi, ruseTi da irani ganasaxierebdnen im sam ge-
34
okulturul veqtors, romelTa Sorisac qarTul sulierebas
unda gaekeTebina arCevani. Sesabamisad SeiZleboda ganviTarebuliyo qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobac. da qarTveli moRvaweebic
cdilobdnen, rom am sam SesaZlo veqtors Soris moeZebnaT
gamosavali.
boloTqma
XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli suliereba produqtia im
kulturuli Sokisa, romelic jer monRolTa da Temurlengis
Semosevas, Semdeg ki 1453 wels konstantinopolis dacemas, XV
saukunis kacobriobis am udides geopolitikur katastrofas
mohyva. rogorc vTqviT, marcxiT dasrulebul jvarosnul omebTan da did geografiul aRmoCenebTan erTad swored am faqtma
dausva wertili im samyaros, romelsac Sua saukuneebis qristianuli samyaro hqvia Tavisi da gza exsneba axal qristianul impulsebs, romlebisTvisac ucxo da codvili aRar aris aRarc
klasikuri memkvidreoba da arc samyaros geografiuli sazRvrebis gafarToebiT SeZenili axali kosmosi. qarTuli suliereba, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, miuxedavad xSiri politikuri urTierTundoblobisa, pirvel rigSi, bizantiurTan
mimarTebaSi yalibdeboda, monRolTa Semosevisa da bizantiis
dacemis Semdeg erTian qristianul samyarosTan hkargavs sistematur kavSirebs da es kavSirebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi umal
sporadul xasiaTs atarebda, vidre sistematurs, energiiTa da
sakuTari mniSvnelobis rwmeniT rom SeiZleboda aRevso Ceni
suliereba. Cven faqtobrivadac SeiZleba Tvali mivadevnoT, Tu
rogor kargavs Sinagan konstitucias X-XII saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli sulieri TviToba da rogor ikavebs mis
adgils fragmentirebuli suliereba, romelSic erTnairad SeiZleba amovicnoT Zveli tradiciebis gagrZelebis mcdelobac,
momZlavrebuli iranuli kulturis paradigmebic, kaTolike misionerTa gavlenac, romelTa meSveobiTac dasavluri kulturuli procesebis eqo aRwevda Cvenamde da mravali sxva. Tuki
dasavlur samyaros istoriuli da geopolitikuri garemoebebi
aZlevdnen imis saSualebas, rom sakuTar TavSi axali energiis
wyaroebi moeZebna humanizmis, aRorZinebisa da reformaciis saxiT, saqarTvelo, arsebiTad, srul izolaciaSi aRmoCnda da misi
politikuri mdgomareoba araCveulebrivad zustad asaxavda im
mdgomareobas, romelSic suliereba imyofeboda. istoriulad
uiRblo saukuneebi zedmetad Zlieri dartyma aRmoCnda saimisod, rom mcire qveyanas Tavisi resursebis xelaxali mobilizeba da yvelafris xelaxla dawyeba moexerxebina.
35
XVI-XVIII saukuneebs saqarTvelo Sexvda im gamocdilebebiT,
romlebic mas moutana monRolTa da Temur lengis Semosevebma,
XV-XVI saukuneebSi sefianTa dinastiis gabatonebam iranSi, jvarosnuli omebis marcxma da, rogorc amas zogjer uwodeben,
qristianobis ganjadoebis procesma, msoflio qristianuli imperiis, bizantiis dacemasTan erTad aRmosavleTi qristianuli
samyaros fragmentirebam da sxvani. Seicvala maSindeli samyaros ara mxolod geopolitikuri, aramed geokulturuli konfiguraciac, metic, rogorc vTqviT, Seicvala Tavad kosmosis
gagebac. giorgi brwyinvalis mier xelaxla gaerTianebuli qveyana mxolod saukuneze mcirediT mets xans axerxebs arsebobas.
Zveli paradigmebi yvelaze niWieri mmarTvelebisa da intensiur
ZiebaTa pirobiTac veRar iZleodnen qveynis arsebobis garantias. yovelive es ki niSnavda, rom meTeqvsmete saukunidan sakiTxi
idga ara mxolod politikuri, aramed kulturuli identobis
gamoc da rom, rogorc vTqviT, uaxloesi saukuneebi swored
axal identobaTa Ziebis gziT unda warmarTuliyo. krizisi, romelic am saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Cvens qveyanas ewveva, pirvel
rigSi swored identobaTa krizisia. saqme mxolod is ar aris,
rom istoriis Zveli subieqti axal garemoebebTan adaptaciis
unaris naklulobas amJRavnebs. saqme isicaa, rom am subieqts sakuTari istoriuli garkveulobac ver daudgenia am axal da
swrafad cvalebad samyaroSi. Suasaukuneobrivi saazrovno matricebi sruliad uadgilo aRmoCnda am axal samyaroSi. da Tu am
fragmentuli kvazipolitikuri erTeulebis mosaxleoba inarCunebda istoriul TviTcnobierebas, umal im koleqtiuri mexsierebis wyalobiT (romlis inertulobac xalxs saSualebas aZlevs sxva, miTologiur drosa da qveyanaSi igrZnos Tavi da, meores mxriv, calkeul moRvaweebSi gamJRavnebuli arsebobis nebiT.
Tuki Cvens istoriaSi SeiZleba moiniSnos periodebi, romlis
memkvidreobac gansakuTrebiT naTlad igrZnoba Cvens dRevandel yofaSi, erT-erTi uTuod XVI-XVII saukuneebia, axali qarTuli xanaa. am dros mTeli Cveni kulturis winaSe mTeli sicxadiT
dadga axal identobaTa da im axal realobaTa mimarT adeqvaturobis problema, romelSic igi aRmoCnda. meTeqvsmete saukuneSi Cven veRar vxedavT im mTavar mimarTebebsa da ganzomilebebs, romelTa konteqstSic dgindeboda Sua saukuneebis qarTuli suliereba. metamorfozebi araCveulebrivi siswrafiT xdeboda da ara mxolod qveynis dasavleTiT, aramed aRmosavleTiTac, CrdiloeTiTac da samxreTiTac. iwyeboda axali istoria.
es iyo ucnauri da Tavisi mniSvnelobiT gansakuTrebuli saukuneebi, romlebmac mcire da istoriul garemoebebSi Cakarguli, ufro ki istoriidan gandevnili eri, arsebiTad, gadauWreli amocanebis winaSe daayena. axali kulturul-saxelmwifo-
36
ebrivi identobis mopoveba maSin, rodesac eqsistencialur CixSi xar moqceuli da rodesac mxolod susti da, umeteswilad,
SemTxveviTi kavSirebiRa gakavSirebs did qristianul samyarosTan, romelic, amasTanave, Tavadac hkargavs Tavis tradiciul
formebs, TiTqmis SeuZlebeli amocana aRmoCnda.
saqme mxolod politikuri umweoba ar iyo. amas Tan erTvoda
msoflmxedvelobrivi samyaroSi kaleidoskopuri siswrafiT
mimdinare cvlilebaTa gamo dabneulobac da isic, rom did
qristianul samyaroSi mxolod calkeuli moRvaweni Tu grZnobdnen pasuxismgeblobas im unikaluri qristianuli sulierebis
gamo, X-XIII saukuneebis qarTuli suliereba rom hqvia. ufro
metic, axali drois evropis qristianuli samyaro Tavadac sakuTari Tavis ZiebaSi iyo da ufro da ufro naklebad grZnobda
sulier kavSirebs Cvens samyarosTan.
es epoqa ucnauri kaleidoskopia, sadac yvelaferi SeiZleba
moTavsdes, Tumca ki dabadebiT misgan mxolod 1783 wlis giorgievskis traqtatis dabadeba xdeba SesaZlebeli, romelic
erTaderTi, Tumca ki istoriuli kapitulaciis Tanazomadi
gamosavali iyo msoflmxedvelobriv qaossa da fizikur siZabuneSi myofi qveynisaTvis _ yvelaze Rirseuli forma kapitulaciisa, rodesac, qveyana, arsebiTad, aRiarebda ruseTis bizantiur memkvidreobas da qarTveli mefeebi saimperatoro karis
wevrebad iqceodnen. amiT isini iZulebulebi iyvnen, uari eTqvaT jer kidev daviT aRmaSeneblis mcdelobaze, bizantielTa
religiuri nacionalizmisa da marTlmadideblobiT SeniRbuli
imperializmisaTvis aeridebina qveyana.
arsebul situaciaSi sxva gamosavali ar arsebobda da evropa
Sors iyo im istoriuli evropisagan, romelsac sulis xsnis ideiT omebis wamowyeba SeeZlo, miTumetes, rom misi politikis mesveurebi ruseTs ufro did safrTxed ganixilavdnen, vidre osmalTa, arsebiTad, daZabunebul imperias, xolo iranidan araviTar safrTxes ar elodnen. omebis wamowyeba Tu ara, urTierTobaTa garTuleba patara, daSlili qveynis gamo, romelsac vera
da ver daeZlia calkeulTa boroti Tavneboba, Tundac es omebi
qristianuli samyaros gamTlianebisa da muslimuri eqspansiis
daZleviT yofiliyo gamarTlebuli, mas ar surda. miTumetes,
rom arsebobda ludoviko bulonielis gamocdileba, Tu rogori amao iyo TavkerZa qarTveli didebulebis daTanxmeba TanamSromlobasa da qveynis interesebis msaxurebaze.
is, rac moxda XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijnaze, am saukuneTa logikuri dasasruli iyo. magram rogori Zlevamosilic ar unda
yofiliyo rusuli imperia, mas mainc ar aRmoaCnda sakmarisi inteleqtualuri Zalebi saimisod, rom patara kvazisamefoebad
daSlili odesRac Zlieri qveyana iolad STaenTqa. amiT Cven is-
37
toriam Sansic mogvca, gagveazrebina, rom sulieri identoba ar
aris iseTi ram, risi erTxel da samudamod mopoveba da garantirebuli floba SesaZlebelia. es iyo erTgvari kapitulacia.
magram, Tu gavixsenebT, rom amis Semdegac Cvens atmosferoSi
mudmivad trialebda qarTuli saxelmwifos idea, es iyo sakuTari TavisaTvis pauzis micemis mcdelobac im momentamde, sanam
igi axal istoriul formebis warmoebis Zalas da sakuTari
sxeulis _ saxelmwifos _ kvlavmopovebis unars ar igrZnobda.
amdenad, es ar yofila kapitulacia am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT. es umal sakuTari TavisTvis amosunTqvis saSualebis micema
iyo. es, ufro erTgvari istoriuli mimikria aRmoCnda saimisod,
rom pirvelive xelsayrel istoriul garemoebebSi gagvecxadebina imis Sesaxeb, rom arsebobis neba gvqonda da rom mzad viyaviT, axal istoriul formebSi Camogvesxa Cveni suliereba.
damowmebani:
vindelbandi 1908: Виндельбанд В. История новой философии. Т. 1.СПБ. 1908.
kingi 2001: rsula King. Christian Mystics. London" 2001.
losevi 1978: Лосев А .Ф. Эстетика Возрождения. М.: 1978.
makari 1982: makari antioqieli. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tb.: 1982.
reale... 1994: Реал Дж., Антисери Д. Западная философия от истоков до наших дней.
3. "Петрополис", 1994.
ransimani 1969: Runciman S. The Fall of Constantineple in 1453. 1969.
fiSeri 1885: Фишер К. "Фауст" Гете. М.: 1885.
frankenberi 2004: Radical Interpretation in Religion. Edited by Nancy K.Frankenberry.
Cambridge University Press. 2004.
Smemani 1953: Протоиерей Александр Шмеман. Исторический путь Православия.
Нью-Йорк: 1953.
hegeli 1992: Гегель Г.В.Ф. ФЕНОМЕНОЛОГИЯ ДУХА. СПб.: "Наука", 1992.
38
irma ratiani
evropuli konceptis rekonstruqcia qarTul mwerlobaSi
evropuli literaturis istoriaSi XVI-XVIII saukuneebi stilTa mravalferovnebiT gamorCeuli epoqaa: renesansis stils, sxvadasxva drosa da sxvadasxva xangrZlivobiT, enacvleba klasicizmis, barokosa da ganmanaTleblobis esTetikisaTvis niSandoblivi stiluri modelebi. adamianis substancias, rogorc
renesansis interesis mTavar sagans, klasicizmis epoqaSi Semoqmedebis antikur (klasikur) principebTan dabruneba Caanacvlebs, klasicizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebel racionalizms ki _ ganamnaTleblobis wiaRSi aRmocenebuli diadisa da mSvenieris esTetika. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mTeli es procesi or-sam
saukunes moicavs, sruli warmodgena SeiZleba SeviqmnaT mis
intensivobasa da dinamiurobaze.
XVI saukunisaTvis qarTuli literatura jer kidev iZulebiTi izolaciis fazaSi imyofeba: XI saukuneSi dawyebuli aRmavloba XIII saukunis miwurulisTvis politikur da kulturul
kriziss emsxverpleba da TiTqmis samsaukunovan wyvetas ganicdis. saqarTvelo sami grZeli saukuniT dascildeba evropul
literaturul procesebs, romelSic organulad iyo CarTuli
IV saukunidan, swored im epoqidan, rodesac gaqristianebuli
qveyana, misi literaturiT miuerTda qristianuli mwerlobis
saerToevropul nakads. qarTuli kultura da literatura,
iseve rogorc saxelmwifoebrioba da suliereba, dasavluri
qristianuli samyaros ganapira, magram individualobiTa da
originalobiT gamorCeul mniSvnelovan forfostad Camoyalibda.
adreuli Suasaukuneebis ukve gariJraJidanve, qarTuli literatura aqtiurad erTveba qristianuli mwerlobis evropul
qselSi. saxezea sasuliero mwerlobis yvela saxeobis gamovlineba: bibliologia, egzegetika, homiletika, dogmatika, polemika, asketika da mistika, kanonika, liturgika, hagiografia, himnografia da sxv. qarTul saliteraturo sivrceSi warmatebiT
adaptirdeba bibliuri teqstebis interpretaciis tendencia,
niSandoblivi evropuli qristianuli ritorikisaTvis, rac miznad isaxavs rogorc qristianuli Teologiis tradiciis, ise _
teqstis interpretaciuli mravalferovnebis kulturis Camoyalibebas. eliso kalandariSvilis SeniSvniT, `axali aRTqmis~
(am SemTxvevaSi pavles epistoleTa) Zvel qarTul TargmanebSi,
daculia is terminologiuri niuansebi, romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs, Tvali vadevnoT qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis Camoyalibebis sawyis etapze mimdinare mniSvnelovan procesebs _ Teologiuri terminologiis SemuSavebas, egzegetikis, rogorc
39
saRvTo werilis teqstis intepretaciis safuZvlebis Seqmnas~
(kalandariSvili 2009: 101). magram, qarTuli literatura, misi
ganviTarebis am etapze aramarto aireklavs qristianuli mwerlobis ZiriTad kanonebs, aramed warmoadgens am mwerlobis gansakuTrebul, originalur da Zalze individualur gamovlinebas, rasac adasturebs wamyvani literaturuli Janrebis _ agiografiisa da himnogafiis qarTuli nimuSebi: agiografiuli
teqstebi, romlebic, garda mxatvruli datvirTvisa, dokumentur xasiaTs atarebs, gmiris cxovrebisa da mowameobis detaluri aRweriT avlens qarTuli kulturul-istoriuli realobis
maxasiaTeblebsa da cxadyofs prioritetebs∗ (`SuSanikis wameba~, `abo tfilelis wameba~, `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~ da
sxv.); amave epoqaSi Seqmnili himnogafiuli Sedevrebi ki Tanabrad warmoadgens qarTuli da msoflio sasuliero poeturi
kulturis Rirsebas (miqael modrekilis, ioane minCxis, ioane
mtbevaris, stefane sananoisZis da sxvaTa himnebi, romelTac
mogvianebiT Seemata eqvTime da giorgi aTonelebis, mefe daviT
aRmaSeneblis, ufliswul demetresa da sxva mniSvnelovan avtorTa qmnilebebi).
XI saukunidan qarTuli literatura axal xanaSi Seabijebs,
masze zemoqmedebas axdens rogorc qveyanaSi mimdinare politikuri da socialuri reformebi, ise _ evropul literaturaSi
mimdinare sekularizaciis procesi. gviani Suasaukuneebi evropuli literaturis sekularizaciis epoqaa da miuxedavad imisa,
rom rigi sekularuli teqstebi jer kidev eqceva alegoriuli
interpretaciis arealSi (magaliTad vergiliusisa), ZiriTadi
literaturuli tendencia cxadyofs, rom laTinuri ena adgils
uTmobs adgilobriv enebs, xolo literatura gadainacvlebs
saero sibrtyeze da axal Temebsa da miznebs eWideba: gviani
Suasaukuneebis rainduli eposisa da adreuli renesansis epoqis
satiruli romanebis, novelebisa Tu sonetebis avtorebi siamovnebiT ubrundebian SeTxzuli personaJebisa da ambebis esTetikas, gajerebuls heroizmiT, romantizmiT, saTavgadasavlo
avantiuriTa da sxva fiqciuri elementebiT.∗∗ qarTuli mwerloba, rogorc evropuli literaturis Rirebuli nawili, organulad erTveba msoflmxedvelobrivi da stilisturi inovaciebis procesSi da, Sedegad, iqmneba qarTuli literaturis aRiarebuli Sedevri `vefxistyaosani~. rusTveliseuli teqsti, miuxedavad imisa, rom, Janruli da konceptualuri Tvalsazri∗
dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb ix. i. amirxanaSvilis werilebi agiografiaze
JurnalSi `sjani~; i. ratiani, `fabula da siuJeti. Pro et Contra”. Tb., 2011.
∗∗
ix. m. elbaqiZe, `vefxistyaosnis poetikis zogierTi sakiTxi Suasukuneebis
frangul raindul romanTan tipologiur mimarTebaSi~, 2007. 40
siT, evropuli rainduli romanis qarTul models warmoadgens,
gamoirCeva garkveuli stilisturi keTilganwyobiT aRmosavluri poeturi motivebisadmi, riTac adasturebs ori gansxvavebuli kulturuli samyaros warmatebuli Sexvedris SesaZleblobas qarTul literaturul sivrceSi da am unikaluri sinTeziT amdidrebs da afarToebs msoflio literaturul process.
TumcaRa, aRmosavluri poetikis gamovlinebani `vefxistyaosanSi~ ufro garegani movlenaa, vidre Sinagani: Tvisebrivad, rogorc msoflmxedvelobrivad, ise _ stilisturad, teqsti organul Tanaziarobas avlens evropul literaturul sivrcesTan Semdgomi TanamSromlobis yvela winapirobiT. magram, samwuxarod, XIII saukunidan, qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis bunebrivi gza xelovnurad gadaiketeba avbediTi istoriuli movlenebis gamo: mongolTa da sparsTa mravalsaukonavani batonoba gamoiwvevs bunebrivad ganviTarebadi kulturuli da literaturuli procesebis jer SeCerebas, Semdeg ki _ xangrZliv
wyvetas saqarTveloSi.
qarTuli literaturis istoriis axali etapis aTvlis wertilad unda miviCnioT XVI-XVIII saukuneebi, rogorc XV saukunis
II naxevridan dawyebuli umniSvnelovanesi ideologiuri da
kulturuli Zvrebis uSualo Sedegi da nayofi: mentalur-kulturuli qronologia yovelTvis ar emTxveva istoriul qronologias, aramed xSirad win uswrebs mas. 1453 wels konstantinopolis dacemam da muslimuri samyaros gaZlierebam kardinalurad Secvala axlo aRmosavleTis geopolitikuri da geokulturuli panorama. Tu adrindel saukuneebSi qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba da suliereba dasavluri qristianuli samyaros organul nawils warmoadgenda, XVI saukunidan man sruliad gansxvavebul istoriul sibrtyeze gadainacvla, rac axali identobis
Ziebis amocanis winaSe ayenebda qveyanas: XVI saukunidan saqarTvelo aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis Sexvedris geokulturul
regionSi moeqca _ igulisxmeba swored is geokulturuli realoba, romelic am saukuneebisaTvis Camoyalibda. Zireulad
Secvlil istoriul konteqstSi Zveli identobis reanimirebis
mcdeloba imTaviTve iyo ganwiruli, axlis moZieba ki axali qarTuli sulieri kosmosis Seqmnas niSnavda _ `TviTobis~ moZiebasa da
dadgenas gardamaval istoriul pirobebsa da aRmosavleT-dasavleTis gzaSesayarze mdebare urTules geokulturul regionSi.
swored am kardinaluri istoriuli da kulturuli transformaciebis fonze iwyebs rekonstruqcias evropuli koncepti
qarTul literaturaSi. XVI saukunisTvis qarTuli mwerloba
or dinebas Sorisaa moqceuli: erTi mxriv _ aRmosavleTi,
`SeCveuli axali realoba~, misi esTetikuri principebiTa da
literaturuli kanonebiT, meore mxriv _ dasavleTi, erTxel
41
ukve daZleuli gamocdileba, misi konceptebiT, religiuri
tradiciebiTa da poetikuri novaciebiT. Sedegad, saxezea gansxvavebul kulturul da literaturul dinebaTa gzaSesayarze
mdgomi qarTuli mwerlobis Tanabrad organuli da motivirebuli CarTva rogorc aRmosavlur, ise dasavlur kulturul
tradiciaSi. aRniSnuli periodis qarTuli literatura TiTqos
gaxsnil kulturul konstruqcias warmoadgens: erTi mxriv,
gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs aRmosavluri, kerZod,
sparsuli eposis sxvadasxva nimuSebis pirdapir qarTul Targmanebsa Tu, rig SemTxvevebSi, maTi gavleniTa da mibaZviT Seqmnil
originalur versiebs, meore mxriv ki, iqmneba evropul esTetikaze orientirebuli literatura, ganpirobebuli ganmanaTleblobisa da klasicizmis kanonebiT, romelTac, politikuri moRvaweebis kvaldakval, aaRorZineben TvalsaCino qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebi da poetebi. am kulturuli fleqsiurobis poetikur Sedegs literaturuli tendenciebisa da gemovnebis
siWrele, konceptebis, gavlenebisa da paralelebis siuxve,
Janrebisa da poetikuri formebis mravalferovneba, stilisturi xerxebis funqciuri araerTgvarovneba warmoadgens. TumcaRa, am esTetikuri modelebis Widilis wiaRSi, TvalnaTliv SeiniSneba dasavluri konceptis gaZliereba, rac qarTuli mwerlobis
bunebriv sawyisTan da wiaRTan dabrunebis warmatebul mcdelobad
unda Sefasdes.
gansxvavebuli literaturuli principebis kveTisa da, mogvianebiT, Secvlis TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa qarTvel mefeTa _ Teimurazis, vaxtangisa da arCilis, agreTve, sulxan-saba
orbelianis, daviT guramiSvilisa da besik gabaSvilis (besikis)
moRvaweoba. Tu Teimurazis, vaxtangisa da arCilis poezia aSkarad ganicdis aRmosavluri literaturuli kanonis zegavlenas,
sulxan-saba orbeliani, eZleva ra saSualeba gaecnos Tanamedrove evropul literaturul procesebs, mis kvalad, qmnis evropuli Janruli standartebis Sesabamis teqstebs∗: igavebis
krebuls _ `sibrZne-sicruisa~ (romelic, garkveulwilad, mainc inarCunebs kavSirs aRmosavlur literaturul tradiciasTan), da mogzaurobis Janris teqsts _ `mogzauroba evropaSi~.
amave periodSi, niWierebiT gamorCeuli poetis, besik gabaSvilis poeziaSi, miuxedavad poetis keTilganwyobisa aRmosavluri
versifikaciuli formebisadmi, cxadad SeigrZnoba swrafva dasavluri stilisturi eqsperimentebisken. misi Tanamedrovis,
daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi ki evropuli koncepti aSkara
dominantaa: guramiSvilis `daviTiani~ ganmsWvalulia dasavlu∗
sulxan-saba orbelianma, vaxtang VI-is davalebiT, sagangebo misiiT,
imogzaura evropaSi.
42
ri literaturuli msoflmxedvelobiTa da Janrul-Tematuri
tendenciebiT _ misi istoriuli, didaqtikuri da pastoraluri motivebiT `daviTiani~ sruliad bunebrivad uaxlovdeba dasavluri leqsis standarts da enaTesaveba mas rogorc konceptualuri, ise stiluri TavalsazrisiT. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sulxan-saba orbelianisa da daviT guramiSvilis mwerloba aramarto Semobrunebis niSnulad iqca qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi, aramed ganapiroba qarTuli literaturis
ganviTarebis Semdgomi gezi da mimarTuleba.
sulxan-saba orbelianisa da daviT guramiSvilis Semoqmedeba
ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc klasikuri neoklasicizmis
an ganmanaTleblobis nimuSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom im drois
evropuli literaturuli sivrce upiratesad swored am ori
esTetikis Widils efuZneboda. qarTvel mweralTa Semoqmedeba
ufro sinTezuri xasiaTisaa. midrekilebas sinTezurobisaken,
SesaZloa, kompromisis Ziebis mudmivi istoriuli Cveva ganapirobebda, TumcaRa, metadre savaraudod sxva motivacia gveCveneba: XVI-XVII saukuneebis evropul literaturaSi ukve moqmedebda neoklasicizmisa da ganmanaTleblobis sinTezuri modeli _ `ganmanaTlebluri klasicizmi~, dafuZnebuli udidesi
moazrovneebisa da mwerlebis _ sidneis, draidenis, jonsonis,
burkes, vinkelmanis, lesingis, Sileris _ Teoriebze, rac gacilebiT ukeT ergeboda humanisturi suliskveTebis matarebel
qarTul kulturul da literaturul tradicias, vidre safrangeTSi Camoyalibebuli normatiuli literaturuli mimdinareoba, imTaviTve ganwiruli winaaRmdegobrivi arsebobisaTvis.
evropuli (upiratesad, franguli) klasicizmis ZiriTadi
tendenciebi bevrad gansazRvra nikola bualos traqtatma `L'art
puetique~, sadac frangi klasicistis mier sruliad cxadad da
garkveviT iqna Camoyalibebuli literaturisaTvis mosargebi
sqematuri Teoria. bualo daubrunda poetikis klasikur koncefcias da principulad dasva JanrTa klasikuri ierarqiis
aRorZinebis sakiTxi. Tavad neoklasikuri periodis literaturuli mimdinareobis dasaxelebac _ `klasicizmi~ _ miuTiTebda neoklasikosTa gansakuTrebul interesebze klasikuri (antikuri) periodis literaturuli da poetikuri tradiciebisadmi. franguli klasicizmis umTavres maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgenda: a) mibaZva klasikuri periodis literaturuli kanonebisadmi; b) ukiduresi racionalizmi, keTilgonivrulisa da didaqtikuris primati; g) literaturis mibaZvis obieqtis, anu
asaxvis arealis maqsimaluri SezRuduloba; d) saliteraturo
enis diferenciacia; e) drois, sivrcisa da moqmedebis (samTa)
erTianobis principis dacva.
43
mibaZva klasikuri periodis literaturuli kanonebisadmi
gamoixateboda, pirvel yovlisa, klasikur epoqaSi Seqmnili literaturuli nawarmoebebis maqsimalur idealizebaSi. klasicistebi Tvlidnen, rom nawarmoebis mxatvruli forma unda Seesatyvisebodes antikuri periodis literaturul principebsa
da normebs, amasTan, sasurvelad miiCnevdnen im istoriuli movlenebis aRweras nawarmoebSi, romelTac adgili hqondaT Zvel
saberZneTsa an romSi. mibaZvas klasikuri poetikuri kanonebisadmi gamoxatavda, agreTve, klasicistebis damokidebuleba poetikuri principebisadmi, kerZod, literaturis Janruli klasifikaciisadmi: igi mTlianad iziarebda klasikuri Janruli
triadis gamoyofisa da ganmartebis tendencias; ukiduresi racionalizmi klasicizmis poetikis umTavres principad iqca.
sagrZnobi iyo rene dekartes filosofiis didi zegavlena. rogorc mogvianebiT SeniSnavda t. elioti, klasicizmis epoqaSi
moxda e.w. `umaRlesi sinTezis~, anu msoflSegrZnebiTi mTlianobis rRveva. dairRva literaturisaTvis aucilebeli is racionaluri da emociuri mTlianoba, rac manamde SenarCunebuli
iyo yvela literaturul epoqaSi. msoflSegrZnebiTi mTlianobis rRveva XVII saukunis miwurulidan ukurnebeli seniviT moedo evropul poezias. Tu renesansisa da gviani renesansis epoqis poetebi _ mondomebulad inarCunebdnen inteleqtualur
da emociur balanss, Tvlis elioti, XVII saukunidan moyolebuli, es klasikuri wonasworoba rRvevis gzas adgeba: XVII saukuneSi, klasicizmis epoqaSi, saswori racionalizmis mxares ixreba, XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi ki, sentimentalizmisa da romantizmis
epoqebSi, _ impulsuri emociurobis mxares. orive SemTxvevaSi,
eliotis azriT, dazaralebul mxares poezia warmoadgens: racionalizmi `steriluri pragmatizmiT~ msWvalavs mas, emociuroba ki _ `ironiuli melanqolizmiT~. klasicizmis epoqaSi maqsimalurad SeizRuda literaturuli asaxvis arealic: mibaZeT
sasaxles da SeiswavleT qalaqi, acxadebda bualo. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, literaturuli interesis umTavres obieqtebad iqcnen, erTi mxriv, mefe Tavisi sasaxliTa da aristokratiiT, xolo, meore mxriv, qalaqi da burJuazia. poetikuri SezRudulobis kvaldakval, ganxorcielda saliteraturo enis diferenciaciac: ena daiyo `maRali~ da `dabali~ stilis enebad, sadac
TiToeuls Tavisi Janruli Sesabamisoba (`maRali~ da `dabali~
Janrebi) hqonda da Tavisi mkiTxveli (sazogadoebis `maRali~ da
`dabali~ fenebi) gaaCnda. dabolos, `samTa erTianobis~ principma qronotopul (dro-sivrcul) CarCoSi moaqcia literatura:
adgilis, droisa da moqmedebis erTianoba ukiduresad amcirebda poeturi fantaziis ganvrcobis masStabs.
44
am poetikuri kanonebis Sedegad literaturam miiRo didaqtikuri, mkveTrad logikuri, racionaluri xasiaTi, xolo saliteraturo Janrebi mkveTrad gaimijna erTmaneTisgan statusis,
enobrivi modelisa da mkiTxvelis niSniT. `klasicizmis Teoria,
upirvelesad yovlisa, emyareba Janrebis absuluturi sxvaobis
(urTierTisagan gamijvnis) gagebas. igi realuri sinamdvilis
rTuli da mravalferovani movlenebis warmosaxvas moiTxovs
ara mTlianobaSi, aramed erTmaneTisagan gaTiSulad~ (lomiZe 1969:14).
magram, klasicizmis pragmatuli da xisti literaturuli
regulaciebis fonze, romlebic esadageboda absolutizmis
epoqis msoflmxedvelobasa da amarTlebda evropeli monarqebis molodins, doqtrinis gaformebisTanave SeimCneoda konceptualuri da stilisturi gadaxvevebi, ganpirobebuli calkeuli avtorebis siTamamiTa da SemoqmedebiTi principulobiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom klasicizmi Riad qadagebda erTgulebas
antikuri kanonebisadmi, upiratesobas aniWebda logikurisa da
zneobrivis, `bunebrivisa~ da `keTilgonivrulis~ primats, amkvidrebda `samTa erTianobis~ kanons, axdenda Janrebisa da saliteraturo enis diferencirebas, Tavis TavSive moicavda winaaRmdegobriv procesebs: kerZod, neoklasicizmis, rogorc xelovnurad konstruirebuli poetikuri sistemis∗, kanonis moqmedebis areali erTdroulad sayovelTaoc iyo da individualuric _ is erTdroulad aerTianebda sami tipis realobas: a)
mouwodebda avtorebs, eweraT garkveuli poetikuri kanonebis
farglebSi; b) avtorebi, romlebic, erTi mxriv, emxrobodnen am
kanonebs, meore mxriv, sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi individualobis
wyalobiT, zegavlenas axdenden maTze; g) neoklasikuri poetika,
romelic Camoyalibda safrangeTSi, inergeboda da viTardeboda TiTqmis yvela, literaturulad dawinaurebul evropul
qveyanaSi, TumcaRa, mniSvnelovani koreqtivebiT.
am garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, nikola bualos, klasicizmis poetikuri traqtatis avtoris Sexedulebebic ki eqvemdebareba kritikul gadasinjvas: Seesabameba ki bualos samsaukunovani reputacia realobas? am kiTxvas svams gordon pokoki da
Zalze saintereso pasuxs iZleva: mxolod nawilobriv Seesabameba. vin aris bualo? `klasicizmis Teoretikosi~ da `spikeri~,
`poetikuri kanonebis iniciatori”, Tu _ `samefo karis favoriti poeti~, `pedanti~ da `cilismwamebeli~. aanalizebs ra bualos pirovnebis am winaaRmdegobriv Sefasebebs, pokoki aRniSnavs, rom bualom XVII saukuneSi Seqmna axali literaturuli
doqtrina da poetikuri normebi, daadgina weris teqnologiebi,
magram misi samizne mxolod meqanizmis cvlileba rodi iyo,
∗
renesansis konceptualuri da reprezentaciuli Tavisuflebis winaaRmdeg.
45
aramed _ axali esTetikuri da zneobrivi normebis SemuSaveba,
rasac, garda axali literaturuli kanonis Seqmnis pretenziisa,
prevenciuli funqciac hqonda: bualo safrangeTis moqalaqeTa
im ricxvs ganekuTvneboda, visac eamayeboda absolutizmis epoqis sazogadoebis miRwevebi universaluri normebis SemuSavebis
TvalsazrisiT. mas miaCnda, rom normebisa da kanonebis sistema
qmnida Sesabamis emociur konteqsts, sadac mkiTxvels kargi, Seureveli, `sufTa wylis~ poeziis aRmoCenis SesaZlebloba eZleoda. mimoixilavs ra bualos literaturul Rirsebebs, pokoki
aRniSnavs, rom bualos xelovneba, miuxedavad imisa, rom efuZneboda klasicizmis doqtrinis axal kanonebs, sxva garemoebebsac
iTvaliswinebda. kerZod: a) esTetikuri pasuxismgebloba yovelTvis ganpirobebuli unda iyos rigi inteleqtualuri da socialuri faqtorebiT; b) socialuri, inteleqtualuri da esTetikuri modelebi erT mTlianobas unda Seadgendes, raTa kulturam ganicados aRmavloba da winsvla; g) mkiTxveli mudmivad unda imyofebodes [teqstis]`ken~ da [teqstis]`gan~ poziciaSi, vinaidan sxvagvarad waiSleba saWiro winaaRmdegobani, romlebic
unda arsebobdes teqstsa da mkiTxvels Soris (pokoki: 1980). Tavad bualos Semoqmedebac (odebi, satirebi), romelic mkiTxvels
recefciis garkveul CarCos sTavazobs, iqve, doqtrinis simkacresTan Serwymul avtoris maRali ironiis wyalobiT, am recefciis gadasinjvis gzasac tovebs. swored amitomaa cocxali bualos teqstebi da dResac interesiT ikiTxeba _ Tavad nikola
bualo ver Tavsdeba mis mierve Seqmnili kanonebis standartebSi, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT pier kornelis, Jak rasinis, Jan
batist molierisa da sxva TvalsaCino mwerlebis Sesaxeb.
genialuri avtorebi arian da unda iyon meamboxeni _ es cnobili Tezaa, romelsac dro da istoria adasturebs. klasicizmis epoqis geniosebic, TumcaRa, iziarebdnen maTi sazogadoebis
mier gamomuSavebul normaTa sistemas, ver Tavsdebodnen dadgenil sazRvrebSi: emociebisa da azrovnebis diapazoni, romelic
`diadi teqstebis~ weras esaWiroeboda, saSualebas ar aZlevda
kornelis, rasinis, moliers an la fontens daufiqreblad mieRoT gabatonebuli wesebi _ SemoqmedebiTi procesi srulad
avsebda dadgenil poetikur normebsa da warmosaxvis Tavisuflebas Soris darCenil napralebs. SemoqmedebiTi procesis
`TviTneboba~ klasicizmis Teoretikosebis mier daSvebuli im
Secdomebis Sedegi iyo, romlebzec samarTlianad miuTiTebs a.
fouleri: `pirvel yovlisa, maT mkacrad hqondaT gansazRvruli Janris wesebi. axali tipis teqstebi an iZulebiT emorCilebodnen Zvel wesebs, anac warmoadgendnen maT Rirseul damatebebs, mcire gadaxvevebs arsebul kriteriumebidan. meore didi
Secdoma Janris neoklasikuri Teoriisa, gaxldaT Janris viwro
46
da lokaluri gagebis generalizacia. antikur epoqaSi Camoyalibebuli Janruli formebi xelovnurad asimilirdeboda klasicizmis epoqisaTvis niSandobliv JanrebTan. es kargi iyo Janris klasikuri formebis aRorZinebisaTvis, magram _ damangreveli axali Janruli formebis ganviTarebisTvis~ (fouleri
1982: 27-28).
genialuri avtorebi, romlebic, erTi mxriv, emxrobodnen
axal kanonebs, meore mxriv, sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi individualobis wyalobiT, ukuzegavlenas axdenden maTze. swored es garemoeba SeiZleba miviCnioT klasicizmis Zlier mxared: ganmanaTlebloba ver angrevs (TumcaRa aryevs) klasicizmis Teoriul stabilurobas, vinaidan is riSeliesa da reformatoruli
eklesiis avtoritarizmis nawilia, magram verc mis mxatvrul
Rirebulebas angrevs, radgan es ukanaskneli aRsavsea meamboxe
geniosTa SemoqmedebiT. maTi kalmis wyalobiT, antikuri epoqidan `gadmobargebuli~ literaturuli Janrebi _ tragedia,
oda, igav-araki, komedia _ axal sicocxles iZens. kornelisa da
rasinis dramaturgia axali TemebiTa da emociebiT aRavsebs
tragediis Janrs: wina planze gamodis pirovnuli da moqalaqeobrivi valdebulebebis Sejaxeba, makiaveluri suliskveTebis
gamoxatva, adamianuri emociebisa da ltolvebis demonstrireba
(siyvaruli, eWvianoba, seqsualuri ltolva), anarqiis molodini
gamyarebuli disciplinis CarCoebSi; la fontenis alegoriul
da simbolikiT datvirTul igav-arakebSi ukiduresi daZabuloba SeigrZnoba socialur fasadsa da realur mdgomareobas Soris, molieris niRbebs miRma ki vnebebi boboqrobs: niRabs amofarebuli mwerali arnaxul Tavisuflebas grZnobs _ vizualuri efeqtis gamoyenebiT, morgebulad moZraobs realursa da
gamonagons Soris, amwvavebs maT mxatvrul dapirispirebas, Sreobrivad anawilebs da arTulebs xasiaTebs, aRwevs gonivrulisa
da instiqturis ukidures antagonizms, moulodnelad cocxals, energiuls, ordinarulsa da, xSirad, familaruls xdis
mxatvrul metyvelebas.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, samarTliani iqneba
imis aRniSvna, rom evropuli klasicizmis wiaRSi Seqmnil Rirebul (e.w. `diad~) teqstebSi `goneba” ufro instrumentia, vidre
_ safuZveli, ufro racionalizaciaa, vidre _ racionalizmi.
rene breis azriT, Tundac calkeuli mwerlebis SemoqmedebiTi
inovaciebi adasturebs, rom klasicizmi sulac ar iyo iseTi
srulyofili rogoradac mosCanda: Teoria xSirad furcelze
rCeboda, praqtikuli saqmianoba ki sxva geziT miemarTeboda _
avtorebs meti aqcentebis dasma SeeZloT calkeul problemebze, vidre winaswar SemuSavebul moralur devizebsa da kanonebs.
amis erT-erTi mizezi unda yofiliyo safrangeTis socialuri
47
siWrele, vinaidan mwerloba, yvela droSi, valdebulia reagireba moaxdinos socialur gamowvevebze: `wesebi ufro xSirad ergeboda Tanamedrove mayureblis (mkiTxvelis — i.r.) gemovnebas,
vidre winaswar SemuSavebul zneobriv da racionalur normebs~
(brei 1974: 13).
amdenad, neoklasicizms hqonda `sisusteebi~, romlebsac
`Tavis sasargeblod~ iyenebdnen wamyvani frangi mwerlebi da
qmnidnen Rirebul literaturas. swored es iZleoda meTodologiur safuZvels, raTa neoklasicizmis literaturuli mimdinareoba Tamamad, sxvadasxva koreqtivebiT ganviTarebuliyo
evropis mTel rig mowinave qveynebSi da ar damorCileboda doqtrinis standartebs. miT ufro, rom klasicizmis doqtrinas
safrangeTSive gamouCnda Rirseuli oponenti volteris saxiT.
volteris filosofiis, esTetikisa da literaturis wiaRSi klasicizmis epoqis `saxelmwifoebrivad orientirebuli da reglamentirebuli adamiani, imperiis wevri, romelic eufleba xilul
samyaros~ daemorCila Tvisebriv transformacias da gardaiqmna
`iniciativian, avanturul adamianad, romelic cxovrobs mswraflcvalebad samyaroSi~ (borevi 2001: 206). volteris esTetika axlos idga neoklasicizmis esTetikasTan, TumcaRa, azrovnebisa
da Semoqmedebis axal standartebs adgenda: xelovneba ganixileboda zneobrivi aRzrdis saSualebad, tragedia ki _ keTilSobilebis Semecnebis wyarod, sadac keTilSobileba moqmedebiT
Seimecneba da ara _ didaqtikiT. `volteriseul tragediaSi
klasicizmis moqalaqeobrivma motivebma antiabsolutisturi
mimarTuleba SeiZina~ (borevi 2001: 206), ramac SesaZlebeli
gaxada `wesebis~ morigeba `maRal gemovnebasTan~ da, garkveulwilad, gansazRvra ganmanaTleblobis WeSmariti ideologis, deni didros esTetikuri dakvirvebani∗.
volteris ideebs germaniaSi gamoexmaura lesingi, romelic,
vinkelmanTan erTad, axali tipis esTetikuri formalizmis fuZemdeblad aris miCneuli. maTi Teoriis Tanaxmad, teqstSi didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba vizualur niSnebsa da moZraobas, rac, logikuri msjelobebis garda, aRZravs grZnobebsa da emociebs.
lesingis esTetikuri Sexedulebani Camoyalibebulia mis saeta∗
didro Tvlida, rom xelovneba mowodebulia, aRzardos adamiani moqalaqeobrivi keTilSobilebis suliskveTebiT da gauRvivos siZulvili codvisadmi~. didros filosofiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili daikava adamianis mier
`maRali idealebis~ generirebis aucileblobam, rac, Tavis mxriv, unda aesaxa xelovnebas. TumcaRa, didrosave azriT, arcerT xelovnebas ar ZaluZs
iyos ufro srulyofili, vidre aris buneba: buneba ufro maRalia vidre
xelovneba, is pirvelwyaroa da xelovani uZluria, Seqmnas originalze ukeTesi asli. xelovani unda akvirdebodes bunebas, rogorc Tavisi Semoqme debis wyaros (didro 1935-1947: 544).
48
po naSromebSi `hamburgis dramaturgia~ da `laokooni~. am ukanasknelSi, udarebs ra erTmaneTs xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebs, kerZod, vizualur xelovnebasa da poezias, lesingi askvnis, rom vizualuri xelovnebis umTavres misias `mSvenieri
wamis~ SeCereba warmoadgens, riTac is iziarebs antikuri epoqis
xelovnebis principebs, poezia ki sxva gziT midis: poeturi harmonia aRsavsea mravalferovnebiT, moZraobiT, dinamikiT, rasac
ganapirobebs, erTi mxriv, sityvis Zala da, meore mxriv, gamomsaxvelobiTi SesaZleblobebis siuxve. saimon rixteris marTebuli SeniSvniT, `lesingi iyo pirveli, vinc SeZlo aecremlebina
germaneli mayurebeli aristoteleseul proporciebze gawyobili burJuaziuli tragediebis meSveobiT~ (rixteri 2005: 441).
man Seqmna germanuli nacionaluri Teatri, daSorebuli franguli neoklasicizmis zegavlenisgan. aristoteleanuri da neoklacisituri `SiSi~ da `sibraluli~ lesingma `TanagrZnobiT~
(Sympathy) Searbila da daamkvidra `TanagrZnobis eTikis~ cneba,
romelic aqtiurad iqna gamoyenebuli ganmanaTleblobis (didro, svifti), sentimentalizmisa (ruso) da romantizmis (hiugo)
epoqis esTetikaSi.
germaniaSive, neoklasicizmis recefciis individualuri
versiebi daamkvidres goeTem da Silerma. isini CauRrmavdnen
Janruli triadis (eposi, lirika, drama) sakiTxs da SromaSi `Der
epische und dramatische Dichtung~ sruliad naTlad gamokveTes literaturuli Janrebisa da temporaluri modelebis mWidro kavSiris problema (am ideam, mogvianebiT, gadamwyveti roli Seasrula me-20 saukunis Janris Teoriis istoriaSi). germaneli metrebis azriT, eposi ukve dasrulebul qmedebas asaxavs, drama _
mxolod awmyoSi mimdinares, Sesabamisad, dro Janris determinaciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes faqtors warmoadgens. paTosi, romliTac dawerilia goeTesa da Sileris Sroma, SeiZleba
ganisazRvros rogorc `maZiebeli paTosi~, anu dauokebeli survili axali literaturuli formebis Ziebisa neoklasicizmis
mier SemoTavazebul CarCoebs miRma.
mimoixilavs ra am epoqis germanul esTetikasa da dramas, wignSi `tragediis sikvdili~ georg Staineri aRniSnavs, rom Sileri
swored is avtori iyo, romelic eZiebda tragediis WeSmarit
formas, Sesaferiss racionaluri, optimisturi da, amave dros,
sentimentaluri post-paskalianeli adamianisaTvis∗. eZiebda da
poulobda: Staineris azriT, Silerma SeZlo krizisis gadalaxva
aramarto xasiaTebisa da idealebis, aramed _ epoqebisa da mijnebis avTentur konfliqtSi: `don karlosi, uolensteins todi,
∗
Stainers dabejiTebiT miaCnda, rom goeTes `fausti~ ufro `diadi~ melodrama iyo, vidre tragedia (Staineri 1961: 135).
49
da, rasakvirvelia, maria stiuarti tragediis samyaros ganekuTvnebian. vaRiareb, rom romantizmi anti-tragikuli movlena iyo,
magram romantizmis epoqa jer kidev inarCunebs beThovenis suliskveTebas~ (Staineri 1961: 185). Sileri marTlac idga klasicistur-ganmanaTlebluri da romantikuli esTetikis gzaSesayarze: xelovneba misTvis zneobrivi da gonebrivi ganaTlebis
sferoa, ara garegani, armed _ Sinagani tendencia, romelic
warmoadgens umokles gzas Tavisuflebisaken: bunebis mona, adamiani, bunebis kanonmdebelad iqceva, vinaidan ZaluZs misi gaazreba. Tuki aqamde buneba iyo mbrZanebeli, axla is adamianis Seswavlisa da dakvirvebis obieqtad iqca. Tavis cnobil `werilTa
seriaSi~ Sileri werda, rom xelovneba `mesame realobaa~, esTetikuri fenomeni, romelic asrulebs Suamavlis funqcias aucileblobasa (mizezsa) da Tavisuflebas (suls) Soris: `gardasvla
SegrZnebis pasiuri kondiciidan fiqris da survilis aqtiur
kondiciaSi SeuZlebelia esTetikuri Tavisuflebis Sualeduri
kondiciis gareSe~ (Sileri 1967: 161). xelovneba da, cxadia, literaturac SilerisaTvis warmoadgens esTetikur iluzias, anu
msgavsebas, romelic wyvets kacobriobas misi SegrZnebadi garemosgan da sulierebis Tavisufal garemoSi gadahyavs igi.
franguli neoklasicizmis doqtrina arc inglisur literaturul wreebs miuRiaT sufTa saxiT. jer kidev gviani renesansis epoqaSi, inglisis inteleqtualuri wreebis erT-erTi lideri ser filip sidnei aqveynebs naSroms _ `The Defense of Poesie~,
sadac araerT pretenzias gamoTqvams Tanamedrove poeturi
tendenciebis mimarT da ubrundeba aristoteles koncefcias
poeziis (literaturis), rogorc istoriul sinamdvilesa da filosofiur abstraqcias Soris arsebuli zonis Sesaxeb. sidnei
ganavrcobs berZeni filosofosis Teorias da miiCnevs, rom nebismieri literaturuli Janris umTavres funqcias warmoadgens Rirebuli Suamavloba istoriul sinamdvilesa da filosofiur WeSmaritebas Soris. `filosofosi gvTavazobs cnebas, _
aRniSnavs kritikosi, _ istorikosi _ magaliTs, poeti ki _
orives... maS, vis vuwodoT mediatori? rasakvirvelia, poets~
(sidnei 1962: 419). sidneis mosazrebis Tanaxmad, poezia unda axdendes `istoriis dinamiurobis~ kombinirebas `filosofiis
eTikurobasTan~ da aRZravdes mkiTxvelSi `saTnoebas~: poeti
erTgvari Suamavalia istoriul simarTlesa da filosofiur abstraqcias Soris, mediumi, romelic realobisa da warmosaxvis
`TamaSiT~ adgens simarTlisa da abstraqciis sazRvrebs da Tanabrad atarebs rogorc erTis, ise _ meorisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs. miuxedavad keTilganwyobisa, sidneis damokidebuleba antikuri poetikis kanonebisadmi SemoqmedebiTia: mis
naSromSi aristoteles Teoria ar rCeba Tavis pirvandel Car-
50
CoSi, aramed _ renesansuli epoqis gemovnebasTanaa ganzavebuli. aseTive SemoqmedebiTi aRmoCnda inglisuri inteleqtualuri wrebis mimarTeba frangul klasicizmTan: XVI-XVII saukuneebis inglisSi namdvili omi gaCaRda poeziis im modelis winaaRmdeg, romelic puritanobis wiaRidan momdinareobda da mxars
uWerda frangul klasicizms. ase magaliTad, mwvave kritika
xvda wilad aleqsander poups, romelic klasicizmis franguli
modelis gulSematkivrad miiCneoda. misi mTavari Sroma _ `ese
kritikis Sesaxeb~ _ araerTgvarovnad iqna miRebuli misive Tanamedrove inglisuri sazogadoebis mier. zogierTi Tvlida,
rom poupi Zalian `bevrs rasmes~ esesxeboda antikuri epoqis
moazrovneebs, zogsac miaCnda, rom is franguli klasicizmis
mimdevari iyo da cdilobda, Tavs moexvia es kanonebi ingliseli
mwerlebisaTvis. TumcaRa, XXI saukunis kritikis azriT, poupis
Sroma zedmetad radikalurad iqna Sefasebuli misi Tanamedrove kritikis mier: XVII saukunis inglisSi neoklasicizmi ar
yofila miRebuli misi pirvandeli formiT, aramed _ mniSvnelovani koreqtivebiTa da CasworebebiT; poupis Sromac `ukiduresobaTa~ da `gadaxvevaTa~ harmonizebis mcdelobas warmoadgenda, rac, erTi mxriv, warmoaCenda avtoris keTilganwyobas
klasicizmis wiaRSi SemuSavebuli poetikuri normebisadmi, meore mxriv ki, asabuTebda normebidan gadaxvevis esTetikur
aucileblobasa da SesaZleblobebs. amave periodSi, inglisuri
esTetikuri azris sxva warmomadgenlebmac _ draideni, jonsoni, burke _ mosinjes kalami.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs jon draidenis naSromi `eseebi dramatuli poeziis Sesaxeb~, romelic, a. fouleris azriT, `gamoirCa Segnebuli paTosiT, daecva literatura
arsebuli wesebisagan~ (fouleri 1982: 27). draideni, romlis avtoritetic Zalzed maRali iyo inglisur literaturul wreebSi, ara marto aRwerda literaturul formebs maTi dakanonebuli normebis farglebSi, aramed eZiebda konkretuli tipis
teqstisaTvis mizanSewonil individualur wesebs, anu afasebda
nawarmoebs arsebul normebs miRma. draideni konceptualurad
enaTesaveboda ben jonsons, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mouwodebda
kritikosebs, meti masStaburobiT gaeazrebinaT Janrebis specifika: `araferia imaze ufro sasacilo, vidre avtoris gadaqceva
diqtatorad, rogorc es aristoteles SemTxvevaSi moxda, _
werda jonsoni, _ . . . xSirad adamiani valdebulia, garda imisa,
rom gamoxatos sakuTari rwmena da azri, Tavi daixsnas samudamo
tyveobisa da imedgacruebisagan. de, miezRoT aristotelesa da
sxvebs sakadrisi pativi; magram, Tu Cven ZalgviZs nayofierad
Sroma simarTlisa da srulyofilebis dasadgenad, ratom ar
unda moviqceT ase?~ (jonsoni 1947: 103). miuxedavad imisa, rom
51
draidenis Semoqmedeba misdevs neoklasicizmis mier dawesebul
literaturul kanons, is `moulodneli Semobrunebebis didostatia~ (Sermani 2004: 16) _ gaorebebi, satiruli wiaRsvlebi,
mwvave dialogebi Tan gasdevs draidenis mravalferovan da
masStabur literaturul memkvidreobas, Seqmnils aseTsave
mravalferovan da istoriulad aramdgrad epoqaSi. draidenis
teqstebis (upiratesad, dramebisa da satirebis) paTosi mizanmimarTuladaa ganzavebuli inglisis politikur da socialur
realobasTan _ `ganaxlebis Semdgom aravis Caudia amdeni zizRi
Tavis pamfletebSi, parodiebsa Tu dramebSi, ramdenic man Cado~
(Sermani 2004: 18). draidenma axali sunTqva SesZina neoklasikur
Janrebs, magram, rac arsebiTia, gamoiyena literatura erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis miseuli modelis Sesaqmenlad: draideni inglisuri da evropuli ganmanaTlebluri klasicizmis ideologia, romlis Semoqmedebac adasturebs normatiul sistemaze gawyobil mxatvrul-literaturul teqstebSi axali nacionaluri identobis Semotanisa da damkvidrebis SesaZleblobas.
amgvari moRvaweoba mas aramarto sakuTar literaturul kredod miaCnda, aramed _ misi drois mkiTxvelebisaTvis esTetikuri tkbobis miniWebis erTaderT swor gzad: `vaRiareb, _ wers
igi, _ rom Cemi mTavari survilia, tkboba mivaniWo epoqas, romelSic vcxovrob~ (draideni 1974: 36).
ganmanaTlebluri klasicizmi warmoadgenda Sualedur, sinTezur, erTgvar gardamaval literaturul formas klasicizmisa da ganmanaTleblobis esTetikur modelebs Soris. is iyo
memkvidre klasicizmisa da winamorbedi ganmanaTleblobisa _
mis wiaRSi absolutizmis paTosiT SeduRabebuli sazogadoeba
axladfexadgmuli burJuaziisa da konservatoruli aristokratiis dapirispirebis velad gadaiqca. klasicizmis epoqis `reglamentirebuli morCili~ gonivruli politikis farglebSi
miRweuli Tavisuflebis momxre moqalaqem Caanacvla, xolo literaturuli Janrebis gamyarebuli sistema _ sazogadoebrivsocialuri modelis cvalebadobisa da fleqsiurobis wiaRSi
SemuSavebulma literaturuli Janrebis uCveulo moqnilobam.
swored aseT gardamaval, sinTezur xanaSi iwyebs Semobrunebas qarTuli politikuri realoba evropisaken da qarTuli literatura _ dasavluri literaturul procesebisken. dasavlur yaidaze gamarTuli Teoriuli da literaturuli novaciebis TvalsazrisiT, gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs qarTveli mefepoetebis, sulxan-saba orbelianis, anton I kaTalikosis, mamuka
baraTaSvilis, daviT guramiSvilis, besik gabaSvilis sazogadoebrivi da SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba.
am adamianebma erT-erT yvelaze rTul da naklebad wakiTxul
epoqaSi icxovres. es iyo dro axali qarTuli identobis da kul-
52
turuli strategiebis formirebisa, romlis fonzec kardinalur rekonstruqcias iwyebda qarTuli literaturuli procesi. miuxedavad imisa, rom XVIII saukuneSi Seqmnili Teoriuli
traqtatebi _ anton kaTalikosis `wyobilsityvaoba~ da mamuka
baraTaSvilis `WaSniki~, Tavisi arsiTa da struqturiT, sqolastikur-didaqtikur xasiaTs atarebda da savsebiT esadageboda
neoklasikur atmosferos, am tipis naSromebis ukve Seqmna iyo
da aris dasturi qarTuli saazrovno sivrcis Semobrunebisa dasavluri tendenciebisaken. sulxan-saba orbelianisa da daviT
guramiSvilis Semoqmedeba ki TvalnaTliv adasturebda qarTuli mwerlobis SemoqmedebiT swrafvas normatiul sistemaze gawyobil mxatvrul-literaturul teqstebSi axali nacionaluri
identobis Semotanisa da damkvidrebisaken.
sulxan-saba orbelianma ara marto uerTgula sakuTar sazogadoebriv principebs, aramed, xeli Seuwyo mTeli saqarTvelos
politikuri orientaciis Camoyalibebas sakmaod winaaRmdegobriv epoqaSi; man ara marto imogzaura evropaSi, aramed moaxdina
evropeistuli azrovnebis reagregacia saqarTveloSi _ aRmosavluri kulturuli modelisadmi ganwyobil qarTul saazrovno da literaturul sivrces damajereblad SesTavaza evropuli neoklasikuri kulturis tendenciebi; metic, `sibrZne-sicruisa~, miuxedavad avtoris erTgulebisa rigi aRmosavluri
tendenciebisadmi, konceptualuri, Janruli da stilisturi
TvalsazrisiT, gviani neoklasicizmisa da adriani ganmanaTleblobis daxvewil nazavs warmoadgens; sabas teqsti `mogzauroba
evropaSi~ iqca ara marto kulturul-samecniero, geografiul,
istoriografiul da literaturul-Janrul movlenad, aramed
_ inteleqtualur orientirad sabas Tanamedrove evropul
kulturaSi. metic, sabaseuli mogzaurobis teqstma dasabami
misca interkulturuli komunikaciebis literaturul tradicias saqarTveloSi da safuZveli Cauyara uaRresad saintereso
da mravalferovan qarTul samogzauro narativs, romelmac Semdgom epoqebSi gagrZeleba hpova grigol orbelianis (`mogzauroba Cemi tfilisidan peterburgamdis~), ilia WavWavaZis
(`mgzavris werilebi~), aleqsandre yazbegis (`namwyemsaris mogonebani~) da sxvaTa SemoqmedebaSi. sulxan-saba orbelianis mxatvruli teqstebis, leqsikonebis, religiuri xasiaTis Sromebisa
Tu qadagebanis literaturuli da sarwmunoebrivi, erovnuli
da politikuri mniSvneloba ar SemoisazRvra mxolod misi droiT, aramed SeinarCuna aqtualoba dResac. msgavsi sicocxlisunarianoba ki sulxan-sabas mier organizebuli literaturuli
da saxelmwifoebrivi paradigmis konceptualuri da strategiuli inovaciurobis maCvenebelia.
53
reformatoruli misiis TvalsazrisiT, Zalian cota qarTveli mwerali da moazrovne Tu Seedreba daviT guramiSvils. swored man, pirvelma, dasZlia qarTul poeziaSi aRmosavluri eposis zegavlena da, evropuli leqsis reformatoruli tendenciebis fonze, Seqmna originaluri qarTuli lirika; daviT guramiSvilma daabruna qarTul literaturaSi qristianuli simbolika da saxismetyveleba, moaxdina marginalur poziciaze myofi
qristianuli diskursis reanimacia; is gamoexmaura ganmanaTlebluri klasicizmisaTvis niSandobliv iseT esTetikur principebs, rogoricaa: literaturuli teqstis aqtiuri mimarTeba
erovnul politikur da socialur realobasTan, zomieri racionalizmisa da didaqtikis damkvidreba, nacionaluri folkloruli motivebis gaaqtiureba; daviT guramiSvilma mSvenieris,
amaRlebulis, diadis esTetikiT gaajera Tavisi leqsi.
rasakvirvelia, Tamami Zvrebis miuxedavad, qarTuli literaturuli realobis srulad gamoyvana aRmosavluri kanonis
zegavlenisgan arc martivi procesi iyo da arc _ erTjeradi. es
araTanabari sinTezuroba gansakuTrebul niSasac ki miuCens
qarTul literaturas saerTaSoriso literaturuli porcesebis wiaRSi, magram tendencia, romelic XVII-XVIII saukuneebisaTvis gamoikveTa, eWvgareSea: wamyvani qarTveli avtorebis SemoqmedebaSi meTodurad xorcieldeboda evropuli konceptis rekonstruqcia. miuxedavad imisa, rom XVII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTvelo, misi istoriuli realobidan gamomdinare, aqtiurad ver
erTveboda klasicizmisa da ganmanaTleblobis esTetikaTa WidilSi, qarTulma literaturam (da kulturam), SezRuduli SesaZleblobis farglebSic ki, moaxdina am orive saazrovno modelis refleqsireba. arsebiTi mizezi amisa iyo qarTuli literaturis tradiciuli an genetikurad organizebuli kulturuli CarTuloba evropul (dasavlur) saliteraturo sivrceSi.
Sesabamisad, imis mtkiceba, rom dasavluri literaturuli konceptis rekonstruqcia saqarTveloSi ukavSirdeba XIX saukunidan formirebul rusul kulturul-literaturul gavlenebs,
safuZvelmoklebulad gveCveneba: rusuli romantizmis gamocdilebam mxolod daaCqara (da, amasTan, daazarala) romantizmis
dasavluri literaturuli skolis damkvidreba saqarTveloSi,
vinaidan qarTuli literatura ukve idga arCeul gzaze _ es
iyo gza evropisaken, im literaturuli da saazrovno modelisken, romelsac dasabamidan, bunebrivad ekuTvnoda arsobrivad
qristianuli qarTuli mwerloba.
54
damowmebani:
borevi 2001: Борев, Ю. Ампир // Теория литературы, т .IV. Литературный процесс.
Москва: ИМЛИ РАН, «Наследие», 2001.
brei 1974: rey, Rene. La Formation de la Doctrine Classique en Franc. Nizet, 1974.
didro 1935-1947: Дидро, Д. Сочинения в 10 томах. М. – Л.: 1935-1947. Т. VI.
draideni 1974: Dryden. The Critical Heritage. Ed. By James Kinsley and Hellen Kinsley.
London: Routhledge& Kegan Paul, 1974.
kalandariSvili 2009: kalandariSvili e. bibliis ganmartebis meTodebi //
sjani, № 9. Tb.: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2010.
lomiZe 1969: lomiZe g. komediis Janrobrivi Taviseburebebis problema.
Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1969.
pokoki 1980: Pocock, Gordon. Boileau adn the Nature of Neo-Classicis. Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 1980.
rixteri 2005: Richter, Simon. German Classical Tragedy: Lessing, Goethe, Schiller,
Kleist, and Buchner // A companion to Tragedy. Ed. By Rebecca Bushnell. Blackwell
Publishing LTD. 2005.
sidnei 1962: Sidney, Philip. The Defense of Poesie // Literary Criticism. Plato to Dryden.
Ed. by Allan H. Gilpert. -Detroit, 1962, p. 415-441.
fouleri 1982: Fowler, Alastair. Kinds of Literature. An Introduction to the Theory of
Genres and Modes. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1982.
Sermani 2004: Sherman, Stuart, Dryden and the Thetarical Imagination // The Cambridge
Companion to John Dryden. Ed. by Steven N. Zwicker, Cambridge University Press 2004.
Sileri 1967: Schiller, Friedrich. On the Aesthetic Education of Man // Schiller, Friedrich.
Series of Letters. Oxford, 1967.
Staineri 1961: Steiner, George. The Death of Tragedy. Faber and Faber, 24 Russel
Square. London, 1961.
jonsoni 1947:. Jonson, Ben. The Poems. Vol. VIII // Jonson, Ben. The Prose Works. Ed.
by C. H. Herford and Percy Simson. Oxsford, Clarendon Press, 1947.
55
giorgi lobJaniZe
qarTul-aRmosavluri mxatvruli gemovneba da
literaturuli universaliebi
XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi
romis `wminda saydris“ misioneri, patri bernarde XVII saukunis
bolos saqarTvelodan roms auwyebda: `qarTvelebi Tumca Zlier
gonierni da kacTmoyvareni arian..., magram izidavT beJanianis, baramianis, rostomianisa da maTi msgavsi wignebis kiTxva...“
frangi misioneris es sityvebi, vfiqrobT, srulad asaxavs problematikis im jaWvs, romelzedac unda visaubroT. kerZod, gvainteresebs aRmosavluri da dasavluri literaturuli gemovnebisa da
mxatvruli nawarmoebis Sefasebis kriteriumebis msgavseba-gansxvavebebi rogor aisaxeba, erTi mxriv, TviTon nawarmoebis stilistikaze da, meore mxriv, am nawarmoebTa sazogadoebrivi rezistentulobis xarisxze. cxadia, frangi misioneris es fraza mxolod imas ar
gulisxmobs, rom qarTvelebs saeklesio anu `sulis margebel“ literaturaze metad saero, `sazRapro“ Tqmulebebis kiTxva izidavT.
aq dafarulia ufro Rrma miuRebloba im esTetikisa da RirebulebaTa sistemisa, rasac, zogadad, aRmosavluri esTetika SeiZleba
davarqvaT.
cnobili faqtia, iohan volfgang goeTes rogor izidavda
aRmosavleTi da, kerZod, sparsuli literatura da poezia. h.
eTes TargmanTa meSveobiT, didi germaneli poeti am literaturis pirvelxarisxovan ZeglTa sakmaod maRalmxatvrul versiebs gaecno da moixibla kidec aRniSnul Zeglebis mSvenierebiT. sayovelTaod cnobilia misi sityvebic: `iranelebma mTeli
Tavisi poetebidan Rirseulad icnes mxlod Svidi poeti, magram
maT mier dawunebulTa Sorisac kidev bevri aRmoCndeba Cemze
ukeTesio“. samecniero literaturaSi garkveulia isic, rom poetebis aseTi klasifikacia iranelebs ar ekuTvniT da germaneli
mTargmnelis mier SeTxzuli versia Cans (kobiZe 1962: 34), magram
aq mTavaria iohan volfgang goeTes gulwrfeli aRfrTovaneba,
ramac did germanels aseTi Sefasebis survili da saSualeba misca.
goeTes dasavlur-aRmosavluri divani swored aRmosavluri
lirikis motivebze Seiqmna da rogorc samecniero literaturaSia aRniSnuli, erT-erTi pirveli mcdeloba iyo evropaSi
aRmosavluri esTetikis SemoqmedebiTi damuSavebisa da aTvisebis TvalsazrisiT. TviTon goeTec didad iyo davalebuli sparsuli lirikis germanuli (eTeseuli) TargmanebiT, magram sainteresoa, ras iRebda igi da ras ar aqcevda yuradRebas am Targmanebidan, rogor amuSavebda ama Tu im pasaJs an ra komentars
daurTavda sparsuli lirikis sxvadasxva nimuSsa da metaforas.
56
magaliTad, cnobil qarTvel mTargmnels vaxuSti kotetiSvils,
rodesac Tavisi `aRmosavlur-dasavluri divanis SesavalSi“ aRmosavlur-dasavluri literaturuli gemovnebis gansxvavebaTa
Sesaxeb saubrobs, sailustraciod mohyavs goeTes Sefaseba
sparsuli klasikuri poeziis ukanaskneli mohikanis abd or-rahman jamis erT striqonTan dakavSirebiT (kotetiSvili 2003: 7).
kerZod, jamis am beiTSi, romelic satrfos (mistikur satrfos)
miemarTeba, naTqvamia:
`Sen modixar da Seni Tmis TiToeul zilfze
aTasi egvipteli iosebia TavCamomxrCvali“.
saanalizo beiTi metad mravlismomcvel informacias Seicavs swored Sua saukuneebis aRmosavluri poeziis mxatvruli
orientirebis TvalsazrisiT. jer erTi, aq mJRavndeba aRmosavluri `poeturi metaenis“ erTi Zalze mniSvnelovani plasti:
ioseb mSvenieris abraamistuli∗ legenda, romelic, sxvadaxva variaciiT, uamravjer damuSavda aRmosavlur literaturaSi. ras
vgulisxmobT `poetur metaenaSi“, am sakiTxze ufro konkretulad qvemoT visaubrebT. aq ki aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom ioseb
mSvenieris legendis safuZvelze, araerTi aRmosavluri (arabul-sparsul-Turquli) poema Seiqmna, sadac damuSavda am legendis mravali Sinaarsobrivi da mxatvruli detali.
yuranis Tanaxmad, rodesac egviptis didebulis (y‛aziz misr)
colma (visi saxelic, sxvaTa Soris, yuranSi araa naxsenebi da
mogviano xanis muslimuri tradiciis SeTxzuli Cans), Tavis
erTgvari gamarTlebis mizniT, moiwvia egviptel didebulTa
colebi da maT daanaxa TavianTi mosamsaxure anu ioseb mSvenieri. misi silamaziT gaognebulma qalebma, yuranis Tanaxmad,
`xelebi daiWres“. muslimTa saRvTo werilis am sakmaod bundovan frazas, mogvianebiT, muslimuri egzegetika ase ganmartavda:
`egvipitis didebulis colma mowveul qalbatonebs xili SesTavaza da sufraze patara danebic dauwyo, rom es xili gaefcqvnaT
da daeWraT. roca iosebi am dros maTTan Semovida, qalebi imdenad gaogndnen Wabukis silamaziT, rom Tavs angariSi veRar
gauwies, moinusxnen, iosebs miaSterdnen da xilis danebiT uneburad xelebi daiseres“ (jalalaini 1996: 277).
damowmebuli fragmentis moxmoba imisaTvis dagvWirda, rom
gveCvenebina: aRmosavluri esTetikisaTvis ioseb mSvenieri im
idealuri mamakacis saxea, visi siyvarulis cdunebasac ver uZlebs vercerTi qalis guli. jamis zemoT moxmobil striqonebSi
∗
am termins vxmarobT im naratiuli elementebis Sesatyvisad, romlebic
Tundac sxvadasxvagvari interpretaciiT gvxdeba bibliasa da yuranSi, an
bibliasa, saxarebasa da yuranSi, an saxarebasa da yuranSi _ g. l. 57
ki swored sapirispiro momentis moulodneli efeqtia gaTamaSebuli. am beiTSi poetis satrfo imdenad lamazi da gulzviadia, rom erTi iosebi raa, aTasi egvipteli iosebi hkidia misi
mSvenieri Tmis TiToeul kululze (igulisxmeba: misgan uarnaTqvami da amis gamo TavCamomxrCvali).
aRmosavleli mkiTxvelisaTvis, visTvisac es detalebi cnobilia, jamis yazalis striqonebi mxatvruli hiperbolis farglebSi jdeba da saxeobrivi azrovnebis mimzidvel nimuSs warmoadgens, goeTem ki, rogorc sworad SeniSna vaxuSti kotetiSvilma, etyoba, es yvelaferi evropulad, naturalisturad warmoidgina da beiTs daurTo aseTi minaweri: `Semzaravi suraTia!“
`Semzaravi suraTi“ ki, rogorc aRvniSneT sparsuli (aRmosavluri)
poeturi metaenis (poetur koines) organul nawils warmoadgens.
aqve unda SvniSnoT, rom poetur metaenaSi vgulisxmobT or
ZiriTad aspeqts, romliTac xasiaTdeba Sua saukuneebis aRmosavluri literaturuli nimuSebis mxatvruli esTetika. erTia
myari Sedareba-metaforebi da saerTod, mxatvrul gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis mTeli is kompleqsi, romelic sxvadasxva
variaciiT, magram ZiriTadi birTvis, erTvari winaswari mocemulobis saxiT, poetidan poetTan gadadis da qmnis, rogorc fsiqologiaSi amboben, `nacnobi, SeCveuli garemos komforts“, meore ki aris is legendebi Tu gadmocemebi, romlebic gavrcelebuli iyo mTel aRmosavleTSi da romelTa winaswari codna mkiTxvel auditorias TavisTavad, tradiciulad da lamis genetikurad moeTxoveboda. Sua saukuneTa aRmosavluri literaturis stilistikis es ori ZiriTadi elementi mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebda teqstis mxatvruli qsovlis Taviseburebebs.
Cveni msjeloba rom ufro mkafio gaxdes, saWiroa magaliTad
movixmoT Cven mier dasaxelebuli orive elementis ramdenime
gamorCeuli nimuSi.
qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis, romelic garkveulia Sua saukuneebis qarTuli poeziis TaviseburebebSi, ucxo ar aris is faqti, rom am poeziaSi `nargizi“ lamazi Tvalebis metafora iyo,
`yornis frTa“ _ xSiri wamwamebisa da a. S. amas Tundac `vefxistyaosanze“ Tvalis gadavlebac dagvidasturebs. es metaforebi
organulia mTeli aRmosavluri poeziisaTvis.
islamamdeli arabuli poeziis e. w. `muallakebis“ stilistikis
erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani swored es myari metaforebi iyo,
romelnic gaTavisebuli hqonda auditorias, visTvisac es leqsebi
iqmneboda. Taviseburi iyo aRniSnul metaforaTa genezisi. Tavdapirvelad isini daerTvoda romelime saxels, rogorc atributuli gansazRvreba (magaliTad: muqwiTeli bage, anda wamaxuli Subi.)
Semdeg, TandaTan sazRvruli moiSala da poetur enaSi msazRvrelma misi mxatvruli substitucia moaxdina. literaturul tradi-
58
ciaSi imdenad xSirad ixsenieboda erTad es msazRvrel-sazRvruli, rom arsebiTi saxeli zedmeti gaxda da zedsarTavma, romelic
rTuli Semadgenlobis metaforad mogvevlina, mTlianad gandevna
is an ufro ukeT, mTlianad Caanacvla. maSasadame, muqwiTeli ukve
bagis gareSc bageebis metaforad iqca. Tavwamaxuli, an wamaxuli
Subis aRmniSvnelad. ase Camoyalibda mxatvruli pirobiTobis mTeli qseli, romelic organulad ukavSirdeboda erTmaneTs da romelic savsebiT gasagebi gaxldaT miznobrivi auditorisaTvis. ufro sworad, aramxolod gasagebi iyo, aramed es auditoria am pirobiTobisagan iRebda siamovnebas, rasac mxatvruli nawarmoebisagan
moeloda (mualakebi 1986: 15).
daaxloebiT analogiuri suraTi gvaqvs Sua saukuneebis aRmosavluri poeziis SemTxvevaSic. arabul-sparsuli da aqedan gamomdinare, Turqulenovani poezia uxvad iyenebs aseT myar metaforebsa Tu Sedarebebs, romlebic winawar cnobili da adaptirebulia mkiTxvel sazogadoebaSi. magaliTad, igive nargisi, Tvalis uxsenebladac ukve cxadia, rom satrfos lamaz Tvalebs aRniSnavs. kululi aucileblad `urwmunoa“, vardi satrfos wiTeli bagea da a.S.
Sua saukuneebis literaturuli esTetikis mkvlevrebs SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT is faqti, rom am epoqis mkiTxveli siamovnebas
iRebs ara axali Temebisa da situaciebis gaazrebiT, aramed ukve nacnobis, SeCveulis axal-axali interpretaciiT. amitomac aRniSnuli
epoqis literaturaSi erTi da igive Temis uamrav damuSavebas
vxedavT. erTi poetidan meoresTan TiTqmis ucvlelad, umniSvnelo
variaciebiT gadadis araerTi mxatvruli migneba da literaturuli
xerxi. am esTetikisaTvis es faqti plagiati ki ara, sasicocxlo
aucileblobaa, romelzedac didad aris damokidebuli mkiTxvelisa
Tu msmenelis interesi. am realobasve ukavSirdeba erTi da imave
siuJetis gansxvavebuli variaciebic. magaliTad, rodesac CvenTvis
ukve nacnobi iosebisa da zelixa (zuleikas) ambis ramdenime poetur
damuSavebas vxedavT aRmosavleTis sxvadasxva xalxisa da Semdgom
ukve qarTul literaturaSic. amave realobasTan aris dakavSirebuli `siuJetis migraciis“ problema, romelic Tavis droze dawvrilebiT damuSavda evropul literaturismcodneobaSi. am problemis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom erTi da igive siuJeti migrirebs
gansazRvrul geografiul arealSi, romlis sazRvrebic markirebulia gemovnebisa da mxatvruli esTetikis aRqmis erTnairi
maxasiaTeblebiT.
aRniSnuli Teza savsebiT amarTlebs qarTul-aRmosavluri
literaturuli urTierTobebisa da urTierTsesxebaTa SemTxvevaSic. `gemovnebis erTgvarovani maxasiaTeblebi“ ganapirobebda imas, rom mravali aRmosavluri siuJeti, literaturuli
Tema Tu motivi Zalumad Semodioda da Rirseul adgils imkvidrebda qarTul literaturul cnobierebaSi. literaturuli
59
gemovnebis areali, romelsac pirobiTad SeiZleba `sparsuli“
vuwodoT (`ese ambavi sparsuli, qarTulad naTargmanebi~) moicavda iseT mxatvrul realobas, romelic erTnairad misaRebi
iyo aRmosavleTis bevri xalxisa da maT Soris qristianuli
saqarTvelosaTvis. gansazRvreba `qristianuli~ aq SemTxveviT
ar CagvirTavs, radgan wesiT, Tu rames unda Seeqmna dabrkoleba
aRmosavluri esTetikis qarTul realobaSi damkvidrebisaTvis,
swored saqarTvelos qristianuli aRmsarebloba iyo, rac erTgvarad winaaRmdegobaSi modioda aRmosavluri enebidan (arabulidan da umTavresad sparsulidan) gadmoRebuli Zeglebis paTosTan da ideologiur SexedulebebTan. Tumca, kargad vxedavT, rom XVI-XVII saukuneebis qarTul mwerlobaSi zemoaRniSnulma faqtorma araTu damabrkolebeli, aramed piriqiT, wamaxalisebeli roli Seasrula, radgan korneli kekeliZis, savsebiT marTebuli SeniSvniT, saqarTvelo lamis erTaderTi aRmosavluri qristianuli qveyana iyo, romelsac am periodSi saero
mwerlobis nimuSebi hqonda. sxva qveyanaTa literaturaSi ki
jer kidev saeklesio mwerloba iyo da meti araferi (kekeliZe
1981:10). erT-erTi amisi mizezi, rasakvirvelia, aRmosavluri
mwerlobis didi zegavlena iyo qarTul cnobierebaze, ramac
qristianul motivTa daCrdilva da aRmsareblobiTi realiebis
mimarT garkveuli gulgrilobac ki ganapiroba.
zegavlenis mizezebs, aRmosavluri eposis moZalebis SemTxvevaSi, Cveni mecnierebi imiT xsnian, rom am periodSi saqarTvelos gamudmebuli brZola hqonda gareSe mtrebTan da agresorebad xSirad TviTon sparselebive gvevlinebodnen, magram sparsuli saraindo moTxrobebis paTosi da esTetika Cvens winaprebs
sabrZolveladac aRanTebda da, Sesabamisad, am tipis Txzulebebma CvenSi fexi myarad moikida (javaxiSvili 1982: 453). rasakvirvelia, es mizezi savsebiT logikuri Cans da, SesaZloa, garkveulwilad, esec ganapirobebda sparsuli saraindo eposis
usazRvro popularobas saqarTveloSi, magram cxadia, mxolod
amiT ver aixsneba is didi cnobiswadili, rasac qarTvelebi aRmosavluri mxatvruli esTetikisa da literaturuli realiebis
mimarT amJRavnebdnen. Cveni azriT, erT-erTi mizezi unda
veZioT eklesiasTan, saeklesio cnobierebasTan maSindeli inteligenciis farul dapirispirebaSi, rac xSirad swored am formiT (aRmosavluri, eklesiisaTvis antagonisturi, nimuSebis
TargmaniTa da popularizaciiT) mJRavndeboda. garda amisa,
literaturuli gemovnebis areali, romelsac Cven pirobiTad
`sparsuli“ vuwodeT, qarTuli literaturisaTvis iyo is erTgvari `gamanZilebuli geografia“, rac, rogorc medievistikis
evropeli specialistebi aRniSnaven, aucilebel mxatvrul elements warmoadgens am epoqis nimuSebisaTvis. aq moTxrobili
60
ambebi sxva mxareebSi _ Cinis qveyanaSi, mazandaranSi, indoeTSi
da a. S. _ xdeboda amitomac, gmirebisagan qristianuli siqveleTa dacva anda oficialur saeklesio swavlebaTa miyola aucilebeli aRar iyo da mTxrobels xel-fexi exsneboda Tavisi azrebisa Tu Sexedulebebis mkafod da daurideblad gadmocemisaTvis. am saraindo TxzulebebSi personaJebi ara romelime saeklesio ideis xorcSesxmas, aramed cocxal adamianebs warmoadgenen da, arsebiTad, swored aq Tavisufldba mxatvrul warmosaxvas, raTa adamianis winaaRmdegobrivi bunebis Sesacnobad,
Cawvdes mis sulier siRrmeebs da am sulier siRrmeTa mTeli
avladideba samzeoze, mkiTxvelisa Tu msmenelis samsjavroze
amoitanos. am SemTxvevaSi, adamiani keTili da ukeTuri Tvisebebis momcveli arsebaa, romlis ukeTuroba xSirad misive sikeTes
gamokveTs da amitomac am cudi znis miCqmalva, misTvis Tvalis arideba ar egebis.
es rac Seexeba ideur donze cnobierebaSi momxdar cvlilebebs, esTetikaSi cvlilebebi gamoixateboda sazRapro-miTiuri
elementebis momZlavrebiT, rasac aseve hqonda Tavisi mizezebi.
kerZod, warmosaxvis sxvadasxva kuTxe, erTi mxriv adreul Sua
saukuneebTan da, meore mxriv, Tundac TanamedroveobasTan mimarTebiT. adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sasuliero mwerloba, Cveni definiciiT, `saeklesio realizmia“, romelsac Tavisi mkacrad gasazRvruli mxatvruli kanonika aqvs da es kanonika
sinamdvilis Seulamazebel gadmocemas iTvaliswinebs. aq warmosaxva TiTqmis ar muSaobs, radgan agiografs realobis daumaxinjeblad aRwera evaleba da ara sakuTari fantaziis gadmofarCaveba.
situacia srulebiT icvleba saraindo eposis SemTxvevaSi,
sadac dominantad swored adamianuri da mwerluri warmosaxva
gvevlineba. am warmosaxvisaTvis realurica da irealuric Tanabar mniSvnelobas iZens da erTnairi Rirebuleba aqvs teqstis
mxatvruli esTetikisaTvis. amitomac, devic da qajic iseTive
cocxali da xorcSesxmuli arsebebia, rogorc vefxi an martorqa, romlebTan Sebmac TxzulebaTa gmirebs arcTu iSviaTad uwevT.
amitomac, aRniSnuli epoqis TxzulebaTa vizioni aramxolod fizikur Tvalsawierze, aramed im Sinagan Tvalzec aris orientirebuli, rac Tanamedrove adamianSi mizanmimarTulad da etapobrivad CaaxSo vizualuri teqnikis gamogonebam da progresma.
is, risi aRqmac am Sinagan Tvals evaleboda da xSirad cnobierebis dafarul siRrmeebSi ido, dRes zemoT amoitana da xSirad misi vulgarizacia gamoiwvia televideo aparaturam, roca
Sinagan da fizikur Tvalebs xelovnuri `Tvali“ Caenacvla. sakiTxis es bolo aspeqti dRevandeli realobis problemaa. CvenTvis saintereso epoqaSi ki realurisa da irealuris gaumijnaoba Sedegad gvaZlevda warmosaxvis usaSvelo gamaxvilebas, rac
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yvelanair gamonagons uZebnida rogorc mxatvrul, aseve fsiqologiur gamarTlebas. sityva iTavsebda vizualis funqcias da
mxatvruli teqstis erToblivi kiTxva raRaciT kinoseanss emsgavseboda; amitomac SemTxveviTi ar iyo e. w. `yesexanebis“ institutis gaCena Sua saukuneebis aRmosavleTis mraval qveyanaSi.
yesexanebi moxetiale literatorebi iyvnen, romlebic sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi (yavaxanebsa Tu bazris moednebze) marTavdnen erTgvar Teatralizebul warmodgenebs, sadac mTavari funqcia eniWeboda literaturul teqsts, romelsac es adamianebi didi ostatobiT kiTxulobdnen, ufro sworad, zepirad yvebodnen. yesexanis mTeli Semosavali swored mis
ostatobasa da gemovnebaze iyo damokidebuli da isic, garda
imisa, rom zepirad imaxsovrebda uvrceles teqstebs, prozad
Tu leqsad, am teqstebis mxatvruli kiTxvis saidumloebebs
saocari ostatobiT flobda. zustad icoda, xma sad unda aewia
da sad daewia, sad romeli monakveTi ra paTosiT unda warmoeTqva, rom msmenelis adekvaturi reaqcia gamoewvia (kobiZe 1974:
56). yesexanebis repertuari xSirad swored aRmosavluri saraindo Tqmulebebisagan Sedgeboda. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom am
yesexanebs iranSi aseve `Sahnamexanebs“ anu `Sahnames“ mkiTxvelebsac“ uwodebdnen, radgan maTi umTavresi SemoqmedebiTi
wyaro swored `Sahnames“ heroikuli Tqmulebebi iyo.
CvenTvis saintereso periodis saqarTveloSi sparsuli Zalian kargad icoda mosaxleobis zedafenam da SesaZloa, ubralo
xalxsac esmoda is, dampyroblis siZulvilis miuxedavad. amitomac, yesexanebis repertuari originalis enazedac ucxo ar unda
yofiliyo aqaurebisaTvis, miT umetes, rom moxetiale derviSebi iranis yvela kuTxes mosdebodnen, radac formalurad maSindeli saqarTveloc iTvleboda. originalTan nacnobobam,
misi calkeuli pasaJebis gaTavisebam ki gamoiwvia am nawarmoebTa
qarTulad gadmoRebis aucilebloba.
`gadmoReba“ aq zustad asaxavs im process, rac aRmosavluri
dasTanebis SemTxvevaSi xdeboda, radgan es ar iyo da arc unda
yofiliyo Targmna dRevandeli mniSvnelobiTa da filologiuri mecnierebis dRevandeli gadasaxedidan. teqstebis adaptaciis is manera, romelic maSindel msoflioSi iyo gavrcelebuli, dRevandeli Targmanad, ra Tqma unda, ver CaiTvleba, Tumca, imdroindeli qarTveli literatorebi ise SesaniSnavad
axerxebdnen, dasaxuli amocanisaTvis Tavis garTmevas, rom maT
namuSavars dResac Tavisuflad SegviZlia Targmani vuwodoT da
asec daamkvidres qarTul samecniero literaturaSi, magaliTad, `visramianis~ genialur mTargmnelTan dakavSirebiT. aRniSnuli sakiTxi Cveuli mecnieruli keTilsindisierebiT aqvs Ses-
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wavlili korneli kekeliZes werilSi `mTargmnelobiTi meTodi
Zvel qarTul literaturaSi da misi xasiaTi“ (kekeliZe 1951: 70).
konkretuli magaliTebis Sejamebis Semdeg, korneli kekeliZem gamokveTa rigi daskvnebi, romelTa Soris mTavari aris is,
rom `gadmoReba ucxo Txzulebisa ar iyo meqanikuri aRqmis procesi, aramed procesi SemoqmedebiTi gadamuSavebisa da Tavis
sakuTar gemovneba-SegnebasTan Seguebisa. qarTvelTa SemoqmedebiTma geniam SeZlo naTargmni literaturis asimilireba, Tavis sakuTar ideur-esTetikur SegnebaSi gadaxarSva da gadadnoba misi erovnuli saqmianobis brZmedSi“. am sityvebis komentirebisas prof. aleqsandre gvaxaria aRniSnavda:
`am daskvnebis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia aRmosavluridan
naTargmni Tu gadmokeTebuli Txzulebebis wyaroebis kvlevisas. qarTul versiaSi yovelTvis iCens Tavs adgilobrivi detalebi da mTargmneliseuli motivebi, amdenad maTi paralelebis
Zieba ucxour wyaorebSi unayofo iqneboda. es, gza, cxadia, ukiduresobamde ar unda gagrZeldes. yoveli gadaxveva Tu motivi
qarTulis kuTvnilebad ver gamocxaddeba. es miTumetes im SemTxvevaSi, roca saZiebeli wyaro cnobili araa da ramdenime maTganTan gvaqvs saqme“ (gvaxaria 1995: 78-79).
aRniSnuli sakiTxebis garkvevas rom didi mniSvneloba aqvs,
mowmobs Tundac `seilanianis“ magaliTi. am saTauriT sparsul
literaturaSi arcerTi Txzuleba ara aris cnobili. gamoTqmulia ramdenime mosazreba (a. xaxanaSvili, g. imedaSvili) aRsaniSnavia, rom swored qarTulma Zeglma aiZula iranistebi gulmodgined gadaesinjaT wyaroebi. i. maris arqivSi aRmoCnda cnoba,
rom man da k. Caikinma d’erbelosTan miagnes miTiTebas XVII saukuneSi romanis `sehelnames“ arsebobis Sesaxeb“ (gvaxaria 1995: 78).
siuJetis msgavsebis garda, am epoqis nawarmoebebs axasiaTebT
garkveuli mxatvruli universaliebi, romlebic Zeglidan ZeglSi TiTqmis ucvlelad meordeba da maT mizans mkiTxvelisaTvis swored im SeCveuli da komfortuli garemos Seqmna warmoadgens, romelzedac zemoT mivuTiTeT. magaliTad, XV-XVII saukuneebis aRmosavlur da qarTul eposSi xSiria viTareba, rodesac mTavar gmirs an ufro sworad, mTavari gmiris mamas yvelaferi aqvs, yvela sikeTiT aris dajildovebuli imis garda, rom
Svili ar eZleva da cxovrebis bolos SeeZineba naninanatri ymawvili, romelic uamrav sagmiro saqmes aRasrulebs. meore aseve
gavrcelebuli motivia mTavari gmiris mier satrfos suraTiT
Seyvareba, roca personaJs cocxlad ar unaxavs qali, SemTxveviT mis suraTs naxavs da gonis dakargvamde gaumijnurdeba.
orive am motivs kvebavs Sua saukuneTa aRmosavleTis sufiuri
filosofia da esTetika. aqedan unda iyos gadasuli es motivebi,
rogorc xalxur zRaprebSi, aseve eposSi. sufizmisaTvis adami-
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anis cxovrebis miwurvili amqveyniuri gamocdilebis dasasrulia, romelic erTgvari sagzalia im samyaroSi wasaRebad. amitomac am xanaSi gakeTebuli sulis margebeli saqmeebi anda mTeli cxovrebis nayofi, vTqvaT, erTaderT Svilis saxiT, gansakuTrebiT faseulia (zarinuqbi 1996: 70). rac Seexeba meore motivs _ suraTiT satrfos Seyvarebas, _ es dakavSirebulia sufizmis centraluri ideasTan, romlis Tanaxmadac, mTeli materialuri samyaro RvTis arsebis emanaciaa. es qveyana suraTia,
romlis `dedanic“ uflis wiaRSi `inaxeba“. suraTisa da dednis,
an wignisa da misi dednis idea ki gamomdinareobs yuranis frazidan: `da mis wiaR aris dedowigni~, romelic miemarTeba yuranis rogorc amqveyniuri mocemulobisa da misi maradiuli, uJamo arqetipis sakiTxs. sxvaTa Soris, am problemaze Sua saukuneebis muslimur TeologiaSi aigo debati yuranis xelTuqmnelobis, ufro zustad yuranis Jamiereba-uJamobis Sesaxeb. suraTiT satrfos Seyvareba ki simbolurad gulisxmobs imas, rom
adamians, romelsac arasodes unaxavs RmerTi, ufali misi suraTis, misi emanaciis anu amqveyniuri ganfenilobis meSveobiT uyvardeba. aqedan Cndeba survili satrfosTan miRwevisa da ase
iwyeba gza, romelic aRmosavlur literaturaSi orgvar datvirTvas atarebs: empiriulsa da transcendentuls. transcendentuli datvirTvis mixedviT, gza adamianis simboluri savalia iniciaciis bilikebze, sufiuri TviTSemecnebis xeobebSi.
xeobaTa ricxvi sufiebisaTvis zogjer Svidia da zogjer cxra.
yvela xeobas sufiur tradiciaSi Tavisi saxeli aqvs da maTi
gadalaxva gabrwyinebis axal etapze gadanacvlebas ukavSirdeba
(yani 1996: 230). yvela es xeoba savsea aTasgvari xifaTiTa da gansacdeliT, romelic mogzaurs, gzaze damdgars anu `saliqs“ imisaTvis evlineba, rom ufalTan misasvleli gamocdileba daagrovos. swored am gansacdelTa simboluri gamoxatulebaa is
brZolebi da sisxlisRvrani, romelTac vxedavT Sua saukuneebis
aRmosavlur eposSi (Tuki am ukanasknels swored sufiuri esTetikis Suqze wavikiTxavT). korneli kekeliZe Tavis ,,Zveli qarTuli
literaturis istoriaSi“ araerTxel aRniSnavs, rodesac ama Tu im
epikuri Zeglis Sinaarss mogviTxrobs: `gmirs mravali realuri da
zRapruli cxovelis daxocva mouxda, sanam sasurvel mizans miaRwevdao“. es cxovelebi, erTi mxriv realuri da mere mxriv, miTiuri,
zRapruli, TvaliT uxilavi _ simbolurad adamianis ori tipis
gansacdels _ fizikur da sulier xifaTs gadmogvcemen.
vTqvaT, miTiuri `devi“, romelic saTaves uZvelesi iranuli
da `avestaSi“ asaxuli rwmena-warmodgenebidan iRebs, Sua saukuneebis eposSi RvTisken mimaval gzaze erT-erT mniSvnelovan
dabrkolebad gvevlineba. xolo is faqti, rom iranul religiaTa daeva-div-devi uZvelesi xanidanve xdeba qarTuli folklo-
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ris kuTvnileba, am ori _ qarTuli da iranuli _ samyaros
mWidro urTierTkavSirze mianiSnebs.
rac Seexeba sufiuri esTetikis zegavlenas aRmosavlur
eposze, amiT unda avxsnaT am eposisa da saerTod, aRmosavluri
literaturis moWarbebuli xatovaneba, rac evropul, racionalur literaturul gemovnebas SesamCnevad aRizianebda. cnobilia, rom aRmosavluri literaturuli esTetika mxatvruli saxeTa siWarbiT, Sedareba-metaforebis, hiperbolebisa da parabolebis siuxviT gamoirCeva (osmanovi 1978: 11). amas garda, Suasaukuneebis aRmosavlur poezias axasiaTebs Sedarebebis da Sesabamisad, metaforebis warmoebis ucnauri meTodi, rodesac
Sedarebuli Sesadarebels logikurad TiTqos arafriT ukavSirdeba da misgan mxatvrul efeqtis miRweva erTi SexedviT, mosalodneli ar unda yofiliyo. magaliTad, metaforis mkvlevrebi calke ikvleven metaforis logikas, romlis Tanaxmadac,
vTqvaT, gvelisa da Tvalze Camoklaknili cremlis xazis Sedareba garkveul logikur bmas emorCileba, radgan es ori sagani
erTmaneTs vizulauradac waagavs da SinaarsiTac raRacnairad
ukavSirdeba, Tuki gvelis Sxamsa da boRmas an dards, ramac es
cremli warmoadina erTmaneTs `mivabamT“. aRmosavluri Sedareba-metaforebi ki xSirad aseT logikur safuZvels moklebulni
arian. magaliTad: `sikeTis xaliCa“ SeiZleba aRmosavlelisaTvis
mxatvruli metafora iyos, rodesac is ambobs, rom mavanma mavans ferxT sikeTis xaliCa an fiandazi daufina. aseTi moWarbebuli xatovaneba evropul literaturul esTetikas erTgvari
ugemovnobis gamovlinebad miaCnda (krimski 1909: 270). Sua saukuneebis aRmosavleTisaTvis ki piriqiT, rac ufro metad iyo
daxunZluli teqsti amgvari SedarebebiTa Tu metaforebiT, es
avtoris SemoqmedebiT Zalazec metyvelebda da msmenelsa da
mkiTxvelsac ufro did siamovnebas aniWebda. gemovnebis am sxvadasxvaobiTac aixsneba goeTes is Sefaseba abd or-rahman jamis
beiTTan dakavSirebiT, rac Cveni werilis dasawyisSi davimowmeT.
qarTuli literaturuli gemovneba da mxatvruli esTetika
am ori polusis (dasavluri da aRmosavluri esTetikis) sadRac
SuaSia sagulvebeli, amitomac CvenTvis ufro gasagebia da, rac
mTavaria, misaRebia is aRmosavluri metaforebi, romlebsac verafriT iguebs evropuli mxatvruli mentaliteti. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, `satrfos erT kululze TavCamomxCvali aTasi
iosebi“ CvenTvisac savsebiT jdeba metaforis CarCoebSi da
mxatvruli pirobiTobebis sazRvrebs ar gadadis.
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, rasac evropuli humanitaruli azri sxvadasxva epoqaSi sxvadasxvagvarad ( da ZiriTadad,
arasworad) afasebda, aRmosavluri literaturis satrfos sqesis sakiTxia, romelic ZiriTadad mamrobiTi sqesisaa. es sakiTxi
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qarTul literaturismcodneobaSi, marTalia, Zalze TavSekavebulad, magram mainc aisaxa `mirianis“ qarTul versiasTan dakavSirebiT. kerZod, aleqsandre gvaxaria qarTuli `mirianis“ savaraudo wyaroebze saubrisas, rodesac XIV saukunis azerbaijaneli poetis muhamad asar Tabrizis poemis Sesaxeb saubrobs, aRniSnavs: `asarma Tavisi poema miuZRvna ori Wabukis _ ufliswulis mehrisa da veziris Svilis muSTaris platonuri siyvarulisa da wrfeli megobrobis ambavs...“ (gvaxaria 1995: 176). am pasaJis
gansamartad ki, sqolioSi, al. gvaxaria miuTiTebs: `aRsaniSnavia, rom zog mkvlevars (m. TarbiaTi) muSTari asulad hyavda
warmodgenili, magram jer kidev a. krimskim aRniSna, rom aq orive gmiri vaJebia~ (krimski 1914: 100) (rusul enaze). krimskis im
naSromSi, romelsac imowmebs al. gvaxaria, muhamad asar Tabrizis poema imis nimuSad mohyavs, rom aRmosavluri poeziis satrfo mamrobiTi sqesisaa, Tuki am poezias derviSuli Teosofiis
anu sufiuri `irfanis“ kuTvnilebad davinaxavT.
marTlac, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sufizmSi moqmedebs sasiyvarulo wredi, romelic ikvreba satrfos (RvTis) metrfis (adamianis) da siyvarulis (anu RvTiuri Semecnebis) sami nawiburiT.
am nawiburis pirveli wevri satrfo (ma‛Suy) mamrobiTi sqesisaa,
radgan simbolurad is aRniSnavs uzenaess, pirvelsawyiss, romlisganac mTeli arseboba gamoefineba. am konteqstSi gasakviri
ar aris is faqti, rom sparsuli poezia satrfos mamrobiTi sqesisad saxavda da aq araimdenad homoseqsualuri midrekilebani,
aramed sakiTxis Teosofiuri safuZvlebi unda davinaxoT. amis
miuxedavad, sparsuli literaturis TvalsaCino mkvlevarma sirus Samisam bolo xans dawera gamokvleva `mamrobiTi sqesis satrfo sparsul literaturaSi“, sadac TiTqmis mTeli klasikuri
xanis sparsuli mwerloba sodomiis apologetad gamoacxada
(Samisa 2000: 7).
CvenTvis sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom qarTul ZeglebSi
sparsuli literaturis es plasti, romelic iranul eposSi sakmarisad aisaxa, Tu `mirians“ ar CavTvliT, Riad TiTqmis arsad
dafiqsirebula. mirianis qarTul versiaSic yuradReba ufro
megobrobazea gamaxvilebuli, vidre raime saxis seqsualur
midrekilebebze. arsebiTad, aq imave saxis cenzuras vxvdebiT,
rac sparsulidan gadmoRebul (Targmnil Tu gadmokeTebul)
ZeglebSi muslimur realiebsa da sarwmunoebriv elementebs,
anda ideologiur mxares exeboda. aseT SemTxvevebSi, qarTveli
mTargmnelebi erT poziciaze dganan da yvelgan, TiTqmis gamonaklisis gareSe, ebrZvian islams, rogorc dapirisprebul religias; oRond imdenad, ramdenadac es religia ideologiuri
safanelis rolSi gamodioda qarTvelobis, qarTuli ideis,
qristianobis winaaRmdeg. sxva danarCen SemTxvevaSi isini ar
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exebian muslimur realiebs da rogorc ucxo samSvenisi, aqa-iq
SesaZloa kidevac moiSvelion islamis raRac adaTi Tu damaxasiaTebeli realia. amiT iqmneba garkveuli anturaJi, romelic situaciis literaturul gaucxoebas isaxavs miznad. xerxi TiTqmis igivea, rac gacilebiT adre, warmatebiTa da maRalmxatvruli ostatobiT aris gamoyenebuli `vefxistyaosanSi“.
rac Seexeba qarTuli eposisa da amave Janris aRmosavluri
nimuSebis stilur msgavseba-gansxvavebas, SeiZleba dabejiTebiT
iTqvas, rom miuxedavad ama Tu im avtorTa xelweris sxvaobisa,
XVI-XVII saukuneebis qarTuli epikuri Zeglebis stili, aRmosavluri nimuSebis stilistikasTan SedarebiT, mainc ufro lakonuria da metafora-SedarebebiT naklebad datvirTuli. SesaZloa, es sxvaobani gamomdinareobdes enebisa da saliteraturo
tradiciaTa sxvadasxvaobidanac, magram faqtia, rom qarTvelebi eridebian mravalplaniani metafora-SedarebebiT stilis moCuqurTmebas _ es maTi erovnuli bunebisaTavis aSkarad miuRebeli Cans. sparsulSi ki sruliad gansxvavebuli viTarebas vxedavT. dResac ki, iranuli presis enaSi, romelic maqsimalurad
unda iyos daclili `mxatvrulobisagan“ da depeSuri stili unda mZlavrobdes, arcTu iSviaTad SexvdebiT aseT saTaurebs:
`gitaris maswavlebelma Tavisi colis sikvdilis musika daukra“. es yovlad ugemovno fraza aq martivad imas niSnavs, rom
viRac gitaris maswavlebelma meuRle mokla. qarTulad SeiZleboda asec damewera: `meuRle sicocxles gamoasalma“ da albaT emociur doneze es ufro zusti Targmani iqneboda im sparsuli saTaurisa, romlis pirdapiri Targmanic davimowmeT.
principulad `sikvdilis musika daukra“ _ `sicocxles gamoasalma“ _ `mokla“ gvaZlevs aramxolod mxatvrul, aramed im msoflmxedvelobiT gradacias, rac damaxasiaTebelia dasavluraRmosavluri literaturuli arqetipebis erTi kulturidan
meoreSi transformaciisas. saqarTvelo, rogorc am ori samyaros mijnaze mdgari saxelmwifo, zomierebiT gamoirCeoda da
misTvis Tanabrad gasagebi iyo orive es tradicia, oRond iRebda imas, rasac TavisTvis misaRebad miiCnevda. am codnis, aRmosavlur samyarosTan nacnobobis Sedegi iyo is, rom qarTvelebs
uyvardaT sparsuli saraindo Txzulebebi, rac wmida saydris
misioners imdenad gasakvirad mosCvenebia, rom es informacia
romSic ki gaugzavnia.
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damowmebani:
zarinqubi 1995-1996: abd ol-hosein zarinuqb. josToju dar Tarixe Tasavvofe iran, jelde iaq va do, Tehran: 1377 h. 1995-1996.
gvaxaria 1995: gvaxaria a. narkvevebi qarTul sparsuli literaturuli
urTierTobebis istoriidan. t. I. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1995.
kekeliZe 1951: kekeliZe k. mTargmnelobiTI meTodi Zvel qarTul
literaturaSi da misi xasiaTi. // literaturuli Ziebani, VII, 1951.
kekeliZe 1981: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. II. Tb.:
`mecniereba“, 1981.
kobiZe 1986: kobiZe d. sparsuli literaturis istoria. t. I. Tb.:
`mecniereba~, 1986.
kotetiSvili 2003: aRmosavlur-dasavluri divani“ (Targmani da winasityvaoba vaxuSti kotetiSvilisa). Tb.: `diogene“, 2003.
krimski 1909: Крымский Е.А. История мусульманство. Казан: 1909.
mualakebi 1986: islamamdeli arabuli poezia. arabuldan Targmna, winaTqma
da ganmartebani daurTo nana furcelaZem. Tb.: `ganaTleba“, 1986.
yani 1996: yani mohamad. Tasavvof dar adabiaTe farsi. jelde iaq, Tehrani:
sale 1377 h.
Samisa 2000: sirus Samisa Sahedbazi dar adabiaTe farsi. Tehran: 1380h.
javaxiSvili 1982: javaxiSvili i. Txzulebani XII tomad. t. III, Tb.:
`mecniereba“, 1982.
jalal aini 1996-1997: yuranis ganmarteba (arabul enaze). kairo: 1996-1997.
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kulturuli atmosfero XVI-XVIII saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi
goCa kuWuxiZe
qarTuli kulturis kerebi da sagamomcemlo
saqmianoba XVI-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi
XVI-XVIII ss-Si qarTuli kulturis centrebad monastrebi ukve naklebadRa gvevlinebian. am periodidan korneli kekeliZe
daviT garejelisa da gelaTis monatrebs gamoyofs (kekeliZe
1980: 109). gelaTSi XVI saukuneSi moRvaweoben evdemon CxetiZe
(1579-1578) da eqvTime sayvareliZe (1579-1612) (kekeliZe 1980: 109).
evdemon CxetiZis TaosnobiT gadaiwera ioane qsifilinosis
hagiografiuli krebulis ori wigni, moixata gelaTis monasteri... eqvTime sayvareliZis brZanebiT Targmnil wignTagan Semonaxulia ioseb flaviosis `moTxrobani iudaebrivisa sityua dasabamisani~, homiletikuri krebuli № 8, ioane qsifilinosis
krebulis ori wigni, metafrasebis krebuli, e. w. martviluri
gulani (kekeliZe 1980 I: 109).
korneli kekeliZis aRniSvniT, am periodSi jvrisa da aTonis
monastrebi mxolod formaluradRa ekuTvnodaT qarTvelebs, XIX sdan ki es formaluri kuTvnilebac daikarga. `am periodis mwerloba
aRorZinda mefe-didebulTa sasaxleebSi da kaTolikos-episkoposTa senakebSi~. mwerloba `monasterTa kedlebidan gamovida da kerZo
pirTa xelsa da saxlSi gadavida~ (kekeliZe 1980 I: 110).
roca romelsame monasterSi moRvawe sasuliero piri samwerlobo moRvaweobas eweva, am SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, am monasterSi arsebul samecniero centrze Znelia saubari, magram imis
Tqma SeiZleba, rom tradiciebi Zveli kerebisa, romlebSic mravali monazoni erTad moRvaweobda, axla ama Tu im sasuliero
centrSi moRvawecalkeulma sasuliero pirebma ganagrZes. aseTebi arian: kvipriane samTavneli, grigol dodorqeli, nikoloz
tfileli, romanoz mitropoliti, besarion baraTaSvili-orbeliSvili, timoTe gabaSvili, aleqsi mesxiSvili, filipe yaiTmazaSvili, dosiTeoz CerqeziSvili, iona gedevaniSvili, ambrosi
nekreseli, anton cagerel-Wyondideli, gabriel mcire, iona xelaSvili, sxvani da sxvani (xsenebul moRvaweTa Sesaxeb ix. kekeliZe 1980 II: 338-403)... isini, umeteswilad, samefo karTan, ama Tu
im didi sasuliero moRvawesTan, sasuliero centrTan kavSirSi
moRvaweoben. ase rom, calkeuli kerebis samwerlobo tradiciebis erTgvarad ganvrcobazec SegviZlia saubari. did sasuliero moRvaweTagan, romelTa Soris araerTi konkretul samwer-
69
lobo kerasac xelmZRvanelobs, cxadia, unda davasaxeloT domenti kaTolikosi, anton pirveli, gaioz reqtori, daviT reqtori...
levan menabdem gamowvlilviT Seiswavla Zveli qarTuli
mwerlobis kerebis istoria (menabde 1961; menabde 1962; menabde
1980). misi naSromebidan kargad Cans, rom CvenTvis saintereso
periodSi kulturuli muSaoba Zalian aris dawinaurebuli TbilisSi, TelavSi, garejis, SiomRvimis, mcxeTis, gelaTis monastrebSi... sasuliero mwerlobis tradiciebi grZeldeba nekresSi, wilkanSi, samTavisSi, qvaTaxevSi, jruWSi, martvilSi, xobSi
da sxvagan mravalgan. `daviT garejSi~ moRvaweobs sulxan-saba
orbeliani... nekresis monasterSi dosiTeoz CerqeziSvili qnis
sagaloblebs, Targmnis... aq aris Cawerili ambrosi nekreselis
qadagebebi, gadawerilia wignebi (menabde 1961: 324-329...), martyofSi moRvaweobs nikoloz rusTveli (CerqeziSvili) da aqvs
dawerili anton martyofelis akoloTia, dodos sagalobeli,
anbanTqeba (menabde 1961: 349 da sxva)... alaverdis taZarSi
mariam-makrine monazonma dawera: `cxorebaÁ wmidisa da netarisa
mamisa Cuenisa ioseb alaverdelisaÁ~, sagaloblebi, RvTismSoblis Sesxma kidurwerilobiT, misi xeliT da misi iniciativiT
iqmneboda xelnawerebi (menabde 1961: 344-345)...
gamorCeuli, albaT, daviT garejelis monasterTa mier gaweuli Rvawlia, rogorc amas araerTi mecnieri aRniSnavs...
cnobilia, rom daviT garejelis monatrebs gansakuTrebulad mfarvelobdnen qarTveli mefeebi. es CvenTis amjerad saintereso epoqasac exeba. monasters daxmareba gauwia aleqsandre
mefem (1412-1443).
1428 wlis gujarSi mefe wers: `CuenTa papaTa da naTesavTagan
udabnoni garesjisani JamTa viTarebiTa agarianT Ãelisagan
moSlil iyo da Cuen, viTar gumarTebda, egreT jer viCineT da
sanacvlo mamuli daviWireT da Tquen sagarejo mogaxseneT da
dagimtkiceT~ (menabde 1962: 285).
garejaSi monatrebi ulmoblad daarbia Sah-abasma. monastrebs daxmareba Teimuraz I-ma gauwia (menabde 1961: 286-287).
cnobilia araerTi magaliTi samefo karidan da sxvaTagan monastrebis daxmarebis Sesaxeb (ix. menabde 1962: 287-294...).
daviT garejelis lavraSi moRvaweTa Soris zemoT ukve vaxseneT sulxan-saba orbeliani, aq moRvaweoben: onofre garejeli
(maWutaZe _ monastris winamZRvari da didi moamage), besarion baraTaSvili-orbeliSvili, nikoloz CerqeziSvili (SemdgomSi _
rusTveli), iob winamZRvari, gabriel saginaSvili, ioseb aragvis
erisTavis Svili, eqvTime (zaza) baraTaSvili, grigol dodorqeli,
anton pirveli, mRvdelmonazoni germane, timoTe gabaSvili, gabriel mcire, mRvdelmonazoni geronti soloRaSvili, rogorc g.
CubinaSvili miiCnevda, _ mwerali giorgi avaliSvili, kozma xu-
70
ces-monazoni (xsenebul da aq moRvawe sxva pirTa Sesaxeb ix. menabde
1962: 299-318)... saerTod, am periodis saqarTvelos monastrebis,
sasuliero da saero moRvaweTa da maTi naRvawis Sesaxeb cnobebis
erTad naxva levan menabdis xsenebul naSromebSi aris SesaZlebeli
(kulturis kerebi moRvaweobas ganagrZoben jvris monasterSic,
aTonzec...), Cven amjerad davZenT, rom qarTuli samonastro cxovreba am drosac sakmaod intensiuria.
samefo karze erTgvari literaturuli centri yovelTvis iyo,
roca amis met-nakleb SesaZleblobas politikuri garemo iZleoda. roca mefe poetebi moRvaweobdnen, es centri kidev ufro
Zlierdeboda. cxadia, literaturisadmi interesi, masze zrunva
maSin ufro gamococxldeboda xolme, roca mefe TviT iyo poeti,
_ es iTqmis Teimuraz pirvelze, arCilze, Teimuraz meoreze (Teimuraz pirvelis mama _ daviTi `qilila da damanas~ mTargmnelia)...
literaturuli da samecniero muSaobis ayvaveba gansakuTebiT
vaxtang meeqvsis, aseve, _ erekle mefis dros gaZlierda...
vaxtangis garSemo Semokrebili wre, romlis wiaRSic SemuSavda kanonTa krebuli, `qarTlis cxovreba~, ganviTarda sagamomcemlo saqmianoba, mecnierulad Seswavlis Semdeg gamovida `vefxistyaosani~, wre, romelSic samecniero saqmianobas Caeyara
safuZveli, saidanac araerTi cnobili mecnieri gamovida, cxadia, kulturis Zlieri kera iyo. am sakiTxebze Tavad vaxtang meeqvsisadmi miZRvnil TavSi, nawilze ki qvemoT, _ sagamomcemlo
saqmianobis mimoxilvisas gvaqvs ufro vrceli saubari, aq mxolod imas davZenT, rom vaxtangma samSobloSic da Semdeg ruseTSic Cauyara safuZveli kulturis keras, romelmac qarTuli sulierebis ayvavebas udavod Seuwyo xeli.
arCil mefem, vaxtangma... ruseTTan gansakuTrebulad daaxloves qarTuli kultura, rac evropul kuluturasTan daaxloebas, aseve, gulisxmobda. metsac vityviT, _ ruseTTan daaxloebiT qarTveli eTnosi slavianurze metad swored evropul
kuturas dauaxlovda, _ imitom, rom Tavad rusuli kultura,
ZiriTadad, evropulze dayrdnobiT viTardeboda... amasTan,
erTmorwmune saxelmwifosTan urTierToba saqarTvelosaTvis
mimzidvel perpeqtivebs da imeds saxavda...
ruseTTan daaxloebasTan dakavSirebiT korneli kekliZe
wers: `erTmorwmune rusebSi qristianma qarTvelebma dainaxes
bizantiisa da misi kulturis, misi misiis memkvidreni, amitom
iseTive sasoebiTa da rwmeniT dauwyes maT cqera, gansakuTrebiT
mas Semdeg, rac konstantinepoli daeca, rogoriTac berZnebs
ucqerodnen winaT, ruseTisadmi Rrma erTgulebam gansakuTrebiT Tavi iCina meTvramete saukuneSi, rusebis popularobas
CvenSi xels uwyobdnen is pirni, romelnic ruseTSi gadasaxldnen, anda iq cxovreba uxdebodaT samsaxurisa da sxva raime
71
mizeziT~. aseTebi arian: `mefe arCili, vaxtang VI, anton kaTolikosi, ioseb samebeli, mitropoliti romanozi, gaioz arqidiakoni, Semdeg seminariis reqtori, da sxvani~ (kekeliZe 1980: 75).
xsenebul periodSi ruseTSi wasuli da iq darCenili
qarTuli delegaciebi Tu calkeuli pirebi xels uwyoben qarTuli samecniero skolebis ganviTarebas, saerTod, dasavleTTan qarTuli kulturis daaxloebas.
`swavla-ganaTlebisa da literaturul-kulturuli muSaobis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani centrebi am dros aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod, qarTlSi iyo. Tbilisi kvlav rCeboda mZlavr samecniero da kulturul centrad. simon I-is,
Teimuraz I-is, rostomisa da vaxtang V-is dros qarTlis samefo
karze Tavmoyrili iyvnen im drois ganaTlebuli moRvaweni da
poet-momRerlebi~ (narkvevebi IV: 360; nawilis avtori: v. guCua).
Semdeg: `kulturul-literaturuli saqmianobis mniSvnelovani
centrebi arsebobda agreTve kaxeTisa da imereTis mefeTa sasaxleebSi (gremi, Telavi, quTaisi) da samegrelosa da guriis
samTavroTa karze~ (narkvevebi IV: 360). samegrelos mTavris karze nayofierad imuSaves mamuka TavaqalaSvilma da barZim vaCnaZem... mamuka cnobilia 1646 wels gadawerili ilustrirebuli
`vefxistyaosniT~ (narkvevebi IV: 360).
XVI-XVII ss-Si kulturis mniSvnelovani centrebi iyo gelaTSi, caiSSi, bediaSi... `XVI s-Si biWvinTidan dasavleT saqarTvelos patriarqis rezidenciis gadmotanis Semdeg gelaTi kulturis erT-erTi Zlieri centri gaxda. gansakuTrebiT nayofieri iyo kaTolikos-patriarqebis _ evdemon CxetiZis (1543- 1578) da
eqvTime sayvareliZis (1578-1616) moRvaweoba~ (narkvevebi IV: 360).
rogorc saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis IV tomSi vkiTxulobT, _ `swavla-aRzrdisa da kulturuli Semoqmedebis mniSvnelovan centrebs warmoadgendnen agreTve eklesia-monastrebi _ largvisi, ikorTa, kabeni, qvaTaxevi, gareja, jruWi, martvili, xobi da sxvebi; saTavadoTa centrebi _ muxrani, mZovreTi, tanZia da sxv. gansakuTrebuli roli am mxriv daviT garejelis monastrebs miuZRvis. miuxedavad mravaljer darbevaaoxrebisa, es kulturuli centri sabolood ar moSlila da man gansakuTreebul ayvavebas XVII saukuneSi miaRwia~ (narkvevebi IV: 360-361).
zemoT iTqva, rom literaturuli da samecniero muSaobis ayvaveba gansakuTebiT vaxtang meeqvsis, aseve, _ erekle mefis
dros gaZlierda... vaxtangze ukve vTqviT mokled...
erekle mefis Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom man Semoikriba kulturis moRvaweTa wre, romlis moRvaweobis Sedegi seminariebis daarseba, beWdviTi saqmis dawinaureba iyo (am sakiTxebze ix. rogava 1950)... erekle mefe, anton kaTolikosTan erTad, gamorCeulia rogorc saganmanaTloblo saqmis, mecnierebis ganviTare-
72
bis mesveuri. anton kaTolikosi erekles uSualo SewevniT, misi
mfarvelobiT moRvaweobda.
anton kaTalikosi cxovrobda daviT garejelis lavraSi, gelaTSi, iyo quTaisisi mitropoliti, saqarTvelos kaTolikospatriarqi, ruseTSi _ vladimiris eparqiis episkoposi, bolos
isev _ saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi. sadac ar unda iyos,
misi Sroma yvelgan saganmanaTleblo moRvaweobasTan aris
dakavSirebuli.
anton kaTolikosma daaarsa seminariebi Tbilissa da TelavSi.
Tbilisis seminaria 1755 wels dafuZnda. mdebareobda anCisxatis ezoSi. mas saxelmwifo inaxavda. pirveli reqtori filipe
yaiTmazaSvili iyo. aswavlidnen gramatikas, ritorikas, logikas, metafizikas, fsiqologias, filosofias... maswavlebelTa
Soris TviT anton kaTalikosic iyo. antonma maTTvis `dawera
Tu sxvebs daawerina, TiTqmis, yvela saWiro saxelmZRvanelo~
(kekeliZe 1980 I: 374).
korneli kekeliZis aRniSvniT, am seminariebSi `swavla gaCaRebuli iyo ruseTis sasuliero seminariis yaidaze~ (kekeliZe 1980 I:
374). antonma `Targmna da SeTxza mTeli rigi saRvTismetyvelo, safilosofoso da lingvisturi Sroma~ (kekeliZe 1980 I: 374), kolosaluri Rvawli gaswia egzegetikis, dogmatikis, polemikis, liturgiis, asketikis kanonikis, hagiografiis, istoriografiis, filosofiisa da sxva dargebSi (kekeliZe 1980 I: 374: 376-385). saerTod,
swavla-ganaTlebis imdroindeli centrebis Sesaxeb korneli kekeliZe werda: `CvenSi xsnian piorveldawyebiTsa da saSualo skolebs
rusul skolaTa mixedviT, gansakuTrebiT cnobilia Telavisa da
Tbilisis seminaria, romlebSic gadmoinerga moskovis akademiis
sqolastika~ (kekeliZe 1980 I: 75). Tbilisis seminariam 1795 wlamde, _
aRa mahmad xanis Semosevamde iarseba.
anton kaTalikosi kaTolikur eklesiasTan cdilobda daaxloebas, ris gamoc devnidnen da amisTvis ruseTSi gasaxlebuli
mxolod erekle mefis SewevniT dabrunda samSobloSi. antonma
moinania saqcieli, magram igi iseTi donis pirovneba iyo, romlebic sasikeTos da misaRebs yvelaferSi pouloben da ruseTis
mixedviT seminariebSi swavlis formebis SemoReba srulebiT ar
niSnavs imas, TiTqos slavianur saRvTismetyvelo skolas daamyara es seminariebi, _ ara, Tavad ruseTi, rogorc zemoTac iTqva, evropul kulturas eziareboda da swavlebis rusuli meTodika mecnierebis farTo areals uxsnida kars da rusulis gavleniT qarTuli seminariebis mowyoba evropul ganaTlebasTan
daaxloebas TavisTavad gulisxmobda. istoriis, filosofiis,
ritorikis, gramatikis, enebis codna rusul da evropul kulturasTan aaxloebda qarTuls. ruseTma am dros xatweraSi gar-
73
kveulwilad kaTolikuri eklesiebis tradiciebic aiTvisa, rac
qarTul xatweraSic aisaxa.
anton pirvelis mier TbilisSi daarsebul seminariaSi,
RvTismetyvelebasTan erTad, aswavlidnen filosofias, logikas, poetikas, gramatikas, enebs, ritorikas, fizikas...
anton kaTalikosma Tavis skolaSi miiRo 16 wlis ymawvili
gaiozi, romelic SemdegomSi Telavis seminariis reqtoric gaxda da gaioz reqtoris saxeliT Sevida istoriaSi.
Telavis seminaria 1783 wels gaixsna. saswavlo-organizaciuli mxaris xelmZRvaneli anton kaTalikosi iyo. mis gverdiT am
saqmeSi idgnen: dosiTeoz CerqeziSvili, filipe yaiTmazaSvili,
gaioz reqtori, daviT reqtori... korneli kekeliZe varaudobda, rom seminaria gaiozis iniciativiT daarsda (kekeliZe 1980 I:
389). Tbilisis seminariaSi gaiozs Seuswavlia `Rramatika, piitika, ritorika, logika <<queTqmulebani>> an kategoriebi aristotelesi, metafizika, fizika da filosofia~ (kekeliZe 1980 I:
388). gaiozma, leon meliqseT-begis TqmiT, _ garda `zedmiwevnili rusulisa, icoda laTinuri da somxuri werili~ (meliqseT-begi 1958: 386). Tbilisis seminariis tradiciebi Telavis
seminariaSic gagrZelda.
1885 wels Jurnali `mwyemsi~ (№ 5, gv. 13) ityobineboda: `am
dReebSi Cven vnaxeT erTi Zveli xelnaweri wigni, reRlamenti
petre didisa, Targmani gaioz arxiepiskopos nacvliSvilisa~
(darCia 1972: 141). es aris petre I-is dros SemoRebuli pedagogiur SexedulebaTa krebuli, _ Teofane prokopiCis `reRlamenti~. gaioz reqtorma es krebuli Tbilisisa da Telavis sasuliero seminariebSi gamosayeneblad danerga. gaiozma wigni ise
Targmna, rom masSi arsebulio sityva `ruseTi~ `saqarTveloTi~
Secvala. es faqti bevr garemoebaze metyvelebs, _ mTargmnels
undoda, rom pedagogikis is normebi, romlebic misaRebad iyo
miCneuli, saqarTveloSi gadmoenerga, magram, raTa aq kargad
gaecnobierebinaT, rom mizani rusuli kulturis zegavlenaSi
moqceva ki ara, aramed rusuli miRwevebis qarTuli sulierebis
samsaxurSi Cayeneba iyo, raTa yvelasaTvis cxadi gamxdariyo,
rom rusuli miRwevebis gadmotana saqarTvelos asaRorZineblad iyo gapirobebuli, sityva `ruseTi~ `saqarTveloTi~ Seicvala. amiT cxadi gaxda, rom is, rac ruseTisaTvis sasikeToa,
sasikeTo SeiZleba gaxdes saqarTvelosaTvisac.
aq erTi faqti gagvaxsenda da gvinda zemoTqmuls oriode
sityva davZinoT, _ gaiozs Targmnili aqvs `aRsarebis wigni~
(xeln. inst. S-65, _ darCia 1972: 139). masSi aseTi sityvebi weria
`Cven aRmosavleTis eklesiis SvilTa saberZneTis, ruseTisa,
bulRariisa, saqarTvelosa da imereTisa~. qveynebis CamonaTvalSi saqarTvelosa da imereTis xsenebas imiTi xsnian, rom
74
gaiozma `CamoTvala qristianuli, marTlmadidebluri saxelmwifoebi da rogorc calke erTeuli (calke sakaTalikoso) daumata imereTic, anda man, rogorc mTargmnelma, Seitana masSi
epoqis Sesabamisi koreqtivebi~ (darCia 1972: 139). am ori sityvis
xmarebas marTlac ori sakaTolikososa da ori guberniis arsebobis faqti ganapirobebs. rogorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi im Zvel
qarTul tradiciasTanac gvaqvs saqme, roca qarTlels qarTvels uwodeben, dasavleT saqarTvelos mcxovrebs ki _ afxazs, roca mogvianebiT imieri mxaris mkvidrad ixsenieben dasavlel qarTvels aRmosavleTis qarTvelni. cxadia, imereTi am
SemTxvevaSi mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelos aRmniSvneli sityvaa, saqarTvelo ki _ aRmosavleTi saqarTvelosi... magram aqve
unda iTqvas, rom am sityvis aseTi SinaarsiT xmareba kargi magaliTia imis warmosadgenad, Tu rogori didi Sromis gaweva mouwiaT amdrois, me-19 saukunis Taobebs erovnuli cnobierebis
asaRorZineblad, _ Semdgom periodebSi, Tund, Zveli tradiciis mibaZviT, ukve aRaravin dawerda cal-calke sityvebs: _
`imereTi~ da `saqarTvelo~...
Telavis seminariaSi iswavleboda RvTismetyveleba, filosofia, maTematika, ritorika, gramatika... mefis sasaxlis skolis
bazaze gaxsnil am seminariasac saxelmwifo inaxavda. masSi yvela
wodebis moswavles Rebulobdnen.
swavleba sqolastikuri iyo. ewyoboda disputebi, mowmdeboda moswavleTa deklamaciis unari. swavlebis maRali donis
SesanarCuneblad 1783 wels gaiozs Seudgenia 12-muxliani Tezisebi. am Tezisebze moswavleTa pasuxebis mixedviT maTi codnis
done SeumowmebiaT.
Telavis seminariaSi aswavlidnen Teoriul fizikas, gramatikas, eTikas... misi reqtori 1801 wlamde (seminariias gauqmebamde)
daviT reqtori iyo. daviTi TviTonve aswavlida gramatikas, eTikas, Teoriul fizikas... seminariaSi daaarsa literaturuli wre...
sasuliero seminariebSi did yuradRebas, sxva sagnebis garda, gramatikis swavlebas uTmobdnen. gaioz reqtori udides
mniSvnelobas aniWebda qarTuli enis gramatikis Seswavlas da
mecnierebis am dargis daxvewasa da gaZlierebas. am mxriv, igi
Rirseuli mowafe gaxldaT Tavisi maswavleblis _ antonisa.
sainteresoa Tavad gaiozis sityva, romelic Telavis seminariaSi warmoTqva:
`viwyeb cxad yofad mokled hazrisa Rramatikisasa viTarca
rasame awindelsa Sekrebulebasa Cvenisa, romelsaca Sina Tana
moqmed-meyavn me ubryvilo igi locua moZRurisa Cemisa uuwmindesisa mama-mTavrisa da seminariisa amis direktorisa mefis Zis
antonis, romlisaganca mimiRies amis Zvirfasisa swavlulebisasa. [...] sargebloba amisi esoden didi ars, raodenca aw gan-
75
vrceldebis mecniereba pirsa zeda yovlisa qveynisa. friad
ukue viwrosa zdudesa Sina Seiwyudeoda, ukeTu TviTeuli kaci
ver SemZlebel iqneboda Semecnebad hazrisa Tvisisa sxuaTada~
(darCia 1972: 144).
gaioz reqtors swavlebis rusuli tipikonidan yvelaferi ar
gadmouRia. magaliTad, rogorc amaze mamia darCia amaxvilebs
yuradRebas, gaiozma tipikonidan ar Targmna is nawili, romelSic mowafeTa Soris dambezReblobis daSvebis uflebazea saubari: `Можно и фискалов определить которые бы подсматривали все ли во
академии порядочно~ (prokopoviCi 1973: 63, _ darCia 1972: 170).
gaiozi mecnierebasa da swavlas udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda: `vhxedev da gvesmis, Tu viTarisa Sina ganvrcelebasa da Tu
viTarsa Sina simravlesa ganTesil ars sibrZne, romelsac verca
siSore adgilTa, verca sxvaoba qveyanisa da haerTa SenaZlebel
ars Secvlaebad mis mierisa gardamosxmulisa bednierobisa mimRebelTa Sina misTa, aramed niadag RorZinobs, niadag yvavilovnebs da niadag erTebrsa sunnelebasa gahfens yovelTagan viTarca CrdiloeTsa, egreTve samxreTsa kerZoTa Sina da amisTvis yovelni sixaruliT ismenen saxelsa sibrZnisasa da amisTvis yovelni bednierebad hracxven Tvis zeda Sesmenasa amis yovlad Zvirfasis gvarovnebisasa~ (iveria 1881: 101; _ darCia 1972: 183).
gaioz reqtorTan erTad seminariis Tanamesveuri, ganmanaTlebeli, maswavlebeli iyo daviT reqtori (misi Zveli gvaria
mesxiSvili, _ erekle mefem daviTis mamas, Tavissa da Teimuraz
II-is TanamebrZols, gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebisaTvis aleqsiSvili uwoda. _ ix. ruxaZe 1954: 14; pativiscema imaSi gamoixateboda, rom am moRvawis saxeli mis STamomavlTa gvarSi iqneboda SemorCenili).
daviT reqtori erekle mefis karze mdivan-mwignobari iyo.
gaioz reqtorTan erTad ganaTlebis saqmes uZRveboda win.
miCneulia, rom daviTs Telavisa da Tbilisis seminariebSi
uswavlia (ruxaZe 1954: 14). 1790 wels Telavis seminariis reqtorad daniSnes da es zedwodebac aqedan momdinareobs.
daviT reqtorma Seadgina saxelmZRvaneloebi: `saqarTvelos
mezobel mxareTa aRwera~, `ariTmetika~, `galeqsili Rramatika~,
`oTxnawiledi swavlani~, `aRsarebis wigni mowafeTaTvis~ (mas
mxatvrul literaturaSic didi wvlili miuZRvis, _ dawerili
aqvs leqsebi `vard-bulbulianis~ Temaze, `mdurva soflisa~,
`cxovreba levan batoniSvilisa~, `qeba irakli meorisa da giorgi mecametisa~, `qeba dosiTeozisa~)...
anton pirvelma ruseTidan dabrunebis Semdeg daaarsa `marTlmsajulebis organo, romelsac `dikasteria~ uwoda. masSi
yvelaze ufro Rirseuli pirovnebebi Seiyvana, maT Soris _
daviT reqtori. 1789 wels mefe erekles fuladi jildo miucia
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misTvis. mefe ioseb mdivans swers: `dikasteriaSi ganwesebuls
aleqsiSvils daviTs ama wlis jamagiri sami Tuman naxevari naRdi
da naxevari jinSi gaurige da mieci~ (Qd 1067) (ruxaZe 1954: 15).
1802 wels daviT reqtori ruseTis imperatoris winaaRmdeg
SeTqmulebaSi monawileobos braldebiT daapatimres. dakiTxvis
oqmis mixedviT, SeTqmulebs ganzraxuli hqoniaT imperatorisaTvis qarTvelTa mefis arCevis ufleba eTxovaT (ruxaZe 1954:
17). ar aris sabolood garkveuli, marTla miiRo Tu ara daviTma
am SeTqmulebaSi monawileoba, magram, Cans, kavSiri hqonda SeTqmulebasTan. erT-erTi cnobiT, daviTs xeli hqonia mowerili
werilze, romliTac SeTqmulebs, rogor trifon ruxaZe aRniSnavs, `wesrigisaken mouwodebdnen~ (ruxaZe 1954: 19). daviTi
daviT batoniSvilis TxovniT gauTavisuflebiaT.
ramdenadac daviT reqtori icnobda SeTqmulebis xasiaTs,
radgan SeTqmulebi endnen daviTs da Canafiqri gaacnes, es aSkarad warmogviCens mis pirovnebas, _ daviTi TanaugrZnobda qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas... magram, SesaZloa, ararealurad
miaCnda SeTqmulTa Canafiqris aRsruleba da eSinoda, rom es
ubedurebas moutanda maT. daviT reqtori ganmanaTleblobiT
cdilobs qarTuli sulis gadarCenas, yovelnairad iRvwis, rom
qarvelTa Soris maRal doneze ganaviTaros mecniereba. mTeli
yuradReba ganmanaTlobloze aqvs gadatanili. ganaTlebul ers
ruseTic da yvela saxelmwifoc, cxadia, met angariSs gauwevda
da ufro didi pativiT moeqceoda, vidre iseTs, romelsac
aRarc ena exsomeboda Tavisi, sakuTari istoria daviwyebuli eqneboda, aRarc ecodineboda, rom erT dros Zlieri saxelmwifo
hqonda da Zlieri mefeebi hyavda... gaioz reqtori saxotbo leqsebs werda mefeebsa da ufliswulebze, erovnuli Tavmoyvareobis grZnobas uRviZebda qarTvelT da Zlieri mefisa da saxelmwifos ideas miviwyebis saSualebas ar aZlevda.
Tbilisisa da Telavis garda, `mniSvnelovan punqts warmoadgenda q. gori. [...] `gori iyo ara mxolod savaWro gzaTa Tavsayari da Zalze gamagrebuli samxedro-TavdacviTi citadeli,
aramed kulturul-SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis mZlavri kera~
(menabde 1961: 255). gorTan aris dakavSirebuli saistorio xasiaTis naSromis avtori, mTargmneli, poeti... farsadan gorgijaniZe, `arsebiTad goris kulturul-literaturul tradiciebze aRizarda mwignobar TumaniSvilTa mTeli Taoba~: poeti _
dimitri TumaniSvili, poeti da mecenati dimitri, misi Zma _
daviTi, _ poeti da kaligrafi, istorikosi, poeti, mTargmneli,
polemisti _ avTandil TumaniSvili (menabde 1961: 257-258),
feSangi xiTariSvili, papisturi literaturis warmomadgenli
daviT tulukaSvili (menabde 1961: 256).
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aq mokled unda iTqvas dramatuli mwerlobis Sesaxebac. qarTuli Teatris erTgvar Canasaxebs berikaobasa da yeenobaSi,
xalxur TamaSebSi xedaven xolme. Tumc, qarTuli dramaturgiis
dawyeba XVIII saukunis bolodan iwyeba. am xanebSi ruseTidan
dabrunebul vinme gabriel maiorad wodebul pirovnebas Zveli
aRTqmis suraTebi warmoudgenia.
ruseTSi erekle II-is mier ganaTlebis misaRebad gagzavnil
da iqidan samSobloSi dabrunebul axalgazrdaTa erT jgufs
(daviT batoniSvili, erasti TurqestaniSvili, giorgi avaliSvili, ioane orbeliani), romelic ruseTSi momuSave reJisoris
_ silovan zandukelis xelmZRvenelobiT gascnobia Teatralur xelovnebas, ganuzraxavs piesebis dadgma. 1878 wels Tbiliss venis dramatuli dasis antrepreniori grafi kohari da
amave dasis msaxiobi reineksi ewvivnen. qarTulenovani dramaturgia pirvel xanebSi ZiriTadad Targmanebisagan Sedgeboda,
giorgi avaliSvils uTargmnia a. sumarokovis komediebi. amave
giorgi avaliSvilma dawera originaluri komedia _ `Zviri da
uxvi~. qarTulad uTargmniaT kornelis, rasinis, volteris nawarmoebebi. daviT ColoyaSvilma Targmna lomonosovis oda _
`RmerTi~, galeqsa _ `iobis wigni~. sxva mraval dramatul nawarmoebzec SeiZleba saubari.
giorgi avaliSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT erekles karze daarsda Teatri, maCablis xelmZRvanelobiT moqmedebda dasi, romlis bevri msaxiobi 1795 wels aRa mahmad xanTan brZolaSi daiRupa...
am periodis qarTuli dramaturgia ruseTisaken, anda ruseTis saSulebiT, evropisken iltvis. qarTuli mwerlobis orientaciaSi qarTulma dramaturgiamac Seasrula Tavisi roli...
qarTuli kulturis ganviTareba, cxadia, am periodSi sagamomcemlo saqmis dawinaurebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda da
qarTveli moRvaweebi arc am saqmes CamorCenilan. sagamomcemlo
muSaobis dasawyisi XVII saukunesTan aris dakavSirebuli.
XVII s-Si vatikanSi daarsda kongregacia, romelic miznad
isaxavda kaTolike misionerTaTvis eswavlebina enebi im xalxebisa, romlebisTvisac misionerebs qadageba evalebodaT. kaTolikeebs am enaTa saxelmZRvaneloebi sWirdebodaT.
am perodSi araerTi qarTveli moRvawe amyarebda imedebs romis
papze, saerTod, kaTolikur samyaroze, _ imedovnebdnen, rom vatikani mahmadianebTan brZolaSi gauwevda qarTvelebs daxmarebas.
Teimuraz I-ma swored am imediT gagzavna romis papTan
nikifore irbaxi, gaatana werili, romelSic daxmarebas sTxovda
paps. nikifore irbaxma qarTuli ena Seaswavla stefane paolinis.
romma daxmareba ar aRmouCina qarTvelebs, magram Teimurazis mier elCis gagzavnas erTi sikeTe mohyva, _ stefane paolinim da nikofore irbaxma 1629 wels gamosces qarTuli wigni _
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qarTul-italiuri leqsikoni. qarTuli stambis daarsebaSi stefane paolinim miiRo monawileoba.
Teimuraz mefis werilma kidev erTi dadebiTi roli Seasrula
qarTuli wignis gamocemis saqmeSi, _ nikifore irbaxma Teimurazis
werilidan amokriba asoebi da am asoebis mixedviT Seqmnes pirveli
qarTuli Srifti, _ am faqts aqil venerio gadmogvcems, _ pirovneba, vinc stefane paolinisa da nikofore irbaxs pirveli qarTuli
wignis gamocema daavala (guguSvili 1929: 8-30).
Semdeg gamoica sxva wignebic: maria majios gramatika (1643 w.,
meored gamoica 1670 wels), kardinal berlaminos `saqristiano
moZRvreba simvoloebiT darigebuli~ (1681 w., _ qarTulad Targmna patrma bernardem, romelic rva welze met xans cxovrobda
saqarTveloSi, _ guguSvili 1929: 37).
1786 wels moskovSi Casulma arCil mefem Svedi mecnieris _
Sparnvfeldis daxmarebiT Sriftis amsterdamel ostats _ nikolas kiss mTavruli da nusxuri Sriftebis damzadeba SeukveTa
(SaraSiZe 1955: 79). am saqmeSi arCils amsterdamis mouravi, cnobili mecnieri _ nikola vitcenic exmareboda (SaraSiZe 1955:
79). radgan arCili saqarTveloSi mobrunda da radgan gasamrjelos gadaxda gaZnelda, ukve damzadebuli Sriftis saqarTveloSi an ruseTSi gagzavna veRar moxerxda (SaraSiZe 1955: 80).
1699 wels arCili isev moskovSi mibrunda. man 1703 wels
sagareo saqmeTa TanamSromels _ golovkins Seaxsena, rom 1686
wels petre pirvelisagan neba hqonda miRebuli, daebeWda qarTuli wignebi, saxazino stambaSi Camoasxes xucuri Srifti da
1705 wels dabeWdes `daviTni~ (guguSvili 1929: 37).
am wignSi Semdegs vkiTxulobT: `Cem mier, mefis arCilisa da
Zisa misisa aleqsandrisaÁ daibeWda wigni ese d-Tni samefosa
qalaqsa moskovs... aTas Svidas e wels~ (guguSvili 1929: 37). es
wigni moskovis sinodis stambaSi gamoica (SaraSiZe 1955: 80).
arCilma Tavis Zmiswuls _ vaxtangs xelnawerebis miwodeba
sTxova. vaxtangma, imxanad qarTlis gamgebelma, gaugzavna arCils bibliis teqstebi, magram arCilis vaJi SvedebTan tyved Cavarda, 1771 wels gardaicvala, ramac mZime sulieri dartyma miayena arCils da man muSaobis gagrZeleba veRar SeZlo (guguSvili 1955: 80). Tumc, bibliis gamosacemad arCilis mier gaweuli
Rvawli mainc didia, _ igi pirvelia, vinc bibliis gamosacemad
daiwyo mzadeba, qarTuli teqstebi slavurs Seudara, slavuridan iso ziraqis da makabelTa wignebi Targmna. arCilis naSromi
Semdeg baqarma da vaxuSti batoniSvilebma 1742 wlis bibliis
gamocemisas gamoiyenes (kekeliZe 1980 II: 574).
vaxtang VI-m tfilisSi qarTuli stambis mowyobaSi daxmareba
rumineTSi moRvawe qarTvels, rimnikis episkoposs _ anTimoz
iveriels sTxova. anTimozma Tavisi mowafe _ mixail iStvanovi-
79
Ci gamoagzavna. anCisxatisa da sionis taZrebs Soris moawyes
`stambis saxlebi~ (guguSvili 1929: 95).
anTimozs buqarestSi, rimnikSi, gamocemuli hqonda wignebi
ruminul, berZnul, slavur, arabul enebze. cxadia, ganuzomelia is Rvawli, rac wignebis dabeWdvis saqmeSi anTimoz iverielma gawia (am sakiTxebze ix. _ SaniZe 1935: 156-177; SaraSiZe 1955: 382...).
mixail ungrovlaxeli, romelic mixail iStvanoviCis saxeliT iyo cnobili, saqarTveloSi 1708-1711 wlebSi moRvaweobda,
rogorc es qristine SaraSiZes miaCnia (SaraSiZe 1955: 99). misi
uSualo monawileobiT daibeWda saxareba, daviTni, samociqulo,
kondaki anu liturgiis wesi (SaraSiZe 1955: 98, _ mixail ungrovlaxelis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. _ SaniZe 1935: 96-100).
saxareba 1709 wels gamoica. es iyo vaxtangis stambaSi dabeWdili
pirveli wigni. vaxtangis mier gagzavnili saxareba anTimoz iverielma oqros ydaSi Casva da vlaxeTis mmarTvel _ konstantin brakovianos uboZa (leoniZe 1951; narkvevebi 1973: 500; mwerloba 1984).
saxarebis gamocemiT vaxtangma ganagrZo is tradicia, romelsac arCil bagrationma Cauyara safuZveli, _ isic, upirvelesad, wmida wignebis gamocemas miiCnevda saWirod. arCilma TiTqos gansazRvra, umTavresad risTvis unda ezrunaT imaT, visac
wignebiT xalxis momarageba evaleboda, _ cxadia, maTi saqmianoba mravalmxrivi iqneboda, xalxi farTod gauxsnoda kars msoflio kulturas, magram fsalmunebis dabeWdviT xazi gaesva imas,
rom xalxisaTvis upirvelesad sulis amamaRlebeli wignebis
beWdvas miiCnevda qarTvelTa mefe saWirod. amasTan, sasuliero
wignebis beWdvaSi ufro gauwevdnen qarTvelT daxmarebas...
bagrationebi daviT winaswarmetyvelis STamomavlebad miiCneven Tavs, _ albaT, Sinaganad isic aniWebda arCil mefes sixaruls, rom aseTi winapris wigns beWdavda...
fsalmunebs aucileblad saxareba da sxva wignebis gamocema
unda mohyoloda da vaxtang meeqvsem swored es gaakeTa. 17091712 wlebSi TerTmeti sasuliero, ori saswavlo wigni dabeWdes,
gamosces `vefxistyaosani~.
saxarebis 1709 wlis gamocema didtiraJiani iyo (SaraSiZe 1955 130).
miCneulia, rom vaxtangis mier gamocemuli pirveli daviTni
_ es aris Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis _
daviTni _ NF 146 (SaraSiZe 1955: 131).
vaxtangis stambaSi daviTni kidev samjer gamoica (1711 wels
_ mxedruli SriftiT, 1712 wels _ nusxuriT, 1716 wels _ isev
nusxuriT (SaraSiZe 1955: 131).
1709 wels daibeWda `samociqulo~ (SaraSiZe 1955 132). redaqtori iyo nikoloz orbeliani. qarTuli teqsti berZnulis mixedviT CausworebiaT, mas axlavs saZiebeli, teqstis boloSi
aris `yvavil-foTlovani bolokazmuloba~ (SaraSiZe 1955: 133),
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romlis qvemoT dabeWdilia `gansrulda~ (SaraSiZe 1955: 133), am
sityvis dabla ki vkiTxulobT: `samebasa erTarsebasa RmerTsa
mxolosa didebaÁ, amin!~ Semdeg mestambe _ mixail ungrovlaxelia moxseniebuli: `daibeWda qalaqsa tfiliss ÃeliTa mestambe
mixail stefaiSvilisa ungrovlaxelisa~ (SaraSiZe 1955: 133).
zemoxsenebuli kondaki 1719 welis gamosces. masSi sxvadasxvagvari Sriftia gamoyenebuli. es aris filoTeosis redaqciis liturgia. gamomcemlebs aRniSnuli aqvT, rom am liturgiaSi mxolod berZnuli wesebi ki ara, _ qarTulic aris Setanili: `ese locvani ara aqvT berZenTa da rusTa, aramed saqarTvelosa Sina Tqmuli ars da amisTvis arc dauteveT~ (SaraSiZe 1955:
137). korneli kekeliZis dakvirvebiT, es locvebi berZnuli warmoSobisaa (kekeliZe 1908; SaraSiZe 1955: 137), magram, rogorc
qristine SaraSiZe savsebiT marTebulad aRniSnavs, _ `CvenTvis
aq sainteresoa is faqti, rom 1710 w. kondakis beWdvis dros xsenebuli locvebi qarTulad yofila miCneuli da swored amis
gamo datovebuli filoTeosis kondakSiac. aq erTxel kidev
mJRavndeba vaxtangisa da mis TanamoRvawerTa gansakuTrebuli
gabeduleoba qarTuli tradiciiT damkvidrebuli wesebis dacvis saqmeSi~ (SaraSiZe 1955 137, _ SeniSvna 3).
1710-11 w.w.-Si vaxtang mefis stambaSi ramdenjerme daibeWda
Jamni, saswavlo wigni. am wignis avtori _ germane mRvdelmonazoni
mowafeebs esaubreba RmerTis sampiropvnulobaze, sxva religiebze,
igi wers: `nurc uriaT Zvels sibrmes ismenT da nurc sarkinozT
zRaprobas~ (SaraSiZe 1955: 140). rogorc specialur literaturaSia
aRniSnuli, `uriaT Zveli sibrmis~ saxiT unda igulisxmebodes ebrauli sarwmunoebis is elementebi, romlebic mahmadis moZRvrebaSi
gadavida~ (SaraSiZe 1955: 140). es wigni martivi, advilad gasagebi
eniT aris dawerili, _ `vaxtangisdroindel pedagogiur praqtikaSi
Znelad gasagebi `wignieri~ enis adgils iWers sasaubro, cocxali
xalxuri (`sofluri~) metyveleba~ (SaraSiZe 1955: 141). germane Tavis
anderZSi brZanebs: `eseca ar ugulebels yo yrmaTaTvisca didad
moRvawem da swavla Sematebis gulsmodginem, sulierad da Ãorcielad gamgeobis trfialman batonisSvilma vaxtang da daabeWdvina
rogorc `mamulis rjulis ganmaZlierebels~, _ wers, rom vaxtangma
`aRavso da gananaTla qveyana Cveni wignebiTa, romeli daklebiyo JamTa viTarebisagan mdevarTagan qristes rjulisaTa~ (SaraSiZe 1955: 141).
vaxtangis stambaSi 1713 wels daibeWda liturgikuli wigni
`kurTxevani~, 1719-20 ww-Si _ `kurTxeva eklesiisa~. `kurTxevani~ vaxtangisa da misi Zmis, qarTlis gamgeblis _ svimonis brZanebiT uTargmnia kvipriane samTavnel-eposkoposs (SaraSiZe 1955:
158). `kurTxevani eklesiisa~ aris mefis `safaseTa wargebis~ gareSe gamocemuli wigni, misi redaqtoria vaxtangis Zma _ domenti
kaTolikosi (SaraSiZe 1955: 161).
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1720 wels vaxtangis stambaSi gamovida `paraklitoni~. es sagalobelTa krebulia (SaraSiZe 1955: 161). 1721 wels daibeWda
samecniero wigni _ `qmnulebis codnis wigni~, _ astronomiulkosmografiuli Sinaarsis nawarmoebi (SaraSiZe 1955: 163). 1722
wels mxedruli SriftiT gamovida `Jamni~ (SaraSiZe 1955: 165).
roca qarTvelebs osmalebi Semoesivnen da vaxtangi ruseTSi
gadasaxlda, stamba amis Semdeg didi xnis ganmavlobaSi aRar muSaobda. rogorc paata guguSvilma miiCnia, stambis muSaoba 1751
wels an erTi wliT adre ganaxlebula (guguSvili 1929: 62).
ruseTSi qarTuli wignebis gamocemis saqmeSi didi Rvawli gawia ioseb samebelma. igi gaemgzavra ruseTisaken, raTa osmalTa
mier dangreuli eklesiebis asaSenebeli Sewirulobebi Seegrovebina. iosebi lekebma tyved Caigdes. igi peterburgis wmida
jvris cixis komendantma gaaTavisufla da 1732 wels moskovSi
Cavida. iosebi imperatrica annas brZanebiT novgorods aerqiepiskoposis moadgiled dainiSna (guguSvili 1929: 78). 1737 wels
man iTxova nebarTva, rom moskovSi gadasuliyo da wignebi ebeWda. 1738 wels iosebma gamosca zatiki (guguSvili 1929: 78).
ioseb samebels, cxadia, Sewevna sWirdeboda da male vaxtangis Ze
_ baqari amoudga mxarSi. 1739 wels daibeWda saxareba `brZanebiTa
mefis baqaris vaxtangis ZisaTa~. es wigni vaxtangis mier gamocemuli
1709 wlis saxarebis mixedviT gamosces (guguSvili 1929: 78).
baqar batoniSvilma 1737 wlis 30 seqtembers uwmides sinods
samecniero akademiis stambaSi wignebis beWdvis neba sTxova. beWdvis neba misces, oRond mosTxoves, rom qarTuli wignebi slavianurTan yofiliyo Sejerebuli. ioseb samebels am saqmianobaSi
monawileoba veRar mouxerxda, _ igi moskovis znamenas monasterSi arqimandritad gadaiyvanes, _ baqarma Tavis Zmas _ vaxuSti batoniSvils sTxova, rom gadaemowmebina arCilis gamocemebi.
vaxuSti batoniSvilis udides Rvawlze, rac man qarTul mecnierebas gauwia, amjerad zedmetad migvaCnia saubari. es sayovelTaod cnobilia. baqariseuli bibliis redaqtori vaxuSti
batoniSvili gaxldaT. man daurTo am wigns bolosityvaoba.
ioseb samebelis stamba sofel vsesviatskoeSi gadaitanes. zemoxsenebuli biblia baqar batoniSvilma swored aq gamosca sakuTari
xarjebiT 1742-43 ww-Si (guguSvili 1929: 21). 1744 wels dabeWdes ioane damaskelis `miuwdomelobisaTvis RvTisa~ (guguSvili 1929: 83).
baqari da ioseb samebeli 1759 wels gardaicvalnen. stamba 1755
wels peterburgis samecniero akademiaSi gadaitanes (guguSvili
1929: 83).
amis Semdeg qarTuli sagamomcemlo moRvaweoba ruseTSi
droebiT Sewyda.
1761 wels tfilelma mitropolitma aTanase amilaxvarma Tavisi xarjiT axali stamba daaarsa (guguSvili 1929: 83). 1766 wels
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dabeWdes saxareba, Semdeg _ daviTni, samociqulo, locvani,
Jamni. stambaSi wignebi cicianovis `meorneobiT~ ibeWdeboda
(guguSvili 1929: 83-84).
peterburgSi gadatanil stambaSi 1762 wels daibeWda qarTuli furceli, _ gamoqveynda misalmeba Teimuraz II-isadmi, romelmac am wels peterburgis samecniero akademia moinaxula
(guguSvili 1929: 85).
1786 wels peterburgSi episkoposma grigol xarWaSnelma gaxsna qarTuli stamba, 1787 wels saxareba dabeWda.
sxvadasxva dros ruseTSi sagamomcemlo saqmianobas xelmZRvanelobdnen: gaioz reqtori, mari brose, d. CubinaSvili; XIX sis dasawyisSi moskovSi qarTuli stamba gaxsna saqarTvelos yofilma egzarxosma varlaamma (guguSvili 1929: 87).
arsebobs monacemebi, rom vladimirSi qarTuli stamba dauarsebia devnil anton I-s, mas iq 1769 wels daubeWdavs iavorskis `klde sarwmunoebisa~, romelic rusulidan vaxuSti batoniSvilma Targmna (guguSvili 1929: 86).
moskovSi qarTuli saeklesio wignebis gamocema mas Semdeg
Senelda, rac tfilisSi wignebis gamocemas xeli eqvTime xelaZem
mokida (guguSvili 1929: 86).
rogorc vxedavT, ruseTSi sagamomcemlo saqmianobas bagrationebma Cauyares safuZveli (italiaSic qarTveli mefis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuili qarTuli sagamomcemlo saqmis dawyeba,
_ qarTulma xelisuflebam, cxadia, icoda, rom kaTolike
misionerebTan nikifore irbaxis urTierToba qarTuli wignis
gamocemis saqmes didad waadgeboda). qarTuli Sriftis SemuSavebaSi didi Rvawli aqvs gaweuli Teimuraz batoniSvils...
saqarTveloSi, rogorc miCneulia, vaxtang meeqvsis mier
daarsebulma stambam 1751 wels ganaaxla muSaoba (guguSvili
1929: 65), _ gamosces `saRmrTo msaxureba~. am wignSi aRniSnulia,
rom igi daibeWda `brZanebiTa qarTlis mefis TeimurazisaTa da
Zisa maTisa kaxT mefisa iraklisaTa, kurTxeviTa sruliad
saqarTvelos patriarqisa antonisaTa~ (guguSvili 1929: 65). es
wigni mefe erekles `safaseTa warsagebeliT~ daibeWda.
1764 wels mefe ereklem da anton kaTalikosma gamosces
`kurTxevani~ (guguSvili 1929: 65). rogorc paata guguSvili aRniSnavs, am dros `erekles mier stamba meored ganaxlebula (guguSvili 1929: 65). `Seudgnen saeklesio wignebis `gasworebasa~ da
`Sesworebas~ da `Rramatikis kanonTa zeda gamarTvas~ (guguSvili 1929: 65). wignebs beWdavdnen `brZanebiTa mefisa da kurTxeviTa kaTalikozisa~ (guguSvili 1929: 65). SemdgomSi SemoiRes `mestambeTa uxucesis~, `beWdvis zedamdgomelis~, stambis saxmarTa
zeda gamrjelis~ Tanamdebobebi, iyvnen agreTve saredaqcio saq-
83
mis muSakebi, mTargmnelebi, teqstis gamsworeblebi da sxvebi
(guguSvili 1929: 67-68).
radgan vaxtang mefis mier daarsebuli stamba ukve moZvelebuli iyo, erekle mefem erTi berZeni, saxelad melitoni, saberZneTSi gaagzavna. man iq stambis xelosnebi monaxa da 1781-82
wlebSi TbilisSi daaarsa axali stamba (guguSvili 1929: 68).
saberZneTidan Camosuli ostati stambis daarsebis Sesaxeb wers:
`me Tuca pirvelad ara Tavs videv, rameTu datevebaÁ mSobelTa
saxlisa da saxleulisa da ufroÁsRa beWdisa Cuenisa [...], garna
RonisZieba yves da moiZies Suamdgomlobad naTesavisa Cuenisa
haosianTa patriarxi yovlad Rirsi zaqaria, romlisaca brZanebiTa da iZulebisa Tvisca y∼d Rirsisa arxim. antonionisa da
berZnisa melitonisa, viTarmed Tavs videv warmosvlaÁ [...], aw
ukue me Tanamdebobisaebr Cemisa viRuawe da Tquenisa mimarT
nebisa iyavn... tiracu poRos ohanisian haosoan konstantinepoleli~ (guguSvili 1929: 69-70). 1783 wels dabeWdes `qartiaÁ piri~, `Sesxma axlisa wignTsabeWdavisa~ (guguSvili 1929: 70), 1783
wels _ `saRmrTo msaxureba~.
SemdgomSi mefe ereklem stamba qristefore keJeraSvils gadasca. mefes stambis qaRaldiT momarageba evaleboda, keJeraSvils samefo xazinaSi mogebis naxevari unda Seetana (guguSvili 1929: 71).
1784 wels stambis mflobelma Tavisi xarjiT `samRTo locvani~ gamosca (guguSvili 1929: 72), gamosula Semdegi wignebi:
`daujdomeli~ (400 cali), kitais sibrZne (400), locuani (1000),
saxareba (800), samociqulo (1000), Jamni (1000), saxareba (800),
marxvani (1000) (guguSvili 1929: 72).
1795 wels aRa mahmad xanma TbilisSi laSqrobisas es stamba dawva.
SemdgomSi winaswar damarxuli sastambo iaraRebi moiZies,
giorgi XII-m scada stambis ganaxleba, magram politikurma viTarebam xeli ar Seuwyo (guguSvili 1929: 74).
TbilisSi stambis muSaoba isev qristefore keJeraSvilma
ganagrZo. 1800 wels man gamoaqveyna daviT batoniSvilis `narkuevi~ da `daujdomeli wmidisa RvTis mSoblisa~ (guguSvili 1929: 98).
garda Tbilisisa, wignebis beWdvisaTvis quTaisSic iRvwodnen da aq iniciatorad mefe solomon II mogvevlina. rogorc
paata guguSvili miiCnevs, quTaisSi pirveli wigni 1803 wels daibeWda (guguSvili 1929: 93). solomonma stambis zedamxedveloba
saxluTuxuces zurab wereTels miando (guguSvili 1929: 94).
moskovidan CamouyvaniaT mestambe romanoz zubaSvili, quTaisSi
man moawyo stamba.
pirveli wigni iyo saxareba, romelic, rogorc am gamocemazea
miwerili, daibeWda `sadideblad yovlad wmindisa Tanaarsisa cxovelmyofelisa samebisa... drosa y∼d ubrwyinvalesisa ukeTilmsaxuresisa da umaRlesisa solomion meorisa~ (guguSvili 1929: 94).
84
1803 wels dabeWdes `kurTxevani~.
1807 wels quTaisSi gamovida fsalmunebi _ `stambis uxucesobiTa zurab wereTlisaTa; xeliT mestambe razmaZe romanoz
zubaSvilisaTa~ (guguSvili 192995), `gamge da zedamxedveli
stambisa~ yofila arqimandriti zaqaria (guguSvili 1929: 95).
SemdgomSi es stamba sofel wesSi gadaitanes.
XVI-XVIII ss-is saganmanaTleblo kerebis saqmianoba sakmaod
gamococxlda, safuZveli Caeyara wignis beWdvas da sakmaod ganviTarda es saqme.
tradiciuli qristianuli da erovnuli kulturis SenarCunebisaTvis zrunva, aRmosavluri Tematikidan dasavluri kulturisaken swrafvis tendencia, rusul da dasavlur kulturul
samyaroebTan sul ufro da ufro meti daaxloeba... _ es aris
saerTo suraTi, romelic xsenebuli periodis saganmanaTleblo
kerebis moRvaweobasa da sagamomcemlo saqmianobaze dakvirvebis Sedegad iqmneba.
damowmebani:
baramiZe 1966: baramiZe r. arCili, wignSi _ qarTuli literaturis
istoria. II, Tb.: 1966.
guguSvili 1929: guguSvili p. qarTuli wigni. Tb.: 1929.
darCia 1972: darCia m. agioz reqtori. Tb.: 1972.
iveria 1881: Jurn. `iveria~, № 8, 1881.
kekeliZe 1980 I: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. I, Tb.: 1980.
kekeliZe 1980 II: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. II, Tb.: 1980.
kekeliZe 1908: Кекелидзе К Литургичекие грузинские памятники. Тифлис: 1908.
leoniZe 1951: leoniZe g. qarTuli erovnuli stambis istoriidan. `droSa~, №2.1951,
menabde 1961: menabde l. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi. wigni I, nakv. I, Tb.: 1961.
menabde 1962: menabde l. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi. wigni I, nakv. II, Tb.: 1962.
menabde 1980: menabde l. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi. II, Tb.: 1980.
mwerloba 1984: qarTuli mwerloba. leqsikoni-cnobari. I, Tb.: 1984.
narkvevebi 1973: saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. IV, Tb.: 1973.
rogava 1950: rogava a. saxalxo ganaTleba erekle meoris xanis qarTlkaxeTSi da anton pirveli. Tb.: 1950.
prokopoviCi 1973: Прокопович. Ф. Духовный регламент. Москва: 1731.
ruxaZe 1954: ruxaZe tr. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan. Tb.: 1954.
SaraSiZe 1955: SaraSiZe q. pirveli stamba saqarTveloSi. Tb.: 1955.
SaniZe 1935: SaniZe a. qarTuli stambis istoriisaTvis. Tb.: 1935.
SaraZe 1972: SaraZe g. Teimuraz bagrationi. I (cxovreba). Tb.: 1972.
SaraZe 1974 a: SaraZe g. Teimuraz bagrationi. II (Semoqmedeba). Tb.: 1974.
85
goCa kuWuxiZe
XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobis
analizi
XVI-XVIII-ss-is qarTul sasuliero mwerlobaSi kulturul-saganmanaTleblo moZraobis gamococxleba SeiniSneba. gaixsna Tbilisis, Telavis sasuliero seminariebi, daiwyo sagamomcemlo
saqmianoba...
korneli kekeliZis aRniSvniT, am periodSi `gafarTovda wre
literaturul moRvaweTa, am wreSi moeqcnen axla samefo ojaxisa
da gvareulobis wevrebic, [...] gaCaRda axali centrebi literaturuli muSaobisa saqarTvelos gareSec, gansakuTrebiT ruseTSi,
sadac, meCvidmete saukunidan moyolebuli, istoriuli Carxis
triali SeuCerebliv mierekeba cxovelmyofel kulturul Zalebs,
romelnic intensiurad momuSave da produqciulad nayofier
Zalebs qmnian iq~. viTardeba mecnierebis dargebi: medicina, lingvistika, astronomia, geografia, istoria, filosofia (ZiriTadad, _ volterianoba ikafavs gzas...), iurisprudencia... isaxeba
Teatri, `anton kaTolikosis `mzametyvelebaSi~ ukanasknelad ielva didi xnis miZinebulma qarTulma Teologiurma azrovnebam~
(kekeliZe 1980 II: 315).
korneli kekeliZis aRniSvniT, _ es aris periodi, roca `saero
kultura ebrZvis sasulieros. sasuliero sferoSi ibrZvian mahmadianoba da qristianoba, qristianobaSi _ kaTolikoba da marTlmadidebloba. saero sferoSi ebrZvis rusul-evropuli kultura
aRmosavlurs, vaWrul-xelosnuri _ agraruls. brZola kulturul-ideologiur sferoSi, romelic, sabolood angariSiT, socialur-ekonomiur niadagzea aRmocenebuli, gamoZaxils poulobs
amdroindel mwerlobaSi~ (kekeliZe II 1980: 315)...
korneli kekeliZe saubrobs erovnuli motivis gaZlierebaze,
mwerlobis saerTo Tematikis gafarToebaze (socialuri problemebis Sesaxeb kiTxvebis dasma, Janrebis gafarToeba, `realisturi,
Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, pirobiT, stili~ (kekeliZe 1980 II: 317), anu
`marTlis Tqmis~ principi, riTac `sparsul naWor ambebs~ upirispirdebian; Cndeba romantizmis elementebi (kekeliZe 1980 II: 317),
saistorio eposi, mogzaurobis, `gabaasebis~ Janri, igavebi, `majamebi~, anu krebuli xotbebisa, `romelTa sagania siyvaruli, silamaze
da Rvino~ (Teimuraz I, arCili, vaxtang VI da sxv). SeiniSneba tendencia _ literaturaSi leqss mieniWos upiratesoba (kekeliZe 1980 II:
319), gzas ikafavs soflis mdurvis Tematika, pesimizmi, fideizmi,
didaqtizmi, erotizmi...
am periodSi prozauli stilis demokratizacia xdeba, _ `saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi Camosxmul-Camoyalibebuli literaturu-
86
li ena, sqolastikur-mwignobrul normebze agebuli, romlebic
ase Seefereboda maRali feodaluri klasis gemovnebas, sulxansaba orbelianis prozaSi (`sibrZne-sicruisa~) SesamCnev cvlilebas
ganicdis misi gamartivebis, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, _ gaxalxurebis gziT. rac Seexebs leqsTwyobas, is giganturi nabijiT midis
win ganviTarebis gzaze~. meCvidmete saukunis meore naxevridan
literaturaSi Semodis xalxuri simRerebis kilo (kekeliZe 1980 II:
319), cxadia, zemoTqmuli gansakuTrebiT daviT guramiSvils exeba.
korneli kekeliZe, rogorc vnaxeT, wers, rom am periodSi `saero kultura ebrZvis sasulieros. sasuliero sferoSi ibrZvian
mahmadianoba da qristianoba, qristianobaSi _ kaTolikoba da
marTlmadidebloba~.
xsenebul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT davZenT: Tu am mimarTebiT
sulxan-saba orbelianis an anton pirvelis Semoqmedebaze visaubrebT, unda iTqvas, rom isini im rangis moRvaweebi arian, romelTac
Rrma ganswavlulobisa da azrovnebis unaris wyalobiT Tavisuflad SeuZliaT urTierToba kaTolikur samyarosTan, rac, umetes
SemTxvevaSi, politikuri mosazrebebiT aris ganpirobebuli, magram kaTolicizmis orTodoqsalur CarCoebSi ar iketebian da arc
aRmosavluri eklesiis doqtrinas ewinaaRmdegebian.
amgvar tendenciebs ar Rebulobs sasuliero moRvaweTa erTi
nawili da isini marTlac Zlier winaaRmdegobas uweven aseT tendenciebs (ZiriTadad, _ zaqaria gabaSvilis momxreebi)...
zemoT mwerlobaSi `marTlis Tqmis~ principis Semosvla vaxseneT. vfiqrobT, am pricnipis Semosvlas garkveulwilad saeklesio mwerlobis gavlenac unda ganapirobebdes. eklesiis araerTi
warmomadgeneli, saeklesio mwerloba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnul periodSi, sakmaod uaryofiTad uyureben `tyuilis~ momTxrobel mwerlebsa da poetebs, `mezRapreebad~ miiCneven am sityvis
uaryofiTi gagebiT. savsebiT marTalia prof. revaz TvaraZe, roca
araerT naSromSi yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom Teimuraz
pirvelis msgavsi poetebi, `mezRapreebi~, sakuTari Semoqmedebis
mimarT sakmaod uaryofiTad arian ganwyobilni. Teimurazi Tavis
Semoqmedebas `laybobad~ miiCnevs (xelovnuroba, teqstze Zaladoba gvgonia, roca cdiloben, rom arabuli etimologiis meSveobiT
sxva mniSvnelobiT axsnan es sityva, _ mas iseTive mniSvneloba aqvs
imdroindel qarTulSi, _ rogoric dRevandelSi) da Tavs imarTlebs xolme, rom aseT saqmes mokida xeli. rogorc Cans, amgvari
damokidebuleba `mezRapreobis~ mimarT sakmaod gavrcelebulia.
zviad gamsaxurdiam Tavis cnobil gamokvlevaSi, romelic rusTvelisadmi anton kaTolikosis damokidebulebis sakiTxs miuZRvna,
savsebiT sworad aCvena, rom antoni didad afasebda rusTvels da
esmoda, bumberazi rom iyo igi. es marTlac asea. zviad gamsaxurdias gamokvlevis gacnobis Semdeg antonis sayovelTaod ganTqmu-
87
li sityvebi, rusTvelis misamarTiT Tqmuli, _ `amaod daSura,
sawux ars ese~, SesaZloa, imgvaradac iqnas gagebuli, TiTqos antoni ambobdes, rom rusTveli didi iyo, magram xalxma misi RvTaebrivi sibrZne ver gaigo, rom `amaod daSuromaSi~ es igulisxmeba.
magram amgvari ganmarteba ar iqneba swori, _ am SemTxvevaSic marTalia revaz TvaraZe, _ igi miiCnevda, rom antonma xsenebuli sityvebiT imdroindel Sexedulebas gauwia angariSi. antoni marTlac didad afasebda rusTvels, magram Tavis sityvebs _ `SoTa
brZen iyo, sityvis moyuare friad, / filosofosi, metyueli sparsTa enis; / Tu sam swadoda, _ RmTismetyeulica maRal; / ucxo sakÂrvel piitikos mestixe~, _ mainc miayola fraza _ `magram amaod
daSura, sawux ars ese~, radgan es aris periodi, roca eklesiaSi
TviT `mezRaprenic~ amao garjad da gasarTob `laybobad~ miiCneven
TavianT Semoqmedebas da marTlac bodiSoben kidev amis gamo.
zaza SaTiriSvili wers: `Cveni azriT, antonis es Sefaseba gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu gavixsenebT, vis Sromas amkobs is analogiuri
epiTetiT: `ioseb Tumca daSura amaoTaTÂs, / viTarmed ese ara
Tana-edva mas~ (antoni 1980: 257); zaza SaTiriSvili eyrdnoba ivane
lolaSilis dakvirvebas, romlis Tanaxmad, antons ar moswonda
ioseb Tbilelis is Rvawli, romelic man saero-samxatvro da saistorio mwerlobis ganviTarebaSi gaswia (igulisxmeba: vefxistyaosnis gadawera, misi gagrZelebebis Seqmna, poema _ didmouraviani,
rac, antonis TqmiT, iosebis saqme ar iyo (mkvlevars miTiTebuli
aqvs _ antoni 1980: 257; am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb ix. SaTiriSvili 2002).
saero mwerlobis mimarT marTlac uaryofiTi damokidebuleba
aqvs araerT saeklesio moRvawes (zaqaria gabaSvili Tu Sinaganad
darwmunebuli Cans Tavis simarTleSi, antonze ase gadaWriT gviWirs imaves Tqma, Tumc, aSkaraa, rom saero mwerlobis mimarT amgvar damokidebulebas warmoaCens isic).
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, gavimeorebT zemoTqmuls, _ migvaCnia, rom `marTlis Tqmis~ principis warmoSobis
xelSemwyobi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, _ erT-erTi xelSemwyobi mizezi,
saeklesio mwerlobis normebisadmi angariSgawevaa. miCneulia, rom
saeklesio mwerloba tyuils, gamogonils ar yveba. TviT `sibrZne
balahvarisac~, romelic budas cxovrebis gadaqristianebuli
Txrobaa, yovel SemTxvevaSi, umetesobam realur qristianul ambavad miiCnia da umravlesobisaTvis (sruliad cxadia, _ ara yvelasaTvis) igi gamogonilad ar yofila aRqmuli.
ar aris sadme dadasturebuli, rom sulxan-saba orbeliani vinmes `sibrZne sicruisas~ gamo daedanaSaulebinos (`samoTxis kari~
iyo dadanaSaulebis sagani, romelsac `jojoxeTis karic~ uwodes).
jer erTi, igavi Tavad saxarebaSia gamoyenebuli da, meorec, sulxan-sabam es Txzuleba berad Sedgomamde dawera... magram, ra Sinaarsic ar unda iyos Cadebuli saTaurSi, mainc sityva `sicrues~,
88
albaT, bevri ar mouwonebda da, iqneb, avtorma imitomac uwoda es
saxeli Txzulebas, rom e. w. `mezRapreobis~ mimarT Tavisi loialuri damokidebuleba gamoexata. vfiqrobT, am varaudis daSveba
SesaZlebelia. sulxan-sabas gakaTolikeba braldeboda. dReisaTvis arsebuli monacemebiT, ukve eWvqveS aris dayenebuli misi kaTolikoba. ras niSnavs gakaTolikeba? naTlisRebis miReba oficialurad ar iyo saWiro da romis papis qveSevrdomoba rom eRiarebinos,
an mrwamsSi aRmosavluri eklesiis swavlebas Zireulad dapirispirebodes, es mkafiod, gamokveTilad arsad dasturdeba. da, Tu
mainc moxda msgavsi ram, esec, basilis ordenTan misi kavSiri da
evropaSi mogzauroba, ludoviko XIV-sa da romis papTan orgzis
Sexvedrac, marTlac upirvelesad politikuri mosazrebebiT, saerTod, misi gonegaxsnilobiT iyo gamowveuli. am sakiTxebze bolo
wlebSi mkvlevarma asmaT jiqiam gamoqveyna saintereso naSromebi...
kaTolikobis miRebaSi adanaSaulebdnen anton pirvelsac, magram,
zemoTac iTqva, rom, orive moRvawe Zalian didi moazrovne iyo, maT
SeeZloT Sesawynarebeli yvelafridan mieRoT da `jerkuali ganegdoT~, da, amasTan, orives politikuri mosazrebebi warmarTavda. politikuris garda, antons esmoda, rom qarTuli ganaTleba,
mecniereba evropulisagan gamocalkevebiT ver ganviTardeboda.
bolos antoni kaTolikobas Sordeba, seminariebs rusuli skolis Sesabamisad awyobs, magram Tavad rusuli skola ukve evropul
yaidazea awyobili da qarTulSic rusuli ganaTlebis Semotana
slavianurze metad sakuTriv aRmosavluri eklesiis swavlebis
gaZlierebasa da evropuli mecnierebis Semotanas uwyobs xels.
anton kaTolikosi oficialurad daSorda kaTolicizms, sulxan-sabac, Cans, bolos isev marTlmadideblobisaken moqceulad
aRiares, an aRar sdebdnen brals gakaTolikebaSi (revaz baramiZe
yuradRebas amaxvilebda im faqtze, rom saba moskovSi, svesviatskoes monasterSi dakrZales, rac imaze mianiSnebs, rom sulxansaba bolos kaToliked aRar yofila miCneuli). vfiqrobT, ar unda
davxatoT maincadamainc iseTi suraTi, TiTqos sulxan-saba iZulebuli gaxda, kompromisze wasuliyo, rom iZulebiT dauTmo kaTolicizmTan siaxlovis mowinaaRmdegeebs. ar aris SeuZlebeli, rom
araviTari kompromisi ar momxdara da, ubralod, _ igi udanaSaulod miiCnies... anton kaTolikosis Sesaxeb ki cnobilia, rom 1756
wlis 4 aprils man `gulwrfelad aRiara Tavisi danaSauli, uaryo
kaTolikoba da neba iTxova ruseTSi wasvlisa~ (kekeliZe 1980 I: 374).
aq erTi garemoebac aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT, _ ar
iqneba swori, Tu sulxan-sabasa da antonis mowinaaRmdegeebs, magaliTad, piradad zaqaria gabaSvils, ukidures reaqcionerebad da
progresis mowinaaRmdegeebad SevracxavT, _ ara, isini xedavdnen,
rom am rTul periodSi arsebobda saSiSroeba, kaTolicizmTan siaxloviT qarTveli eris TavisTavadobas, mis kulturas safrTxe
89
Seqmnoda, Cans, bolos kaTolicizmTan siaxlovis momxreebisaTvisac gasaziarebeli gamxdara es azri da gaimarjva skolam, romelSic safuZveli marTlmadidebloba unda yofiliyo, xolo mecnierebis dargebs Tavisuflad miscemoda ganviTarebis saSualeba.
sainteresoa, rom qarTuli eklesia, miuxedavad imisa, rom, Semdgom da Semdgom rusul mmarTvelobas ufro da ufro emorCileba,
rusuli eklesiisaTvis angariSgasawevi Zalac xdeba da rusi moRvaweni siyvaruliT weren qarTuli eklesiis Sesaxeb... iveriis RvTismSoblis xati ruseTis erT-erT udides mfarvelad aris miCneuli
da wmida ninos saxe gulwrfel siyvaruls imkvidrebs araerTi rusi sasuliero moRvawis gulSi...
qarTuli eklesiisa da sasuliero mwerlobis safuZvlad tradiciuli marTlmadidebluri swavleba rCeba. sulxan-sabam daviT
garejis monasterSi yofnis wlebSi (1678-1710) Seqmna: `swavlani
Tqmulni sulxan-saba orbeliani mier~, `saqristiano moZRvreba,
pirvel saswavli yrmaTaTvis, romelsa ewodebis samoTxis kari~.
`swavlani~ aris sabas qadagebebis krebuli. yoveli qadageba
konkretuli saeklesio dResaswaulisaTvisaa gankuTvnili, masSi
46 homiliaa. gulwrfeli grZnobiT warmoTqmuli sityvebi, marTla
maRalsulieri qristianuli zneoba, patriotizmi... _ yovelive es
gamoarCevs sulxan-sabas qadagebebs. korneli kekeliZis aRniSvniT,
`saba, Zvel winaswarmetyvelTa msgavsad, cecxliviT mwvave sityviT, amxels qarTvelebis politikur, socialur da moralur sens,
romelic gamowveuli iyo qveynis aSlilobiT. is daundoblad amaTraxebs sazogadoebis maRal fenas, feodalur klass, romelic
tyavs aZrobs glexobas, romelnic gulqvaobas iCenen Raribebisadmi, samRvdeloebas, romelic imis magivrad, rom xelmZRvaneloba
gauwios samwysos, Tavis keTildReobaze fiqrobs. [...] saba mgznebare patriotia, romelsac guli Sestkiva dacemul-dakninebuli da
mtrebisagan gaTelili samSoblosaTvis. is mouwodebs msmenelebs
_ mtkiced idgnen mamapapeul rjulze~ (kekeliZe 1980 I: 557-558).
`saba Tavis qadagebebSi Cans rogorc gamoCenili, sworupovari
oratori, romelic, msmenelebze zedmeti gavlenis mizniT, Warbad
iyenebs mxatvruli sityvis mdidar aqsesuars. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa misi mxatvruli saxeebi, metafora-Sedarebani; isini amJRavneben mis udavod did poetur niWs~ (kekeliZe 1980 I: 558). sulxan-sabas qadagebebSi dagmobilia ampartavneba, vercxlismoyvareba, memTvraleoba...
`samoTxis kari~ kiTxva-mogebis principiTaa Seqmnili, _ dialogis formiTaa dawerili, qristianuli dogmebia ganmartebuli...
sulxan-sabas dawerili aqvs: `aRTqma qristianeTa, romelTa enebos swavlebad keTilisa gzisa Jamsa sikvdilisasa~, `Sendobisa wigni wmidisa papisa~, `col-qmarT naTesavni qmrisa da colis xorc-
90
erTobisa da maTTan naTesavTa erTobisaTvis~, `wameba wmidisa
flavios klementiosisa~.
anton kaTolikosze davubrundeT saubars: rogorc ukve iTqva,
miuxedavad kaTolikeebTan axlo damokidebulebisa, saeklesio
mwerlobasTan dakavSirebiT, anton kaTolikosic tradicias icavs,
_ mas uamravi naSromi aqvs Targmnili da Seqmnili egzegetikis,
dogmatikisa da polemikis, liturgikis, homiletikis, asketikis, kanonikis, hagiografiis, istoriis, filosofiis, enaTmecnierebis
dargSi (kekeliZe 1980 I: 376-384). ramdenime magaliTi davasaxeloT:
`TargmanebaÁ romaelTa mimarT epistolisaÁ~, `katexizmo~, `RvTismetyveleba~, `wyobilsityvaoba~ (dasawyisi dogmatur sakiTxebs exeba, SemdgomSi qarTvel mefeTa, wmidanTa, saqarTvelos istoriaa
moTxrobili...), dogmatikur-polemikuri Sroma _ `mzametyveleba~,
_ dawerili monofizitobis winaaRdeg, `martirika~, `Rramatika~,
spekali, anu, rogorc srulad hqvia: `gardamocemaÁ filosofosebri
platonis da aristotelis da porfiris da eklesiisa filosofosTa-mierTa gamoTqmaTa~ (kekeliZe 1980 I: 384)... misi dogmaturi xasiaTis Sroma `samnawiledi RvTismetyveleba~ franguli saRvTismetyvelo enciklopediis daxmarebiT aris dawerili (kekeliZe 1980 I: 472)...
rogorc korneli kekeliZe wers, anton kaTolikosma imdenad
mravalrixcovani gamgrZelebeli SeiZina (iona gedevaniSvili,
anton meore, gaioz da daviT reqtorebi, ambrosi nekreseli, mitropoliti varlam erisTavi, ioane oseSvili, mixeil Tbileli, arqimandriti gamalael osyofili, Rervasi samTavneli maWavariani,
gabriel jvaris dekanozi, trifile arqimandriti...), `ise didia
misi Rvawli da damsaxureba~, rom `meTvramete saukunis meore naxevris saeklesio mwerlobas unda ewodos antoni kaTolikosis
epoqa~ (kekeliZe 1980 I: 385).
XVI-XVIII ss-is qarTuli saeklesio mwerloba tradiciul gzas
agrZelebs, _ SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, _ am tradiciis SenarCunebiT qarTveli eTnosis, qarTuli kulturis gadarCena xdeba, amasTan, filosofiisa Tu mecnierebis sxva dargebis ganviTarebiT dasavlur kulturasTan daaxloebis saSualeba iqmneba. is, rom qarTuli kultura TavisTavadi saxisaa, aziuri kulturis gamarjvebisgan saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi daculi iyo, udidesi wvlili swored qarTul eklesias miuZRvis, qristianoba saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi saSualebas aZlevda qarTul kulturas, rom aRmosavleTis eklesiasTan da, aqedan gamomdinare, aRmosavlur qristianul mwerlobasTan hqonoda kavSiri (ZiriTadad, siriuli eklesia gvaqvs
mxedvelobaSi) da, bizantiis meSveobiT, dasavleTTan, dasavleTis
kulturul samyarosTan axlo urTierTobaSi yofiliyo. konstantinepolsa da roms Soris gaTiSulobis Semdeg qarTuli eklesia
bizantiis sferoSi darCa, magram romisadmi siZulvilis ideologias aq arasodes gaumarjvia, _ metic, Cven viciT, rogori simpa-
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tiiT iyo romaelTa mimarT ganwyobili giorgi mTawmideli, Tu
daviT aRmaSenebels jvarosnul ordenebTan kavSiri marTlac
hqonda, es kavSiri eklesiis gareSe, cxadia, ar damyardeboda...
arc kaTolikeebTan daaxloebisaken Teimurazisa Tu arCilis
swrafva iyo eklesiasTan SeuTanxmebeli...
saqarTveloSi Svidi saeklesio krebis dadgenilebaTa maRiarebeli qarTuli eklesia erovnuli TavisTavadobis SenarCunebis garantic iyo da qristianul aRmosavleTTan da dasavleTTan, maT
Soris, romis kaTolikur samyarosTan urTierTobis saSualebas
TiTqmis yovelTvis iZleoda.
romma zegavlena swored CvenTvis saintereso periodSi moaxdina an pirdapiri, an arapirdapiri gziT, anu _ ruseTis meSveobiT.
ruseTSi evropeizaciis procesi aqtiuri iyo da rusuli eklesia
ar ewinaaRmdegeboda am procesebs, Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSic
msgavsi viTareba Seiqmna. vgulisxmobT imas, rom saero cxovrebaSi
ewyoboda xeli evropeizacias da mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargi
Tavad eklesiis wiaRSi viTardeboda. am periodis ruseTis eklesiam
TviT Tavis wiaRSi moaxdina erTgvari cvlileba, vgulisxmobT
xatwerisas persepqtivis garkveulwil dacvas, rac SemdgomSi qarTuli eklesiebis moxatvasa da xatweraSic aisaxa... kaTolicizmis
gavleniT dogmatikaSi Zireuli cvlilebebi ki ar SemouRiaT
(patriarq nikonis mier mrwamsSi cvlilebis Setana, pirjvris gadasaxvis gansxvavebuli wesis SemoReba, risi mizezebic piradad
CvenTvis Zneli asaxsnelia, vfiqrobT, kaTolicizmis gavleniT ar
unda iyos momxdari. am movlenebma didi vnebaTaRelva da msxverpli gamoiwvia ruseTSi...).
qarTuli eklesia xels ar uSlis evropasTan sixloves, es ruseTTan daaxloebis periodebSic ar SeiniSneba, Tumc, Tavad eklesiis wiaRSi kaTolikuri doqtrinis damkvidrebis safrTxes aSkarad xedaven, Zlier winaaRmdegobas uweven mas da, sabolood, imarjvebs tradiciuli marTlmadidebluri mrwamsi, rac erovnulobis
SenarCunebasac uwyobs xels da arc evropul kulturasTan daaxloebis process, mecnierebis ganviTarebas ewinaaRmdegeba.
qarTuli sasuliero mwerloba, rogorc vnaxeT, homiletikis,
aseve, _ himnografiis da hagiografiis Janrs isev uerTgulebs
(wmidanTa mosaxsenebeli sakiTxavebis werisas), amasTan, filosofia da mecnierebis sxva dargebi viTardeba. am periodis qarTuli
homiletikis, hagiografiisa da himnografiis JanrebTan dakavSirebiT zemoT ukve vaxseneT saba, antoni. cxadia, es ori pirovneba maTi gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebis gamo gamovyaviT, didi Rvawli
bevrs aqvs gaweuli...
XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi moRvawe mqadagebelTa Soris aucileblad
unda movixsenioT: nikoloz rusTveli, iob patareTeli, germane
monazoni, besarion kaTolikosi, gaioz reqtori, ambrosi nekrese-
92
li, anton cagerel-Wyondideli, varlaam mitropoliti, iona xelaSvili (kekeliZe 1980: I: 557)...
dogmaturi mwerloba am periodSi, rogorc zemoTac gamoCnda,
ZiriTadad rusul mwerlobasTan kavSirSi viTardeba, rusuli saeklesio wignebis mixedviT iwereba qarTuli da bevri iTargmneba
rusulidan. arCil mefem Targmna petre mogilas dogmaturi Txzuleba, romlis saTauri TargmanSi ase JRers: `aRsarebaÁ marTlisa sarwmunoebisaÁ~... rusulidan aris Targmnili an rusuli saeklesio wignebis mixedviTaa Sedgenili: nikoloz Tbilelis `katexizmo~, gaioz
reqtoris `RvTismetyveleba platon mitropolitisa da Txzulebani
ambrosi mediolanelisa~, iona xelaSvilis `RvTismetyveleba~...
hagiografiuli mwerloba X-XI saukuneebis Semdeg didad aRar
ganviTarebula. CvenTvis saintereso periodSi grigol dodorqelma dawera `martviloba qeTevan dedoflisa~, anton kaTolikosTan dakavSirebiT zemoT ukve vaxseneT `martirika~, _ masSi 19
qarTveli wmidanis Rvawlia aRwerili... aq korneli kekeliZes ganxiluli aqvs antonis _ `proloRi~, igi wers: `agiografiul dargSi sayuradRebo Sromas warmoadgens `<<proloRi>> sami Tvisa:
ivnisis, ivlisisa da agvistosi, sadac iambikod warmodgenilia saxelebi da Rvawli aRniSnul TveTa wmindanebisa~ (kekeliZe 1980 I: 383).
antonma aRwera qeTevan dedoflisa da luarsab mefis mowameoba, `cxovreba neofite urbnelisa~ (kekeliZe 1980 I: 543).
domenti kaTolikosis (1704-1729) `iniciativiT dauwyiaT Sedgena qarTvel wmindanTa cxovreba-martvilobaTa <<mravalTavisa>>
(kekeliZe 1980 I: 543), ioakime mTawmidelma berZnulidan Targmna
Teodore salosis cxovreba...
besarion kaTalikoss (baraTaSvili-orbeliSvili, gardaicvala
1735 w-s) ekuTvnis `moTxroba-istoria raJdenisa, arCil mefisa, ise
wilknelisa da biZina _ Salva _ elizbarisa~ (kekeliZe 1980 I: 542).
rogorc am periodis hagiografiuli mwerlobis erT-erT nimuSs, mokled SevexebiT `luarsabis wamebas~.
igi tradiciuli hagiografiuli stiliT aris dawerili. dasawyisSi avtori msmenelebsa da mkiTxvelebs mimarTavs, rom
`RmrTis-moyuareTaTÂs ÃsenebaÁ wmidaTaÁ sixarul ars~ (qrestomaTia 1946: 407), didebas aRavlens yovlis Semoqmedisadmi.
didi siyvaruliT aris moTxrobili luarsab mefis Sesaxeb, romelmac sjulis gamocvlas Sah abasasisagan mowameobis miReba arCia. mkafiod aris gamoxatuli patriotizmi.
es Zegli wmidad mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT sakmaod sayuradReboa. dasawyisSi besarion kaTolikosi msemenel-mkiTxvels wmidanTa Sesaxeb eubneba, rom `igini gamoCndes sarwmunod megobrad meufisa~, `aw Tanaziar da memkvidred missa (uflisa, _ g.k.) iqmnes~
(qrestomaTia 1946: 407). Semdeg naCvenebia, rom luarsabs Sah abasi
sTavazobda `megobrobasa~ da `mamobas~: `gyo Sen Svilad Cemda da
93
sayuarelad da megobrad sarwmunod~ (qrestomaTia 1946: 410). erTmaneTTan aris Sepirispirebuli, erTi mxriv, RvTis Sviloba da
megobroba da, meore mxriv, SesaZlebloba amqveyniuri mtarvali
mefis Svilad da megobrobad gaxdomisa.
luarsabisaTvis Sahs mSvildi uCuqebia, romelic TviTonve mouparinebia da viTomda momxdari Zalian `iwyina da sircxÂlad
TÂsad Seracxa. wargzavnna kacni mÃumilavni da garemo karvisa daudginna mas, reca arRaraÁsa warparvad~ (qrestomaTia 1946: 411).
luarsab mefisaTvis gasagebi gamxdara, rom Sahma darajebi dauyena, raTa ar gaparuliyo.
roca luarsabi mahmadianobaze gadasvlaze uars ityvis, mas
mSvildis sabeliT axrCoben (qrestomaTia 1946: 413). iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom am SemTxvevaSic or faqts Soris ivleba paraleli,
_ luarsabi ar ufrTxildeba Sahis mier naCuqar mSvilds da bolos mSvildis sabeliT axrCoben, iqneb, _ zustad imave mSvildis
sabeliT. SesaZloa, nawarmoebSi es ori faqti mwerlis mier arc
aris erTmaneTTan mizanmimarTulad Sepirispirebuli, magram mainc saintereso damTxvevaa, _ ar aris gamoricxuli, rom Sahis
cinikuri xasiaTi am SemTxvevaSi mwerlis mier gaucnobiereblad
Semoinaxa Txrobam, _ Sahs, TiTqos, simbolurad warmouCenia
luarsabisa da sxvaTa winaSe, rom Sahis mimarT upativcemulo iyo
qarTvelTa mefe da amis gamo daisaja kidec, simbolurad es imiT
gamoisaxa, rom mSvildis sabeliT waarTves sicocxle... hagiografia faqtebs ise mogviTxrobs xolme, rom istoria ar damaxinjdes,
oRond, am faqtebs hagiografiis kanonikiT, specifikis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad gadmoscems. zogjer ki yovelgvari specifikis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe isaxeba masSi istoriuli realiebi...
luarsab mefisa da, masTan erTad dasjili ori adamianis Sesaxeb
naTqvamia: roca locva daasrula, `myis gardaacues sabeli mSÂldisa da esreT moaSTues samgzis sanatreli igi mowame qristesi da
misTana igi monani misni.
da esreT aResrula yovlad qebuli igi mowame, da esreT miiwia
sawadelTasa da aRvida zecisa mis sufevasa winaSe yovelTa mefisa,
sada-igi mjomare ars mefÀ mefeTa da ufali uflebaTa~
(qrestomaTia 1946: 414).
`luarsabis wameba~, imdroindeli sasuliero mwerloba, Cveul
tradiciebs agrZelebs. kanonikis normebi dadgenilia da saeklesio mwerlobaSi warmatebad am normebis dacva miiCneva da ara _
siaxleTa Zebna. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xsenebul periodSi
originaluri hagiografiuli mwerloba gamococxlebulia. rusul
kulturasTan daaxloeba ki ufro amdidrebs qarTul mwerlobas.
asketikis dargSi unda davasaxeloT krebuli, romelsac hqvia
`wigni sasurveli~. bolosityvaobaSi aRniSnulia, rom igi Sedga
`rusTa mefis mixeil Teodores Zis dros da misi iniciativiT~
94
(kekeliZe 1980 I: 550). `es Txzuleba rusulidan gadmouTargmniaT
petre didis dros an arCil mefes, an mis Svils aleqsandres, romelsac uTargmnia, am TxzulebasTan erTad moTavsebuli, svimeon
polockis <<sityva micvalebisaTÂs RmrTismSobelisa>>~ (kekeliZe 1980 I: 550). gabriel mcirem Seadgina Svidi asketikur-mistikuri krebuli...
am periodis qarTuli saeklesio samarTlis Zeglebze msjelobisas korneli kekeliZes ganxiluli aqvs `samarTali kaTalikosisa~, _ XVI saukunis Zegli, romelic qarTlis kaTolikosis _
malaqias (1531-1549) da afxazeTis kaTolikosis evdemon CxetiZis
(1543-1543) dros imereTSi saeklesio krebis gamarTvis safuZvelze
Seqmnila. am krebas eswrebodnen: simeon quTaTeli, anton genaTeli, Wyondideli, bedieli, filipe drandeli, kosman cagereli, zaqaria xoneli, ioakime nikorwmindeli da kirile waiSeli. maT miiRes 22 kanoni, romelSic sasjelia dadebuli tyveTa gayidvis, Zarcvis, arakanonieri qorwinebis danaSaulze (kekeliZe 1980 I: 571)...
xsenebul periodSi mniSvnelovani saeklesio krebebi gaimarTa
1748, 1755, 1756, 1762 wlebSi (am sakiTxebis Sesax ix. kekeliZe 1980 I: 571).
sasuliero poeziaze msjelobisas termins _ `sasuliero poezia~ mxolod pirobiTad vxmarobT da, ZiriTadad, iseT poezias
vgulisxmobT, romelsac, saeklesio ierarqTa survilis SemTxvevaSi, himnografiuli daniSnulebac SeiZleboda mieRo. zogi saero
poetis araerTi leqsi himnografiis elementebs Seicavs da Cveulebrivi saRvTo sagalobelia. wmidanebisadmi miZRvnili poezia,
bibliuri siuJeti araerT saero poetTan moipoveba, magram am
SemTxevaSi `sasuliero poeziis~ dargSi, vfiqrobT, ufro is unda
vigulisxmoT, rasac xsenebuli periodis eklesiis wiaRSi, liturgiaze gamosayenebeli Tu ara, _ araliturgiuli daniSnuleba mainc SeiZleboda SeeZina, e. i. hqonoda iseTi saxe, rom, survilis SemTxvevaSi, im leqsTa nusxaSi SeetanaT, romelic dResaswaulebze
monazvnebs SeiZleboda ekiTxaT; romelTa avtori, Tund, eriskaci
yofiliyo, eklesiisaTvis sruliad misaReb da sapativcemulo pirovnebad miiCneoda. korneli kekeliZe savsebiT marTalia, roca
xsenebuli periodis sasuliero poeziaze msjelobisas axsenebs arCil mefis, Teimuraz pirvelis, Teimuraz meoris, vaxtang meeqvsis,
daviT imamyulixanis, anton pirvelis, nikoloz tfilelis, onofre bodbelis, ioseb tfilelis, dosiTeoz nekreselis, ioseb gabaSvilis, petre sionis mgalobelis, dimitri orbelianis, maia gabaSvilis saxelebs, maT `anbanTqebas~, _ Janrs, romelSic `garkveulia
sxvadasxva sarwmunoebriv-zneobrivi Tema~ (kekeliZe 1980 I: 616).
aqve arian naxsenebi petre laraZe (galeqsa Zveli aRqma daviTisa da
solomonos dromde...), paata batoniSvili (`saRmTo istoria~), daviT ColoyaSvili (galeqsa `iobis wignis~ me-40 da 41-e Tavebi, winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi, 145 fsalmuni...), daviT bagrationi (bib-
95
liis zogierTi epizodi galeqsa...), dimitri orbeliani (`qeba suetisa cxovelisa~), mirian batoniSvili (`Sesxma feriscvalebisa~)...
cxadia, sworia am konteqstSi `qeTevanianis~ avtoriis _ Teimuraz pirvelis xseneba, aseve, xseneba arCilisa, dimitri bagrationisa, mRvdelmonazon kozmanisa (`qeTevanis wameba~), ioseb tfilelisa, grigol dodorqelisa, daTuna qvarianisa da sxvaTa...
iakob Semoqmedels galeqsili aqvs bagrat muxran-batonis mier
mahmadianTa winaaRmdeg dawerili polemikuri Txzuleba, anton
kaTolikoss ioane sinelis `saTnoebaTa kibe~, iese tlaSaZe leqsad
wers `kaTolikos-baraqians~, leqsad aris dawerili anton pirvelis `wyobilsityvaoba~... Teimuraz batoniSvils dawerili aqvs `galoba yovlad wmidisa RvTismSobelisa~ (kekeliZe 1980 I: 616-617)...
poeziis dargSi `gansakuTrebuli nayofiereba gamouCenia anton kaTolikoss, romelmac, klemaqsisa da wyobilsityvaobis garda, dawera proloRi mais-agvistos Tveebisa, daurTo winasityvaoba iambikod kirile alqsandrielis saunjis Targmans da ioane
osesZes daawerina aseTive winasityvaoba `sazRvarni sarwmunoebisanni~-s TargmanisaTvis~ (kekeliZe 1980 I: 617).
Teimuraz batoniSvilma dawera: `samoceuli~, saTaurSi aseTi
ganmartebaa: `galoba yovladwmidisa RmrTis mSobelisa mimarT
qarTuli leqsis rvulis gvarze Tqmuli, romlisaca TÂToeuli
stixi oTx-oTxi taepi ars da yovlisave TÂTeulisa maTgansa aqvs
rva-rva rifmi (esreT arian saSualebiT daboloebiT Tanasworis
rifmebiT galeqsilni); kargis ÃelovnebiT arian Sewyobilni da
sinanulis muÃlebis gvarze qmnilni, romelsaca Sina Semoitanebian
igavni Zuelisa da axlisa aRTqmisani, adamiTgan uflisa Cuenisa
ieso qristes ganÃorcilebamde, vnebad, juarcumad, daflvad, aRdgomad da amaRlebamde~ (kekeliZe 1980 I: 617)).
guramiSvilis poeziaze, cxadia, sagangebo msjelobaa saWiro, aq
mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom misi calkeuli leqsebi, romlebic
msoflio poeziis Sedevrebia, Tavisuflad SegviZlia ganvixiloT
sagaloblebad. eklesias mravali leqsis miReba SeuZlia rogorc
sagaloblisa, dRes amgvari movlenis mowmeni ukve vxdebiT...
besikis Sesaxeb SeiZleba iTqvas, rom araerTi SesaniSnavi sagalobelis avtoria...
amrigad, qarTuli eklesia xels uwyobs Tavis wiaRSi sasuliero
xasiaTis mwerlobis Janrebis ganviTarebas, evropul kulturasTan siaxloviT mecnierebis ganviTarebas, loialurad ekideba saero pirTagan nebarTvis gareSe sasuliero xasiaTis Semoqmedebas
(Tumc, Tavis wiaRSi, kanonikidan gamomdinare, yvelas Semoqmedebas, cxadia, ar miiRebs). rogorc iTqva, am epoqaSi odnav uaryofiTad uyureben saero literaturaSi e. w. `mezRapreobas~, Tumc, es
ganwyobileba Semdgom da Semdgom ukan ixevs; ar Cans, rom qarTul
eklesias uaryofiTi damokidebuleba hqondes Teatris mimarT...
96
samecniero muSaobas, iqneba es saqarTveloSi Tu ruseTSi, skolebSi mecnierebis ganviTarebas didad afaseben. Tumc, sifrTxile
evropidan Semosul siaxleTa mimarT aSkaraa, _ es ufro
volterianobaze iTqmis, _ gvaqvs magaliTi, roca volterianelobis gamo mkacrad akritikebdnen, vTqvaT, daviT batoniSvils.
Teimuraz batoniSvilis moRvaweoba Tu dafasebuli iyo, misi
Zmis _ daviT batoniSvilis volterianuli ideebiT gatacebas
saqarTveloSi kargi TvaliT rom ar uyurebdnen, es aSkarad Cans.
giorgi XII Tavis Svilze, Turme, ambobda: `volteri! megobari Cemis
Svilisa daviTisa, Cemis memkvidrisa. vai Sen[sa] giorgis! ruseTSi
myofman Cemman Svilman Seiswava misi usjulo swavla; moitana aqa
misi saxe, romelica samarTalad davswvi cecxlsa~ (ruxaZe 1954:
105). aleqsandre orbelianis sityviT, giorgis ase SeuTvlia SvilisTvis: `Svilo daviT, Turme eklesias Tiatrs eZaxi, ciskars saTamaSos da wirvas warmodgenas. nu Svrebi amisTana RvTis garegan
saqmes, moiqec da RmerTi iwameo~. daviTis pasuxi: `wadiT, ase uTxariT mamaCems: `rac imas swamdes, me gamiwyres da rac me mwams, imas
gauwyreso~; giorgis uTqvams: `daadga igi yovelsa gzasa ara keTilsa da boroti mas ar moewyina~ (ix. kakabaZe 1914: 105; ruxaZe
1954: 105). fsalmunis sityvebiT gaumtyunebia Svili.
petre laraZes aseTi leqsi aqvs daviTisadmi miZRnili:
RmrTisa sanacvlod mosavi xar, grwams boRonani,
serafimT wilad nimfni cudni gyavs gar brminani,
maTiT dastkbebi, maT alersob, ar Tu inani,
sjobs moicilo, roca hWiran saZraxisebi~...
(S 135 _ ruxaZe 1954: 105-106)
daviTs Turme erTxel uTqvams: `хорошо как нигде, никогда не было~
_ e. i. ruseTSi ise kargia cxovreba, rogorc arsado...
cxadia, daviT batoniSvilis sulieri portretis dasaxatavad
es cnobebi ar aris sakmarisi. daviTma, SesaZloa, TanamedroveTa
Soris erTxel SeiZina erovnuli nihilistis saxeli da es stereotipuli warmodgena gamyarda xalxSi, magram ar unda daviviwyoT,
rom daviT batoniSvili aris is pirovneba, vinc rusul enaze dawera saqarTvelos istoria, Seavso sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis
kona~, rusuli, Turquli, somxuri ganmartebebi miuwera sulxan-sabas axsnil sityvebs; werda statiebs enciklopediisaTvis, dawera
`saqarTvelos samarTlisa sakanonTmcodneobis mimoxilva~, Seiswavla sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebani, dawera Semoklebuli `fisika~...
daviT batoniSvilis erTgvari ironiuli damokidebuleba garSemomyofTa mimarT, vfiqrobT, erovnuli nihilizmisa ki ara, ufro imedgacruebis Sedegia, _ rogorc patrioti, dacinviT uyurebs gverdiT myofebs, iqneb, _ sakuTar Tavsac, saqarTveloSi
aRaravisa aqvs imisi Zala, rom win aRudges pavle I-isa da aleqsan-
97
dre I-is TviTnebobasa da saxelmwifoebriobis SesanarCuneblad
raime realuri gaakeTos... magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia vnaxoT, rogor dascinis igi 1801 wels imereTSi farnaoz da iulon batoniSvilebis gaqcevis ambavs:
`lomni katurad garbian, erTiTa SeZaxiliTa~...
`iulon TqmiT, Tamaz baniT, farnaoz moZaxiliTa~...
am sakiTxze sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT, vinc gaicnobs daviTis
leqsebs (`alaverda sakacisa gamTleli~, `gTxovT imRerdeT am
simReras banzeda~, kniaz Ciqovani~ da sxva araerTi), darwmundeba,
rom erovnuli nihilisti namdvilad ar aris daviT batoniSvili,
volteriT misi gataceba da gagulisebis dros warmoTqmuli sityvebi ar aris sakmarisi, calsaxa warmodgena CamoviyalibiT misi
araeklesiurobis Sesaxeb, Cans, rom pesimizmi da gamwareba imaleba
misi ironiuli saxis ukan, _ batoniSvilebi, mefeebi umoqmedoni
gamxdaran... mis sityvebSic _ `хорошо как нигде, никогда не было~
ironiul JReradoba gveCveneba umoqmedo adamianebis mimarT gaRizianebulobis Jams warmoTqmuli da ara gvgonia, daviTs im aRtacebulobis gamoxatva ewados, rasac ruseTSi gancxromiT cxovrebis
gamo ganicdis, _ aseTi xasiaTis pirovneba ar Cans... daviT batoniSvils odnav vrclad SevexeT, misi magaliTic aris imdroindeli sulieri cxovrebis saxis maCvenebeli.
sasuliero mwerlobis mesveurni, sasuliero moRvaweni uaryofiTad iyvnen ganwyobilni daviT ColoyaSvilis msgavsTa mimarT,
magram, vimeorebT, `volterianobiT~ gatacebulTa da erovnul nihilistTa Soris samSoblosa da sakuTari cxovrebis gamo uimedobamoZalebuli adamianebi ufro arian sagulvebelni, vidre _
marTla nihilistebi... volterianeloba ki imdroindelobisaTvis
erTgvari moduri gatacebac gaxldaT, es Cveulebrivi filosofia
iyo da Wkviani adamianisaTvis volteris gacnoba sulac ar niSnavda
imas, rom mas eklesiuroba da samSoblos siyvaruli unda gahqroboda.
davubrundeT xsenebuli periodis qarTul saeklesio mwerlobaze saubars.
aRorZinda tradiciuli Janrebi sasuliero mwerlobisa, amavdroulad sasuliero sferos warmomadgenlebi samecniero moRvaweobas ewevian da misi ganviTarebisaTvis iRvwian. hagiografiasa da
himnografiaSi tradiciul Janris agrZelebs araerTi qarTveli
moRvawe...
qarTuli eklesia, ZiriTadad, tradicias inarCunebs, magram
mecnierebis dargebs farTod uxsnis kars Tavis wiaRSi da qarTvel
sazogadoebas ar uSlis xels, evropul kulturas dauxlovdes.
cxadia, misTvis gasagebia, rom sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia kulturuli winsvla. qarTuli eklesia Sinaganad imisaTvis aris ganwyobili,
rom tradicia Zlieri iyos, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi axlis Semotana,
98
SesaZloa, saSiSi aRmoCndes. erovnuli tradiciebi ar unda Cakvdes
erSi, Torem Semosuli kultura veraviTari sikeTis momtani ver
aRmoCndeba misTvis. am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT revaz TvaraZis
naazrevi gvinda gavixsenoT:
`kulturuli sinTezi bevrad ufro rTuli movlenaa. igi
aucileblad saWiroebs Semdeg winapirobebs: is, vinc sxvadasxva
kulturaTa sinTezi unda moaxdinos, ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT
am kulturaTa Semqmnel xalxebze dabla araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
unda idges, mas unda Seswevdes Zala TavisTavSi daZlios am kulturaTa SeTvisebis Sedegad aRZruli safrTxe gavlenis qveS moqcevisa;
am kulturebs man unda dauxvedros Tavisi TviTmyofadi, Zalumi
kultura da am ukanasknelTan maTi organulad Serwymis gziT unda
miswvdes ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurs~ (TvaraZe 1997: 201).
erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc tradiciis erTguleba axasiaTebs
eklesias, rogorc zemoTac iTqva, isic aris, rom, sarwmunoebis
garda, erovnuli TavisTavadobis safuZveli ar moiSalos. Tavisi
kultura Zlieri unda hqondes, rom axlis gadaxarSva, morgeba SeZlos. roca erSi daqveiTebulia koleqtiuri azrovneba, kultura,
cxadia, maSin ufro metad frTxili xdeba eklesia.
XVI-XVIII-ss-is qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobis umTavresi niSani
is aris, rom es mwerloba, ruseTis meSveobiT, evropul kulturas
uaxlovdeba. sasuliero mweralTa erT nawilSi Zlieria swrafva dasavleTTan urTierTobisa, Tumca, aRmosavluri doqtrinis Secvlis
mcdeloba ar SeiniSneba. amavdroulad, Zlieria tradiciis erTguleba da arian iseTi moRvaweebic, romelnic am swrafvas ewinaaRdegebian.
XVI-XVIII-ss-is sasuliero mwerlebi mWidroad arian dakavSirebulni mecnierebis sxva da sxva dargTan, sasuliero mwerlobis
JanrebSi saero mwerlebic moRvaweoben, amitom xsenebuli periodis sasuliero mwerloba saero mwerlobasTan mWidro kavSirSi
unda iqnas ganxiluli.
damowmebani:
anton 1980: bagrationi a. wyobilsityvaoba. gamoosacemad moamzada,
gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo ivane lolaSvilma. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1980.
kakabaZe 1914: kakabaZe s. werilebi saqarTvelos ostpriidan. Tb.: 1914.
kekeliZe 1980 I: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. I Tb.: 1980.
kekeliZe 1980 II: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli liraturis istoria. II. Tb.: 1980.
ruxaZe 1954: ruxaZe tr. Zveli qarTuli lirikis istoriidan. Tb.: 1954.
SaTiriSvili 2002: SaTiriSvili z. rusTvelis recepcia qarTul kulturaSi da
galaktionis mesianisturi narativi. // rusTvelologia, 2, Tb.: 2002.
qrestomaTia 1964: Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia. I, Sedgenili sol.
yubaneiSvilis mier. Tb.: Tbilisis sax. universitetis gamomcemloba, 1964.
99
Tamar lomiZe
`sayovelTao gramatikis~ Seqmna dasavleT evropaSi da
anton kaTalikosis gramatika
`sayovelTao gramatika~ erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi gamokvlevaa msoflio lingvistur literaturaSi. is gamoica (anonimurad)
1660 wels da gvevlineba gardamtex momentad evropuli lingvisturi azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi. gramatikis avtorebi iyvnen logikosi da filosofosi a. arno da gramatikosi kl. lanslo, romlebic
por-roialis (an por-ruaialis) monastris berebi gaxldnen. maT
Camoayalibes gramatikisadmi axali midgoma, romelic emyareba enis
analizs `gonis~, misi SesaZleblobebisa da ZiriTadi operaciebis
poziciidan. amitomac gramatikas `racionaluri~ ewodeba.
`sayovelTao gramatikam~ saTave daudo gramatikuli mecnierebis Camoyalibebas da am nimuSis mixedviT evropaSi Semdgom aRweril
iqna bevri evropuli da araevropuli ena. sxvadasxva safexurze
mdgom enaTa mravalferovnebam enaTmecnierebi da filosofosebi
daafiqra enisa da enebis istoriuli ganviTarebis faqtis Sesaxeb.
`sayovelTao gramatika~, rogorc miuTiTebs misi saxelwodeba,
aRiarebda or princips _ gramatikuli wesebis sayovelTaobas da
maT racionalur (logikur) safuZvels.
is Sedgeba ori nawilisgan _ fonetikisgan da gramatikisgan. pirveli nawilis eqvs TavSi ganxilulia bgerebi da asoebi, maxvili da
marcvali.
am Teoriis Tanaxmad, adamianebs axasiaTebT erTgvarovani saazrovno
da metyvelebiTi unari, Sesabamisad, yvela enis safuZvelia erTiani
idealuri logikuri sqema, magram arc erTi konkretuli ena ar
emTxveva adamianTa potenciurad mocemul enas. gramatikis mizania
yvela enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli principebisa da am enaTa ganmasxvavebeli niSan-Tvisebebis dadgena.
sayovelTao gramatikis safuZvlad miCneulia dekartis racionalisturi filosofia. am filosofiis Tanaxmad, Teoriuli azrovneba umaRles safexurze dgas Semecnebis grZnobad safexurTan
SedarebiT da amitom swored goni unda CaiTvalos grZnobadi Semecnebis WeSmaritebis kriteriumad.
arno da lanslo iyenebdnen, garda frangulisa, tradiciuli
klasikuri enebis (laTinuris, Zveli berZnulis), agreTve _ zogierTi romanuli enis monacemebs.
anton pirvelis gramatika daweril iqna me-18 saukuneSi, anu,
sayovelTao gramatikasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT gvian, magram is
mainc miekuTvneba klasikuri racionalizmis epistemas. amitom mizanSewonilia am ori gramatikuli Txzulebis SedarebiTi analizi
100
da maTSi klasikuri epistemisTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo saazrovno tendenciebis Zieba.
amgvarad, Cveni naSromis mizans warmoadgenda ara anton pirvelis mier qarTuli gramatikis Seqmnis istoriis aRwera da arc
martooden am gramatikis daxasiaTeba, aramed im saerTo saazrovno
procesebis ganxilva, romlebmac ganapirobes safrangeTSi `sayovelTao gramatikis~, xolo saqarTveloSi anton pirvelis gramatikis Seqmna. dasaxuli amocana gulisxmobs im cnebis gamoyenebas, romelic Zalze produqtiuli aRmoCnda evropuli kulturisa da mecnierebis analizisTvis. esaa miSel fukos mier sagangebo mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebuli cneba `epistemisa~.
fukos cnobil TxzulebaSi `sityvebi da sagnebi: humanitarul
mecnierebaTa arqeologia~ gamokvleulia codnis im sami sferos
ganviTarebis istoria, romlebic XIX saukunis dasawyisisTvis Camoyalibdnen filologiis, politikuri ekonomiisa da biologiis mecnierebaTa saxiT. am istoriaSi fuko gamoyofs sam urTierTdamoukidebel SemecnebiT vels anu epistemas (berZn. `codna~) _ aRorZinebis epoqas, klasikur racionalizms da Tanamedroveobas. TavisTavad, epistema aris struqtura, romelic gansazRvravs garkveuli
Sexedulebebis, koncefciebis, mecnieruli Teoriebis arsebobis SesaZleblobas ama Tu im istoriul periodSi.
TiToeuli epistemis Sida mimarTebebi fukosTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre am epistemaTa urTierTmimarTebebi. erTaderTi,
rac aerTianebs epistemebs, esaa maTi organizebis xerxi: `sityvebisa~
da `sagnebis~ semiotikur urTierTdamokidebulebaTa esa Tu is tipi, romelic nebismieri periodis kulturaTa yvela sxva gamovlinebis safuZvels warmoadgens.
aRorZinebis periodSi, fukos mixedviT, funqcionirebda epistema, romelic emyareboda sityvebisa da sagnebis, samyarosa da misi
aRmweri teqstebis erTianobas. ena aq samyaros nawilia, xolo samyaro _ enisa: sityvebi da sagnebi warmoqmnian erTian `teqsts~. ena
warmoadgenda sakuTari Tavis uwyvet komentars. samyaro aRiqmeboda, rogorc niSan-Tvisebebisa da sityvebis xlarTi. amgvarad, ena
miiCneoda samyaros (nivTieri samyaros) ganuyofel nawilad.
klasikuri racionalizmis epistemaSi sityvebi da sagnebi emijneba erTmaneTs da maT akavSirebs mxolod azrovneba _ igiveobriobisa da gansxvavebis mimarTebaTa gamovlenis saSualebiT. enis ZiriTad funqciad miiCneva azris reprezentacia, misi warmodgena.
ikargeba enis mTlianoba, ganuyofloba, monoliTuroba. klasicisturi ena ar arsebobs, _ askvnis fuko misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
paradoqsuli maneriT, _ magram is funqcionirebs.
Tu aRorZinebis epoqaSi ena ganaxorcielebda sakuTari Tavis komentirebas, axla wina planze gamodis kritika, is upirispirdeba komentars, rogorc sacnauri formis analizi _ faruli Sinaarsis
101
gamovlenas. da vinaidan es forma warmoadgens reprezentaciis (warmodgenis) formas, amdenad, kritikas SeuZlia gaaanalizos ena mxolod WeSmaritebis, sizustis, Tvisebis an eqspresiuli mniSvnelobis
terminebiT. is ganixilavs enas ise, TiTqos is iyos wminda funqcia,
meqanizmebis erToblioba, niSanTa diadi avtonomiuri funqcia~
(fuko 1977:133).
enis damoukidebeli arsebobis ugulebelyofis Sedegad, fukos mixedviT, darCa mxolod misi funqcionireba warmodgenaSi, vinaidan
komentarma adgili dauTmo kritikas. darCa mxolod misi buneba da Tvisebebi, romlebic axasiaTebs enas diskursis saxiT, diskursi ki sxva araferia, Tu ara TviT warmodgena (reprezentacia), warmodgenili enobrivi niSnebiT. rogoria am niSnebis specifika da maTi uCveulo unari,
daafiqsiros warmodgena, daanawevros da Semdeg isev gaaerTianos?
kritika iRebs oTxnair formas:
a)sityvebis kritika: SeuZlebelia mecnierebis an filosofiis
ageba arsebuli leqsikiT. zogad terminebSi aRreulia is, rac gansxvavebulia warmodgenaSi (reprezentaciaSi). aucilebelia analitikuri enis saganZuris SemuSaveba;
b) gramatikul planSi aucilebelia sintaqsis mniSvnelobaTa
analizi. sityvaTa rigis, frazebis konstruqciis gaanalizeba; rodisaa ufro srulyofili ena, rodesac mas aqvs brunvebi, Tu maSin,
rodesac mas aqvs TandebulTa sistema? ra aris umjobesi _ sityvaTa Tavisufali Tu mkacrad gansazRvruli wyoba? droTa romeli
wyoba gamoxatavs ufro adekvaturad Tanmimdevrobas?
g) figurebisa da tropebis analizi _ aRniSvna nawilis an mTelis
meSveobiT, arsebiTis an araarsebiTis, movlenis Tu garemoebis,
TviT sagnebis Tu misi analogebis saSualebiT;
d) kritikam unda gansazRvros enis damokidebuleba imisadmi,
rasac is warmoadgens (ris reprezentirebasac axdens).
fukos azriT, enas (klasikuri racionalizmis epistemaSi) sxva
niSnebisgan ganasxvavebs is, rom ena aanalizebs warmodgenas mkacrad
Tanmimdevrulad: marTlac, bgerebis artikulireba xdeba calcalke, enas ki ar ZaluZs warmoadginos azri mis mTlianobaSi; aucilebelia, rom man wrfivad ganalagos is danawevrebuli saxiT. ena ar
upirispirdeba yvela sxva niSans _ Jestebs, pantomimas, Targmans,
gamosaxulebebs, emblemebs da a.S. rogorc arbitraruli an koleqtiuri _ bunebrivsa an erTeuls. azrovnebisa da niSnebis mimarT is
igivea, rac algebra geometriis mimarT: nawilTa (an sidideTa)
erTdroul Sedarebas is anacvlebs imgvari wesrigiT, romlis xarisxebi ganvlili unda iqnes Tanmimdevrulad, erTimeoris miyolebiT.
swored amgvari mkacri gagebiT gvevlineba ena, rogorc azrovnebis
analizi: ara ubralo danawevreba, aramed sivrceSi wesrigis Setana.
(aq SeiZleba davinaxoT azrovnebis sinTezuri da analitikuri
polusebis qronologiuri urTierTmonacvleobis gamoxatuleba,
102
rac aqcentirebuli araa fukosTan da warmodgenilia, rogorc epistemaTa oden erT-erTi ganmasxvavebeli Tavisebureba).
sainteresoa, rom `sayovelTao gramatikas~ fuko ar miiCnevs
lingvistikis winamorbed koncefciad. misi SeniSvniT, sayovelTao
gramatikis sakuTari obieqtia ara azrovneba, ara ena, aramed _ diskursi, es ukanaskneli ki gagebulia, rogorc enobriv niSanTa Tanmimdevroba. es Tanmimdevroba warmodgenaTa (reprezentaciaTa) erTdroulobis mimarT xelovnuria, da amdenadve ena upirispirdeba
azrovnebas, rogorc gaazrebuli _ uSualos. aranakleb sainteresoa fukos SeniSvna imis Sesaxeb, rom es Tanmimdevroba sxvadasxvagvaria sxvadasxva enaSi: zogierT enaSi moqmedebis aRmniSvneli sityva
frazis centrSia ganTavsebuli, sxvebSi ki _ frazis bolos; zogierT enaSi Tavdapirvelad asaxeleben warmodgenis ZiriTad obieqts,
sxvebSi ki _ Tanmxleb garemoebebs. `enciklopediaSi~ aRniSnulia,
rom gansxvavebuli enebi gaumWvirvalea erTmaneTisTvis da saTargmnad Znelia swored maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tanmimdevrobis urTierTSeuTavseblobis gamo, da ara marto sityvaTa gansxvavebis mizeziT.
fuko xazgasmiT miuTiTebs, rom `sayovelTao gramatika araa
SedarebiTi gramatika: is ar ganixilavs enebis daaxloebas Tavisi
obieqtis saxiT da ar iyenebs, rogorc Tavis meTods.... `misi sayovelTaoba mdgomareobs ara aRmoCenaSi sakuTriv gramatikuli kanonebisa, romlebic saerTo iqneboda lingvisturi sferoebisTvis da
gamoavlenda, idealursa da aucilebel erTianobaSi, nebismieri SesaZlo enis struqturas; is sayovelTaoa mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac SeuZlia gamoavlinos gramatikis kanonebqveS _ magram maTi safuZvlis doneze _ diskursis funqcia warmodgenaTa analizSi... ~
(fuko 1977:147-148).
amgvaria is zogadi niSan-Tvisebebi da tendenciebi, romlebic
axasiaTebda klasikuri racionalizmis epistemas da gamovlinda `sayovelTao gramatikaSi~. SeiniSneba Tu ara es niSan-Tvisebebi da
tendenciebi anton pirvelis `gramatikaSi~?
***
sanam uSualod anton pirvelis gramatikas ganvixilavdeT, unda
SevniSnoT, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu antonis enaTmecnieruli
azrovnebaSi gamovavlenT analogiebs `sayovelTao gramatikasTan~,
es sakmarisi araa imisTvis, rom vamtkicoT: enaTmecnieruli azrovneba saqarTveloSi viTardeboda imave mimarTulebiT, rogoriTac
_ evropaSi da rom antonis gramatika iseTive kanonzomieri safexuria am azrovnebis ganviTarebisa, rogoric _ arnosa da lanslos
`sayovelTao gramatika~. aucilebelia ufro adreuli epoqebis qarTuli lingvisturi naSromebis ZiriTad tendenciaTa Sejereba
Sesabamisi periodebis evropuli lingvistikis tendenciebTan.
103
im periodSi, rodesac evropaSi funqcionirebda aRorZinebis
epistema, saqarTveloSi, cnobili istoriuli pirobebis gamo, kulturis iseTi masStabiT ganviTarebis saSualeba ar iyo, rogorc evropaSi, da amitom ver vimsjelebT saqarTveloSi renesansuli epistemis zustad imave saxiT funqcionirebis Sesaxeb, rogorc es moxda
evropaSi. Sesabamisad, mizanSewonili iqneba, ubralod, mimovixiloT
klasicisturi epistemis winamorbedi periodis (misi qronologiuri sazRvrebis dazustebis gareSe) lingvisturi azrovnebis zogadi tendenciebi da SevajeroT isini im tendenciebTan, romlebic
SeiniSneba anton pirvelTan.
`Zvel qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi, _ wers z. sarjvelaZe XIII
saukunis erTi qarTuli xelnaweris Sesaxeb, _ rogorc naTargmnSi,
ise originalurSi, mravali ucxoenovani leqsikuri erTeuli
gvxvdeba, rasac kargad grZnobdnen TviT Zveli qarTuli kulturis
moRvaweni. yuradRebas am mxriv iqcevs grigol Caxrexais Zis anderZi, romelic mis mier gadawerili didi sjuliskanonis teqsts erTvis. grigol CaxrexaiZes SeuniSnavs, rom teqstSi mravali ucxo
sityvaa. igi Tavs imiT imarTlebs, rom miuTiTebs, es ucxo sityvebi
dednidan momdinareobeno: mravalni ucxoni sityuani arian, garna
dedasa egre vpove.
ucxo sityvaTa xmareba imiTac iyo Sepirobebuli, rom qarTulSi
maTi ekvivalenti ar moipoveboda~ (sarjvelaZe 1984:201).
XI-XIII saukuneebSi qarTvel moRvaweTa lingvisturi gamokvlevebi ZiriTadad leqsikografiuli xasiaTisa iyo. magaliTad,
rodesac efrem mcire Targmnis ioane damaskelis `gardamocemis~
teqsts, is SeniSnavs: `vinaÁTgan berZenTa enaÁ ufskrul Rrma ars da
igive da erTi sityuaÁ mravalsa pirsa aRiarebs da upiratesad yovlisa mas adgilsa zedamiwevniT gamoikulevs wmidaÁ iovane oqropiri
da gancxadebulad ueWuel-hyofs viTarebasa missa. amaT eseviTarTa
RrmaTa adgilTa, sadaca uÃmda SecvalebaÁ da sxuebr cvalebaÁ sityuasa samociqulosa qarTulsa, romeli maSinRa ZliT gulisÃmaiyofeboda. odes samni gina oTxni Targmanni pavlisani da egeodennive leqsikonni, ese arian RrmaTa wignurTa sityuaTa anbansa zeda
ganwyobilni sityuani, erTad Semovkribni, maSinRa ZliT moupoÁ qarTuli Semsgavsebuli sityuaÁ~ (bleiki 1926 : 160-166).
amgvarad, efremi eZiebs berZnuli sityvebis qarTul Sesatyvisebs an uSualod gadmoaqvs berZnuli sityva qarTul TargmanSi. magaliTad, efremi `Tvlida, rom berZnuli sityva leqs sityvis badali qarTulSi ar iyo. ioane damaskelis `dialeqtikis~ qarTul
Targmans efrem mcire urTavs aseT SeniSvnas: `Seiswave, viTarmed
leqsi Rrmasa sityuasa hqÂan wignursa, romelsa soflurad nacvali
sxuaÁ aqundes da eseviTarsa mas sityuasa somxurad qerakani hqÂan,
qarTulad ara vici~ (cit. wignidan: sarjvelaZe 1984 : 202).
104
is, rom ucxoenovani sityvebis Semotana qarTulSi dasaSvebad miiCneoda, rodesac qarTulSi Sesabamisi sagnis an movlenis aRmniSvneli sityva ar moipoveboda, SeiZleba CaTvlil iqnas im periodSi
enaTa funqciuri urTierTSenacvlebadobis dadasturebad.
efrem mciris kidev erT xelnawerSi vkiTxulobT: `Seiswave, rameTu, raÁ igi ars mwafeli mÂnvelisTvis, igive ars i n i o x i etlTa
zeda mjdomarisaTvis, xolo qarTulad arca etlni arian, mgonia,
romel arca saxeli meetlisaÁ, amisTÂs berZulive davwere _ inioxi~
(cit. wignidan: sarjvelaZe 1984 :203).
z. sarjvelaZis TqmiT, `calkeul sityvaTa ganmartebani gvxvdeba
uZveles qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi, magram leqsikografiuli
SeniSvnebi gansakuTrebiT xSiria efrem mciris, ioane petriwis,
arseni iyalToelisa da sxvaTa nawerebSi.
ucxoenovan sityvaTa ganmartebebi dasturdeba Zveli da axali
aRTqmis wignebSi, hagiografiul, egzegetikur da sxva ZeglTa Zvel
qarTul TargmanebSi.
mT. 5, 22 romelman hrquas Zmasa TÂssa `raka~, romel ars saZagel;
i.11, 55 aRvides mravalni ierusalÀmd soflebisagan uwinares mis
paseqisa, romelsa hrqÂan vnebaÁ;
973 wels gadaweril parxlis oTxTavs... aSiebze darTuli aqvs
ramdenime leqsikografiuli SeniSvna teqstis xeliTve:
50 v: a labastri WurWeri igi iyo; Sdr.: romelsa aqunda alabastri nelsacxebelisaÁ, m. 26,7.
50 v: nelsacxebeli iyo qsistisa naxevari; Sdr.: romelsa aqunda
alabastri nelsacxebelisaÁ, mravlisa sasyidlisaÁ, m. 26,6.
87 v: mnaÁars litraÁ erTi da litrisa meorisa nawili; Sdr.: mihsca maT aTi mnaÁ, l.19, 13.~ da a.S. (sarjvelaZe 1984: 206).
z. sarjvelaZe miuTiTebs, agreTve, gramatikul SeniSvnebze,
romlebic gvxvdeba, magaliTad, ioane petriwTan. petriwi ioane qsifilinosis `metafrasis~ erT-erT komentarSi miuTiTebs, rom berZnulSi aris sami sqesi: mamrobiTi (mamali), mdedrobiTi (dedali),
saSuali (araromeli). `aris imis cdac, _ SeniSnavs z.sarjvelaZe, _
rom qarTulSi gansxvavdes monazona (mdedr.) da monazoni (mamr.)~
(sarjvelaZe 1984: 245), aseve _ kaci (mamr. da kaca (mdedr.).
Zveli qarTveli mwerlebi iTvaliswinebdnen agreTve imas, rom berZnulSi aris artikli (arTroni). zogierTi maTganis azriT, qarTulSi
artikli ar aris. sxvebi ki qarTulSi artikls dasaSvebad miiCnevdnen.
Zvel qarTul literaturaSi gamoyofdnen metyvlebis rva nawils,
moixsenieba brunvebis saxelwodebebi, terminebi mxolobiTi, saerTiso//saerTo (mxolobiTi) da samravlo (=mravlobiTi) (sarjvelaZe 1984: 247).
ioane oqropiris homiliebSi CarTulia gramatikuli traqtati
`sityuaÁ arTronTaTvis~, romelSic qarTvelma mTargmnelma (m. SaniZis azriT _ arsen iyalToelma) CaurTo gramatikuli traqtati.
am traqtatSi, berZnuli arTronebis ganxilvis garda, saubaria
105
qarTuli enis gramatikis Sesaxeb. arsen iyalToeli miuTiTebs, rom
qarTuls, berZnulisgan gansxvavebiT, ara aqvs orobiTi ricxvi. is,
agreTve, `CamoTvlis xuTsave brunvas: advilobiTs (saxelobiTs),
SobilobiTs (naTesaobiTs), micemiTs, mizezobiTsa (braldebiTs _
akuzativs) da wodebiTs.
rogorc vxedavT, brunvaTa saxelebidan sami (naTesaobiTi, micemiTi, wodebiTi) dRevandels emTxveva, ori (advilobiTi, mizezobiTi) _ ara (focxiSvili 1995: 109).
traqtatSi aRniSnulia, rom berZnulSi braldebiTi da micemiTi
sxvadasxva brunvaa, qarTulSi ki _ orive maTgani `erT leqsad
iTqumis~, anu erTi sityviT gadmoicema Targmnisas.
aq ar SevCerdebiT am traqtatis detalur ganxilvaze. davimowmebT mxolod al. focxiSvilis Sexedulebas: `marTalia. arTronisadmi miZRvnili traqtati berZnuli enis gramatikis sakiTxebs exeba, magram amave dros avtori gvaZlevs qarTuli gramatikis elementebsac. faqtiurad, mocemuli aqvs arsebiTi saxelis bunebis formebi saxelobiTs, micemiTs, naTesaobiTsa da wodebiT brunvebSi rogorc mxolobiTs, ise mravlobiTs ricxvSi~ (focxiSvili 1995:111). m.
SaniZec aRniSnavs, rom `sityuaÁ arTronTaTvis~ aris pirveli konkretuli dadastureba im faqtisa, rom saqarTveloSi gramatikuli
kvleva daiwyo XI-XII saukuneebSi.
al. focxiSvili varaudobs: `miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTul enaze
Seqmnili imdroindeli sruli gramatikuli naSromi jerjerobiT
mignebuli araa, mainc Tamamad SegviZlia vivaraudoT misi arseboba;
yovel SemTxvevaSi XI-XII saukuneebis qarTveli gramatikosebis
naSromebi iyo is balavari, romelzedac jer sulxan-sabas ganTqmuli `sityvis kona~ aRmocenda, xolo cota mogvianebiT anton bagrationis `qarTuli gramatika~ (focxiSvili 1995: 117).
Cven ver daveTanxmebiT al. focxiSvilis am gamonaTqvamis pirvel
nawils. kerZod, mecnieris varauds XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi
sruli gramatikuli naSromis arsebobis Sesaxeb. xolo Tuki is arsebobda, sruli xasiaTisa ar unda yofiliyo. masSi ganxiluli iqneboda zogierTi leqsikografiuli da punqtuaciuri sakiTxi, magram
_ ara qarTuli enis sintaqsis sakiTxebi. qarTuli enis sintaqsis
Seswavlis raimenairi niSan-wyali XI-XII saukuneebSi ar Cans.
ra Tqma unda, ZiriTad stimuls calkeuli gramatikuli kategoriebis gamosayofad warmoadgenda Zvel qarTvel mweralTa mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba da ara azrovnebisa da msoflaRqmis is arsebiTi mamoZravebeli tendenciebi, romlebic SemdgomSi gamovlindeba anton pirvelTan _ wesrigis, mowesrigebulobis Setana enaSi,
enis elementTa ganlageba momijnaveobis mixedviT, enis ganxilva
diskursis saxiT. ueWvelia isic (da amas aRniSnaven is enaTmecnierebic, romlebic ar upirispireben erTmaneTs XI-XII saukuneebis gramatikul Ziebebsa da anton pirvelis gramatikas), rom efrem mcires-
106
Tan, arsen iyalToelTan da XI_XII saukuneebis sxva filologebTan
enisadmi midgoma gamoixateba komentirebaSi da ara kritikul
SeswavlaSi. es ki arsebiTad ganasxvavebs maT anton pirvelisgan.
***
antonis pirveli gramatika Seiqmna 1753 wels. naSromi Sedgeba
winasityvaobis da sami nawilisgan, romelTagan pirvels da mesames
axlavs damatebebi. aRiarebulia, rom ufro meti daxvewilobiT
gamoirCeva naSromis meore redaqcia _ 1767 wlisa.
meore gramatikis winasityvaobaSi antoni werda: `pirvelad
mizezi qmnis da Sromisa Cemisa wina damidvies Tqvenda, xolo meored
amisaTvis, viTarmed mravalni raimeni hsCndes vinaiTgan ara saxmariyvnen qarTulebrisadmi enisa da mravalni esaxmarebodnen da
eWirebodenca. romelni ara moxsenebul-iyvnen Rrammatikasa Sina
Cvensa pirvel-qmnilsa, amad romel daRaTu friad vhSver gansjisadmi TviToTa sityvis nawilTa, romlisa mowame ars WeSmaritebai,
magra, vinaiTgan axali iyo cnobisa mis qvemdebareobai Cveni, ara sakvirvel-ars, raTa sruliad ver sadame ganyofiTi da savse idea iqmnamca Cven Soris maSin... moviwie ra qveynadve Cvenda ritorikaica
gardamoviRe da katiRoriani aristotelisani da munve rosiasa yofasa Cemsa vikiTxavdi elinurisa da laTinurisa da franciculisa
da itallianurisa da germaniulisa da rusulisa enaTa mecnierTad,
kvalad viTarme iyo gvari xmarebad nawilTa sityvisaTa da saxeTa
maTTa enaTa maT Soris TqmulTa da momigebdian da sacnaur Cemda
hyvian, esreT daxelovnebul iqmna umetes goneba xelovnebisa amis
mimarT~ (antoni I 1885 : 2).
`pirvelsa da meore gramatikas Soris sxvaoba didia, _ wers al.
focxiSvili, _ Tu pirveli gramatikis cnebaTa gansazRvrebebi ZiriTadad laTinur-somxur gramatikul tradicias misdevda, meore
gramatikaSi damatebiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli berZnuli, franguli,
italiuri, germanuli da rusuli, rasac daerTo sakmaod Zalumi
nakadi dasavluri (gansakuTrebiT leibnic-volfisa da maTgan gamosuli baimaisteris, filosofia-logikis wiaRidan momdinare) naxevrad mecnieruli cnebebi da sabolood miviReT metad saintereso
gramatikuli naSromi~ (focxiSvili 1995: 18).
mniSvnelovania erTi sakiTxi, romelzec yuradRebas amaxvileben
e. babunaSvili da T., uTurgaiZe: al. cagarlis dakvirvebiT, `miuxedavad imisa, rom antoni ar icnobda zurab SanSovanis gramatikas,
maT bevri saerTo lingvisturi termini aRmoaCndaT (zurab SanSovanis gramatika daiwera moskovSi 1737 wels, xolo antonisa _ TbilisSi 1763 w.). qarTul enaze dawerili sxva gramatika orivesTvis
ucnobi iyo, sakmao raodenovis saerTo terminebi ki SeuZlebelia
SemTxveviTobad miviCnioT~ (babunaSvili... 1991:14). am faqtidan
gamomdinare, avtorebi askvnian: `zurab SanSovanisa da anton pirve-
107
lis epoqamde qarTulad ukve arsebobda sagramatiko mecnieruli
terminologia, romelsac kargad icnobdnen XVII-XVIII saukuneebis
swavlulni~ (babunaSvili... 1991: 14).
ar unda vifiqroT, rom antonisa da SanSovanis gramatikebi emyareboda raimenair `srul gramatikul naSroms~. terminebi, romelTac iyenebda orive swavluli, jer kidev XI-XII saukuneebSi, leqsikografiul naSromebSi gvxvdeba.
gramatikas antoni amgvarad gansazRvravs: `Rrammatika ars SemZlebeloba marTl-ubnobad da wesier werad... nivTni ukve Rrammatikisani arian Tqmaobani kacobrivni, xolo Tqmaoba ukve kacobrivi
orTa saxeTa mier gamiyofebis, e.i. saubrisa mimarT da werisa. xolo
warmosdgebian eseni mravalTa sityvaTagan da sityvani mravalTa
leqsTagan da leqsni marcvalTagan da egsaxed marcvalni _
wignTagan~ (anton I 1885:115).
amgvarad, gramatikis obieqtad antoni asaxelebs ara TviT enas,
aramed _ iseve, rogorc es `sayovelTao gramatikaSia~ _ diskurss,
`Tqmaobas~, zepirmetyvelebiTs an werilobiTs. winadadebas is
uwodebs, iseve, rogorc Zveli swavlulebi _ `sityvas~, sityvas _
`leqss~, asoebs _ `wignebs~.
sainteresoa, rom al. focxiSvili sayvedurobs antons imas, rom
es ukanaskneli `ver asxvavebs obieqts Semswavleli mecnierebisgan
_ rac enis nawilebi iyo (wigni, marcvali, sityva, winadadeba), axla
gramatikis nawilebad gamoacxada, magram amis mizezi is unda iyos,
rom antonis gramatika ufro farTo disciplinaa, vidre gramatika
Cveulebrivi warmodgeniT...~ (focxiSvili 1991:188). rogoria es `ufro farTo disciplina~? al. focxiSvili aqve ganmartavs: `antonisTvis gramatika enis yvela aspeqtis momcvelia (winadadeba, sityva,
marcvali, fonema), amitomac mas ar hyofnis Cveulebrivi gramatikuli cnebebi da xSirad logikursa da filosofiur (fsiqologiur)
cnebebs mimarTavs, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca sakiTxi enisa da
azrovnebis urTierTobas exeba, da Tundac is faqti, rom antonTan
daisva sakiTxi enisa da azrovnebis urTierTobisa, TavisTavad metad mniSvnelovania~ (focxiSvili 1991: 188).
rogorc vxedavT, antonis midgoma enisadmi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba XI-XII saukunebis moRvaweTa midgomisgan, radgan es ukanasknelni, ZiriTadad, leqsikografiul kvlevebs axorcielebdnen.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, enisa da azrovnebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi
maTTan arc wamoWrila. samagierod, swored amgvari midgoma aaxloebs antonis gramatikas `sayovelTao gramatikasTan~.
arn. Ciqobava miuTiTebs, rom antonTan `winadadeba sityvaTa SeerTebaa. sityva warmodgenas gadmogvcems, magram, raki sityvebi erTdeba, SesaZlebeli xdeba gansja~ (Ciqobava 1965 : 94).
fuko aRniSnavs: `sityvas sityvad gadaaqcevs da yvirilsa da xmaurze amaRlebs masSi dafaruli winadadeba. sityva arasodes iqceoda
108
sagnis warmodgenis niSnad, radgan is arasodes aRniSnavda, rom rZe
cxelia an rom is mzadaa, an rom mas elodebian. marTlac. swored winadadeba aTavisuflebs bgeriT signals misi uSualo eqspresiuli
mniSvnelobebisgan da suverenulad ganamtkicebs mas mis lingvistur
SesaZlblobaSi. klasicisturi azrovnebisTvis ena iwyeba iq, sadac
aris ara gamoxatuleba, aramed _ diskursi. rodesac amboben `ara~, am
uaryofas ar gamoxataven yviriliT; erT sityvaSi aq SekumSulia `mTeli winadadeba: `... me ar vgrZnob amas an ar mwams es.~ winadadebaSi enis
yvela funqcia dayvanilia winadadebis warmosaqmnelad aucilebel
sam elementze: qvemdebareze, gansazRvrebasa da maT kavSirze. garda
amisa, qvemdebare da gansazRvreba erTi da imave bunebisaa, radgan winadadeba amtkicebs, rom erTi meoris igiveobrivia an miekuTvneba mas~
(fuko 1977: 344).
antoni ki werda: `saxeli ukve wvalebis orad, e.i. arsebisa _ mimarT da zedSesrulisa. arsebiTi ars TaviT TvisiT mdgomare saubarsa Sina da werilsa, xolo zedSesruli ars ara TaviT TvisiT
mdgomare (e.i. ara damoukidebeli _ T.l.), aramed mosruli arsebasa
zeda~ (antoni 1885: 125)
zmnis arss antoni amgvarad ganmartavs: `zmna ars nawili sityvisa
cxadmyofi arsebisa yofisa da qmnaTa da vnebaTa misTa~ (antoni 1885:
157). Sesabamisad msjeloben `sayovelTao gramatikis~ avtorebic.
`zmna mTlianad daiyvaneba erT zmnaze, romelic aRniSnavs myofobas.
yvela danarCeni idumalad asrulebs am erTaderT funqcias, magram
isini faraven mas SemniRbveli gansazRvrebiT: emateba gansazRvrebebi
da imis nacvlad, rom iTqvas `me var momRerali~, amboben `me vmReri~;
aqve emateba drois miTiTebebi da nacvlad imisa, rom iTqvas `odesRac
me var momRerali~, amboben `me vmRerodi~. bolos, zogierT enaSi
zmnebma moaxdines TviT qvemdebaris integrireba, magaliTad, romaelebi amboben ara ego vivit aramed vivo. yovelive es sxva araferia,
Tu ara enis daSreveba da daleqva erTi garSemo: `arsebobs mxolod
zmna yofna... romelic myofobs am Tavis simartiveSi~ (fuko 1977: 345)).
rogorc zemoT SevniSneT, sayovelTao gramatikis, iseve, rogorc antoni pirvelis gramatikis sakuTari obieqtia ara azrovneba,
ara ena, aramed _ diskursi, es ukanaskneli ki gagebulia, rogorc
enobriv niSanTa Tanmimdevroba.
zmnasTan erTad antoni ganixilavs metyvelebis sxva nawilebsac:
saxels, nacvalsaxels, mimReobas, Tandebuls. zmnizedas, kavSirs,
mimReobas.
Tavisi naSromis mesame nawils antoni uTmobs sintaqsis problemebs. am nawils ewodeba `Tvis sintaqsisa anu SeTxzva nawilTa sityvisaTa da moqmedebisa maTisa~. esaa naSromis is nawili, romelic, Tavisi
suliskveTebiT, azrovnebis wesiT, yvelaze metad Seesabameba `sayovelTao gramatikis~ suliskveTebas, enaSi wesrigis Setanas, masSi momijnaveobis principis gamovlenis analizs. es nawili Cvidmet Tavs
109
moicavs. masSi ganxilulia iseTi sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa metyvelebis
nawilTa oTxgvari SeTanxmeba, saxelisa da zmnis SeTanxmeba, arsebiTisa da zedsarTavis SeTanxmeba da sxv., anu aago Tavisi kvleva principulad gansxvavebul safuZvelze, vidre es SesaZlebeli iyo Sua
saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. amdenad, gasakviri araa, rom antoni Tavis
gramatikas miiCnevda pirvel gramatikul naSromad qarTul filologiaSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom gramatika, rogorc wesrigis gamovlena
enaSi, marTlac antonis gamokvlevaSi SeiniSneba pirvelad da am
gagebiT antonis gramatika marTlac pirvelia qarTuli enis Seswavlis istoriaSi, qarTul lingvistur azrovnebaSi.
antonis gramatikaSi ar Cans enaTa daaxloebis, maTi mimsgavsebis
tendencia, iseve, rogorc arnosa da lanslos gamokvlevaSi. antoni
ar iyenebs SedarebiT meTods, ikvlevs qarTuli enis unikalur
struqturas. amasTan, garkveuli gagebiT, mis naSromsac SeiZleba
ewodos `sayovelTao gramatika~, vinaidan mas `SeuZlia gamoavlinos
gramatikis kanonebqveS _ magram maTi safuZvlis doneze _ diskursis funqcia warmodgenaTa analizSi~.
anton pirvelma xorci Seasxa gramatikuli wesebis sayovelTaobisa da maTi racionaluri (logikuri) safuZvlis princips, romelic safuZvlad daedo `sayovelTao gramatikas~.
ra Tqma unda, Sinaarsobrivad da analizis Sedegebis mixedviT,
`sayovelTao gramatika~ da anton pirvelis gramatika mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, radgan gansxvavebulia is enebi,
romlebic gaanalizebulia am or naSromSi, magram erTnairia msoflmxedveloba, romelic maT udevs safuZvlad. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
antonis gramatikaSi mniSvnelovanwilad xorcSesxmulia enis kritikuli analizis amocanebi.
amdenad, anton pirvelis gramatikaSi aisaxa klasicisturi epistemis arsebiTi niSan-Tvisebebi, romlebic Tavs iCens a. arnosa da kl.
lanslos `sayovelTao gramatikaSi~ da sistemurad gaanalizebulia
m. fukos naSromSi `sityvebi da sagnebi~.
damowmebani:
anton I 1885: antoni I. qarTuli Rrammatika. tf.: 1885.
babunaSvili... 1991: babunaSvili e., uTurgaiZe T. anton pirvelis `qarTuli
Rrammatika~ da misi erovnul-istoriuli mniSvneloba. Tb.: 1991.
bleiki 1926: bleiki r. efrem mciris literaturuli moRvaweobidan.
mimomxilveli. I. tf.: 1926.
sarjvelaZe 1984: sarjvelaZe z. qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis
Sesavali. Tb.: 1984.
focxiSvili 1995: focxiSvili al. qarTuli enaTmecnierebis istoria. Tb.: 1995.
fuko 1977: Фуко М. Слова и вещи (Археология гуманитарных наук). М.: 1977.
Ciqobava 1965: Ciqobava a. iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa Seswavlis istoria. Tb.: 1965.
110
epoqis poetikuri tendenciebi.
aRmosavluri motivebi qarTuli konotaciebiT
goCa kuWuxiZe
mefe-poetebi
(biografiuli narkvevebi)
Teimuraz pirveli
Teimuraz pirvelis, mefisa da poetis, Sesaxeb, araerTgvarovani
damokidebuleba arsebobs literaturaTmcodneobaSi:
korneli kekeliZe werda: `namdvilad rom vTqvaT, is mowodebuli
iyo imdenad ara mefobisaTvis, ramdenadac mwerlobisaTvis~ (kekeliZe 1980: 553). rogorc politikosi ki, mecnieris azriT, `Teimurazi iyo eWviani da daundobeli kaci, moklebuli diplomatiur SorsmWvretelobasa da saR politikur alRos~ (kekeliZe 1980: 553).
korneli kekeliZes mohyavs anton furcelaZis sityvebi `ujda mTeli dReobiT am uSno da uazro leqsebs da aklavda sicocxles Siga~
(kekeliZe 1980: 553).
Teimurazi 1589 wels daibada (kekeliZe 1980: 551).
misi mama _ daviTi literaturiT iyo gatacebuli, `qilila da
dimnas~ nawili Targmna...
radgan im dros Zalian iyo garTulebuli dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris saqarTvelos orientaciis sakiTxi, rTuli da tragikuli Seiqmna samefo ojaxis wevrTa Soris urTierToba.
Teimurazis papa _ aleqsandre, misi vaJi daviTi, TviTon Teimurazi ruseTTan daaxloebis momxreebi iyvnen, rac, cxadia, iranisa da
osmaleTis uaryofiT damokidebulebas iwvevda.
daviTi ulmobel kacad aris Sesuli istoriaSi. man 1601 wels
avadmyofobis gamo taxtisagan droebiT Camocilebul mamas taxtze
dabrunebis saSualeba ar misca, TviTon gamefda da Zma _ giorgi ki
cixeSi Casva... aleqsandre mefe berad Sedga. daviTi 1602 wels
gardaicvala. mefe isev aleqsandre gaxda.
1602 wels daviTma, aleqsandrem da Teimurazma boris godunovis
erTgulebaze daifices (narkvevebi 1973: 244; nawilis avtori _
g.jamburia). Sah abasi iTxovda, rom Teimurazi da misi da _ elene
iranSi wasuliyvnen. aleqsandre, romlis mimarT undoblad iyo irani ganwyobili, Sahs am dros iranSi hyavda wayvanili. aleqsandre da
giorgi batoniSvili iZulebuli gaxdnen SeesrulebinaT misi piroba.
elene Sahma colad SeirTo. arsebobs Sexeduleba, rom Teimurazis
dedam _ dedofalma qeTevanma, imisi SiSiT gagzavna Teimurazi
111
iranSi, rom giorgi TviTon Seecdeboda taxtze asvlas da daviTis
ojaxisaTvis, SesaZloa, ziani mieyenebina (kekeliZe 1980: 551).
giorgi batoniSvilma 1605 wlis 1 ianvars dado ruseTis erTgulebis fici (narkvevebi 1973: 249).
1605 wels Sahma iranidan gamouSva aleqsandre da masTan erTad
gamoagzavna iranSi gazrdili da gasparsebuli konstantine-mirza.
igi 1605 wlis 12 marts mamas ewvia ZegamSi, sadac am ukanasknels ruseTis elCebi unda mieRo. mirzam iq ixmo giorgic, _ isqander munSis
cnobiT, aleqsandresTan da giorgisTan Sirvanze laSqrobis Sesaxeb
dawyebuli saubari davaSi gadaizarda... konstantine-mirzam sakuTari xeliT mokla Zma. Svilis miSveleba scada aleqsandrem, magram
isic mokles. daxoces: rusTveli episkoposi, misi Zma abel andronikaSvili da xuTi Tavadi (narkvevebi 1973: 250).
konstantine qarTvelTa SeTqmulebis gamo samSoblodan gaiqca.
igi qarTl-kaxelTa jarTan brZolaSi daiRupa.
1606 wels qeTevanma Sahs Teimurazis gamefeba sTxova. 16 wlis
Teimurazi kaxeTis mefe gaxda, igi mamia gurielis asul _ anaze daqorwinda, SeeZinaT ori Svili _ levani da aleqsandre. Teimurazs
coli gardaecvala. igi meored daqorwinda luarsab II-is da _
xoreSanze.
1613 wels Sah abasi ganjaSi SeiWra. misi moTxovniT jer aleqsandre gagzavnes iranSi mZevlad qeTevan dedofalTan erTad, Semdeg ki
_ levani (narkvevebi 1973: 264)... roca Sahma TviTon Teimurazic
daibara, mefisTvis gasagebi gaxda, rom irans ganjidan kaxeTSi SeWra
da aq bagrationTa amowyveta hqonda gadawyvetili da
mosagerieblad mzadebas Seudga (narkvevebi 1973: 264).
1614 wels Sahi kaxeTSi SeiWra, JaleTSi daamarcxa Teimurazi, romelic imereTSi gadavida... Sahma kaxeTis, erwo-TianeTis rbeva daiwyo... kaxeTidan iranSi gadaasaxla kaxelebi, aseve, _ aleqsandres
mier osmalTa devnis dros Semoxiznuli aTasobiT Sirvaneli da
yarabaxeli (narkvevebi 1973: 264).
Sah abasma kaxeTis mmarTvelad Teimurazis biZis _ giorgis vaJi
isaxani daadgina. Sahi imereTis mefisagan Teimurazisa da luarsabis
gadacemas moiTxovda. bolos Sadiman baraTaSvilis daixmarebiT
luarsabi waiyvana, _ Sadimani, es `boroti da veragi kaci~, rogorc
araqel Tavrizeli wers, `didi xnis ganmavlobaSi elaparaka luarsabs lmobieri, damarwmunebeli da mosawoni sityvebiT~ (araqel Tavrizelis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Targmani meri mesxiSvilisa,
xelnaweri, 22-44; ix. _ narkvevebi 1973: 266).
savsebiT sworad aris miCneuli, rom luarsabis Tanxmoba mxolod
Sadimanis mizeziT ar momxdara. luarsabi imedovnebda, rom am nabijiT qarTls Sahis risxvisagan ixsnida (narkvevebi 1973: 266). marTlac `ueWvelia, luarsabis xlebam (1614 w. oqtomberi) ramdenadme
112
daacxro Sah abasis mrisxanebis cecxli da qarTlic SedarebiT
iolad gadaurCa mis `stumrobas~ (narkvevebi 1973: 266).
cxadia, mxolod Sadiman baraTaSvili ar iqneboda, romelic
luarsabis wasvlas iTxovda, didebulebi msgavs SemTxvevebSi safrTxeSi Tavis CagdebiT faqtiurad Tavganwirvisaken mouwodebdnen
TavianT mefeebs (Tumc, SadimaniviT uaryofiTad sxva ar aris xalxis
cnobierebaSi damkvidrebuli...), saboloo gadawyvetilebas ki Tavad
mefe Rebulobda. luarsabic, demetre mefis msgavsad, Tavdadebuli
iyo, _ igi Tavad eaxla Sahs. 1622 wels mSvild-isris sabeliT moaSTves mefe.
1615 wels kaxelebma daviT jandieris meTaurobiT iranelebis mier cixe-simagred gadakeTebuli alaverdis taZari gaaTavisufles.
ajanyebas Teimurazi Caudga saTaveSi. man cixe-simagreebis gaTavisuflebas mihyo xeli. Teimurazs Sirvanic ahyva, mas erT-erTi Turqmanuli tomis meTaurma _ delu meliqma gamoucxada erTguleba
(narkvevebi 1973: 268). maSin Sah abasma 15 000-iani jari gamogzavna. jari wiwamurTan dadga. Teimurazma 5-6 000-ian jars TviTon usardla,
moulodnelad Seutia mters da ramdenime saaTSi gaanadgura. gadarCenili yizilbaSebi Tbilisisaken gaiqcnen (narkvevebi 1973: 268).
momdevno wels Sahi qarTlisaken gamoemarTa, Sevida TbilisSi,
Semdeg kaxelebis Seupovari winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, daamarcxa
isini da gaaCanaga kaxeTi. Sahis wasvlis Semdeg daviT jandierma,
Tamaz vaCnaZem, delu-meliqma xalxis dabruneba daiwyes, Seudgnen
cixeTa aRdgenas. magram Sahma didi laSqriT isa-xan yorCibaSi gamogzavna kaxeTSi da yizilbaSebma isev aaoxres kaxeTi, qiziyi. eniselisa
da zagebis provinciebidan 2-3 000 ojaxi ferohabadSi gadaasaxles.
1617 wels ki Sah abasma meoTxed dalaSqra kaxeTi. 100 000 kaci daiRupa, 200 000 iranSi gadaasaxla (narkvevebi 1973: 272-273).
qarTvelTa nawili gadasaxlebidan, rogorc es g. jamburias miaCnia, giorgi saakaZem da beJan saakaZem ixsnes, `Sahi daiTanxmes, rom
iranSi gadasaxlebis magivrad qarTlSi daetovebina xornabujisa da
misi midamoebis mcxovrebTa nawili mainc~ (narkvevebi 1973: 273-274).
giorgi saakaZe qarTlis TavadebTan daaxloebasa da mtris
sawinaaRmdego Zalebis gaerTianebas cdilobda, magram `giorgis
mtrebi Sahs eaxlnen da erTguleba gamoucxades da masTan TanamSromlobdnen~ (narkvevebi 1973: 272).
Sah abasma kaxeTi feiqar-xans Caabara, qarTlSi iranis moxele _
simoni daadgina mmarTvelad...
qarTvelebma samSobloSi dabruneba isev daiwyes, ramac yizilbaSTa SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia...
1618 wels osmalebma azerbaijanis dasakaveblad irans Seuties.
didvezir xalal faSas saqarTvelodan unda ganedevna yizilbaSebi
da taxtze Teimurazi daesva. Teimurazi kaxelTagan Sedgenil razms
113
meTaurobda, magram osmalebma iranTan zavi dades da Teimurazi
isev damarcxda (narkvevebi 1973: 275-276).
maSin Teimurazma ruseTs sTxova daxmareba, magram ver miiRo da
Sedegi ki is iyo, rom Sah abasma Teimurazis vaJebi aleqsandre da
levani daasaWurisebina, ris Semdegac erTi gardaicvala, meore ki
fsiqikurad daaavdda. 1724 wels ki Sah abasma qeTevan dedofals
sjulis gamocvla mosTxova da uaris Semdeg wamebiT gamoasalma
sicocxles.
Sah abasis mizani qarTl-kaxeTis saboloo ganadgureba iyo. imisi
SiSiT, rom qarTl-kaxeTi ruseTs ar dakavSireboda da amierkavkasia
mTlianad ar daekarga, man iranSi gaqceuli giorgi saakaZis mrCevlobiT yarCixa-xani gamogzavna da mas `kaxelebis mTliani gawyveta
da qarTvelebis iranSi Carekva daavala~. yarCixa-xans Semdeg giorgi
saakaZe unda moekla (narkvevebi 1973: 277-278).
1625 wlis 25 marts martyofis velze giorgim da misma mxlebelma
qarTvelebma advilad daamarcxes yizilbaSebi da Teimurazs qarTlkaxeTis mefoba Caabares.
ibrahim feCevis cnobiT: `ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi aseTi didi
zarali (Sahs) ar mosvlia~ (narkvevebi 1973: 281).
1625 wels marabdis velze dabanakebul Sah abasis mier isa-xan
yorSibaSis meTaurobiT mier gamogzavnil did jarTan SebrZolebis
win giorgi saakaZe, romelsac miaCnda, rom sjobda qarTvelebs brZola ar daewyoT da mtris moqmedebisaTvis daecadaT, brZolis meTaurobas CamoaSores da mTavarasdloba Teimurazs Caabares. dasawyisSi qarTvelebma warmatebas miaRwies, magram Tavi naadrevad miiCnies gamarjvebulebad da alafoba daiwyes, nawili gaqceul mters
daedevna. yorCibaSs male azerbaijanis beglarbegi Sahbende-xani
mieSvela da qarTvelebi damarcxdnen. rogorc farsadan gorgijaniZe gadmogvcems, isini `alag-alag erTad Segrovdnen da sanamdisin
daixocebodnen, Tavi aRar dazoges~ (narkvevebi 1973: 285).
damarcxebidan meore dRes giorgi saakaZem kojris midamoebSi
mcire razmebiT SeaCera yizilbaSebi, romlebic Sida qarTlSi cdilobdnen SeRwevas. maT 12 000-ian jariT Tergis xeobaSi arSis cixidan qarTvelTa mier datyvevebuli gamahmadianebuli anduyafari da
misi meuRle (yorCibaSis asuli) gaaTavisufles, qsnis xeobidan
TbilisSi brundebodnen, roca giorgi saakaZis razmebma gza gadauketes da yizilbaSTa 12 000-iani jari gaanadgures. Sirvanis beglarbegi anduyafarTan da mis meuRlesTan erTad TbilisSi gaiqca
(narkvevebi 1973: 285-286).
iranelebs brZolis gagrZeleba gauWirdaT. maT iranis 120 000iani armiidan 60 000 saqarTveloSi daekargaT. iranis gegmebi, gaenadgurebina qarTl-kaxeTi, sabolood CaiSala, raSic didi wvlili
giorgi sakaZes miuZRvis (narkvevebi 1973: 288).
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iranelebma TavadTa nawili gadaibires. qaixosro baraTaSvilma
maT birTvisis cixe gadasca, ris sazRauraRadac jer qvemo qarTlis
sardali, Semdeg ki, 1626 wels, Tbilisis mouravi gaxades (narkvevebi
1973: 286).
Teimurazi imereTSi wavida...
yorCibaSma qarTlis mmarTvelad simon mefe datova...
giorgi saakaZe 1625 wels samcxeSi gadavida. iqaurma didebulebma
mxari dauWires da saakaZem aspinZasTan daamarcxa yizilbaSebi. 1626
wels igi qarTlSi gamobrunda da TeimurazTan erTad aTavisuflebda qarTlis cixeebs (narkvevebi 1973: 288). manamde saakaZem Samxlisa
da daRestnis feodalTa TareSi alagma (narkvevebi 1973: 288).
qarTl-kaxeTi gaerTianda, misi mefe Teimurazi iyo. iqmneboda saSualeba, imereTi da qarTl-kaxeTi gaerTianebuliyo... qveynis gamTlianebas xeli SeuSala im faqtma, rom saakaZis avtoriteti Zalian
gaizarda. osmaleTis sulTani mas `qarTlis mpyrobel mourav-xanad~ ixseniebda, elCebs giorgi saakaZesTan agzavnida. es ki aSinebda
did feodalebs (288).
amasTan, rac mTavaria, imereTisa da qarTl-kaxeTis xelisuflebaTa SeTanxmeba iyo yvelaze Zneli misaRwevi. rogorc samecniero
literaturaSia aRniSnuli, `saakaZis saqmianoba da misi aseTi gandideba ar moswonda pativmoyvare Teimurazs, did ubedurebasa da
mraval gaWirvebaSi gamovlili mefe (kaxeTis aoxreba, ucxoobaSi
wanwali, dedisa da Svilebis daxocva da sxva mravali) uaRresad
undo da eWviani gamxdariyo~ (narkvevebi 1973: 289).
miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc savsebiT sworad aris SeniSnuli,
giorgi saakaZes arcerTi is feodali ar dausjia, romelTac igi sasikvdilod gaimetes (narkvevebi 1973: 289-290), qarTvel didebulebs
misdami ndoba mainc ar hqondaT. qveynis gaerTianebisaTvis vercerTi mxare ver Tmobda pirad interesebs, arc imgvari molaparakeba
moxerxda, rom piradad aravin dazaralebuliyo da saqarTvelo ise
gaeerTianebinaT.
giorgi saakaZe iZulebuli gaxda, imereTisa da qarTl-kaxeTis
samefo karTa Soris erT-erTi amoerCia da man arCevani imereTis
mefis, _ giorgis Ze aleqsandreze aiRo. aleqsandre qarTl-kaxeTis
mefe unda gamxdariyo, Semdeg ki mamiseuli taxti daekavebina da
qarTl-kaxeTi da imereTi gaeerTianebina (narkvevebi 1973: 290).
1626 wels giorgi saakaZe Teimurazis winaaRmdeg bazaleTTan
gamarTul brZolaSi damarcxda, iZulebuli gaxda osmaleTSi gadasuliyo. osmalebis daxmarebiT imedovnebda iranelTagan qarTl-kaxeTis gaTavisuflebasa da saqarTvelos gaerTianebas, magram osmaleTSi Tavis vaJTan da ormocamde mxlebelTan erTad veragulad
mokles...
saqarTvelos gaerTianebis gegma CaiSala _ Teimurazi Sida qarTlSi mefobda, qvemo qarTlSi ki simoni iyo mefe.
115
zurab erisTavma 1631 wels mZinare simoni veragulad mokla. Semdeg Teimurazma zurabi moakvlevina. qarTl-kaxeTis mefe Teimurazi
gaxda, samefo man iranis vasalad gamoacxada (narkvevebi 1973: 293).
Teimurazs saqarTvelos gaerTianebis Zala ar Seswevda, magram is
ki scada, rom damoyvreboda imereTis mefes, _ Tavisi asuli _
darejani aleqsandres miaTxova colad (narkvevebi 1973: 293).
Teimurazma odnav Seasusta daRestnelebis TareSi, magram misiT
mainc ukmayofiloni iyvnen. `qveSevrdomebs sastikad epyroboda,
axali xarji gaawera da yvelafers ZaliT arTmevda~ (farsadan
gorgijaniZe, _ narkvevebi 1973: 293).
Teimurazma romis papTan scada daaxloeba. 1622 wels nikifore
ColoyaSvili, 1630 wels ki _ petre avitabile gagzavna papTan, raTa
igi iranisagan dacvaSi mixmareboda, magram, am mxriv, warmatebas ver
miaRwia. kulturis aRorZinebasa da sagamomcemlo saqmianobaSi ki
daexmara romTan urTierToba.
maSin Teimurazi TviTon Seecada iranTan brZolas. mas mxari
dauWira iranidan rostom-xanis mier gaZevebulma daud-xanma (alaverdi-xan undilaZis Svilma) da barda da yarabaxi dalaSqra. brZolis Sedegi is iyo, rom iranis axalma Sahma daud-xanis Zma Svilebianad amoxoca, daudis Svili daasaWurisa da Teimurazs daud-xanis
gadacema mosTxova. uaris miRebis Semdeg Sahma 1632 wels qarTlis
mefed rostomi, xolo kaxeTSi yizilbaSi selim-xani daadgina
(narkvevebi 1973: 317-318).
rostomi yarabaxSi Sevida. Teimurazma jaris Sekreba ver SeZlo.
verc imereTis mefisagan miiRo daxmareba, radgan igi levan dadians
igeriebda da TeimurazisaTvis ar ecala. Teimurazi goridan imereTs gaiqca. man da imereTis mefe giorgim amjerad gaumarTes brZola rostoms, magram damarcxdnen (narkvevebi 1973: 318).
rostomma daamarcxa aragvis ajanyebuli erisTavi _ daTuna, Semdeg _ mis winaaRmdeg amxedrebuli erisTavis Zma da Teimurazi...
Teimurazi kaxeTSi gadavida, iq gabatonebuli selim-xani gaaZeva
da 1634 wels TviTon gamefda. mas isev rostomma Seutia. Teimurazma
Serigeba iTxova. irans osmaleTTan saomari mdgomareobis gamo saqarTvelosaTvis ar ecala da rostoms ubrZanes, Serigeboda Teimurazs. iranma scno Teimurazis mefoba (narkvevebi 1973: 318-320).
1636, 1638, 1642 wlebSi Teimurazi nodar ciciSvilisa da zaal
erisTavis daxmarebiT isev SeebrZola rostoms, misi RalatiT mokvlac moindomes, magram damarcxdnen (narkvevebi 1973: 318-320).
1635 wels Teimurazma iranisa da rostomis winaaRmdeg ruseTs
sTxova daxmareba, dapireba miiRo da misi moTxovniT 1639 wels erTgulebis fici dado. man didoelebis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra, raTa
CrdiloeTidan ruseTisaTvis gza gaexsna, magram amjerad didoelebTan da sxva daRestnelebTan brZolaSi damarcxda (narkvevebi
1973: 318-320).
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Teimurazs isev ver exmareboda imereTis samefo, radgan kvlavac
dadianis mogeriebiT iyo dakavebuli. `dadiani mouÃdeboda yovels
sauflos dRes, Sobasa, axal weliwadsa, naTlisRebasa da aRdgomas
da aoÃrebda qveyansa imereTisasa~ (beri egnataSvili).
maSin Teimurazma, zaal erisTavma, ioTam amilaxorma, kaTolikosma evdemon diasamiZem, giorgi goCaSvilma, revaz baraTaSvilma,
zurab saakaZem, somxiTis meliqma _ yormazbegma SeTqmuleba
mouwyes rostoms, magram meliqma gasca da damarcxdnen SeTqmulebi
(narkvevebi 1973: 321-322).
Sahma Teimurazis dasasjelad didZali jari gamogzavna, romelsac rostom diswuli _ adam sulTan andronikaSvili sardlobda. Teimurazma, zaal erisTavma, nodar ciciSvilma rostoms Serigeba sTxoves. osmaleTTan saomar mdgomareobaSi myof irans uWirda
brZola da isev daTanxmda Serigebaze. adam sulTani ukan gaiwvies
(narkvevebi 1973: 323).
Teimurazma mainc ar misca irans mosveneba. man rostom mefes
manamde micemuli sami sofeli waarTva (narkvevebi 1973: 323). rostomi yizilbaSTa da qarTlis jariT Tavs daesxa kaxeTs. razmi, romelSic Teimurazis vaJi _ daviTi ibrZoda, qiziySi damarcxda. daviTi
ki brZolaSi daiRupa (narkvevebi 1973: 323).
rogorc farsadan gorgijaniZe ityobineba, Teimurazi kaxelma
Tavadebma miatoves da rostoms miemxrnen (narkvevebi 1973: 323).
Teimurazs Svilis daRupvis Semdeg Zalian gauWirda, magram, roca
mis Semdgom nabijebs gadavxedavT, davrwmundebiT, rom bolomde
mainc ar gatexila...
Teimurazma isev scada rostomTan Serigeba, _ dedofali xoreSani miugzavna mas. magram, Tu aqamde Serigebis Txovna erTgvari
droebiTi zavis Camogdebas emsgavseboda, axla Zalagamoclili Teimurazi ukve aRar iyo imdenad saSiSi. rostomma Serigebaze uari
Tqva, Tumc, aRar SeebrZola mas. 1648 wels Teimurazi kaxeTidan isev
imereTSi gadavida (narkvevebi 1973: 324).
arsebobs mosazreba, rom rostoms erCivna, Tavisufali yofiliyo Teimurazi, radgan qarTveli mefe mosvenebas ar aZlevda irans
da, Tu Teimurazi aRar iqneboda, Sahi mets mosTxovda rostoms;
amasTan, Seecdeboda kaxeTi saxanod gadaeqcia (narkvevebi 1973: 324325). radgan Teimurazis mier brZolis gagrZelebis SesaZlebloba
isev arsebobda, `aseT viTarebaSi SahisaTvis rostomi yvelaze metad
sasurveli kandidati iyo, romlis zomieri politika rogorc iranisaTvis, ise qarTvelebisaTvis asatani iyo~ (narkvevebi 1973: 325).
rostomi qarTl-kaxeTis mefe gaxda. Teimurazs marTlac ar Seuwyvetia brZola. misi survili iyo, imereTis mefe aleqsandre da
levan dadiani Serigebuliyvnen, magram verafers miaRwia. osmaleTi
ar exmareboda, radgan iransa da osmaleTs Soris zavi iyo dadebuli... maSin isev ruseTis daxmarebis miReba scada Teimurazma, _
117
aleqsandre darwmunda da 1649 wels ruseTSi mefeebma elCebi gagzavnes. Teimurazi 20 000-ian jars iTxovda. imereTis mefis survili
ki is iyo, rom rusebi kazakebis saSualebiT dadianTan brZolaSi daxmarebodnen, raTa imereTs, Tavis mxriv, Teimurazis daxmarebis saSualeba miscemoda. daxmareba ar aRmouCiaT maTTvis (narkvevebi 1973: 327).
1653 wels Teimurazma SviliSvili _ erekle gagzavna ruseTSi
(narkvevebi 1973: 327-328), 1658 wels ukve piradad gaemgzavra ruseTs
da iranTan brZolaSi isev daxmareba iTxova, rac amjeradac ver
miiRo (narkvevebi 1973: 327).
gardaicvala misi SviliSvili _ luarsabi, Semdeg _ dedofali
xoreSani. 1660 wels aleqsandre mefe aResrula.
Teimurazma axla ki veRar SeZlo brZola, _ 1661 wels berad
aRikveca.
roca Sah navazma imereTi daipyro, Teimurazi misi `sapatio~ tyve
gaxda (narkvevebi 1973: 328). igi iranSi waiyvanes. amdeni brZolis Semdeg daimorCila Teimurazi iranma.
male Sahma Teimurazisgan SviliSvilis _ erekles iranSi Casvla
moiTxova, razec uari miiRo. Teimurazi astrabadis cixeSi Casves.
1663 wels Teimuraz mefe patimrobaSi gardaicvala.
Teimurazis biografiaze Tvalis erTi gadavlebac ki cxadyofs,
rom SidaganxeTqilebebisa da codvaTa aRzevebis periodSi mouwia
cxovreba mefes, ramac marTlac eWvian kacad aqcia da Secdomac bevri Caadenina. piradi cxovreba Zalian ubeduri hqonda, rac mis
poeziaSic aisaxa...
Cven amjerad Teimurazis poezaze ar visaubrebT. yuradRebas
mxolod oriode sakiTxze gavamaxvilebT.
Teimurazma sakmaod didi wvlili Seitana qarTuli mwerlobis
istoriaSi, _ `qeTevanianiT~ erovnuli Tematikis gaZlierebas Seuwyo xeli, CvenTvis saintereso periodis mkvlevarebi gverds ver
auvlian mis poema `majamas~, leqsebs: `gremis sasaxle~, `Tamaris saxe
daviT garejas~... gazafxulisa da Semodgomis, Rvinisa da bagis `gabaasebebs~, `soflis samduravs~. Teimurazma Targmna: `leilmajnuniani~, `vardbulbuliani~, `Samirvarvaniani~, `iosebzilixaniani~...
`qeTevanianSi~ dedofali qeTavani wmida ninos Seadara:
welzed axades saflavsa, ig ninos dasadaria,
suli amoxda surneli, aRarsad iyo mkvdaria,
Tqves: `frangni moiparavdes, Tu sad daecaT daria~.
me vityvi zecas wasulsa, xmeleTze arsad aria~.
roca saflavidan mokvdinebulis moparvaze da imis rwmenaze
wers, rom qeTevani zecad amaRlda, iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom Tavad
macxovarTan adarebs am dros dedas, _ macxovris saflavi naxes
carieli, masze avrcelebdnen xmebs _ `mowafeebi moiparavdneno~,
igi amaRlda zecad; RvTismSobelTanac aris reminiscencia... ubedu-
118
ri cxovrebis mqone Teimurazma, cxadia, kargad icoda, rom misi
deda arsad gamqrala, magram undoda, Tavi enugeSebina, daejerebina,
rom aRsdga qeTevani...
Teimurazis poeziis mimarT araerT SemTxvevaSi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba, Cans, im faqtmac gamoiwvia, rom, gavrcelebuli SexedulebiT, Teimurazi zedmetad didi warmodgenisa iyo Tavis poeziaze da rusTvelze ukeTes poetad miiCnevda Tavs. umTavresi mizezi
ki misi warumatebeli mefoba iyo. sparsuli enis `sitkboebaze~ da
qarTuli enis `simZimeze~ werac, cxadia, bevrs gaaRiazianebda... am
sakiTxze calke statiaSi vmsjelobT (`vefxistyaosnis~ erTi strofis gamo, J. `burji erovnebisa~, № 5-6, 1999) da amjerad mxolod
mokled vityviT.
migvaCnia, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ XV strofi, romelSic mkacrad
aris gakritikebuli uniWo meleqse, romelSic naTqvamia sityvebi:
`magra ityvis: `Cemi sjobso~, uciloblobs, viTa jori~, gadamweris
mier aris Camatebuli da masSi Teimurazis mimarT aris umkacresi
Sefaseba gamoxatuli. Teimurazs poema `majamaSi~ naTqvami aqvs:
ar momewyina layabi, es usargeblo sulisa,
sxvad aras mosaxmarisi, oden Cans sibrZne gulisa,
leqsi Cemi sjobs gvarad da tkbilad sasmenlad yurisa,
maSinc rusTvelsa aqeben, me iman gamagulisa.
vfiqrobT, `vefxistyaosanis~ xsenebuli strofi gadamweris mier
aris Camatebuli da masSi Teimurazzea miniSneba. im dros, roca
Teimurazi werda _ `leqsi Cemi sjobs~, `vefxistyaosanSi~ ukve rom
werebuliyo fraza _ `magra ityvis Cemi sjobso, uciloblobs, viTa
jori~, Teimurazi ar dawerda zustad aseT sityvebs: `leqsi Cemi
sjobs~, Seuracmyofel konteqstSi ar moaqcevda sakuTar Tavs...
verc imas vifiqrebT, rom gamiznulad exmaureba rusTvelis
strofs, romelSic cudi poeti Seuracxmyofeli sityviT aris moxseniebuli da amgvarad, qveteqstiT, Seuracyofilad ixseniebs sakuTar Tavs, _ Teimurazis strofSi araviTari TviTironiis ganwyobileba ar SeiniSneba...
Tu am strofSi Teimuraz pirveli igulisxmeba, maSin Cvens winaSe
warmodgeba rusTvelisadmi didi siyvaruliT aRxavse erTi gadamweri, romelsac Sairobis Temisadmi miZRvnili strofebis gadawerisas Teimuraz mefe gaxsenebia da gagulisebuls mkacri da TavSeukavebeli sityvebiT `Seumkia~ mefe-poeti... Teimurazisadmi mkacri damokidebuleba warmoCndeba Cvens Tvalwin. Tumc, ar unda warmogvidginoT, rom poetisadmi mxolod uaryofiTi ganwyobileba hqondaT
gasul periodebSi da aravin afasebda mas. arCilis `gabaasebidan~
vxedavT, rom erT dros qarTvelTa calkeul wreebSi imis Sesaxebac
ki yofila kamaTi, Tu romeli poetia ukeTesi, _ rusTveli Tu
Teimurazi. arCil mefe poemaSi _ `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusT-
119
velisa~ brZanebs: `bevrjel masmia cileba, ambobdnen, sjobso es
maso~ (arCili: 1999: 215).
rac Seexeba sakiTxs, marTla rusTvelze did poetad miaCnda Tu
ara Teimurazs Tavi, am sakiTxzec mokled vityviT (vrclad vmsjelobT werilSi _ `rusTveli da Teimurazi~, kreb. `klasikuri da
Tanamedrove qarTuli mwerloba~, Tb. 2000).
Teimurazis erTaderTi Secdoma is aris, rom Tavisi leqsi
rusTvelisaze tkbilxmovani egona, magram misi leqsebidan kargad
Cans, rom did poetur Semoqmedebad tkbilxmovaneba ki ara, iseTi
poezia miaCnia, romelSic sibrZnea, romelic `sibrZnis dargia~... igi
rusTvels araerTgan Zalian didi pativiT ixseniebs (magaliTebi ix.
Cvens dasaxelebul werilSi), Tavis leqsebs ki sulisaTvis usargeblo laybobad saxeldebs... vfiqrobT, Teimurazi Tavis Tanamedroveebze ufro imis gamo iyo gagulisebuli, rom, Tu poets verwmunebiT,
maT arc saxareba undodaT da arc `wigni mociqulTa~, maRali azri
ar ainteresebdaT, ris gamoc Teimurazi iZulebuli gamxdara, sibrZnisagan daclili, mxolod `tkbilxmovani~ leqsebi ewera. magram
xalxi, romelsac sinamdvileSi, rogorc poets egona, Teimurazis
majamuri riTmebi ufro moswonda, yalbad mainc rusTvels aqebda...
vfiqrobT, Teimurazi TanamedroveTa siyalbis gamo iyo gagulisebuli da ara _ imitom, rom sakuTari Tavi rusTvelze did poetad
miaCnda. saerTod, misi sityvebi uaryofiTi emociebis moZalebis
dros dawerils hgavs, ar viciT, aris Tu ara mkafiod Camoyalebebuli Sexeduleba da, vfiqrobT, zedmetad ar unda ganzogaddes. gaubedurebuli Teimurazi poeziaSi eZebda nugeSs da, rogorc miaCnda, esec ar daufases Tanamedroveebma... mas arc did poetad da arc
did mefed ara aqvs Tavi warmodgenili.
Teimurazis mefobaze msjelobisas mis warmatebazec SeiZleba
saubari, _ qarTl-kaxeTis gadarCenaSi Teimurazis daumorCileblobam didi wvlili Seitana... igi erT-erTi pirvelTagania, vinc im
periodSi dasavleT evropasTan scada daaxloeba...
miuxedavad Secdomebisa, Teimurazi mainc mniSvnelovani figuraa
da saqarTvelos istoriaSi yovelTvis eqneba damkvidrebuli Tavisi
gamorCeuli adgili.
arCili
arCili, rogorc es korneli kekeliZem gaarkvia, 1647 wels
daibada (kekeliZe 1980 II: 572). igi vaxtang V-isa misi pirveli meuRlis
_ rodam (yaflan baraTaSvilis asuli) Svili iyo.
`mSoblebma arCils misces farTo da yovelmxrivi ganaTleba:
saeklesio-sasuliero da saero. kerZod, zedmiwevniT icoda man qarTuli literatura, sasuliero da saero (kekeliZe 1980 II: 572)~. mis
ganaTlebaze vaxuSti batoniSvilic werda, vaxuStis Tanaxmad,
120
arCili `iyo keTilad wignisa orisave _ qarTulisa da rusulisa
swavluli da mTargmneli~...
mamam arCili imereTSi 14 wlisa gaamefa. 1663 wels arCili
iZulebuli gaxda iranSi Sah abas II-sTan wasuliyo, sadac mas ZaliT
mahmadianoba miaRebines da Sahnazarxani uwodes.
1664 wels Sahma kaxeTis mefed gamogzavna.
vaxtang V-s da arCils im xanebSi erekle I (Teimuraz I-is SviliSvili) daesxa Tavs, magram damarcxda da TorRvas cixeSi Caiketa.
vaxtangs erekles dedam, elenem, sTxova, rom gaeSva erekle da
vaxtangic daTanxmda. rogorc miaCniaT, `qristiani erekles Tavisuflad yofna, misi brZola kaxeTisaTvis (igulisxmeba, rom erekle
ruseTis momxre iyo) iranis Sahs aiZulebda ecno qarT-kaxeTis gaerTianeba da garkveuli angariSi gaewia vaxtangisa da arCilisaTvis,
romelnic, marTlia, garegnulad, magram mainc mahmadianebi iyvnen
da iranis vasalobas aRiarebdnen~ (narkvevebi 1973: 347; nawilis
avtori _ g. jamburia).
kaxelebi arCilis erTgulebaze daafices (narkvevebi 1973: 347).
arCilma 1667 wels colad SeirTo Teimuraz I-is SviliSvili, bagrat IV-is colyofili _ qeTevani, rogorc miaCniaT, _ imitom, rom
kaxeTis taxtze legitimuri uflebebi hqonoda (narkvevebi 1973: 347).
1675 wels arCili mamis survilis winaaRmdeg imereTis taxtis dakavebas Seecada. imereTis taxtis dakavebas misi Zma _ luarsabic
cdilobda.
1678 wlis seqtemberSi arCilma osmalTa daxmarebiT imereTis
taxti daibruna, magram 1679 wels misi datoveba mouxda, _ colSvili dvaleTSi gagzavna, TviTon jer CxerSi imyofeboda, Semdeg
dvaleTSi, faiqomSi, astraxanSi, sadac 1682 wlidan 1685 wlamde
cxovrobda; Semdeg moskovSi dasaxlda.
1688 wels ruseTidan gamobrunda da 1690 wels imereTis mefoba
daibruna.
1691 wels isev mouwia imereTis taxtis datoveba. gadavida raWaSi, raTa iqidan ruseTSi gamgzavrebuliyo, magram mTiulebma gza ar
misces da iZulebuli Seiqmna, qarTlSi gadasuliyo.
1695 wels kvlav daibruna imereTis taxti, magram 1696 wels
gaaZeves da dvaleTSi gadavida.
1698 wels arCili dabrunda imereTis taxtze.
imereTidan igi imave wels gaaZevs da jer dvaleTs, Semdeg ki, 1699
wels, ruseTs gadavida.
samSoblodan amdenjer gaZevebuli arCili moskovis maxloblad,
vsesviatskoeSi, dasaxlda.
aq igi qarTul saganmanaTleblo, samecniero-literaturul muSaobas Seudga. am saqmeSi naklebad SeuSala xeli mZime politikurma
viTarebam. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs: sagamomcemlo saqmianoba, bibliis
gamocemis momzadeba (am sakiTxebze sagamomcemlo saqmianobisaTvis
121
miZRnil nawilSi vsaubrobT), samecniero literaturis Targmna...
saerTod, ganuzomelia misi Rvawli literaturul SemoqmedebaSi
(`gabaaseba kacisa da soflisa~, `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~, `saqarTvelos zneobani~...).
arCili samSobloSi aRar dabrunebula.
gardaicvala 1713 wels, dakrZalulia donis monasterSi
(narkvevebi 1973: 349).
misi nawerebi givi TumaniSvilma da dauT TurqestaniSvilma Sekribes da 1701-1706 wlebSi krebuli Seadgines (kekeliZe 1980 II: 574; 592).
korneli kekeliZis TqmiT, arCilis `mowodebas imdenad mefoba ar
Seadgenda, ramdenad mwerloba~ (kekeliZe 1980 II: 574).
arCili TviTonve wers, rom mefobaSi ar gaumarTla:
`mefed viwode, ver gaviwode fexi Cemisad gunebisada;
davdevi Tavi, ar avad avi, saarakoda qveynebisada,
bukTa sayvirad, vin Tqvas, Tu vyvi rad samusikelad me ebsnisada?
Cems garda sxvaTa, CemTa mnaxavTa, mamxilon, avi vize vyvi sada~.
(`mefeTa qeba da samxilebeli)~
es poema arCilma moskovSi dawera. korneli kekeliZis sityviT, am
dros arCili sasowarkveTilebisagan `sasikvdilod emzadeboda~
(kekeliZe 1980 II: 584).
`saqarTvelos znaobanSi~ arCili werda:
`ver xedavT marto Cvens JamSi ramdeni avi ram iqmna?
ra cru ficoba, ra zakva, unamusoba, ra liqna?~
amgvari ganwyobileba SemdgomSi, sul sxva mxatvruli ZaliT,
daviT guramiSvilTan iqna gamoxatuli...
arCili sasoebas qristianobaSi xedavda:
`magram me RvTisa imedi amad ar gadmivardeba,
amad rom aris mowyale, es codna minarnardeba,
misi wyaloba, moxedva erTxel samzed momvardeba,
aw moqufvrili yvavili, mgonia, gamivardeba~.
vcdilobT, ramdenime iseTi Strixi gamovkveToT arCilis SemoqmedebaSi, rom misi sulieri mdgomareoba ukeT warmoCndes.
arCilis Semoqmedebidan Zalian kargad Cans, rom avtoris msoflmxedveloba qristianulia (`vinca mokvdes sjulisaTvis, daijere,
ese cxondes~...) da mahmadianur msoflmxedvelobasTan araferi aqvs
saerTo. albaT, advili warmosadgenia, ra tragedia iyo misTvis mahmadianobis aRiareba.
am mimarTebiT yuradRebas iqcevs `marTlis Tqmis~ principi, romlis ganmamtkicebelic arCilia da romliTac igi upirispirdeba
`gamogonebas~, `zRaprobas~, rasac `sparsTa naWors~ uwodebs.
122
es yovelive qristianul religiasTanac aris kavSirSi, _ eklesia
ambis gamogonebisas scnobs igavs, oRond, igavis personaJi mxolod
alegoriuli saxea, mas TavisTavadi sicocxle, personalizmi ar
aqvs... gamogonil, sinamdvileSi ararsebul gmirs da mis Sesaxeb moTxrobil gamogonil ambavs eklesia `zRaprobas~ uwodebs da imxanad
mas ar iwonebs... vfiqrobT, arCili, SesaZloa, eklesiis gavleniTac
amkvidrebdes `marTlis Tqmis~ princips.
amasTan, am SemTxvevaSi iranTan da, saerTod, aRmosavleTTan dapirispirebis elementebic aris. `marTlis Tqmis~ principis damamkvidrebelni saero mwerlobaSi gamogonil ambavs _ `sparsTa naWors~ uwodebdnen (`vefxistyaosnis~ cnobili strofi, romelSic
`ambavi sparsulis qarTulad naTargmanebis~ cnoba gvaqvs Semonaxuli, rogorc cnobilia, pavle ingoroyvas mogviano periodis CanarTad miaCnda... marTlac, mogviano periodis ganwyobileba igrZnoba
am sityvebSi... _ im periodisa, roca `marTlis Tqmis~ principi
`sparsul ambavs~, `sparsul zRaprobas~ upirispirdeba...).
`marTlis Tqmis~ pricipis warmoCenisas sityva `sparsuli~ erTgvarad ironiul konteqsts iZens, rac aRmosavluri da dasavluri
kulturuli procesebis gzajvaredinze myofi qarTuli kulturis
istoriis kvlevisaTvis sayuradRebo faqtia. `marTlis Tqmis~ principi, aseve, ruseTTan swrafva, qristianobisadmi erTgulebasa da
dasavluri kulturisaken swrafvazec metyvelebs.
qristianul msoflmxedvelobasTan dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa
arCilis damokidebuleba `saero mwerlobasTan~, romelic, sasulierosTan SedarebiT, dabali donisad miaCnia. es Sexeduleba, rogorc
revaz TvaraZes aqvs warmoCenili, gabatonebuli iyo xsenebuli periodis moRvaweTa Soris.
sparsuli `zRaprobanis~ miuRebloba, garkveulwilad, saerTod,
sparsuli kulturis miuReblobaze metyvelebs da arCilis sulieri
portretis daxatvis mcdelobisas Cvens winaSe sakmaod kargad moCans tragizmi im kacisa, romelic qristianobisa da dasavluri
kulturisaken iswrafvis da romelsac mahmadianobas aRebineben da
saxelad Sahnazarxans arqmeven...
arCilis periodSi Zlieria swrafva dasavleTisken.
saerTod, XVI-XVIII ss-Si `saqarTvelo faqtiurad Cayenebulia garesamyarosTan izolirebul mdgomareobaSi. amave dros, kulturuli cxovrebis Zveli, marTalia, bundovnad SemorCenili tradiciebi
xalxs ukarnaxebs, sulieri sazrisi sakuTari Tavis garda sxvaganac
eZios~ (TvaraZe 1997: 207). revaz TvaraZe savsebiT marTebulad wers,
rom aseT viTarebas Tavdapirvelad mosdevs cda, rom hagiografiasa
da berZnul qristianul mwerlobas miubrundnen, magram `ganviTarebis es safexuri qarTvelobas ukve ganvlili aqvs~, da `iwyeba xana
`vard-bulbulianebis~, `Samir-farvanianebis~ da `leil-mejnunianebisa~, magram maleve irkveva, rom mas xangrZlivi arseboba ar uweria,
123
igi xalxisTvis ucxo da miuRebeli yofila~. Semdeg mkvlevari dasZens: `Teimurazis aRmosavlur orientacias literaturaSi umal
daupirispirda arCilisa da misTa memkvidreTa `marTlis Tqmis~
principi, rac gamomxatveli iyo erovnuli Tematikisa da gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis Ziebisa. amas sabolood is mohyva, rom qarTulma mwerlobam, erTi-ori gamonaklisis garda, savsebiT zurgi
Seaqcia sparsul da, saerTod, aRmosavlur literaturas~ (TvaraZe
1997: 206).
aqve gvinda davamatoT, _ miuxedavad imisa, rom am periodSi
sparsuli poeziiT gataceba Zlieria, es gataceba ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi garegnulia, _ sparsul literaturul normebs da mahmadianur
msoflmxedvelobas dacilebuli, da, vfiqrobT, igi evropelis mier
egzotikurad aRqmuli aRmosavleTiT gatacebaze da, unda iTqvas,
_ aseve, kulturuli cxovrebis sisusteze saubris saSualebas
ufro gvaZlevs, vidre _ aRmosavluri kulturis tradiciebiT
cxovrebisa. qarTuli kultura imdenad aris dasustebuli, rom
sparsuli poeziis `egzotikuroba~ gamokveTilad ar Cans da garegnulad aRmosavlur elfers aZlevs imdroindel qarTul mwerlobas... arCilis droSi mimdinare kulturul procesebze Cven amjerad
im mimarTebiT vmsjelobT, rom momavalSi arCilis sulieri portretis konturebis moxazva SedarebiT mainc gaadvildes.
miuxedavad imisa, rom arCils mefobaSi ar gaumarTla, nawerebidan kargad Cans, rom mefuri Rirseba arasdros daukargavs. Tumc, ar
erideba samSoblosaTvis evedros ruseTs. misi piradi werilebidan
isic kargad moCans, rogori gulmxurvale patriotia da ra unugeSo
mdgomareobaSi Cavardnila ruseTSi yofnisas. gadavxedoT am
werilebs:
`q. dids xelmwifebT, mefeT, dids kniazebs, iovanes aleqsis
Svils, sula didisa da cotas, TeTris ruseTis TvTimpyrobelT,
Tavs ukrav magaTs maRalT xelqveS myofi imereTisa da yovlis lixT
ameris mefe arCil. RmerTman samebiT didebulma da erT RTaebiT
Tayvanis cemulman, mravals wels Tqueni didebuli mefoba
wargimarTosT [...]. aw, dids xelmwifeebs, mefebs, dids kniazebs, sula
didisa da cotas TeTris ruseTis TviT mpyrobelsa vexvewebi da
Tavs ukravT, rom qristes siyvarulisTvis da erTis qristianobis
gulisTvis xazinis wyaloba gviyon, rom amdeni qristiani queyana
urjuloT xelTagan davixsnaT da magaT RmerTman misi uxvi wyaloba
as wilad am sofels mouvlinos da mas saukunos _ cxovreba
dausrulebeli [...]
dasabamiTgan Svidi aTas orassa, Tvesa martsa ocda aTsa~ (arCili
1999: 526-527).
`q. batonebs, mefeebs, dids kniazebs, ioavane aleqsis Svils, sula
didisa da cotas da TeTri ruseTis mamiTa da papiT TviT mpyro-
124
bels, Tavs ukrav magaTs maRalsa da Zliers xelT qveS myofi mefe
arCil [...]. RvTis gulisaTvin da marTlmadideblobisa da qristianobisaTvis laSqari gviboZeT da amaTis xelisagan dagvixseniT [...]
daiwera dasabaniTgan Svidi aTas oras oTxsa, maissa ocsa~
(arCili 1999: 528).
`Государь мой Феодор Алексеевичь здравие Ваше да сохранит господь на
лета многа благополучно! [...]
Прошу убо вашу любовь донеси державшейму, дабы повелел в своей
царской типографии на нашем языке несколько книг церковных напечатать и
своим богатодареным иждивением недостатку нашему помощи ради вечныя
славы его благочестивому царству и христианския обшия ползы прошу усердно.
ВАШ АРЧИЛ И ЧЕЛОМ БЬЮ” (arCili 1999: 531).
`Тишайший и державнейжий царь наш Государь милостивейший!
Могу я Вешего царского величества подданный признать, что лучше мне с
терпеливым молчанием святия войны Богом определенаго окончания ждать и
не докучать так негли безвременно вашему величеству о сыне моем неволнике
Александре и о котором вем добре и о прочих яко при самом вашем царском
сердце имеетца попечение не мало и однокоже будучи я ныне обременен прелютыми скорбми хирагрою, подагрою и иными ведущими житие мы ко вратам
смертным, понудихся дерзнути вашему величеству чрез сие посмо исскупно с
просительным писмом от сына моего посланым и докучник явитися. Помилуй,
государь, нас бедных пришелцев ради вечныя славы имене твоего или же веси
судьбами, не остави безвременно ему там от крайней тесноты и скудости, а нам
здес от несносныя печали снити во ад.
Повели, государь, от нас бедных сотворити промысл якож дух святый твое
царское сердце приветит, чтоб нам хотя при конце жизни нашей увидет сына
нажего последняго от трех из ареста свобождена.
Вашего царского пресветлого величества поданый
из Москвы лета господня
1704 егнваря 5~ (arCili 1997: 535-536)
am werilidan kargad Cans, rogor itanjeboda arCili Svilis
tyveobaSi yofnis gamo.
politikuri daxmareba ver miiRo arCilma, magram sagamomcemlo
saqmianobis warmarTva ki SeZlo ruseTSi.
arCils Tavis leqsSi didi siyvaruliT axsenebs patre mgalobeli. masTan mefec gandidebulia da mefe-poetic:
`sibrZne umsgavse solomons, mefed ver sjobda manase,
enaritorobs ubryvnelad, platon odes Tqva an ase,
umjobes mTqmelsa vervis vscnob, nu Tu vin ityvis an ase?
vinaTgan RmerTman Seamko, veram suldgmulman anase!~
arCilis pirovnebaze fiqrisas Cvens winaSe warmodgeba adamiani,
romelsac, marTalia, mefobaSi ar umarTlebs, magram, rogorc
125
iTqva, mefuri Rirsebis grZnoba arasdros tovebs, _ samSoblos,
Svilis saxsnelad Tavs imdablebs, magram imasac naTlad warmoaCens,
rom Txovna qristianul saqmeTa aRsrulebas exeba da amitom es
Tavis damcireba ar aris.
poezia marTla uyvars, literaturul wresTan axarebs urTierToba. es misi sayvareli saqmea da cdilobs, mwignobrobis ganviTarebiT, sagamomcemlo saqmianobiT gaukeTos sikeTe samSoblos. miznisaken mswrafveli, mravalgzis damarcxis miuxedavad, gautexeli
pirovneba moCans Cvens winaSe. es aris adamiani, romelic cdilobs,
marcxs ar gaanadgurebinos Tavi.
arCils, rogorc Rirseul pirovnebasa da moRvawes, karg poets,
yovelTvis unda hqondes Tavisi gamorCeuli adgili saqarTvelos
istoriaSi.
vaxtang meeqvse
vaxtang VI-s metad rTul droSi mouwia politikuri da literaturuli, samecniero moRvaweoba. erTi mxriv, osmaleTi, meore
mxriv, irani, qarTlze politikuri zegavlenis moxdenas eswrafvian.
vaxtangi da misi wre maTTan lavirebas cdiloben. maTi survili
ruseTTan da, misi meSveobiT, evropasTan daaxloebaa. aseTi viTareba aiZulebs vaxtangs, xan osmaleTis interesebi damcvelad warmoCndes, xan _ iranisa, ruseTisaken eZebos gza da daxmareba sTxovos... saxelmwifoSi kultura ise ganaviTaros, rom upirvelesad
qristianoba iyos am kulturis masazrdoebeli, bibliur Tematikas
ar mowydes qarTuli mwerloba... alegoriuli stilis dafuZnebiTa
Tu gacxadebuli naTqvamiT bibliuri motivebi unda asaxos qarTulma mwerlobam, unda daiweros saqarTvelos istoria, narativi
ise unda aigos, mkafiod warmoCndes, qristes sjulisaTvis rom
cxovrobda es eri saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi (prof. revaz baramiZes
aqvs yuradReba gamaxvilebuli im garemoebaze, rom arcerTi qveynis
saistorio nawarmoebis saTaurSi ar moiZebneba iseTi sityva, rogoricaa `cxovreba~, romelic, TiTqos, agrZnobinebs mkiTxvels, rom
nawarmoebSi mxolod faqtebis qronologiuri TanamimdevrulobiT
gadmocema ki ar xdeba, _ is idealebia xazgasmulad warmoCenili,
romlisTvisac ucocxlia da unda icocxlos erma)... roca vaxtang
meeqvsem `vefxistyaosani~ alegoriulad ganmarta, amiT warmoaCina,
rom saukuneTa winaTac qristianuli sazrisi iyo TviT iseT poemaSi
Cadebuli, romelic, erTi SexedviT, qristianobas ar exeba. garda
imisa, rom sxva, ufro siRrmiseuli, sazrisis Ziebisaken mouwoda
mkvlevarebs, amiT alegoriuli weris stilsac gaukafa gza, _ iseTs,
romelSic, gacxadebul naTqvamTan erTad, meore iseTi saTqmeli
gamoCndeboda, sadac qristianTa RmerTi iqneboda gandidebuli da
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romelSic samSoblosadmi imgvari siyvaruli gamoixateboda, TiTqos cocxali arseba, adamiani iyos samSoblo...
es stili, iqneb, `qebaÁ qebaTaÁ~-s egzegetikosTaganac gadaiRo
vaxtangma...
rogorc viciT, sityva `kekluciT~ misi samSobloa xolme moxseniebuli, rogorc es akad. korneli kekeliZes aqvs aRniSnuli
(kekeliZe 1980: 595). RmerTi satrfos saxiT aris xSirad masTan
warmodgenili (kekeliZe 1980: 598-599). cnobilia, rom amgvari alegoriebiT vaxtang meeqvse daviT guramiSvilsac enaTesaveba da XIX sis 60-ianelebis winamorbedic xdeba.
vaxtang meeqvse 1675 wels daibada.
izrdeboda sulxan-saba orbelianis xelmZRvanelobiT.
rogorc korneli kekeliZe aRniSnavs, `mis ganaTlebas ormagi
xasiaTi hqonda: sasuliero da saero; zedmiwevniT icoda saeklesio
literatura da agreTve saero mwerloba, qarTuli da sparsuli.
amave dros is iyo namdvili mecnieri da motrfiale mecnierebisa~
(kekeliZe 1980: 593).
vaxtangi 1703 wels janiSinad dainiSna. iranis Sahma qarTlis
mefoba giorgi XI-s Caabara, magram, radgan giorgim Sahis winaaRmdeg
amboxebul avRanelebTan brZolaSi Tavi isaxela, Sahma igi avRaneTis
mmarTvelad datova da qarTlSi ki mis moadgiled, anu janiSinad,
vaxtangi daadgina. qarTlis mefe `gurjistanis valad~ iwodeboda.
qarTlSi erekle I-is dros cxovrebis qarTuli wesebi, saerTod,
qarTuli kultura gadagvarebis gzaze idga, sparsofiluri ganwyobileba iyo gaZlierebuli. vaxtangma ganaTlebuli, erovnuli adamianebi Semoikriba, qristianuli da erovnuli kulturis amaRorZinebeli politikis gatareba daiwyo. `sanam qarTveli mefe giorgi XI
Tavisi jariT yandaarSi idga da avRanTa mravalrixcovan tomebs
akavebda, qarTli oficialurad iranis saxelmwifoebriv orbitaSi
rCeboda da mahmadiani mefis zurgs amofarebuli `janiSini~ qarTlSi warmatebiT saqmianobda~ (narkvevebi 1973: 399; nawilis avtori
_ l. tuxaSvili).
radgan qarTlSi qristianuli kulturis aRorZineba ewada, am
mizniT vaxtnagma 1705 wels moiwvia saeklesio kreba, romelmac misi
Zma _ domenti kaTolikosad airCia.
Seqmna mefis `mcvelTa jari~, romelic saxelmwifos mier inaxeboda da romelic araerTi adgilobrivi feodalis winaaRdeg iyo
mimarTuli.
vaxtanma `aRadgina qarTlis samefos hegemonia mTel saqarTveloSi. igi cdilobda ganemtkicebina Tavisi gavlena kaxeTsa da imereTSi. 1707 wels orjel dalaSqra oseTi, Semoimtkica es mxare da
qarTlis CrdiloeTis sazRvaric gaamagra~ (narkvevebi 1973: 400).
iranSi giorgi XI warmatebiT ibrZoda avRanTa winaaRdmeg, rac
irans misi moadgilis mimarTac ndomiT ganawyobda. giorgi da vax-
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tangi am garemoebiT sargeblobdnen da erovnul saqmes akeTebdnen.
es, cxadia, SeumCneveli ar darCeboda. giorgis winaaRmdeg intrigebs
xlarTavdnen.
giorgis did Zalas xedavda avRanelTa gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis meTauri _ mir veisi. giorgim mir veisi daatyveva da ispaanSi
gaagzavna. tyveobaSi myofma mir veisma giorgis damoyvreba SesTavaza, Tavisi qaliSvilis miTxovebas Sepirda, magram nadimze misuli
1709 wels moakvlevina. Sahs ki misi jvari gaugzavna, romelsac gamahmadianebuli giorgi Cumad atarebda (narkvevebi 1973: 402).
Sahma giorgis adgilze misi ZmisSvili _ qaixosro daniSna.
qaixosros mosvliT mir veiss uaresi daemarTa, _ qaixosrom 1710
wels qarTul-yizilbaSuri jariT daamarcxa igi.
am dros vaxtangma iranSi Seqmnili areuli mdgomareobiT isargebla da Tbilisidan yizilbaSi cixisTavebi gaaZeva. vaxtangma qarTlSi tyveebiT laSqrobac mospo (narkvevebi 1973: 402).
`1711 wels yandaarze laSqrobis dros qarTvelebi damarcxdnen.
am brZolas TviT mefe qaixosro-xanic Seewira, romelic, iseve, rogorc misi winamorbedi giorgi XI, guliT qristianobda~ (narkvevebi
1973: 402).
Sahma `gurjistanis valad~ vaxtangis daniSvna gadawyvita, magram
amisaTvis vaxtangs qristianoba unda daeTmo. vaxtangma uari Tqva.
maSin Sahma qirmanSi gaagzavna vaxtangi, xolo qarTlis mmarTveloba ki iese yuli xans gadasca. iase qarTvelebs abezRebda, rom
isini mahmadianobis mimarT mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobilni. radgan
iases winaaRmdegi baqaric iyo, _ vaxtangis vaJi, iasem Sahs
daapatimrebina igi.
vaxtangma kaTolikuri eklesiisagan scada daxmarebis miReba. am
periodSi kaTolike misionerebi sakmaod cxovrobdnen qarTlSi da,
rogorc miCneulia, araerTi qarTveli xelisufali kaTolikobis miRebasac apirebda, raTa evropelTa daxmareba mieRo (am sakiTxebis
Ses. ix. narkvevebi 1973: 406-407). Tumc, es daxmareba aravis, maT Soris, arc vaxtangis mier papTan da ludoviko XIV-sTan gagzavnil
sulxan-saba orbelianis delegacias ar Rirsebia.
1716 wels vaxtangma formalurad miiRo mahmadianoba, aseve _
misma Zem, _ baqarmac (mas Sah navaz-xani uwodes), vaxtangi 1719 wels
samSobloSi dabrunda.
vaxtangma lekTa TareSis asalagmavad daiwyo moqmedeba. dasawyisSi am brZolas warmateba ar mohyolia (narkvevebi 1973: 409-410...),
magram mas Semdeg, rac vaxtangi samxreT azerbaijanis spasalarad
daniSnes, man didi dartyma miayena lekebs ganjis saxanoSi, lekebma
`vaxtangsa da iranis Sahs morCileba aRuTqves~ (narkvevebi 1973: 411).
`vaxtangi iranis CrdiloeTi provinciebis dacvis sababiT utevda daRestnelebs~, magram, rogorc fiqroben, am dros kavkasiaSi
Zlieri qarTul-somxuri saxelmwifos Seqmnis idea arsebobda da
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vaxtangi am ideisaTvis ibrZoda. kaTolikoss esaia hasan jalalians
miaCnda, rom kavkasiis xalxebs erTiani, Zlieri patroni hyavdaT da
es iyo vaxtang VI (narkvevebi 1973: 411-412).
irani, cxadia, movlenebis amgvar ganviTarebas ar dauSvebda da
Sahma vaxtangs daRestanze laSqroba aukrZala. ganrisxebul vaxtangs lekTa winaaRmdeg brZolaze xeli ar auRia, _ man orientacia
ruseTze aiRo.
amdroisaTvis irani iseTi Zlieri aRar iyo. ruseTi kaspiis zRvaze salaSqrod emzadeboda, misi mizani iyo, rom daRestnis sanapiroebidan moyolebuli gilanamde daufleboda kaspiispireTs (narkvevebi 1973: 414). ruseTs iranTan da osmaleTTan omis SemTxvevaSi
saqarTvelosa da somxeTis mxardaWera sWirdeboda.
am garemoebam gamoiwvia, rom kaspiis zRvis sanapiroebze ruseTsaqarTvelos Soris samxedro-politikuri kavSiri daido (liscovi
1951; paiWaZe 1960; narkvevebi 1973: 414). iranSi petre I-is mier gagzavnili despani i. volinski iranis samxedro Zalebs swavlobda. 1719
wels igi astraxanis gubernatorad dainiSna, raTa kaspiispireTSi
laSqrobisaTvis exelmZRvanela.
petre I da vaxtangi SeTanxmdnen, rom saomar moqmedebebs daiwyebdnen. maTTan erTad unda ebrZola somexTa jars. qarTlSi ruseTis
5 000-iani laSqris Semosvla gadawyda.
vaxtangs mowinaaRmdegeebic hyavdaT, _ miaCndaT, rom es saxifaTo nabiji iyo, magram vaxtangs Tavisi gzidan ar gadauxvevia. man
1722 wels avRanelebTan brZolaSi daxmareba ar aRmouCina Sahs
(daxmarebis gawevis survili hqonda mis Zes _ baqars, romelsac
aSinebda mamis politika, magram vaxtangma moqmedebis ufleba ar misca Svils), Sahi damarcxda. vaxtangi Sahis daxmarebisa da gamarjvebis
SemTxvevaSi Zalian dawinaurdeboda.
1722 wels vaxtangs osmaleTis saxeliT arzrumis faSam sTxova
daxmareba, _ iranze galaSqrebaSi daexmarebis SemTxvevaSi, samagierod, gaerTianebul saqarTvelos sTavazobdnen. magram vaxtangs
ruseTis imedi hqonda da uari Tqva.
petre I darubandamde Cavida, magram brZolis dawyeba saxifaTod
eCvena da astraxanSi gabrunda. ruseTma i. tolstois SuamavlobiT
vaxtangTan molaparakeba daiwyo, rom 1723 wels daewyoT sabrZolo
moqmedebebi. vaxtangi ukve dapirispirebuli iyo iranTan, arc osmaleTis mokavSired Seiqmna da erTaderT imedad ruseTiRa rCeboda.
petrem miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom 2 000-iani laSqari Semoeyvana
qarTlSi, magram es gadawyvetilebac ar Seusrulebia.
qarTls vaxtangis dasasjelad Sah Tamazma Semoutia. Sahis mxareze iyo iranis mxares mebrZoli konstantine, _ kaxTa mefe. konstantinem 1723 wlis gazafxulze vaxtangi daamarcxa da Tbilisi
aiRo.
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didebulebi vaxtangisagan iTxovdnen, rom osmaleTis winadadeba
axla mainc mieRo, _ magram, yvelafris miuxedavad, vaxtangs ruseTze orientacia ar Seucvlia. ruseTis jarebis Semosvlamde man
drois mogebis mizniT molaparakeba daiwyo TurqeTTan, magram qarTvelTa mefe am dros TurqebisaTvis did Zalas ukve aRar warmoadgenda da 1723 wels Turqebi TbilisSi Semovidnen, _ konstantinem
ubrZolvelad Caabara qalaqi.
1724 wlis 12 ivliss ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris daido SeTanxmeba, romlis Tanaxmad, amierkavkasia TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, TurqeTi ki uars ambobda mTeli iranis dapyrobaze da ruseTs kaspiispireTis SeerTebaze Tanxmdeboda (narkvevebi 1973: 441).
vaxtangma Turqebs saCuqrebi gaugzavna da Serigeba sTxova, _
maSin Turqebma misi piradi gamocxadeba moiTxoves. vaxtangma amaze
uari ganacxada da 1724 wels 1200 kacian amalasTan erTad ruseTSi
gaemgzavra.
vaxtangi isev eloda ruseTis xelisuflebisagan daxmarebas,
magram ruseTs ukve yvelaferi gadawyvetili hqonda. qarTvelTaTvis gamosadegi axali politikuri situacia ar damdgara da uimedo
mdgomareobaSi myofi vaxtang VI 1737 wlis 27 marts astraxanSi gardaicvala (vaxtangis biografiuli cnobebis Sesaxeb vrclad ix.
narkvevebi 1973: 399-445).
mefis politikuri ubedureba misma samecniero-literaturulma
Semoqmedebam Seamsubuqa. Tavisi samSoblos erovnul da qristianul
ZirebTan dabrunebas SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobiT ufro Seuwyo xeli.
1703-1712 wlebi `unayofieresi xana iyo misi kulturul-literaturuli da samecniero moRvaweobisa, romelic mematianeebs metad
mkrTalad aqvT aRwerili~ (kekeliZe 1981: 593). es janiSinad yofnis
periodia. `swavlul kacTa~ daxmarebiT swored maSin Seiqmna `qarTlis cxovrebis~ axali redaqcia, e. w. `vaxtangis kanonebi~, `dasturlamali~, am dros aTargmnina vaxtangma sparsulidan `baramgulandamiani~, `baxtiarname~, daiwyo `amirnasarianisa~ da `qilila da
damanas~ Targmna... TbilisSi daarsda stamba (1709), sadac daibeWda
sasuliero wignebi, 1712 wels _ `vefxistyaosani~. poemis teqstis
dadgeniT, komentarebis darTviT, vaxtangma faqtiurad rusTvelologias Cauyara safuZveli. zemoT ukve am sakiTxebs.
mefe, Tu missave nawers davujerebT, Tavisma xalxma moiZula imis
gamo, rom samSoblos datoveba mouxda:
`mefes arCilsa sZraxavden, sxvaTagan mimovlelia,
ganaTlebul saxlkarsa Seeqmna damanelia,
masve mZraxaven, ar vici, sxvaniRa ra saqnelia,
lomi, vefxurad kiskasi, WjuiTa gana mTelia?~
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gamkritikeblebi, cxadia, bevri eyoleboda vaxtangs, maT Soris
daviT guramiSvilic SegviZlia davasaxeloT, magram imave daviT
guramiSvils uzomod uyvarda Tavisi mefe da mwared daitira igi.
vaxtang mefe, mZime politikur viTarebaSi Cavardnili, diplomatiiT cdilobda fons gasvlas, magram im pirobebSi es Zalian
rTuli iyo. misi pirovnuli portretis daxatvis mcdelobisas warmogvidgeba adamiani, romlis, rogorc politikosis, stiqia, iqneb,
arc yofila diplomatiuri TamaSi, iqneb, sZulda kidec es TamaSi,
mahmadianuri imperiebis erTgulad, mahmadianad Tavis moCveneba...
iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom arc sjeroda, TiTqos vinmes motyueba SesaZlebeli iyo da bolos, roca darwmunda, rom mis diplomatobas
Sedegi ar mohqonda, gaxsnilad arCia ruseTis mxare.
arc gulubryvilo kaci yofila vaxtang mefe, _ misTvis maleve
Seiqmneboda cxadi, rom ruseTi, Sesabamisi interesebis arqonis
gamo, ar daexmareboda saqarTvelos. magram warumatebel diplomatobas isev is arCia, rom ruseTze aeRo orientacia da amiT momavali
moRvaweebisaTvis sagareo orientaciis konturebi mainc SeeTavazebina. radgan evropasTan Zneldeboda uSualo urTierTobis damyareba, masTan, yovel SemTxvevaSi, kulturul daaxloebas evropisaken Tavad mswrafvel ruseTTan urTierToba SedarebiT mainc
aadvilebda. vaxtangs, cxadia, ruseTi erCia iransa da TurqeTs.
vaxtang mefem politikurad ver moipova gamarjveba, magram
samomavlo miznis gamokveTaSi sakmaod didi wvlili aqvs Setanili.
qveynis qristianizacia, mecnierebis, ganaTlebis ganviTarebisaTvis
gadadgmuli nabijebi mahmadianur samyaros kulturulad mainc
aSorebda saqarTvelos da vaxtang VI-is erT-erTi didi warmateba
swored es aris.
Teimuraz meore
Teimuraz meoris biografia kargad aris Seswavlili. igi erekle
I-is, nazaralixanis, Svili iyo. misi dabadebis wlad, Cveulebriv, 1700
wels miuTiTeben xolme. es TariRi korneli kekeliZis gamokvlevidan aris aRebuli. rogorc korneli kekeliZe aRniSnavs, Teimurazi
`1700 wlis maxloblad~ unda iyos dabadebuli (kekeliZe II: 1980: 605).
Teimurazi wers `oromocda oTxis wlisas merwmuna mefobania~...
nadir Sahma Teimurazi da misi vaJi _ erekle 1744 wels gaamefa. Tu
am dros Teimurazi 44 wlis iyo, e. i. `dabadebula 1744 wels~ (kekeliZe II: 1980: 605), an, daaxloebiT _ am dros.
`qarTlis cxovrebidan~ viciT, rom Teimurazma 1712 wels vaxtang
VI-is asul _ Tamarze iqorwina (q. c. II: 145). k. kekeliZis aRniSvniT,
Teimurazs `jer unda SeerTo baindur erisTavis asuli, magram misi
Zmis, daviT imamyulixanis, da vaxtang meeqvsis damegobrebis mizniT,
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mas erisTavis qalze xeli aaRebines~ da amitom iqorwina vaxtangis
asulze (kekeliZe II: 1980: 605).
samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom Teimuraz meorem
alRo auRo nadir Sahis `ara mxolod gaZlierebas, aramed mis sust
mxareebsac~ (narkvevebi 1973: 601, nawilis avtori _ m. dumbaZe).
sust mxared is aris miCneuli, rom irani mZime gadasaxadebiT
aviwroebda imperiis SemadgenlobaSi ZaliT Seyvanil xalxebs, rom
Sida ekonomikuri kavSiri mtkice ar iyo, daprobili qveynebi damoukideblobisTvis ibrZodnen. Teimurazi nadir Sahis mxares idga,
magram cdilobda Tavisi qveynisaTvis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina
Sahi (narkvevebi 1973: 601).
cxadia, es SahisaTvisac kargad iyo gasagebi, magram xedavda, rom
Tavis qveyanas problemebi hqonda, isic sakmaod Wkviani mmarTveli
iyo da unda vifiqroT, rom garkveul daTmobebze midioda da
Teimurazs ar uSlida xels Tavisi samSoblosaTvis sikeTe gaekeTebina. vfiqrobT, ver warmovidgenT yovelives ise martivad, TiTqos
Teimurazi mxolod diplomatiiT atyuebda Sahs, _ ara, ufro imaze
SeiZleba saubari, rom ori didi politikosi angariSs uwevda erTmaneTs, erTgvari, albaT, gaucxadebeli `SeTanxmeba~ iyo dadebuli
maT Soris. oRond, aseT SemTxvevaSi orive Zalas maqsimaluri
yuradReba sWirdeba, rom erT-erTma raime gansakuTrubuli situaciiT ar isargeblos da ar uRalatos meores...
Teimuraz II marTlac Zalian kargi diplomati iyo. amgvari diplomatiuroba, _ swori urTierTobis unari im did ZalasTan, romlis damarcxeba samxedro ZaliT SeuZlebelia, araerTi qarTveli
mefisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, magram Teimurazi erT-erTi gamorCeulia, visac es didi warmatebiT gamosdioda. pirovnebas rom udidesi roli miuZRvis istoriis SeqmnaSi, es ueWvelia... Teimurazi Zalian gamWriaxi gonebis adamiani iyo, politikur situaciaSi kargad
garkvevis unarma bevri sikeTe moutana qveyanas.
politikuri situacia ki marTlac Zalian iyo Secvlili iranSi.
imperiaSi dapyrobil xalxTa brZola da Sinagani gaTiSuloba marTlac asustebda da garkveulwilad zRudavda irans, magram erTerTi umTavresi faqtori mainc kavkasiaSi osmaleTisa da ruseTis
mzardi interesebi iyo, rac im dros Zlieri politikosebisaTvis
ukve kargad Canda da nadir Sahsac esmoda, rom am SemTxvevaSi qarTvel xelisufalTa kargi damokidebulebis sagareo politikaSi mopoveba ufro met sikeTes moutanda mis qveyanas. religiuri devnac
aRar iyo iseTi, rogoric es Sah abasis dros xdeboda, roca ukve
imdroisaTvisac miuRebel velur sisastikes iCendnen iranelebi
qristianobisaTvis erTgul adamianTa mimarT (cxadia, am sityvebze
qeTevan dedofali, mefe luarsabi gagvaxsendeba umetesobas); magram am SemTxvevaSic xsenebuli qveynebis, aseve, evropis faqtoric
aris gasaTvaliswinebeli, _ irans aRar surda gamahmadianeba
132
moeTxova qristian xelisufalTagan, isini Sinaganad evropasTan
daaxloebisken iswrafodnen da, Tu evropa jer Sors iyo maTgan,
ruseTis mzardi interesebis danaxva ar iyo Zneli. religiis sakiTxebSi sastiki da veluri sagareo politikiT irani ruseTTan
daaxloebisaken ufro ubiZgebda qarTvel xelisufalT, romelTa
umetesobac mxolod formalurad xdeboda mahmadiani.
Tumc, ruseTic Zalian didi angariSs uwevda irans da qarTvel
mefes ZiriTadad is SeeZlo, rom ori didi saxelmwifos Sinagani
dapirispirebiT esargebla da ecada, Tavis sasikeTod gamoeyenebina
es dapirispirebuloba, _ roca romelime maTgani misdami interessa
da keTil damokidebulebas ar gamoamJRavnebda, meore mxarisaken
gadaxris saSualebiT TavisTvis sikeTec enaxa, eiZulebina meore
mxare, rom meti angariSi gaewia misTvis.
Teimurazi ajanyda yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg, magram, roca dainaxa,
rom ruseTi ar exmareboda, maleve Seurigda irans (narkvevebi 1973: 601).
Teimurazisa da misi meuRlis _ qeTevanis asuli nadir Sahis
ZmisSvils _ ali yuli-xans SerTes, erekles vaJi ki iranSi darCa da
Sahs indoeTSi laSqrobaSi exmareboda (narkvevebi 1973: 601-602).
cnobilia, Tu rogor gaiTqva saxeli evropaSi im dros erekles
samxedro niWma.
1742 wels Teimuraz II nadir Sahs iranelTa winaaRmdeg ajanyebul
givi amilaxorTan brZolaSi miexmara. givi amilaxorma Semdeg osmaleTis jarebi daixmara...
SeeZloT Tu ara qarTvel xelisufalT, rom ufro Wkvianuri
nabijebi moefiqrebinaT da ise waremarTaT politika, rom erTmaneTi ar eJlitaT, es sxva sakiTxia, faqti ki is aris, rom irani gamovida gamarjvebuli da Teimurazis winaSe farTo perspeqtiva gadaiSala (givi amilaxors ufro uaryofiTad afaseben xolme, Tumc,
samSoblosaTvis ibrZoda isic...). Sahma 1738 wels Teimurazs kaxeTis
samefo taxti uboZa, 1744 wels ki kaxeTSi misi Svili _ erekle II
dasva mefed, xolo Teimurazi qarTlis mefed daadgina.
samecniero literaturaSi marTebulad aris aRniSnuli, rom
`qristiani mama-Svilis erTdrouli mefoba qarTl-kaxeTSi qarTuli erovnuli politikis gamarjveba iyo~. `erekles kaxeTSi damkvidrebiT aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo faqtiurad gaerTianda mamaSvilis xelSi~ (kekeliZe 1980 II: 605). `Teimurazis mefed kurTxevisa
da erekles kaxeTSi damkvidrebis Semdeg (1744-1745 ww. oqtomberSi)
damoukideblobisaTvis brZola axal, ufro xelsayrel fazaSi
Sedioda~ (narkvevebi 1973: 603-604).
Teimurazi qarTlSi mdgomi iranuli jarebis daxmarebiT igeriebda lekebs, samagierod, iran-osmaleTis brZolebSi osmalebTan
masac uwevda brZola, _ warmatebiT eomeboda axalcixis faSas.
radgan qveyana iranisaTvis gadasaxdeli xarkiT Sewuxebuli iyo,
nadir-Sahi, romelsac Teimurazma auwya `Sewuxeba qveynisa~, iZule-
133
buli gamxdara, `mowyaleba gaeRo~ (papuna orbeliani, _ narkvevebi
1973: 605). SemdgomSi, roca osmaleTTan omSi damarcxebis gamo
iranma dapyrobili qveynebisaTvis gadasaxadebi gazarda (qarTlkaxeTs 2 milioni maneTis gadaxda evaleboda), kavkasiaSi ajanyebis
pirobebi momwifda da Sahi iZulebuli gaxda TeimurazisaTvis
250 000 maneTi moeTxova (narkvevebi 1973: 606).
nadirma iranSi erekle daibara. garda imisa, rom mis samxedro
niWs gamoiyenebda, Cans, nadirs erTgvari mZevalic eyoleboda iranSi. Teimurazma Svili ar gauSva SahTan da TviTon gaemgzavra. miaCniaT, rom Sahs, SesaZlo iyo, mkacrad daesaja Teimurazi. mefem safrTxeSi Caigdo Tavi.
nadir Sahi 1747 wels SeTqmulebma mokles da yazvinSi Casul
Teimurazs nadir Sahis adgilas misi ZmisSvili, Tavisi siZe _ ali
yuli xani dauxvda (narkvevebi 1973: 607). ali yuli xanma keTili
damokidebuleba arCia TeimurazTan da am faqtma ixsna qarTveli mefe. Teimurazs iranis Semdgomi gamgeblebic pativiT eqceodnen.
Teimurazi 1749 wlamde iyo iranSi. amasobaSi erekle mefes xelisuflebis SesanarCuleblad brZolebis gadaxda mouxda. mas
brZola mouwia vaxtang meeqvsis _ iases ZesTan, abdula-begTan, romelmac gamefeba daRestneli feodalebisa da elebis daxmarebiT
scada. ereklesTan brZolaSi damarcxda igi.
erekle nabij-nabij miiwevda iranisagan gaTavisuflebis gzaze,
iranSi
xelisuflebisaTvis
atexili
SidadapirispirebebiT
sargeblobda.
erekles TbilisSi Camoyvanili qeTxudebi SeebrZolnen, isini
yizilbaSebs uWerdnen mxars. metexisa da Taboris cixeebSi msxdarma
yizilbaSebma, rogorc papuna orbeliani gvamcnobs, `erekle mefis
sasaxle `yunbariT aavses da zarbazniTa daamtvries~ (narkvevebi
1973: 610), magram ereklem gaimarjva da 1748 wels yizilbaSebis
adgilas qarTvelebi Caayena Tbilisis cixeebSi.
erekle mefes daemorCilnen somxeTisa da azerbaijanis saxanoebi, xani aji Celebi.
erekle iranSi mamis yofnamde jer ixdida iranisaTvis xarks, 1748
wels asiode qarTveli meomari gaagzavna yulis laSqarSi (narkvevebi 1973: 610). Sahi imreimi, romelmac Sahobis misaRwevad sakuTari
Zma _ adil Sahi daabrmava, erekles swerda _ Teimurazi CemTanaa,
`Sen qarTls da kaxeTs kargad mouareo~ (narkvevebi 1973: 610).
Teimurazi samSobloSi 1749 wels dabrunda. am droisaTvis
qarTl-kaxeTi faqtiurad ukve damoukidebeli samefo gaxda. Teimurazma Sahis sigeli moitana imis dasadastureblad, rom yazax-borCalo qarT-kaxeTis sakuTreba xdeboda (narkvevebi 1973: 610). irans
faqtiurad damoukideblobis aRiareba mouxda, Tumc, am periodSi
araqarTveli mosaxleobis zrda daiwyo (qiqoZe 1941: 58; narkvevebi
1973: 621).
134
qarTl-kaxeTi am dros iranis momxred aCvenebs Tavs. damoukidebloba Teimurazisa da erekles diplomatiis Sedegad ufro da
ufro myardeba da aseT dros damokidebulebis mkveTri cvlileba,
viTarebis gamwvaveba ar miaCniaT saWiro. ruseTSi myofma Teimurazma 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gamoacxada, rom igi iranis `upirvelesi
warmomadgeneli iyo~ (masalebi 1948: 458; narkvevebi 1973: 613). iranTan urTierToba ar mwvavdeba, ruseTTan daaxloeba xdeba. irani,
osmaleTis garda, am did qristianul qveyanas uwevs angariSs, ruseTi ki xedavs, rom qarT-kaxeTis mokavSired didi saxelmwifoa da
manac pativi unda sces qarTl-kaxeTis damoukideblobas... Teimuraz
II marTlac Zalian gamWriaxi diplomatia. erekle mefis warmatebaSi
udidesi wvlili swored mas aqvs Setanili, didwilad misi momzadebulia is niadagi, romelzec Semdeg erekles did niWs, iqneboda es
mxedarTmTavroba Tu socialuri da kulturuli samoRvaweo sfero, farTo asparezi mieca.
iwyeba brZolebi, romelTa saSualebiTac Teimuraz-erekle amierkavkasiaSi pirvelobas sul ufro da ufro uaxlovdebian. Tumc,
qarTvelebs marcxic hqondaT am brZolebSi.
1749 wels Teimurazma da ereklem osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi
maTi Txovnis Semdeg daxmareba aRmouCines erevnis saxanos. mahmad
xanze gamarjvebis Semdeg erevnis saxano qarTl-kaxeTis mfarvelobaSi Sevida.
1749 wels Teimurzsa da erekles daxmareba sTxova ganjis Saverdi xanma, romelic fara-xanis mier iyo garSemortymuli (narkvevebi
1973: 615). 1750 wels Teimurazs miemxrnen ganjis xani, gulistanis
meliqi _ Tamazi, ganZasareli, _ yarabaxis somexTa kaTolikosi,
sxva meliqebi, aseve, _ `imerni, osni, kavkazni, erevnelni, yazaxni,
SamSadinni, lekni, romelnic monebdnen kaxT-batons~ (papuna orbeliani, _ narkvevebi 1973: 615-616). gamarjvebis Semdeg samSobloSi
daabrunes iq `nebiT Tu uneblieT~ gadasaxlebuli qarTvelebi,
ganjisagan qarTl-kaxeTs Samhadilis mxare gadmoeca, `fara-xanis
damarcxebiT amierkavkasiaSi pirvelobisaTvis mebrZolTa rigebs
erT-erTi saxano gamoaklda~ (narkvevebi 1973: 615).
Teimurazisa da erekles mizani War-belaqanis damorCileba iyo,
radgan amis gareSe SeuZlebeli gaxda lekTa Semosevebis alagmva.
1750 wels lekebma kaxeTi dalaSqres. 1751 wels Teimurazma da
ereklem Waris damorCileba scades, magram 15 Tebervals agri-Cais
napirze damarcxdnen.
1751 wels qarTvelebma avRanelTagan ixsnes erevani. imave wlis
ivlisSi yurbulaxTan daamarcxes azat-xani, risi Sedegic is iyo,
rom `qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifos politikuri batonobis sfero md.
araqsamde gavrcelda~ narkvevebi 1973: 621).
1752 wels mefe ereklem `mravalgzis Semusra lek-WarelTa moTareSe razmebi da zavis gunebaze daayena daRestani~ (narkvevebi 1973: 622).
135
1752 wels qarTvelebi Saqis dalaSqrvas apirebdnen, magram ganjis omSi damarcxdnen. qarTvelTaTvis rTuli viTareba Seiqmna, _
amierkavkasiaSi pirvelobis mosurne aji Celebis avtoriteti izrdeboda, erevnis xanma azat xanis morCileba gamoacxada.
Teimurazma da ereklem daxmareba ruseTs sTxoves, magram ver
miiRes.
1752 wels yazax-SamSadilus sazRvarze qarTvelebma sastikad
daamarcxes Saqis xani. azat-xanma xeli aiRo Teimuraz-ereklesTan
brZolaze.
1754 wels Teimurazma da ereklem mWadijvarTan daRestnelTa
didZali jari gaanadgures.
1755 wels avariis xanis garSemo gaerTiandnen mTeli daRestani
da War-belaqani, TarRus Samxali, yaziyumuxis xani _ surxai...
kaxeTSi SemoWrili 20 000-iani laSqari qarTvelebma yvarelTan
daamarcxes.
1757 wels daRestnelTa 4 000-iani laSqari zemo qarTls Semoesia, 1759 wels 8 000-iani jariT koxta beladma liaxvis xeoba daarbia. magram qarTvelebma imave 1759 wels daamarcxes mteri
(narkvevebi 1973: 622-623).
qarTl-kaxeTi gaZlierda, lekianoba Sesustda, ekonomika moRonierda, gamahmadianebulma qarTvelebma qristianobaze dabruneba daiwyes, mefe erekles Sesaxeb mTelma evropam Seityo (narkvevebi 1973: 629). yovelive amaSi, erekles samxedro da diplomatiur
niWTan erTad, rogorc zemoTac gamoCnda, Teimurazis Zalian didma
diplomatobam da gamWriaxobam Seitana udidesi wlili. Teimuraz II
didi diplomati iyo da misi Rvawli ganuzomelia, SesaZloa, _
istoriisagan met dafasebasac saWiroebdes...
Teimurazis karze mofiqrebul did diplomatiur nabijad aris
miCneuli is faqti, rom 60-ian wlebSi Teimurazsa da erekles Soris
iranis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT uTanxmoebam iCina Tavi, _ ise Canda,
rom uTanxmoeba iyo maT Soris (am sakiTxebze ix. cincaZe 1964: 18).
miCneulia, rom es iyo winaswar SemuSavebuli `didi gegmis~ nawili,
romlis mixedviTac, qarTvelebi `ruseTisagan jars an mis dasaqiraveblad sesxs miiRebdnen, ilaSqrebdnen iranSi da iq ruseTisaTvis
sasurvel Sahs airCevdnen~ (narkvevebi 1873: 629). ar aris gamoricxuli, rom Teimurazis gancxadeba, romlis mixedviTac igi iranis
pirvel warmomadgenlad acxadebda Tavs, imiTi iyo ganpirobebuli,
rom ruseTi iranis mimarT Tavis gavlenaSi daerwmunebina. es mxolod yalbi daqadneba arc yofila, _ `arsebuli masalebidan (butkovi, daviT batoniSvili da sxv.) TiTqos irkveva, rom Teimurazerekles 1752 wlis laSqrobisas ufro farTo gegmebi hqondaT. isini
iranSi `wesrigis aRdgenas~ cdilobdnen. erekle TiTqos TviTon
ibrZoda Sahis taxtis dasakaveblad da amitom azerbaijanis xanebis
guliswyroma gamoiwvia~ (narkvevebi 1973: 623).
136
erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli irani da osmaleTi qarTl-kaxeTisagan mxardaWeris mopovebas cdilobdnen, maT momxrobas eswrafvodnen, ruseTi daxmarebas ar uwevda, magram interesebi hqonda
kavkasiaSi da aseT pirobebSi Teimurazma da ereklem imas miaRwies,
rom qristianulma xelisuflebam gaimarjva aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da amierkavkasiaSi dawinaurebuli da evropaSi cnobili qveyanac gaxda. TavianT saxelmwifoSi qristianoba gaaZlieres, ramac
ruseTTan meti siaxlovisa da am gziT evropasTan daaxloebis perspeqtivebi Seqmna... qveyana aRorZinebis gzas daadga...
Teimurazi 1762 wlis 8 ivliss peterbugSi gardaicvala. dakrZalulia astraxanSi.
rogorc poeti, Teimuraz II `marTlis Tqmis~ principis gamgrZelebeli iyo. igi axlos idga sparsul literaturasTan, magram upirispirdeboda `mezRapreobas~. am principTan dapirispireba da sparsuli poeziis specifikisagan Sors dgoma mis poezias ara _ tipiur
aRmosavlurad, aramed, _ aRmosavluri egzotikis Semcvelad
warmoaCens.
sparsul literaturaSi cnobili `gabaasebis~ Tema Teimurazma
qarTul realobas miusadaga da amiTac daSorda sparsul samyaros
(`dRisa da Ramis gabaaseba~, `gabaaseba rusTvelTan~). Teimurazs
ekuTvnis `xilTa qeba~, `anbanTqeba~, `zma ganjafisa.~, `biJinas gardacvalebazed~... sparsulidamn Targmna `sindbadis wigni~
(`Timsariani~)...
Teimurazi TiTqos marTlac TavSesaqevad wers. sabednierod, is
ar yofila imgvari ubeduri mefe da adamiani, romlebic poeziiT
cdilobden dardis gaqarvebas. misi leqsebidan meti silaRe, xalisiani ganwyobilebac moedineba. Tbilad ikiTxeba leqsi `biJinas gardacvalebazed~, rac Teimurazs patara Svilisadmi (ereklesadmi) miuZRvnia, romelsac Tavisi sayvareli Sveli daukargavs. mama
amSvidebs Svils _ biJina samoTxeSiao...
Teimuraz meore ar aris miCneuli maRali donis poetad (amisi
pretenzia rom hqonodes, es arc Cans). zogjer weren xolme, rom misi
poezia mdarea... magram Teimuraz meoris Semoqmedeba bevr mis
Tanamedrove da momdevno xanis poetisaze maRali donisaa da migvaCnia, rom poetis Semoqmedebis uaryofiTi Sefaseba erTgvari
stereotipulobiT xdeba.
biografiis werisas Cven zogjer adamianis pirovnebis daxatvasac vcdilobT, Tumc, cxadia, gvesmis, rom aseT dros umeteswilad pirovnebis konturebi ixateba xolme, adamianis sulis siRrme
ki gacilebiT didia da amitom migvaCnia, rom romelime pirovnebis
sulieri saxis daxatvis mcdelobis Semdeg miRebuli portreti
stereotipad ar unda iqces. cxadia, didi sifrTxilea saWiro, rom
iseTi Strixebi ar SevmatoT pirovnebis saxes, rac ar hqonia, an misi
xasiaTis Zireul niSans ar warmodgenda. Teimuraz mefis pirov-
137
nebaze fiqrisas Cvens winaSe warmodgeba marTlac Zalian moxerxebuli diplomati, magram ar ixateba cbieri adamianis sulieri saxe,
_ warmogvidgeba simpatiuri pirovneba, _ is, vinc marTla uyvarT
iranSic da qarTlSic... ician da arc TviTon malavs, rom Tavisi
samSoblos interesebia misTvis umTavresi. Seqmnili politikuri
situaciisa da, aseve, piradi simpatiis gamo itanen misgan aseT
damokidebulebas. Tumc, roca saSiSi xdeba, dasjasac upireben da am
dros misi simamacec Cndeba, Tavganwirvac SeuZlia qveynisTvis...
Zalian mosiyvarule mamaa... es, rogorc zemoTac gamoCnda, misi
erTi ubralo leqsidanac moCans (`biJinas gardacvalebazed~), romlidanac Tbili iumoriT savse, keTili kaci warmogvidgeba... patara
ereklesac vxedavT, _ mosiyvarule bavSvs, romelic ise ganicdis
Tavisi sayvareli Svelis dakargvas, rom mama leqss uwers, raTa
daamSvidos patara Svili. Tbili ojaxuri garemo gamoanaTebs Cvens
winaSe wuTiT aswleulTa miRmidan. vxedavT, rom Teimurazs SvilisaTvis advilad Caugdia sicocxle safrTxeSi...
Teimurazs uyvars poezia, Tumc, rogor zemoTac iTqva, ar Cans,
rom did poetad warmoedginos Tavi da verc imas vityviT, rom aseTi
poetobis pretenzia hqonodes.
Cven ki SegviZlia, Tamamad vTqvaT, rom Teimuraz meore sakmaod
mniSvnelovani figuraa qarTuli poeziis istoriaSi, politikaSi ki
umniSvnelovanesi wvlili aqvs Tavisi samSoblosaTvis Setanili.
damowmebani:
arCili 1999: arCili. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. teqsti gamosacemad
moamzades, leqsikoni, saZiebeli da gamokvleva daurTes ivane lolaSvilma, liana
kekeliZem, lali ZoweniZem. specredaqtori revaz baramiZe. Tb.: `merani~, 1999.
kekeliZe 1980 I: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. I, Tb.: 1980.
kekeliZe 1980 II: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. II, Tb.: 1980.
liscovi 1951: Лысцов В. П. Персий поход Петра. М.: 1951.
masalebi 1948: maWaraZe v. masalebi XVIII ss. ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis
istoriidan.II, Tb.: 1948.
narkvevebi 1973: saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. IV, Tb: 1973.
qarTuli mwerloba 1980: qarTuli mwerloba. leqsikoni-cnobari. I, Tb.: 1984.
paiWaZe 1960: paiWaZe g. ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis (XVIII s.
pirveli meoTxedi). Tb.: 1960.
cincaZe 1964: cincaZe i. ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan.
`saistorio momabe~, Tb.:1964.
138
Tamar lomiZe
klasikuri epistemis cneba da
qarTuli anbanTqebebi
anbanTqeba rogorc akrostiqis grafikuli nairsaxeoba gamoiyeneboda jer kidev bizantiur himnografiaSi. anbanTqebis
principzea agebuli grigol RvTismetyvelis, romanoz melodosisa da sxva bizantieli himnografebis qmnilebebi.
anbanTqebaTa Janri popularobiT sargeblobda XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTul mwerlobaSic _ da am axal sistemaSi is, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, axleburi funqciebiT aRiWurva. anbanTqebaTa nimuSebi Seqmnes am periodis gamoCenilma qarTvelma poetebma _ Teimuraz pirvelma, arCilma, vaxtang meeqvsem, Teimuraz meorem, daviT guramiSvilma, besikma da sxvebma.
SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva, ganapiroba Tu ara anbanTqebaTa popularoba qarTul poeziaSi, ubralod, avtorTa survilma, gamoecadaT TavianTi poeturi ostatoba, an, iqneb, am Janris popularoba
XVII-XVIII saukuneebis literaturaSi kanonzomieri movlenaa. aseT
SemTxvevaSi am Janris ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi unda Seesabamebodes
e.w. `klasikuri epistemis~ im niSan-Tvisebebs, romlebic Camoayaliba
Tavis saxelganTqmul naSromSi `sityvebi da sagnebi (humanitarul
mecnierebaTa arqeologia)~ franguli struqturalizmis TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma miSel fukom.
Tavdapirvelad davakvirdeT qarTul anbanTqebaTa konkretul nimuSebs.
qarTul poeziaSi anbanTqebebi garkveuli formaluri mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba: qarTuli anbanis Semadgenel asoebs
Tavkiduri pozicia ukaviaT (TanmimdevrobiT) strofebSi, taepebSi an sityvebSi. magaliTad, Teimuraz pirvelis sam anbanTqebaSi _ `adam vaxsenoT pirvelad, TviT RmerTma Seqmna romeli~, `aRaxven Cemni bageni, RmerTo, samebiT qebulo~ da `aRmarTa
mxsnelman jvari golgoTas~ _ TiToeuli strofis taepTa
Tavkidur poziciaSi ganTavsebulia erTi da igive aso:
adam vaxsenoT pirvelad, TviT RmerTman Seqmna romeli,
abel da seiT moyvsiTurT, mTasa wmindasa mdgomeli.
abram, isak da iakob, noe simarTlis mdomeli, (1)
amaTsa meoxebasa, sulo, me vici rom eli...
(`adam vaxsenoT pirvelad...~)
Teimurazis meoTxe anbanTqebaSi `ano alvisa, bano brolvardi~ anbanis asoebi dasmulia sityvebis an sintagmebis Tavkidur poziciaSi, garda amisa, maT win uZRvis TiToeuli asos
139
saxelwodeba. amasTan, anbanis elementebi ganawilebulia yoveli
sami taepis sityvebSi, meoTxe taepebi ki am sistemidan amovardnilia:
ano alvisa, bano brolvardi,
gano gareviT nayofad esxes,
dono davswame, vardsa Sevswame,
siturfe, Ture, misgan esesxes...
arCil mefe leqsSi `saqebelni da savedrebelni RvTismSoblisani~ iyenebs anbanTqebis im formas, romelic gamoiyena
Teimuraz pirvelma, anu yoveli strofis TiToeuli taepi
iwyeba erTi da imave asoTi:
aRvaRo bage da guli wmidis RvTismSoblis saqeblad;
ar Zalmic, viSiSv, viwiwvi, ras vityvi me mis sameblad?
ars yovlTa arsTa uwminde, RvTismSoblad mwve-sawameblad.
aha, dedav da qalwulo, Sen meqmen codvis ganmZeblad!
bunebaTa uaRresad geqmna Soba-qalwuleba, (2)
beri dReTa Sengan Cvilad yrma axali ixilveba,
bilwi vnebas xorcielebs, Sens siaxles ar evleba;
brZane Cemi Semweoba, romel ZalgiZs Sewyaleba...
misive leqsSi `anbanTqeba axali SemoRebuli~ gamoyenebulia
strofuli a forma:1
ar advilia aRkrZalva amoebisa, amosa,
ar asagdebad aRmovTqva, amovimowmeb amosa;
adridgan arsad arakad asmodes, aha, amosa,
aris aseTi ambavi, aravis ar aamosa.
bage brZanebdes batonis basrobas borotebisa; (3)
borgdes, bunebiT brdRvinvides barnabe barTlomebisa;
bedi bediTi borbali brunevdes bilw beblebisa;
bici bWobani badea belier brangv berebisa...
anbanTqebaSi `amicanad saTargmanebelni~ arCili mimarTavs
axal xerxs: yoveli ori strofis taepebi iwyeba erTi da imave
asoTi (strofuli a-s varianti):
arsi yovlTa damaarsi, sxva uarso arsad ari,
arasi xams Sedareba, ars yovls nivTTa ar-sadari.
ar arian uimisod ar Rrubeli, ar sa dari.
a, nebaa mis-mieri, gangveSoros arsad ari. (4)
ars erTi rame aseTi, vin axsniT, aris saxeli,
ara varga ra umisod qalaq, soflebi, saxeli,
ar mefe, ara glaxaki, ar brZeni, ara saxeli.
amas vin axsnis icodeT, es aris yovlTa saxeli...
140
leqsSi `sulxanis pasuxad~ anbanis asoebi ganawilebulia yvela sityvaze (sityvobrivi forma):2
aRvZra bage, guli davdva, es vis ze Àe, TamaSobdes.
icodi, kilom monakvTe, neb or prtyeli Jamad rbodes. (5)
sad tom ufros friad qmnila, Rrma yofs Sairs, CurCvnilobdes.
cnobiT ZaliT, wmidaT WvretiT xel-ÃrmliT, jvariT, hai,
Äomobdes...
aRsaniSnavia, rom k. kekeliZe maRal Sefasebas aZlevda (`Seudarebels~uwodebda) arCilis poetur ostatobas, romelic
`anbanTqebebSi~vlindeba (kekeliZe 1952: 480).
vaxtang meeqvsis anbanTqebebSi asoebi strofulad nawildeba
(TiToeul strofSi yoveli sityva (an sintagma) iwyeba erTi da
imave asoTi _ strofuli b forma):
asre aris agebuli, amgebelsa aq aqebdes,
amkobdesca, adidebdes, amisTvisve aqa qebdes,
amzrzenelsa, aRmSfoTvelsa anacrebdes, aqa qebdes,
armurisken amwevelsa almass afTsa aqaqebdes.
brwyinvaled baruq brZanebda badvisTvis brZnulis bagiTa. (6)
brZaT brwyinvaleba bevrobdes beTlemurisa bagiTa,
biwovnebasa banevdes berT biWTa brZnulad bagiTa,
borgnilni bilwni baalni borgevden buga bagiTa...
an kidev _ gamoyenebulia sityvobrivi formis varianti,
romelSic yoveli sityva iwyeba da mTavrdeba erTi da imave
asoTi. leqss wamZRvarebuli aqvs minaweri: `es erTi leqsi aris,
yovels sityvas Tavbolos anbani uzis~:
ara brZaneb giorg dedad, ese viyav zez eTerad, (7)
TmiT ikari, kuk, lal, momcem, nebven osoproko Jverad...
Teimuraz meoris anbanTqebaTa strofebSi sityvebi dalagebulia anbanis rigze (taepobrivi b forma):
`aRmeZra bage gulis dadebiT, euwya vis zed ÀesreT Tqmuleba?
iynose keTil lmoba monisa nacxeb or pirad, Jam ris sxmuleba,
trfiali ufro ferovan qmnili, Rirs yovlad Sengan Cans
cmeuleba,(8)
Zevlad wyluleba, Wvretad xeloba, Ãams javrisagan hai-Äoeba...
an gamoyenebulia strofuli a forma (`aRivso gulica Cemi...~,
`aRvZraT sityva sacnobeli...~, `aris ram ucxod sacnobel...~).
daviT guramiSvilis kalams ekuTvnis anbanTqebebi, romlebSic TiToeuli taepis Semadgeneli sityvebi (an sintagmebi) iwyeba erTi da imave asoTi. esaa sityvobrivi formis varianti
(`aRdgomis dRes yrmaTagan samRereli~):
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aRdga qriste da aRmoiyvana adamiani!
braleulebi, bnelSigan bmulni, borgliniani!
aliluia, aliluia, aliluia!
gverd gangmerilman gvapkura sisxli, gvyvna grilovanad, (9)
damRerdeT dabdabs, daviTis durduks, did-didroanad;
aliluia, aliluia, aliluia!..
an pirveli strofis sityvaTa sawyisi asoebis rigi emTxveva
asoTa rigs qarTul anbanSi, meore strofSi ki sityvebi ganlagebulia sapirispiro TanmimdevrobiT _ Ä-dan a-mde: (`anbanzed
Tqmuli daviTisagan~) _ sityvobrivi formis varianti:
adams brma gveliT da eva vera zogven Àe Tmenasa,
im krulman laxvrad miago nebiT or-piri JRerasa;
rac sityva tkbilad urCiva, ferxT-qveS Ralatobs yvelasa,
Sig Cans cden Znel wyvlad Wmunvarni, xsnil Ãnarcvs jden he Äiebsa.
Äi hi jojoxeTad Ãden, xvdaT Wra, wyvla Znel cecxlTa CeniT; (10)
Sigan yrian RadarT qveSe, fufqavs uyT tba, sulT rjis JeniT,
pirs oxrevdin naRvliT misTvis, lxini kvnesiT iwvarTeniT,
Tayvans ÀciT, zenars vedreT, es did gvemiT bma axseniT...
besiki iyenebs anbanTqebaTa stroful b formas:
aTinas aRzrdils aqebdeT alvad avnorCad asulsa,
bnel baiaTa bryvilobas, brangv-babaWuad basrulsa!
gonjni gugani gaSvenis gaxrilad gverdzed gasrulsa,
daxe daRrejiT damCaCuls, dedluris drungiT dasmulsa.
(`mzeWabuk orbelianzed~)
sityvobriv formas:
antoni bnelTa ganmkarg dRe erTa viT ze,
ÀeTer TviT aris kamkam lmobil mTen nazen.
oron pet JamebTrRvnilT sabek tred ucxoT frTe,
qve Rrmad yril STasrulT Cinebul cad Zlevisad,
wam WirTa xmiT Ãsnis, jildobs hazrTa ÄoobiT.
(`antoni kaTalikoszed~)
aseTive formas mimarTavs is leqsSi `ars brZen gnomiT...~.
leqsSi `an, alva xar tanadobiT~ besiki, Teimuraz pirvelis
kvalobaze, mimarTavs anbanTqebis Sereul formas, oRond
Teimurazi iyenebs aTmarcvlian sazoms, besiki ki _ maRal Sairs.
aq qarTuli anbanis asoebi ganawilebulia taepTa winacezuruli
da ukanacezuruli nawilebis pirvel sityvebze, zogjer _ mcire cezuris dasawyisSic da, garda amisa, maT win uZRvis Sesabamisi asos saxelwodeba:
an, alva xar tanadobiT, ban, bulbuls migigavs ena,
gan, gibrwyinavs pirissaxe, don, daxatuli xar Sena;
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en, elvare badri mTvare, vin, varskvlavs surs Seni brwyena, (11)
zen, zilf-kavo, giSris Tmao, Àe, ÀaerT daiwye frena,
Tan, Turani, in, eraniT sicxovliT dagiwvams Sena...
anbanTqebaSi `an~ze siT moxval~ warmodgenilia strofuli b
formis varianti: anbanis asoebi dasmulia rogorc taepebis,
aseve _ winacezuruli da ukanacezuruli nawilebis (zogjer _
mcire cezuris) pirvel sityvaTaTavkidur poziciebSi:
aTinad brZenTa ganzrdili aziad vmgzavrob aresa,
amirbars veyme avTandil amod ra lmobiaresa,
alvisa mSvildi SemSvenda israd aryisa mxmaresa
arwivs afskasa Sevage hair mofrinvamkmaresa.
babiloaniT mrebelman basra vixile, msuroda,
baramis Seyra momesma, beJan vemone ymuroda,
biisa mSvildo ficxelo, bardis isrisa mZmuro-da,
brangvsa Segrtyoce, bayvs eci, vis CveviT sisxli gwyuroda...
***
sanam anbanTqebaTa analizs SevudgebodeT, davakvirdeT, ra gansxvavebaa akrostiqsa da anbanTqebas Soris.
zedapiruli gansxvaveba maT Soris SemdegSi mdgomareobs: akrostiqi vertikaluri teqstis saxiT Seicavs garkveuli semantikis mqone sityvas an gamoTqmas, anbanTqebaSi ki teqstis strofebis, taepebis an sityvebis Tavkidur poziciebSi anbanis asoebia dasmuli (anbanSi maTi Tanmimdevrobis Sesabamisad). anu, erT SemTxvevaSi,
mocemulia garkveuli semantikis mqone teqsti, meoreSi ki, ubralod, anbani, rac teqstTan formalur `TamaSs~, virtuozuli poeturi ostatobis gamovlinebas waagavs. magram es sakiTxi arc arc
ise martivia.
gavixsenoT, rom poeturi teqsti, prozaulTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT meti mowesrigebulobiT gamoirCeva. am amocanas emsaxureba
poeturi teqstis iseTi faqtorebi, rogorebicaa ritmi, riTma, aliteraciebi da a.S. maTi meSveobiT xdeba semantikuri komponentis
gauferuleba, misi minimalizeba. rac ufro Zlieria poetur teqstSi zemoxsenebuli faqtori, miT ufro sustdeba teqstis semantikuri Semadgeneli. aseT SemTxvevaSi teqstis sityvaTa semantika
erTmaneTs erwymis da warmoqmnis erTgvar difuzur, daunawevrebel
mTlianobas.
albaT, swored amas gulisxmobda saleqso enis originaluri
mkvlevari i. tinianovi, rodesac poetikaSi Semoitana termini `saleqso rigis erTianoba da simWidrove~, rac, rogorc Cans, sityvaTa
semantikur urTierTzemoqmedebas niSnavs, am urTierTzemoqmedebis ganmapirobebeli faqtorebi ki swored specifikuri, mxolod
leqsiTi teqstebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli faqtorebia.
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qarTveli poetebis anbanTqebaTa teqstebi gamoirCevian amgvari
faqtorebis siuxviT, iseve, rogorc, sazogadod, XVII-XVIII saukuneebis poeturi teqstebi. isini mowesrigebulia ritmuladac da
evfoniuradac.
maorganizebeli axali faqtori (romelic, vizualuri aRqmis
pirobebSi, Crdilavs sxva elementebis funqciebs) anbanis elementTa
rigis saxiT. davaxasiaToT is:
1. Cveulebriv, anbanis Semadgeneli asoebi sityvaSi arafriT
gamoirCeva erTmaneTisgan, anu arc erTi maTgani markirebuli
ar aris. magram anbanTqebebSi Sesabamisi teqstualuri fragmentebis urTierTSedarebisas poziciurad gamoirCeva am fragmentTa Tavkiduri asoebi, rogorc garkveuli sistemis (anbanis)
elementebi. am gziT xorcieldeba teqstis garkveuli fragmentebis gamoyofa erTmaneTisgan da maTi gansxvavebulobis xazgasma (stroful a da b formebSi _ strofebisa, taepobriv a
formaSi _ taepebisa, xolo taepobriv b formaSi _ sityvebisa).
2. anbanTqebebSi xdeba leqsis teqstisa (romelsac sistemurobas aniWebs specifikuri versifikaciuli faqtorebi) da sxva
sistemis _ anbanis _ elementTa interferencia, rac arsebiTad
ganasxvavebs anbanTqebebs nebismieri sxva poeturi teqstebisgan.
3. is, rom anbanis elementebi SeiZleba ganawilebul iqnas
leqsis nebismier fragmentebSi _ strofebSi, taepebSi, sityvebSi, rom TiToeuli amgvari elementi SeiZleba aerTianebdes
nebismieri grZliobis fragments teqstSi, xazs usvams am fragmentebis semantikur difuzurobas, imisda miuxedavad, Tu rogori moculobis fragments (rogori grZliobis semantikur
erTeuls) `amWidroebs~ anbanis esa Tu is elementi.
4. amgvari fragmentebis (strofebis, striqonebis, sityvebis)
erTianobas da, teqstis diskretul nawilebad dayofas ganapirobebs Tavkidur poziciebSi dasmuli asoebi, romlebic aseT
SemTxvevaSi teqstis rigiTi elementebi ki aRaraa, aramed teqstis Sesabamisi fragmentebis mawarmoebeli elementebia da ganapirobebs maT Tvisebriobas.
(axla SeiZleba davaxasiaToT ZiriTadi gansxvaveba akrostiqsa
da anbanTqebas Soris. aSkaraa, rom akrostiqSi vertikaluri teqsti
aerTianebs horizontalur teqsts (romelic Sesabamisi nawarmoebis
taepebSia asaxuli), axorcielebs mis sinTezs. magaliTad, rodesac
vkiTxulobT daviT guramiSvilis iambikos, romelSic vertikaluri
teqstia `mamao Cveno, romeli xar caTa Sina...~, bunebrivia, taepebSi
gadmocemuli Sinaarsi _ `horizontaluri~ teqsti _ Cveni yuradRebis miRma rCeba da TiToeuli horizontaluri fragmenti kargavs
linearulobas, sakuTar semantikas, `wertilovani~ xdeba da `miizideba~ akrostiqis im asos, sityvisa an gamoTqmisken, romelic Sesaba-
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misi taepis Tavkidur poziciaSia mocemuli da akrostiqis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens.
anbanTqebaSi ki qarTuli anbanis elementebi diskretulobas
aniWebs teqsts, anawevrebs mas. esaa analitikuri operacia teqstze).
5. anbanTqebaSi anbanis asoTa ganawileba teqstSi ganapirobebs im efeqts, rom es teqsti Tvisebriobas icvlis da misi elementebi erTiandebian axal sistemaSi _ aq ZiriTadi teqstia
swored anbani, romelsac fonis saxiT axlavs poeturi nawarmoebis teqstis danarCeni nawili.
amgvarad, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT anbanTqebaTa teqstebis semantikur difuzurobas, TiToeuli asos `danarTis~ saxiT mocemuli
teqstualuri fragmentebis meorexarisxovan Rirebulebas, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTSi xorcieldeba calkeuli fragmentebis CamoTvla, e.i anbanTqeba warmogvidgeba, rogorc teqstis im elementebis CamoTvla, romlebic markirebulia anbanis asoebiT.
arc erT sxva lirikul JanrSi ar gvxvdeba teqstis rogorc
sistemis amgvari saxeoba da, ra Tqma unda, arc akrostiqi warmoadgens gamonakliss.
6. sazogadod, SesaZlebelia mxolod gansxvavebulTa CamoTvla, anu anbanis elementTa ganawileba teqstSi ganapirobebs da
xazs usvams Sesabamisi teqstualuri fragmentebis gansxvavebas
erTmaneTisgan.
7. TiToeuli markirebuli aso, rogorc, zogadad, anbanis
elementi (e.i. ara rogorc teqstis nawili, misi mowesrigebulobis
ganmapirobebeli elementi) warmogvidgeba, rogorc strofis, taepis an sityvis niSani, anu asosa da im teqstualur fragments
Soris, romlis sawyis (Tavkidur poziciaSi dasmul) elementsac
warmoadgens es aso, myardeba semiotikuri (paradigmatuli) mimarTeba. isini urTierTSenacvlebadi xdeba. TiToeuli amgvari fragmentis (romlis damoukidebloba mTeli teqstisgan gamZafrebulia leqsis specifikuri struqturis wyalobiT) funqcias da adgils sistemaSi gansazRvravs is, Tu anbanis romeli elementiT
iwyeba is. amgvarad, garkveuli gagebiT, icvleba teqstis amgvari
fragmentis semantika, magram is ki ar nivelirdeba (rogorc akrostiqSi) aramed specifikuri semantikiT aRiWurveba _ anbanis Sesabamisi elementis aRsaniSnad gardaisaxeba.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ama Tu im sityvas (taeps, strofs) sxvadasxvagvari semantika aqvs, imisda mixedviT, anbanTqebaSi
gvxvdeba is, Tu an nebismieri sxva Janris poetur teqstSi. Sesabamisad, sustdeba TiToeuli `sityvis~ semiotikuri funqcia
samyaros sagnebTan an movlenebTan mimarTebaSi. TiToeuli amgvari sityva, Tavis mxriv, axdens anbanis, rogorc sistemis elementTa reprezentacias.
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8. anbanTqebebSi Tavs iCens sintagmaturi semiotikuri mimarTebebic: TiToeuli markirebuli aso (rogorc, zogadad, anbanis
elementi) sintagmatur (momijnaveobis, Tu gnebavT, `sinekdoqur~) kavSirSia teqstis Sesabamis fragmentTan _ strofTan,
taepTan an sityvasTan.
9. anbanis elementebis aRWurva semiotikuri funqciiT (anbanis TiToeul asos ama Tu im anbanTqebaSi aqvs erTaderTi aRsaniSni) imas niSnavs, rom maT miewereba erTgvari kvazisemantika _
da TiToeuli aso warmogvidgeba, rogorc garkveuli `sityva~,
10. saerTod, Tumca TviT anbani myari sistemaa, romelSic
dauSvebelia elementebis gadanacvleba, magram anbanis nebismier elements anbanTqebebSi SeiZleba daukavSirdes sxvadasxva
aRsaniSni (magaliTad, (6) SemTxvevaSi). amitom SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom anbanis elementebi anbanTqebebSi xasiaTdebian kombinatoruli TavisuflebiT.
11. ra Tqma unda, zogadad, anbanis (rogorc izolirebuli da
ara rogorc anbanTqebis maregulirebeli sistemis) elementebs
aRniSvnis funqcia ar ekisrebaT. xolo rodesac Cven vsaubrobT
teqstSi maTi semiotikuri datvirTvis Sesaxeb (teqstis fragmentebis mimarT), am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vimsjeloT mxolod
aRniSvnis ideis da ara realuri semiozisis Sesaxeb.
magaliTad, arCilTan taepSi `arsi yovlTa damaarsi, sxva
uarso arsad ari~ a-Ti markirebulia da niSandebulia mTeli
taepi, Tumca calke am asos araviTari semantika ara aqvs. mas
ekisreba mxolod taepSi, strofSi an sityvaSi xorcSexmuli warmodgenis reprezentacia. sxvagvarad, amgvari elementi ganasaxierebs warmodgenis gamoxatvis ideas. Sesabamisad, anbanTqebebis
taepSi, strofSi an striqonSi xorcieldeba ormagi semiozisi:
anbanTqebis elementi aRniSnavs teqstis fragments (meore markirebul asomde), xolo TviT es fragmenti, mTlianad, aRniSnavs
sinamdvilis ama Tu im movlenas an sagans.
amgvarad, warmodgena, romelic xorcSesxmulia amgvar fragmentSi, erTdroulad aris semiozisic (`obieqtisadmi~ semiotikuri mimarTebis damyareba) da Tavisi Tavis, rogorc pirobiTi
niSnis TviTgamovlenac.
axla davakvirdeT im movlenebs, romlebic asaxulia zemoCamoTvlil avtorTa anbanTqebebSi da vikiTxoT: xom ar SeiniSneba raimenairi kavSiri anbanTqebaSi asoTa ganawilebis wessa da
Sesabamis teqstebis aRsaniSnebs Soris, anu, sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, xom ara aqvs am konkretul Janrs erTgvari `semantikuri
oreoli~ (rogorc ityoda m. gasparovi).
k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs, rom Teimuraz pirvelis lirika orgvaria _ religiuri da saero. mkvlevari asaxelebs religiuri
lirikis nimuSebs da maT miakuTvnebs poetis anbanTqebebs: `adam
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vaxsenoT pirvelad, TviT RmerTman Seqmna romeli~ (`romelSic
Sekowiwebulia wmindanTa saxelebi~ (kekeliZe 1952: 445)); `aRaxven bageni Cemi, RmerTo, samebiT qebulo~ (`aq poeti ixseniebs
zogierT wmindans, bibliur epizodebs, xolo meore nawilSi
dawvrilebiT laparakobs ieso qristes vnebis, aRdgomis, amaRlebisa da meored mosvlis Sesaxeb~ (kekeliZe 1952: 445); `aRmarTa mxsnelman jvari golgoTas~ (`warmoadgens vedrebas RvTis,
RvTismSoblisa da wmindanebisadmi~ (kekeliZe 1952: 445). pirvel
anbanTqebaSi strofebis pirvel sam taepebSi marTlac `Sekowiwebulia wmindanTa saxelebi~, meoTxe taepebSi poeti gamoxatavs
Tavis damokidebulebas am wmindanTa mimarT.
am anbanTqebaSi wmindanTa ierarqiis klasifikaciuri principia anbani, anbanuri rigi. amgvarad, aq anbani miCneulia wmindanTa simravlis klasifikaciis safuZvlad. da, poetis meore anbanTqebisa ar iyos, `viT Zaluc kacsa mtkavliTa cisa gazoma srulebiT~, aSkaraa, rom anbanis elementebi aq `mtkavlebi~ ki araa,
aramed _ swored zeciuri samyaros mkvidrTa ierarqiis sazomia.
anbanTqebebSi `aRivso guli Cemi~ da `aRmarTa mxsnelman jvari golgoTas...~ aRwerilia iesos amqveyniuri cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi momentebi. Sesabamisad, am teqstebSi naratiuli
elementi ufro Zlieria, vidre pirvel anbanTqebaSi. aqac gadaxlarTulia iesos cxovreba da avtoris sulieri gancdebi _ ori
sistema, ori biografia. sagulisxmoa, rom mesame anbanTqebaSi
(da meoris ramdenime strofSi) yoveli strofis pirveli sami
taepi eZRvneba qristes cxovrebis ama Tu im epizodis an romelime bibliuri ambis mokle aRweras, meoTxeSi ki (an mesame da
meoTxe taepebSi, ramdenime SemTxvevaSi ki _ mTel strofebSi)
TviT avtoris vedrebaa gadmocemuli RvTismSoblis mimarT:
daagdo tari xelTagan, qalwuli SeZrwundeboda:
`da rogor, umamakacod Ze muclad viT medeboda?~
`dagcoso sulman wmindaman~ _ sityvaca ganzrqeldeboda~; (11)
damxsen, ufalo, jojoxeTs cecxlimc nu momedeboda!..
(`aRivso guli Cemi... ~)
zecisa ZalTa mTavarsa kacTaTvis naTel-Rebulsa,
zeciT qveyanas Camosuls, RvTaebiT gankacbulsa,
ze amaRlebiT jvarzedan sisxliTa gverd SeRebulsa, (12)
zenaar, petre Semzide samoTxes kars ganRebulsa...
(`aRmarTa mxsnelman jvari golgoTas~)
amgvarad, samive anbanTqebaSi bibliur da saxarebiseul ambebs erTvis aluzia avtoris cxovrebiseul Znelbedobaze. ori
istoria _ qristesi da Teimurazisa SekavSirebulia erTmaneTTan analogiis meSveobiT _ da orives maregulirebelia anbani
_ RmerTisa da adamianis cxovrebis sazomi.
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meoTxe anbanTqeba, rogorc vTqviT, satrfialo xasiaTisaa da
Sereuli formiTaa dawerili:
ano alvisa, bano brol-vardi,
gano gareviT nayofad esxes,
dono davswame, vardsa Sevswame,
siturfe Turme misgan esesxes, (13)
eno edemsac, vino, vin naxa,
zeno zned sWirdes sxvamanc vin esxes,
Àeo, ÀeTeri, Tano Tu masTan,
ino is ijdes, Tu gare esxes...
aq, rogorc vxedavT, poeti mimarTavs anbanTqebis taepobriv
formas. amasTan, yoveli taepis Tavkidur poziciaSi dasmulia
anbanis asoTa saxelwodebebi, momdevno sityvebi ki iwyeba imave
asoebiT, anu anbanTqebis principi gaZlierebulia, xazgasmulia.
es gansxvaveba pirvel sam anbanTqebasa da meoTxe anbanTqebas
Soris metad arsebiTia. pirvel sam _ stroful _ anbanTqebaSi
ZiriTadi maregulirebeli principia mowesrigeba anbanis mixedviT, anu maTSi anbans sagangebo _ konceptualuri _ funqcia
ekisreba, meoTxe anbanTqebaSi ki taepebisTvis anbanis saxelwodebebis win wamZRvarebiT poets Semoaqvs erTgvari TamaSebrivi,
msubuqi elementi, satrfialo leqsis specifikis Sesabamisad.
amgvarad, erTmaneTisgan gamijnulia anbanTqebis ori struqturuli principi: Teimuraz pirvelTan strofuli anbanTqeba,
ZiriTadad, gamoiyeneba religiuri Temebis mxatvruli xorcSesxmisas, taepobrivi ki _ saero (satrfialo) motivis asaxvisas. es
gamijvna metad arsebiTia da migvaniSnebs imaze, rom anbanTqeba,
rogorc vvaraudobdiT, funqciuri lirikuli Janria da ara
ubralo, formaluri TamaSi.
arCili akrostiqis stroful a formas iyenebs RvTismSoblisadmi mimarTul saxotbo leqsSi `saqebelni da savedrebelni
RvTismSoblisani~, romelSic bibliuri metaforuli gamoTqmebiT amkobs RvTismSobels. aq poeti, Teimuraz pirvelis msgavsad, yoveli sami taepis Semdgom (aq SeiZleba vigulisxmoT aluzia samebaze), strofebis (pirveli strofis garda, romelic
mTlianad me-metyvelebis nimuSia da gamoxatulia avtoris
krZalva RvTismSoblis winaSe da daeWveba imasTan dakavSirebiT,
SeZlebs Tu ara is dasaxuli poeturi amocanis ganxorcielebas)
meoTxe taepebSi, gamoxatavs sakuTar damokidebulebas xotbis
obieqtis mimarT:
gigalobs daviT, mTawminda RvTisa poxilad Crdiloda,
gimzerda TvaliT winaswar, rokavs mwuxri da diloda,
gamoekveTa ufali uxelod Tav-sakidloda,
ganmiRe kari wyalobis, uxrwnelo, me Sen giloda! (14)
148
dedoflad dabadebulTa Sen xar winaswar mkobili,
dedad gqadages RvTisada, xorod dgen sul ganwyobili.
dgaxar marjveniT uflisa, vin aris Seni Sobili,
damixsen warwymedisagan satanas laxvar-sobili!...
strofuli anbanTqebis b forma gamoyenebulia leqsSi `anbanTqeba axali SemoRebuli~. aq pirveli sami da meoTxe taepebi
erTmaneTisgan formalurad da semantikurad arafriT ganirCeva. TiToeuli strofi Sinaarsobrivad izolirebulia sxvebisgan anu TiToeul maTganSi calke saTqmelia gamoxatuli. amitom
teqstis diskretuloba aq gamZafrebulia (ix., mag., (3)). am anbanTqebis daniSnulebas aaSkaravebs arCilis minaweris bolo strofi:
mravalT mefeT daugdiaT umizezod mefobani,
sve-dovlaTi, didi Temi, qalaqi an didebani. (15)
Cemi rad gkvirsT iZulebiT samyofTa garidebani?
magrame maqvs SeukdemaT erTis wadierebani...
vinaidan pirvel or strofSi arCili Tavs imarTlebs kritikulad ganwyobil mkiTxvelTa winaSe, amdenad, unda vivaraudoT, rom `mefobis dagdeba~ da `iZulebiT samyofTa garidebani~ niSnavs ara marto samefodan gadaxvewas (aseT SemTxvevaSi
gaugebari iqneba, ratom saubrobs arCili samefos datovebaze
mas Semdeg, rac mkiTxvels sTxovs, lmobierad moekidos am nawarmoebs: `anbanTqebasa axalsa nu SeuracxyofT sityviTa~),
aramed _ poeziis samyaroSi Tavis Sefarebasac. Sesabamisad, es
anbanTqeba swored rom poeziasTan `TamaSis~ gamoxatulebaa.
`amicanad saTargmanebeli~ leqsi, rogorc aRvniSneT, anbanTqebis strofuli formis erT-erTi variantia, romelSic erTi
da imave asoTi dawyebulia or-ori strofi. leqsi Sedgeba amocanebisgan, Sesabamisad, arCili iyenebs anbanTqebis gansxvavebul formas (ar iyenebs stroful a formas, romelic `saqebelSia~ gamoyenebuli).
erTstrofian anbanTqebaSi `sulxanis pasuxad~, Teimuraz pirvelis meoTxe _ satrfialo _ anbanTqebisa da sulxan-saba orbelianis anbanTqebis msgavsad, arCili mimarTavs taepobriv b formas.
vaxtang meeqvse Tavis stroful b tipis anbanTqebaSi qristes
cxovrebis ambebs aRwers, meore anbanTqebaSi ki taepobriv b
formas iyenebs.
Teimuraz meoris stroful a tipis anbanTqebebSi asaxulia:
anbanTqebaSi `aRivso gulica Cemi..~ _ sasiyvarulo gancdebi
mSvenieri qalis, barbare aleqsandres asul buturlinas mimarT; anbanTqebaSi `aRvZraT sityva sacnobeli...~ _ Zveli aRTqmis, anbanTqebaSi `aris ram ucxod sacnobel...~ ki _ axali
aRTqmis ambebis Sesaxebaa saubari.
erTstrofiani sityvobrivi anbanTqeba satrfialo xasiaTisaa.
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daviT guramiSvilis taepobriv b tipis anbanTqebaSi `aRdgomis dRes yrmaTagan samRereli~ da anbanTqebaSi `anbanzed Tqmuli daviTisagan~ (anbanis originaluri ganawilebiT sityvebze)
religiuri motivebia asaxuli.
besikisTvis, romelic mxatvruli formis didostati iyo,
anbanTqebas ukve konceptualuri datvirTva ki ara aqvs, aramed
_ wminda poeturi. anbanTqeba aq mxolod da mxolod evfoniur
funqcias asrulebs da aZlierebs misi leqsis musikalurobas.3
amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTul
poeziaSi rogorc formalurad, aseve semantikur aspeqtSi erTmaneTisgan gamijnulia anbanTqebaTa ori tipi: strofuli da
taepobrivi. stroful anbanTqebebSi (gansakuTrebiT, mis a formaSi) xorcSexmulia anbanis koncefcia _ anbani RvTiuri warmomavlobisaa da amitom misi saSualebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba zeciuri samyaros _ rogorc sistemis _ warmodgena da, Sesabamisad, Semecnebac.
anbanis amgvari koncefcia gulisxmobs uwyvet mimarTebas
amqveyniur samyarosa (romelSic anbani adamianTa komunikaciis
saSualebaa) da imqveyniur samyaros Soris (romlis Semecnebis
saSualebasac warmoadgens anbani). anbanis meSveobiT xdeba am
ori samyaros SekavSireba.
1966 wels franguli struqturalizmis TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma, filosofosma da mecnierebis istorikosma, miSel
fukom gamoaqveyna Tavisi klasikuri naSromi `sityvebi da sagnebi. humanitarul mecnierebaTa arqeologia~.
am naSromSi fuko miznad isaxavda im istoriuli aracnobieris gamovlenas, romelmac ganapiroba sami sxvadasxva epistemologiuri velis, anu sami sxvadasxva epistemis funqcionireba.
fukos azriT, `amgvari analizi ar warmoadgens ideebis an mecnierebaTa istorias; esaa ufro, kvleva, romlis mizania imis
garkveva, Tu ris safuZvelze gaxda SesaZlebeli Semecneba da
Teoriebi, wesrigis romeli sivrcis Sesabamisad moxda codnis
konstituireba; ra saxis istoriuli a priori-sa da rogori pozitiurobis stiqiaSi gaxda SesaZlebeli ideebis dabadeba, mecnierebebis Camoyalibeba, gamocdilebis asaxva filosofiur sistemebSi, racionalurobis formireba, Semdeg ki, SesaZloa, darRveva da gaqroba~ (fuko 1977: 34)
cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi fuko ganixilavs TiToeul epistemas
rogorc sistemas, e.i. ara diaqroniulad, aramed _ sinqronulad. misi zemomoyvanili gamonaTqvamis parafrazirebisas SeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rom TiToeul epistemas warmoqmnis epistemologiuri velis (sistemis) elementTa gansakuTrebuli urTierTmimarTebebi ama Tu im istoriul periodSi _ XVI saukuneSi,
XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi an Tanamedrove epoqaSi.
150
es epistemebia:
1.renesansuli epistema (XVI saukune _ XVII saukunis Sua wlebi). esaa msgavsebisepistema, rodesac ena jer kidev ar warmoadgens niSanTa damoukidbel sistemas. is gabneulia bunebiT sagnebs Soris.
2. klasikuri epistema (XVII-XVIII saukuneebi) _ warmodgenis
(reprezentaciis) epistema. ena iqceva niSanTa avtonomiur sistemad da TiTqmis Tanxvdeba azrovnebasa da codnas. amasTan dakavSirebiT, swored sayovelTao gramatika iZleva saSualebas,
gagebul iqnan ara marto sxva mecnierebebi, aramed _ sazogadod _ kulturac.
3. Tanamedrove epistema (XIX saukunis dasawyisidan dRemde)
_ sistemebisa da organizaciebis epistema. warmoiqmnebian axali
mecnierebebi, romelTac saerTo araferi aqvT adre arsebul
mecnierebebTan. ena ukve Semecnebis Cveulebrivi obieqtia. is
iqceva formalur elementTa mkacr sistemad, TavisTavzea koncentrirebuli, asaxavs sakuTar istorias da iqceva tradiciebisa da azrovnebis wesebis rezervuarad.
Cveni gamokvleva miznad isaxavs imis dadgenas, ramdenad savaraudoa anbanTqebebis Janris aRiareba klasikuri epistemis organul elementad, an, ufro farTod, vlindeba Tu ara XVII-XVIII
saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi klasikuri epistemisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi. ra Tqma unda, mxolod erTi literaturuli Janris magaliTze dasaxelebul problemaTa gadaWra
Znelia, magram SesaZlebelia kvlevis Semdgomi perspeqtivebis
dasaxva da misi mizanSewonilobis dasabuTeba. vnaxoT, ramdenad
Seesabameba anbanis gaazreba qarTul anbanTqebebSi
marTalia, klasikur epistemaSi, fukos azriT, `ena aRar emsgavseba amave eniT aRniSnul sagnebs, magram es ar niSnavs, rom
is gamijnulia samyarosgan; ena, Tumca sxva formiT, magram
kvlav gvevlineba gamocxadebaTa lokusad da Seadgens im sivrcis nawils, romelSic xdeba WeSmaritebis gamovlena da gamoTqma... ena aris xati samyarosi, romelic gamoisyidis Tavis codvebs da miayuradebs WeSmaritebas. swored amitom surda
RmerTs, rom laTinuri ena _ misi eklesiis ena _ gavrcelebuliyo mTel dedamiwaze. swored amitomaa, rom msoflios enebi
(romlebic cnobilni gaxdnen am monapovris wyalobiT) warmoqmnian, sazogadod, WeSmaritebis xats~. (fuko 1977: 73).4
SesaZloa, swored enis am prioritetulma mdgomareobam da
enisadmi upirobo ndobam (`msoflios enebi... warmoqmnian, sazogadod, WeSmaritebis xats~) gansazRvra mibruneba literaturuli diskursis `nulovani safexurisadmi~ _ im safexurisadmi,
sadac es diskursi Tvisebrivad maqsimalurad uaxlovdeba Tavis
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amosaval wyaros (Sesabamisad, WeSmaritebasac) _ anbans, an,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, miiswrafvis am miznisken.
WeSmariteba ar gulisxmobs mxolod mecnierul WeSmaritebas
_ is calmxrivia da SezRuduli. WeSmariteba unda iyos sruli
_ yovlismomcveli, da am WeSmaritebis Sesamecneblad saWiroa
iseTi instrumenti, romelic wesrigs
Seitans _ gasagebobas da Semecnebadobas mianiWebs _ mTel
samyaros: xilulsa da uxilavs, amqveyniursa da imqveyniurs.
aseT instrumentad klasikur epistemaSi aRiarebulia anbani.
gavixsenoT, rom volteris filosofiuri leqsikonis saxelwodeba iyo `goni anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT~.
vinaidan anbani RvTiuri warmomavlobisaa, amdenad, adamianebis cxovrebas (da, saerTod, samyaros) klasikur epistemaSi anbanis meSveobiT awesrigebs RmerTi, rogorc `kanonmdeblobiTi
gonis funqcia~ (s.s. averincevi).
wesrigi, mowesrigebuloba, klasikur epistemaSi samyaros aRqmis formaa. rac Seexeba anbans, misi arsis SemecnebisTvis aseve
aucilebelia misi wesrigis, mowesrigebulobis gamovlena. es
imas niSnavs, rom anbanis elementebi unda SevadaroT erTmaneTs.
magram es amocana sakuTriv anbanis farglebSi ganuxorcielebelia _ esaa garkveuli TviTkmari elementebis erToblioba
(analogiurad, ricxvTa CamonaTvalSi TiToeuli ricxvi TviTkmaria. Sedareba sxva ricxvebTan SesaZlebelia mxolod ricxvebis Tvisebriobis Secvlisas _ maTi danawevrebisas; aseve,
anbanis TiToeuli elementi anbanis farglebSi TviTkmaria,
SeuZlebelia sxva elementebTan misi Sedareba, anu msgavsebis an
gansxvavebis dafiqsireba _ aq, ra Tqma unda, ar vgulisxmobT
grafikul msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebs). es amocana SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes mxolod maSin, rodesac moxmobil iqneba axali
sistema, romelSic es elementebi urTierTSedarebadi iqneba.
aseTi sistemaa anbanTqebis teqsti (an, Tundac, anbanur rigze
gawyobili leqsikoni an enciklopedia), romelSic anbanis TiToeuli elementi axal Tvisebriobas SeiZens _ erTdroulad anbanis elementic iqneba da raRac sxva sistemis elementic (an am
axali sistemis elementis niSani _ rogorc es moxda enciklopediaSi, an anbanTqebebSi, an leqsikonebSi). sxvadyofnisas anbanis elementebis Sedareba ukve SesaZlebelia, radgan maTi gansxvavebuloba, romelic anbanis farglebSi ar vlindeboda, axla
ukve funqciur gansxvavebulobad warmogvidgeba. anbanTqebebSi
esaa anbanis elementebisadmi aRniSvnis unaris miniWeba. rogorc
ki amgvari elementi aRiWurveba niSnobrivi funqciiT, is ukve
aRar emTxveva Tavis Tavs, rogorc anbanis sistemis komponents.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, aseTi anbani CamoTvladia. fuko
aRniSnavs, rom swored klasikur epistemaSi gaxda SesaZlebeli
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CamoTvla _ `gansaxilveli erTobliobis Semadgeneli elementebis sruli CamoTvlis formiT; im kategoriaTa CamoTvlis
formiT, romlebic erToblivad asaxaven mTel sakvlev sferos;
bolos, wertilTa gansazRvruli raodenobis analizis formiT,
romlebic sakmarisi raodenobiTaa amoRebuli seriidan~ (fuko
1977: 104). amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom anbanis transformacia
anbanTqebebSi da maTi CamoTvladoba am Janrs miakuTvnebs
klasikuri epistemis literaturas. axal TvisebriobaSi anbanis
elementTa gansxvavebis erT-erT saSualebas warmoadgens mis
mier aRniSnuli teqstualuri fragmentebis Sinaarsobrivi gansxvaveba da, SesaZloa, maTi gansxvavebuli grZliobac. da, radgan `Semecneba niSnavs gansxvavebas~ (fuko 1977:105), es operacia
aucilebeli operaciis saxiT warmogvidgeba.
`imisTvis, _ wers fuko, _ rom aRqmis elementi niSnad iqces,
... saWiroa, rom is gamoyofil iqnas elementis saxiT da gaTavisuflebul iqnas saerTo STabeWdilebisgan, romelic mas farulad ukavSirdeba; maSasadame, saWiroa, rom es STabeWdileba
danawevrebul iqnas, rom yuradReba koncentrirebul iqnas
erT-erT (sxvebTan gadajaWvul) momentze, rom saerTo STabeWdilebaSi Semavali es momenti izolirebul iqnas misgan. amgvarad, vlindeba, rom niSani ganuyofelia analizisgan, rom niSani
warmoadgens analizis Sedegs, romlis gareSec is ver gaCndeboda. niSani agreTve warmoadgens analizis instruments, radgan, erTxel gansazRvrisa da izolirebis Semdeg, is SeiZleba
Seefardos axal STabeWdilebas, romlis mimarTac analitikuri
cxauris rols asrulebs~ (fuko 1977: 111).
fukos es Sexeduleba zustad Tanxvdeba im transformacias,
romelsac ganicdis anbanis TiToeuli elementi specifikur
teqstSi _ anbanTqebaSi. is gamoiyofa rogorc elementi da Tavisufldeba im `STabeWdilebisgan, romelic mas farulad ukavSirdeba~ (semiotikuri funqciis ganxorcielebis unaris arqonis Sesaxeb). amgvari niSani-aso analizis instrumenticaa, radgan
misi saSualebiT xdeba teqstis danawevreba diskretul nawilebad.
axla ganvixiloT fukos gamonaTqvami klasikur epistemaSi
niSnis fundamenturi Tvisebis Sesaxeb da davakvirdeT, ramdenad Seesabameba niSnis es Tviseba anbanis funqcias anbanTqebaSi:
`aRmniSvneli elementi, rogorc ubralod idea, an xati, an aRqma
(romelic sxvas ukavSirdeba an enacvleba), ar warmoadgens
niSans. ufro metic, is iqceva niSnad mxolod maSin, rodesac
Tavs iCens aRsaniSnTan misi mimarTeba. aucilebelia, rom man
reprezentacia ganaxorcielos, magram es reprezentacia, Tavis
mxriv, masSi unda iyos warmodgenili. aRmniSvneli idea gaorebulia, radgan idea, romliTac Canacvlebulia meore idea, mo-
153
icavs, agreTve, ideas reprezentaciis gamoxatvis miseuli unaris Sesaxeb~ (fuko 1977:115).
marTlac, anbanis elementis saxiT, asoSi reprezentirebis
unari mxolod potenciuradaa warmodgenili. is jer arafers
aRniSnavs (aq ar vgulisxmobT mis mimarTebas garkveuli sametyvelo bgerebisadmi, rac semiotikur mimarTebas ar warmoadgens
_ yovel SemTxvevaSi, mniSvneloba aseT mimarTebaSi ar warmoiqmneba). asos reprezentirebis unari aqvs mxolod sagangebo
sistemaSi, sagangebo teqstSi _ anbanTqebaSi, sadac is aRniSnavs
teqstis fragments. is ukavSirdeba am fragments da axorcielebs mis reprezentacias. magram, fukos mixedviT, es reprezentacia masSi (anbanis elementSi) unda iyos reprezentirebuli.
marTlac, anbanTqebaSi aso iqceva niSnad maSin, rodesac mimarTebas amyarebs Tavis aRsaniSnTan (Sesabamis teqstualur fragmentTan). Tavisi markirebulobis wyalobiT, is am fragmentis
reprezentacias axorcielebs.
bolos, fuko aRniSnavs, rom klasikur epoqaSi ZiriTadi
tropebi iyo sinekdoqe, metonimia da kataqrezisi (fuko 1977:
176). anbanTqebebSi TiToeuli markirebuli aso erTdroulad
mTelis (sityvis, taepis, strofis) nawilicaa da misi niSanic. amdenad, is sinekdoqurad ukavSirdeba mTels, iseve, rogorc, zogadad, anbani sinekdoqurad ukavSirdeba anbanTqebis mTel
teqsts. amitom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom klasikuri epistemis es
niSanic Tavs iCens XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTul anbanTqebebSi.
amgvarad, SeiZleba pasuxi gavceT im kiTxvaze, romlic davsviT Cveni gamokvlevis dasawyisSi: ra Tqma unda, anbanTqebaTa
popularoba qarTul poeziaSi, ar ganapiroba, ubralod, avtorTa survilma, gamoecadaT TavianTi poeturi ostatoba; am Janris popularoba XVII-XVIII saukuneebis literaturaSi kanonzomieri movlenaa. misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi Seesabameba e.w.
`klasikuri epistemis~ im niSan-Tvisebebs, romlebic Camoayaliba wignSi `sityvebi da sagnebi (humanitarul mecnierebaTa arqeologia)~ miSel fukom.
SeniSvnebi:
1. qvemoT stroful `a~-s vuwodebT anbanTqebaTa iseT tips, romelSic
TiToeuli strofis yvela taepi iwyeba erTi da imave asoTi, stroful `b~-s
_ iseTs, romelSic yoveli strofis TiToeuli sityva iwyeba erTi da imave
asoTi, ise, rom anbanis asoebi TanmimdevrobiTaa ganawilebuli strofebSi;
taepobriv `a~-s _ iseTs, romelSic yoveli taepi iwyeba sxvadasxva asoTi,
qarTuli anbanis rigis Sesabamisad; taepobriv `b~-s _ iseTs, romelSic TiToeuli taepis yoveli sityva iwyeba erTi da imave asoTi; sityvobrivs _
iseTs, romelSic ama Tu im taepis yoveli sityva (leqsikuri erTeuli) iwyeba
154
sxvadasxva asoTi (qarTuli anbanis rigis Sesabamisad), Sereuls ki _
Teimuraz pirvelis meoTxe anbanTqebis msgavsi struqturis mqones.
2. am leqsis daweras biZgi misca sulxan-saba orbelianis `anbanTqebam~:
almas basri galesuli dahkveTs enaT, vamiT zmnaTa!
Àe TviT ityvis: kmaris lmoba mis naTqvamTa, orpir TqmaTa.
Jamad ras sTxovT, tvirTs umZimebT fucviT qmnilTa RirsTa yrmaTa.
Slis CiTs ca Zliv wvimiT, WexiT, xe Ãmel jirkTa hai-Äi-sxmaTa.
3. rodesac anbanTqebaSi izrdeba anbanis asoTa ganawilebis sixSire, anu
rodesac stroful a tips enacvleba taepobrivi formebi (anbanis elementebi ganawilebulia ara strofebze, aramed _ taepebze da sityvebze), maSinve
irRveva saleqso rigis erTianoba da, Sesabamisad, sustdeba simWidrovec
(anu leqsikur elementTa semantikuri urTierTkavSiri). marTlac, rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT, akrostiqisgan gansxvavebiT, anbanTqebaSi anbanis elementebi diskretulobas aniWebs teqsts. da rac ufro mcire grZliobis teqstualur fragmentebad nawevrdeba teqsti (taepobriv da, miT ufro, sityvobriv anbanTqebebSi), miT ufro mZafrdeba am fragmentebis izolirebuloba erTmaneTisgan, anu miT ufro sustdeba maTi SemakavSirebeli Zala (am
tendenciis maqsimalurad gaZlierebis SemTxvevaSi teqsti iqceva anbanis
izolirebuli elementebis qaotur erTobliobad). amitom bunebrivia, rom
taepobriv da, gansakuTrebiT, sityvobriv anbanTqebebSi teqstis erTiani
sazrisis gamovlena Zneldeba. da, piruku, rac ufro msxvil teqstualur
fragmentebs aerTianebs anbanTqebebSi esa Tu is aso, miT ufro mwyobri da
naTelia misi Sinaarsi.
4. `enis mdgomareoba klasikur epistemaSi, _ wers Tanamedrove franguli
filosofiis cnobili mkvlevari natalia avtonomova, _ erTdroulad mokrZalebulicaa da didebulic. Tumca ena kargavs uSualo msgavsebas saganTa
samyarosTan, magram is aRiWurveba umaRlesi uflebamosilebiT _ warmoadginos da gaaanalizos azrovneba. azrovnebis Sinaarsis Setana enobriv formebSi anawevrebs da mkafioebas sZens maT....~ (avtonomova 1977: 12)
damowmebani:
avtonomova 1977: Автономова Н.С. Вступительная статья к книге: Мишель Фуко.
Слова и вещи (Археология гуманитарных наук). М.:1977
arCili 1999: arCili. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. (iv. lolaSvilis,
l.kekeliZis, l. ZoweniZis redaqciiT). Tb.: `merani~, 1999.
besiki 1962: TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli (al.baramiZisa da v.Tofurias
redaqciiT). Tb.: `sabWoTa mwerali~, 1962
guramiSvili 1955: guramiSvili daviT. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb.:
`saxelgami~, 1955.
vaxtang meeqvse 1975: vaxtang meeqvse. leqsebi da poemebi (al. baramiZis
redaqciiT). Tb.: mecniereba.
Teimuraz pirveli 1934: Teimuraz pirveli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli
(al. baramiZisa da g. jakobias redaqciiT). tfilisi: `federacia~, 1934.
Teimuraz meore 1939: Teimuraz meore. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli
(g.jakobias redaqciiT). Tb.: `federacia~, 1939.
kekeliZe 1952: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria. Tb.: 1952.
fuko 1977: Фуко, Мишель. Слова и вещи (Археология гуманитарных наук). М.: 1977.
155
Tamar barbaqaZe
mefe-poetTa leqswyobis principebi
Teimuraz I-is versifikaciuli sistema aRmosavluri da
dasavluri poetikis kanonebis konteqstSi
Teimuraz I-is poezias Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi, erTi mxriv,
sparsuli literaturis ZiriTad tendenciebTan mimarTebaSi ganixilaven (k. kekeliZe, a. baramiZe, g. jakobia, m. Todua, m. mamacaSvili, d.
kobiZe, a. gvaxaria, T. goreliSvili, b. qiqoZe da sxv.), xolo meore
mxriv, misi `wameba qeTevan dedoflisa~ (1628), `qarTuli barokos~
erT-erT pirvel nimuSad aris miCneuli (d. laSqaraZe, g. gaCeCilaZe,
i. kenWoSvili, m. naWyebia). Teimuraz I-is versifikacias sagangebo
gamokvleva miuZRvna T. doiaSvilma (doiaSvili 2002: 449-459). Teimuraz I-is Janrobrivi da Tematuri problemebi kargad aris : a.
baramiZis (1959), r. baramiZis (1989) da a. gawerelias (1937) narkvevebSi, amitomac, Cven kvlevis sagnad SevarCieT, leqswyobis TvalsazrisiT poetis Semoqmedebis mimarTeba aRmosavluri da dasavluri poetikis kanonebTan.
viziarebT qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi aRiarebul azrs,
rom Teimuraz I ori literaturuli stilis mijnaze myofi Semoqmedia. igi, erTi mxriv, amuSavebs da aqarTulebs sparsuli poeziis
nimuSebs, amkvidrebs aRmosavlur siuJetebsa da saxeebs, meore
mxriv, masTan iRebs saTaves arCil mefis mier Camoyalibebuli `marTlis Tqmis~ principi.
erTi mxriv, Teimuraz I (1589-1663) XVII-XVIII saukuneebis, pirveli
poetia, romelmac qarTuli erovnuli Tematika gaixada Semoqmedebis wyarod (r. baramiZe), meore mxriv, ki mas ioseb griSaSvilma `majamis amirbari~ uwoda da amiT, erTgvarad, gaamyara poetis adgili
erovnuli literaturis istoriaSi, rogorc aRmosavluri saleqso
kanonikis ganmamtkiceblisa.
XVII saukunis epoqis tendenciebi, iTvaliswinebda formis upiratesobas SinaarsTan SedarebiT, amitomac ganzrax garTulebuli,
xelovnuri saleqso formebi ucxo ar aris Teimuraz I-is versifikaciisaTvis. e.w. `leqsebi smenisaTvis~ Teimuraz I-is poeziaSi gapirobebulia poetis motivaciiT, moipovos sivrce da originaluri
TviTgamoxatva mSobliur poeziaSi sparsuli enis musikalobis danergvis xarjze; swored amis gamo Teimurazis leqsis evfonia xSirad eyrdnoba sparsul leqsikas (`isa~- `geSt~//`geCedi~, ~xazali~,
`fasli~, `Saari~ _ ieso, seirnoba, Semodgoma, dro//sezoni), zogjer
sinonimur paralelizmsac vxvdebiT mis leqsSi; Tumca amgvari eqsperimentebi arc aris gasakviri poetisagan, romelic aRiarebda:
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sparsTa enisa sitkboman masurva musikobani.
Teimuraz I, TiTqos, Tavs imarTlebda, rom qarTuli ena mZime iyo,
xolo sparsul poezias sityvaTa `Sewmasnuloba~, e. i. ritorikuloba, enawylianoba, xelovnuroba axasiaTebda; sagulisxmoa, rom
Teimuraz I-is mier Targmnilma poemebma: `vardbulbulianma~, `Samifarvanianma~, `leilmajnunianma~, `iosebzilixanianma~, romlebic
sufisturi misticizmis saukeTeso nimuSebia, interesi gauRviZa
sazogadoebas aRmosavluri Teosofiis mimarT, TumcaRa, poets
kargad esmoda Tavisi daniSnuleba da patiebas iTxovda `usargeblod Tqmuli~ `layabis~ gamo (kekeliZe... 1987: 332).
Teimuraz I-is poetikur, versifikaciul cdebs misi Semoqmedebis
mkvlevarebi sparsuli Tarixisa da muamis formalistur gatacebebTan ar akavSireben (m. mamacaSvili, a. baramiZe, T. doiaSvili);
miCneulia, rom Teimurazis majamebis niadagi erovnulia: qarTvel
mexotbeTa da rusTvelis omonimuri riTmebi.
Teimurazis poezias, epikursa Tu lirikuls, or jgufad ganacalkeveben mkvlevarebi, romlebic `saRvTo da sakaco~ Sinaarss
ecnobian masSi. k. kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom Teimuraz I saero lirika
`ufro lamazsa da Sinaarsian nimuSebs iZleva~ (kekeliZe 1981: 556).
Teimuraz I-is poezia misi epoqis qarTvelma poetebma moiwones da
lamis rusTvelis Semoqmedebas gauTanabres (arCil mefe, nodar ciciSvili, mamuka mdivani-TavaqalaSvili). am faqts T.doiaSvili imiT
xsnis, rom `Teimuraz pirvelis metrul-ritmuli struqtura mowesrigebulobiTa da harmoniulobiT gamoirCeva... misi rusTvelTan
gatoleba, rac xSirad xdeboda aRorZinebis xanaSi, Tundac wminda
versifikaciuli TvalsazrisiT, safuZvels moklebulia, magram
Teimuraz I Tavisi poeturi kulturiT tonis mimcemia XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTul poeziaSi~ (doiaSvili 2002: 450).
SemTxveviT ar imowmeben Teimuraz I-is leqsis mkvlevarebi
Teimuraz bagrationis sityvebs: `stixTa Soris qarTvelTa enasa ese
uaRresad sxvaTa aRmoCenil ars da didisa xelovnebiTa qmnili~.
XX s. 30-ian wlebSi Teimuraz I-is versifikaciul siaxleTa Taobaze yuradReba gaamaxvila akaki gawereliam. man aRniSna, rom Teimuraz pirvelma daarRvia poemis Janris batonoba da Semoitana lirikuli leqsebi. mkvlevarma miuTiTa, agreTve, im faqtze, rom aRorZinebis xanis poeziaSi `Teimurazs ekuTvnis pirveli cda axali sazomis monaxvisa. es cda, rogorc Cans, uSedegod damTavrebula. mxolod
erT leqsSi `SvidTa krebaTaTvis~ Teimurazi mimarTavs e.w. `Caxruxauls~ da am metris gziT _ Sinagan riTmas~ (gawerelia 1937: 46).
konstantine WiWinaZe Teimuraz I-is leqss arCil mefis poezias
adarebs fonikis, bgerweris mixedviT, misi azriT, Teimurazis Sairis
SedarebiTi keTilxmovaneba ufro imiT aixsneba, rom `imis striqonSi, ise rogorc guramiSvilis leqsSi, ar xdeba Tanxmovani bge-
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rebis an mokle sityvebis erTad dagroveba, rogorc es arCil mefes
sCvevia~ (WiWinaZe 1979: 59).
Teimuraz doiaSvilma, rogorc aRvniSneT, sagangebod gamoikvlia Teimuraz I-is TxzulebaTa metrul-ritmuli struqtura,
riTma da strofika. mecnieris winaswari daskvna, rom Teimuraz I
mtkiced dgas qarTuli klasikuri poeziis magistralur gzaze da
uryevad axorcielebs rusTveluri leqsis tradiciebs, eyrdnoba
poetis TxzulebaTa metrul-ritmuli struqturis skrupulozur
leqsmcodneobiT kvlevas, statistikis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT: SairiT Sesrulebulia Teimuraz I-is 1175 strofi, versifikaciuli gadaxvevebi ki minimaluria (doiaSvili 2002: 451).
aRiarebuli TvalsazrisiT, Teimuraz I-is leqsiT iwyeba qarTuli klasikuri leqsis dekadansi (T. doiaSvili), rac, upirveles
yovlisa, gamoixateba rusTveluri sazomis rRveviT: erTi taepis
farglebSi maRali da dabali Sairis SereviT. rusTveluri Sairis
rRvevas Teimuraz I-is leqsSi adasturebs eqvs, an metmarcvliani (3
Svidmarcvliani) sityvebis sixSirec, rac gansakuTrebiT uxerxulia
maRal SairSi (4 4). T. doiaSvilma 14 SemTxveva aRnusxa amgvari poetikuri `uxerxulobisa~ Teimuraz I-is poeziaSi; Tumca es SemTxvevebi mecniers ar miaCnia poetis metruli wesrigis darRvevad.
veTanxmebiT mkvlevris am Tvalsazriss da, amave dros, vfiqrobT,
rom amgvari uTanasworo svlebi aSkarad migvaniSnebs barokos
arsebobaze XVII s. qarTul leqsSi.
T. doiaSvili yuradRebas miapyrobs Semdegs: 1) mTeli rigi poetebisa ver arRvevs Teimuraz I-is leqsis metrul wesrigs; 2) sazomTa Sereva SeiniSneba aramarto naxevartaepebSi, rac mTlianad aryevs stroful-metrul struqturas (es faqti mkvlevars afiqrebinebs, rom es aris qarTuli klasikuri leqsis dekadansis pirveli
gamovlena); 3) Sairis garda, Teimuraz I-is poeziaSi aRnusxa: 33ocmarcvliani strofi, romelTagan mxolod xuTia fistikauri, danarCeni _ SavTeluri, 4) Teimuraz I-is SemoqmedebaSi aris erTi verlibri: `Tamaris saxe daviT garejas~, romlis mxolod pirveli
strofia dabali SairiT Sesrulebulia; 5) miuxedavad, a. gawerelias
kategoriuli gancxadebisa, rom anJambemani anu gadatana qarTul
poeziaSi XIX s.-mde ar gvxvdeba, doiaSvilis azriT, Teimuraz I-is
poeziaSi afiqsirdeba gadatanis faqti:
mefeman taxti, gvirgvini, droSa, naRara, qosebiT _
moaRebina yoveli: _ Tqva Wirni maqvso ocebiT...
Tumca aqve mianiSnebs mkvlevari, rom gadatana am SemTxvevaSi
poetis mier gacnobierebuli xerxi, albaT, ar aris, TumcaRa, metruli pauza Seryeulia da amis aRniSvna aucilebelia.
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Teimuraz I-is riTmaze msjelobisas mecnieri sagangebod ikvlevs
riTmis evfonias da afiqsirebs pirvel qarTul konsonansur riTmas
XVII s. 20-ian wlebSi: naTeli _ SemonaTvali.
savsebiT gasaziarebelia Teimuraz doiaSvilis daskvna, rom
versifikaciuli gadaxvevebi Teimuraz I-is poeziaSi mxolod gamonaklisebia, rogorc metrikis, ise riTmis sferoSi. aRorZinebis xanis poeti Teimuraz I rusTvelis xazis erTgulia leqswyobis TvalsazrisiT (doiaSvili 2002: 456).
sagulisxmoa, rom araidenturi riTmis, kerZod, konsonansis magaliTebis moZieba XVI-XVIII s.s. qarTul poeziaSi akaki gawereliamac
scada da moixmo kidec `qarTul klasikur leqsSi~, oRond ara
Teimuraz I-is Txzulebebidan, aramed arCilisa (sxvacaa _ xocaa.
`saqarTvelos zneobani~, 60) da daviT guramiSvilis (SemirTavs _
damirTavs) Semoqmedebidan (gawerelia 1981: 173).
araidenturi riTma da majamiT, omonimuri riTmebiT gataceba,
TiTqos, SeuTavsebeli unda iyos erTi poetis Semoqmedebis sazRvrebSi, magram, Cemi azriT, swored am faqtis arseboba sagulisxmo
anareklia Teimuraz I-is epoqis kulturuli ten-denciebisa: harmoniis, keTilxmovanebisaken swrafva da disharmoniis, rRvevis, poeturi umweobis aRiarebis gulwrfeloba.
Teimuraz I-is TxzulebaTa Sinaarsis gacnoba gvarwmunebs, rom
poeti iTvaliswinebs Tavisi Tanamedrove, ganaTlebuli, evropuli
orientaciis mkiTxvelis SekveTas da esTetikur gemovnebas da, sasuliero, religiuri xasiaTis leqsebis nacvlad, satrfialo da didaqtikur Txzulebebs sTavazobs qarTvel sazogadoebas. Teimuraz
I-is poeziis daaxloeba evropuli literaturis suliskveTebasTan,
upirveles yovlisa, sparsuli leqsis formis sirTulisa da `Sewmasnili~, RvarWnili striqonebis nacvlad, `martivad mbobis~ ndomiT
gamoixata. mefe-poetma alRo auRo sazogadoebis moTxovnilebas da
`leil-majnunianis~ dasasruls Tavadve aRniSna Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi meTodis Taobaze:
hmarTebs, kacman kargi naxos, manca misgan gardmoiRos,
ugbilman da ugunurman vera rame wamoiRos.
(Teimuraz I 1934: 184)
Teimuraz I-is Semoqmedebas XX s. 70-iani wlebidan qarTuli da
evropuli literaturis mkvlevarni, qarTveli komparativistebi,
mWidrod ukavSireben evropul barokos (g. gaCeCilaZe), ufro metic,
cdiloben, damkvidrdes termini `qarTuli baroko~, `aRorZinebis
xanis~ (XVII-XVIII s.s. qarTuli literatura) nacvlad (i. kenWoSvili).
mogvianebiT am problemas sagangebo naSromi miuZRvna m. naWyebiam,
romelmac yuradReba miaqcia Teimuraz I-is mier `gabaasebis~ (sparsuli munazares) Janris damkvidrebis sakiTxs (naWyebia 2009: 89-100).
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Teimuraz I-is `martivad mbobis ndomasa~ da `sazogadoebis moTxovnis~ alRos aRebas mravalricxovan paralels uZebnis daviT
laSqaraZe XVII s. evropis sxvadasxva mimarTulebis mweralTa SemoqmedebaSi (laSqaraZe 1977: 30-31). gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebod miiCnevs mkvlevari lope de vegas naSroms: `axali xelovneba komediebis
SeTxzvisa~, romelSic mayureblis gemovnebasa da moTxovnas eniWeba
upirvelesi adgili. d. laSqaraZis azriT, espanuri barokos udidesi
warmomadgenlis kalderonis `cxovreba sizmaria~, erTgvarad, sagulisxmo Sedarebis safuZvels gvaZlevs Teimuraz I-is poeziis gacnobisas. mefe-poetisaTvis cxovreba `sizmrisagan ufro cudia~.
kalderonis garda, germanuli barokos cnobil warmomadgenelTan
andrias grifiusTanac akavSireben Teimuraz I-s. andrias grifiusis
azriT, adamiani wuTisofelSi `yalbi ocnebis mets verafers wvdeba,
yofa misi ararad iqceva, xolo xalisi _ mware cremlebad~. d.
laSqaraZe fiqrobs, rom adamianis amqveynad yofnis amaoebis aRiareba da Civili araraobaze organuli, aucilebeli nawilia ara marto
grifiusis, aramed qeTevan dedofalze dawerili tragediis avtoris qristian hofmansvaldaus Semoqmedebisa. e.w. meore sileziuri
skolis warmomadgenlebi germaniaSi xels uwyobdnen preciozuli
literaturis ganviTarebas: XVII s. germaneli poetebis, gansakuTrebiT ki TviT hofmansvaldaus madrigalebSi, rondoebsa da simRerebSi vecnobiT wuTisoflis warmavlobiT gamowveul sevdamwuxarebas.
poeturi `gadaZaxili~ Teimuraz I-isa evropul barokosTan (kalderoni, grifiusi, lope de vega, hofmansvaldau da sxv.) samarTlianad miiCnies da am mxriv kvleva gaaRrmaves XX saukunis 80-90-iani
wlebisa da XXI saukunis damdegis qarTvelma literaturaTmcodneebma (i. kenWoSvili, g. gaCeCilaZe, m. naWyebia da a.S.), rac mowmobs,
rom dResdReobiT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva `qarTuli
barokos~ Sinagani kavSiris Ziebas `evropul barokosTan~.
Cemi azriT, evropul tendenciebTan Teimurazis poeziis naTesaobis erT-erT dasturad unda miviCnioT is ramdenime gamonaklisi,
ase gamokveTilad rom Cans kanonikuri, konvenciuri qarTuli klasikuri leqsis fonze Teimuraz I-is lirikul TxzulebaTa Soris.
vgulisxmobT Teimuraz I-is leqss `Tamaris saxe daviT garejas~.
igi sruliad samarTlianad aris miCneuli qarTuli verlibris
pirvel nimuSad (a. gawerelia, m. mamacaSvili, T. doiaSvili). vfiqrobT, am leqsis Sinaarsi, intonacia, ritmuli impulsi, misi grafikuli forma _ oTx monakveTad dayofa, misi avtoris XVIII s. evropul poeziasTan kavSirze migvaniSnebs.
`Tamaris saxe daviT garejas~ iwyeba 16-marcvliani dabali SairiT (53/53), mosazRvre, oTxjeradi riTmiT Sesrulebuli katreniT:
mefeni movlen surviliT, Sensa saxesa hmoneben,
Seuracxyofen mnaTobTa, naTlad ar moigoneben,
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sxiv-mosierad gimzeren, ukvdav-myofelad ggoneben,
iSveben, maTTa patiJTa maT lxinTa Seuwoneben.
(Teimuraz pirveli 1989: 328)
leqsis am pirvel strofs, naTeli, gasagebi eniTa da sparsuli
`leqTa wmasvnisagan~ gansxvavebuli stiliT dawerils, mosdevs
locva, romelsac ara aqvs sazomi da riTma, magram aqvs Sinagani
ritmi, ufro sworad, ritmuli impulsi, locvis pirvel monakveTSi
mefe-poeti mimarTavs ufals:
Sen saxebao, erT-arsebao, sam-gemovnebiT erTo, gauwvalebelo,
erT bunebao uSobelo da Zeo Sobilo, sulo mamisagan gamomavalo,
mosavsa Sensa mefesa, patrons Teimurazs, meox meyav.
am samtaepeds mohyveba II monakveTi, mimarTuli qristesadmi:
odes moxvide gankiTxvad, qriste, da gamoCndes madli, dideba
Seni da dasjde cxovelTa da mkvdarTa msajulad, da ganarCevde
cxovarTa TikanTagan, nu warmavlen marcxeniT kerZo
Secodebulsa amas monasa Sensa, aramed momec Sendoba braleulisa.
am oTxtaepedSi yuradRebas iqcevs anJambemani, romelic mTel
monakveTs erT ritmul intonacias umorCilebs.
III monakveTSi poeti RvTismSobels mimarTavs:
dedao usxeulosa naTlisao da mSobelo sityvisa RvTisao,
saydaro, etlo, Rrubelo naTlisao, me dabnelebulsa amas
codvaTagan, miTxove Zisa Senisagan Sendoba bralTagan.
es monakveTic, I-is msgavsad, samtaepedia.
IV monakveTs ki strofis forma namdvilad aRar aqvs da ufro
ritmuli prozaa, vidre _ leqsi.
am verlibris mkvlevarebi obieqturad afaseben mis mniSvnelobas
qarTuli leqsis istoriisaTvis: XVII s. saqarTveloSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ukve gvaqvs pirveli originaluri verlibris nimuSi, radgan Teimuraz I-ma namdvilad icis, rom Sairis gverdiT usazomod da
uriTmod dawerili monakveTebi uCveuloa, Tumca sakuTari sulieri mdgomareobis gamosaxatavad swored amgvar formas miiCnevs
Sesaferisad. amis Taobaze sagangebod miuTiTeben Teimuraz I-is poeziis mkvlevarebi: `poets sruliad Segnebuli aqvs Secvlili Sairis
Semdeg leqsis forma da metri. TeimurazisaTvis am SemTxvevaSi amosavalia leqsis xasiaTi, misi buneba. wminda samebis aRsareba dawerilia locvis saxiT, rogorc Sesxma Tamarisa. am nawilSi daculia
locvis da Zveli qarTuli sagaloblis intonacia, metri da Sinagani
ritmi~ (mamacaSvili 1967: 139).
sagulisxmoa, rom klasicizmis poetikis fuZemdeblis nikola
bualosaTvis religiuri Sinaarsis nawarmoebi miuRebeli iyo, Tu
masSi ar iqneboda ori elementi _ miTologiuri da sasiyvarulo.
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uamisod Txzuleba bualos mosawyenad miaCnda (bualo 1998: 25). TiTqos, klasicisturi poetikis es moTxovna ikiTxeba Teimuraz I-is
zemoxsenebul leqsSic. `Tamaris saxe daviT garejas~, locvasTan
erTad, namdvili, realuri da Tanac zRaprulia, miTiuri Tamar
mefis siyvaruliT aris STagonebuli.
Teimuraz I-is poeziaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia `majamas~
_ mefe-poetis originaluri lirikis erT-erT Sedevrs. `majama~,
rogorc cnobilia, qarTul sinamdvileSi orgvari mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. erTi mniSvnelobiT igi omonimuri riTmebiT dawerili leqsis Sesatyvisi teqnikuri poetikuri terminia, meoregvarad ki igi
aRniSnavs omonimuri riTmebiT dawerili strofebis, an leqsebis
krebuls. omonimuri majamis nimuSad mkvlevarebi xSirad asaxeleben
Teimuraz I-is yvelasaTvis kargad nacnob strofs:
rad, sofelo, sxva ar daswvi Cemebr, me mqen dasadage?!
glax, laxvari, sasikvdine yvela me mkar, dasad age!
damikarge Ze, asuli, Zma, ar vici da sad age!
sxva nayofi maTebr turfa ra aSene da sad age?
Teimuraz I-is `majamas~ lirikul poemadac miiCneven (baramiZe
1966: 327), romelSic gaerTianebulia sevdiani ganwyobilebis gamomxatveli, satrfialo da mosalxeni leqsebi, agreTve, xotbebi. Cemi
azriT ki, `majama~ lirikuli leqsebis gaerTianebis mcdelobaa poeturi ciklis meSveobiT: `majama~ 8 ciklad aris dayofili: I. mze
cud maSvralobs; II. SenTvis xelman, III. mze anaTle hqmen; IV. turfa
xar SvenierebiT; V. gabaaseba Rvinisa da bagisa; VI. mzesa Seswrfa misgan guli: VII. eSurebis bage vardi; VIII. qeba da mkoba xelmwifis aleqsandresi da dedoflis nestan-darejanisa.
swored `majamis~ bolos `ajamebs~ Teimuraz I sakuTari poeturi
Rirsebis rusTvelTan gajibrebis Sedegs da Tavisi gagulisebis
mizezsac xsnis:
ar momewona layabi, es usargeblo sulisa,
sxvad aras mosaxmarisi, oden Cans sibrZne gulisa;
leqsi Cemi sjobs gvarad da tkbilad sasmenad yurisa,
maSinac rusTvels aqeben, me iman gamagulisa.
Teimuraz I-is poeziis mkvlevarebi sagangebod miuTiTeben, rom
am poetis Semoqmedebis erT-erTi Tavisebureba isicaa, rom masSi
rusTveluri nakadis siZliere saocrad ejaWveba da erwymis Teimurazis individualur msoflaRqmasa da poetur gamomsaxvelobiT
saSualebebs (baramiZe 1989: 836).
`majama~ sruldeba leqsTa krebulis sargeblianobaze miTiTebiT: igi momcro zomisaa da SeiZleba ubeSi Seinaxo, sartyelsa da
xurjinSi (iaxtanSi) Cado:
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gaTavda wigni majama, leqsi aqa-iq Tqmulebi
saswrafod ubes sadebi, an sartyels CasarWmulebi,
iaxtans Tana saroni, gverc Tasi, Rvino, kulebi,
yovlis wignisa umcrosi, Cans maTi ufliswulebi.
leqsebis ciklizacia, Cemi azriT, evropuli poeziis erTi saintereso tendenciis `Sereva~/asaxvaa~ aRmosavluri, omonimuri riTmebiT gamarTuli leqsis saxeobaSi, e.w. `majamaSi~.
rogorc cnobilia, majama ar aris sakuTriv sparsuli movlena.
majamaur (omonimur) xerxs yvela qveynis poetebi mimarTaven, magram
meore mxriv, unda gaviTvaliswinoT Teimuraz I-is cnoba termin
`majamas~ warmomavlobis Taobaze:
leqsTa RaribTa, ucxoTa, romel ars gamokrebuli,
mominda wera amisTvis. ar iqmnas daviwyebuli.
sparsulad hqvian `majama~, _ Seyrilad iTargmanebis.
XV-XVIII saukuneebis sparsul poeziaSi swored xelovnuri, majamuri da sxva amosacnobi tipis leqsebma moipova gabatonebuli
mdgomareoba (kobiZe 1960: 144-152). miuTiTeben, rom mTlianad omonimur riTmebzea gawyobili, magaliTad, qaTibisa da mavlana Sirazelis (XVI s.) poemebi. am poetebis TxzulebebSi vxvdebiT gansakuTrebiT originalur poetur teqnikas, ris gamoc maTi Sinaarsis
gamocnobac ki Zneldeba.
XV-XVIII saukuneebis sparsma da sparsul enaze mweralma aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebis poetebma ukiduresad gaarTules da gaabundovnes poeturi ena, leqswyoba ki xelovnuri gaxades, kombinatoruli poezia aqcies Semoqmedebis umTavres formad: rebusebsa da
Saradebs miamsgavses leqsi. Sinaarsi amgvari `muammebisa~ TiTqmis
aRar ikiTxeboda; `muamma~ mxolod miniSnebebis meSveobiT gvagebinebs poetis saTqmels. muamis gamocnobisaTvis mkiTxveli unda aRWurviliyo rTuli, sqolastikuri leqsmcodneobiTi terminologiiTa da didi moTminebiT. Teimuraz I, albaT, amas gulisxmobda,
rodesac werda. `ikiTxviden da Targmnidnen, lxini ver Seedrebao~.
XV s. aRmosavlur poeziaSi damkvidrebulma muammam mTlianad STanTqa poeziis Sinaarsobrivi mxare da leqss dautova mxolod gasarTobis, teqnikuri savarjiSos roli. e. bertelsi am process `poeziis TviTmkvlelobad~ miiCnevs (bertelsi 1949: 32-33). formalistur
varjiSs leqsebiT, kombinatorikis sazRvrebis gafarToebis cdebs
vxvdebiT XV-XVIII saukuneebis iranisa da Sua aziis poeziaSi. amgvari
nimuSebi uxvad gvxvdeba aliSer navois SemoqmedebaSi. bunebrivia,
rom epoqis tendencia aisaxa Teimuraz I-is poeziaSic, rogorc Targmnil, ise originalur TxzulebebSi; Tumca Teimurazis gataceba
amgvari yaidis leqsebiT majamas SesaZleblobas ar gaSorebia da
Sinaarsis gamocnoba mis poziaSi namdvilad ar aris SeuZlebeli.
leqsis struqtura Teimuraz I-is leqswyobisaTvis ar gadaqceula
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umTavres sazrunavad: mefe-poeti ver uaryofda saqveyno da pirad
satkivars, ver gaeqceoda sazrunavs: piriqiT, gulistkivilis gamosaxatavad, TavSesafrad sWirdeboda swored poezia da, kerZod,
zemoxsenebulma, omonimuri riTmebiT gamarTulma, Sedevrmac swored es suliskveTeba airekla: `dasadage~ _ majamuri strofis pirveli sariTmo cali, swored is sityvaa, romelic wuTisoflis mimarT poetis guldamwvar sayvedurs yvelaze zustad miesadageba.
Teimuraz I-is mier sparsulidan Targmnili `leil-majnunianis~
originali SerCeulia ara sparsuli klasikuri poeziis mixedviT,
aramed sparsuli poeziis dekadansis wyaroebidan (XV-XVII s.s.), rodesac ase Zlieri iyo formalisturi, kombinatoruli poezia.
a.baramiZe saubrobs sparsuli leqsikis Warbad gamoyenebis Taobaze
Teimuraz I-is poeziaSi, romelic sinonimuri paralelizmis xerxiT
gadmogcems amgvar formebs: `dro _ fasli~, didni `qalaqni _
Saarni~ (baramiZe 1966: 331).
Teimuraz I-is poeziaSi gamorCeul adgils iWers e.w. `gabaasebis~
Janris Txzulebebi. `majamas~ ciklSi CarTulia swored erTi misi
nimuSi _ me-5 leqsi: `gabaaseba Rvinisa da bagisa~. igi, SeiZleba, evropuli, e.w. `dialoguri lirikis~ erT-erT pirvel nimuSad miviCnioT qarTul poeziaSi. Teimuraz I-s gabaasebis Janris ori originaluri Txzuleba dauweria. 1. `gabaaseba gazafxulisa da Semodgomisa~; 2. `gabaaseba Rvinisa da bagisa~. a. baramiZe aRniSnavs, rom
isini uaxlovdeba gabaasebis Janris nawarmoebebs, Tumca srulyofili tipi ar aris amgvari Txzulebebisa (baramiZe 1966: 331-332).
Teimuraz I-is roli, am Janris Semotana-ganmtkicebis TvalsazrisiT, saeWvod aravis miaCnia, mimbaZvelebi ki mravlad hyavs, Tundac
arCilis `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~ gavixsenoT; arCil
mefem swored es Janri airCia ori qarTveli poetis Sesajibreblad.
`gabaasebis~ Janri, ra Tqma unda, sparsuli mwerlobis gavleniT
Cndeba Teimuraz I-is SemoqmedebaSi. `gabaaseba~ farTod iyo gavrcelebuli XV-XVI saukuneebis sparulsa da Sua aziis xalxTa mwerlobaSi. gabaasebas sparsulad munazare ewodeba, evropul literaturaSi ki `gabaasebis~ Janri cnobilia tenconebis saxelwodebiT;
Tumca cnobilia, rom `gabaasebis~ Janri qarTul folklorSic aris
gavrcelebuli da igi adrindel literaturul ZeglebSic gvxvdeba
(qiqoZe 1955; gvaxaria 1956).
safiqrebelia, rom `gabaasebis~ Janris Semotana-damkvidreba
Teimuraz I-is SemoqmedebaSi ganapiroba mefe-poetis mkafiod gacnobiereblma swrafvam sibrZnisaken; `vard-bulbulianSi~ avtori
Seufaravad acxadebs:
ritori var, msuris sibrZne, Tvar momadga visgan barja?
Teimuraz I, rogorc vxedavT, erT-erTi pirveli warmomadgenelia qarTuli ganmanaTleblobisa; realisturi msoflaRqmis gaZli-
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erebulma survilma, gonebis TvaliT danaxulma sinamdvilem
gansakuTrebuli fasi SeiZina XVII-XVIII s.s. qarTvel mweralTa SemoqmedebaSi. ganmanaTlebluri realizmi, e.w. `marTlis Tqmis~ principi,
ufro arCil mefis poeziaSi ikveTeba, magram, nawilobriv, ukve
Teimuraz I cdilobs, `soflis samduravisa~ Tu `gabaasebis~ Janrebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT, axali mxatvruli saazrovno sistema
daamkvidros erovnul literaturaSi. erTi mxriv, aRmosavluri
pesimizmis, sufizmisa da misticizmisa da, meore mxriv, evropuli
`ganmanaTlebluri realizmisa~ da individualizmis Serwymis fonze, sentencia _ aforizmebiT amdidrebs Teimuraz I rusTvelis sibrZnes SeCveul mkiTxvels. sagulisxmoa isic, rom amgvar strofebSi
iSviaTad vxvdebiT Sairis Serevisa da versifikaciuli normebis
rRvevis faqtebs.
T. doiaSvili Tavis gamokvlevaSi sainteresod miiCnevs im SemTxvevebs, rodesac Teimuraz I erTi nawarmoebis farglebSi cvlis
sazoms. `anbanTqeba III~ iwyeba ori ocmarcvliani strofiT, rasac mosdevs SairiT dawerili sxva strofebi. `SvidTa krebaTaTvis~ dawerilia ocmarcvliani sazomiT, garda daskvniTi strofisa. mkvlevris
azriT, cxadia, sazomTa Segnebuli monacvleoba naklebad savaraudoa, faqtis aRniSvnas ki igi saWirod miiCnevs (doiaSvili 2002: 455).
Teimuraz I identuri (zusti) riTmis ostatia da swored amitom
misi majamebis, omonimuri riTmebis Seswavlas, aRmosavluri Tu evropuli leqsis konteqstSi, bevri qarTveli mkvlevaris naSromSi
vxvdebiT; am fonze namdvilad siaxle iyo T. doiaSvilis mier
Teimuraz I-is poeziaSi pirveli qarTuli konsonansuri riTmebis
moZieba: zemoxsenebuli: naTeli _ SemonaTvali da leqsidan `SvidTa krebaTaTvis~ moxmobili orjeradi konsonanturi SidariTma:
originesa _ o ra ginesa
ganbasres, Seqmnes SeCvenebulad.
T. doiaSvilis azriT, konsonanturi riTma Teimuraz I-Tan uneblie SemTxvevaa, radgan poeti, ZiriTadad, cdilobs, daicvas riTmis
identuroba sariTmo wyvilebSi.
cnobilia, agreTve, rom riTmaTa daboloebis mixedviT, xmovnebisa da Tanxmovnebis Sereva _ Ria da daxuruli marcvlebis monacvleoba _ naklebad mosalodnelia XVII s. qarTul leqsSi. Teimuraz
I-is poeziaSi misi mxolod ramdenime SemTxvevaa: kargman _ gviTargmna, TviTeba _ gardamcneba _ mcnebad _ ineba (`SvidTa krebaTaTvis~) (doiaSvili 2002: 456).
Teimuraz I cdilobda, TviTonve yofiliyo Tavisi leqswyobis
Semfasebeli da Zalian moswonda sakuTari Semoqmedeba. `vard-bulbulianSi~ amayad acxadebda:
gamisinjeT leqs-qarTuli, erTmanerTsa movabe ra!
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anda: naZlevi var, Tu vinme Tqvas, Cemebr rame ganleqsuli!
xolo `ioseb-zilixanianis~ SesavalSi werda:
sityva Sevmzado SairTa, marT viTa vardis konebi,
brZenTagan Sesawynarebi, cnobilTa mosawonebi!
amgvari pozicia mefe-poetisa, Semfasebluri da informaciuli,
garkveulwilad, `vefxistyaosnis~ prolog-epilogis suliskveTebiTac aris nasazrdoebi da Tanamedrove, evropuli ganmanaTlebluri
klasicizmis moTxovnebiTac.
arCilis versifikaciuli sistema aRmosavluri da
dasavluri poetikis kanonebis konteqstSi
arCilis literaturuli memkvidreoba, `arCilianad~ saxeldebuli, afuZnebs inovaciur saliteraturo skolas _ axali gemovnebiTa da poetikuri principebiT. mefe-poeti ayalibebs `marTlis
Tqmis~ princips, `zRaprul Sairebs~ (gamocanebs) ki mwerlobis naklad miiCnevs; adgens saliteraturo Janrebis klasifikacias; mkveTrad mijnavs `xotbas~ saistorio Janris Txzulebebisagan. arCili
mwerlebisagan iTxovs nacionaluri Tematikis gabatonebas; mis SexedulebebSi sagangebo adgili eTmoba Txzulebis Tematikisa da
struqturis urTierTmimarTebis problemas _ formas, riTmaTamTxzvelobis upiratesobis aRiarebiT, Tumca mefe-poeti gmobs uazro `sityvaTa siuxves~; `Teimurazisa da rusTvelis gabaasebaSi~ is
msjelobs Txzulebis kompoziciis raobasa da Taviseburebebzec:
`sworad unda leqsi vin Tqvas...~ amave TxzulebaSi avtori sagangebod amaxvilebs yuradRebas leqsis melodiurobaze: `tkbilad
iyos gasagoni~, _ SeniSnavs igi.
arCilis Txzulebani _ `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~,
`saqarTvelos zneobani~, `samijnuroni~, `leqsi asni ormuxlni~, `anbanTqebani~, _ kargad aris Seswavlili qarTvel mecnierTa mier
(g.wereTeli, p. umikaSvili, k. WiWinaZe, k. kekeliZe, a. baramiZe, r. baramiZe, T. doiaSvili, d. laSqaraZe, m. naWyebia da sxv.); arCilis poeziaSi aRiarebulia metrul-ritmuli struqturisa da riTmis
dekadansi (doiaSvili 2003: 348-354).
XVII s.-is saqarTveloSi dasavluri kulturisken Semobruneba,
upirvelesad, ganmanaTleblobis tendenciebis damkvidrebiT gamoixata, safuZveli ki azrovnebis amgvar mimarTulebas mefe-poetis
arCilis SemoqmedebiTma moRvaweobamac Cauyara.
d. laSqaraZis azriT, arCilis Sexeduleba zogadad `adamianze~
axlos dgas adamianis bunebis renesansul gagebasTan, romlis arsi
kargad aris gadmocemuli aRorZinebis xanis italieli moazrovnis
piko della mirandolas naSromSi `adamianis Rirsebaze~. mirando-
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las mixedviT, adamiani Seqmnilia `ara zeciur, magram arc mxolod
miwier, ara ukvdav, magram arc mokvdav arsebad~. arCilis mixedviTac, `soflis sapatronod~ mowodebuli adamiani cdunebasac aris
daqvemdebarebuli~ (laSqaraZe 1977: 37).
arCils saintereso moazrovned, magram naklebad Rirebul
poetad miiCnevs T. doiaSvili, Tumca man sagangebod Seiswavla mefepoetis versifikacia (doiaSvili 2003). T. doiaSvili akvirdeba
arCilis ZiriTad metrs _ Sairs da SedarebiT naklebi sixSiriT
arsebul sazoms mis poeziaSi _ ocmarcvleds. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa T. doiaSvilis mier arCilis riTmiansa da metrulad mowesrigebul TxzulebaTa fonze erTi aTtaepedis, usaTauro
leqsis `Tana warhxed...~ miCneva verlibrad da arCilis poeziaSi
anJambemanis 30-mde SemTxvevis aRniSvna. Txzulebas `mefeTa saqebelni da saxilebelni~ boloSi darTuli aqvs damoukidebeli zemoxsenebuli verlibri, romlis akrostixi ase ikiTxeba: `Tu Sen ara,
vina gamocdil?~ igi sasuliero poeziis mibaZviT Seqmnili leqsia
SinaarsiTac da formiTac. a. gawerelias Tvalsazrisis sapirispirod, romelic uaryofda gadatanis arsebobas XIX saukunemde, T.
doiaSvilma arCil mefis SemoqmedebaSi anJambemanis araerTi magaliTi moiZia. magaliTisTvis movixmobT mkvlevris mier SeniSnul
erT strofs, romelSic ori gadatanaa realizebuli:
odes JamTa erTTa Sina Seiyarnes da gavides
galaqunad, Caiares xaCoani da Cavides
qveyanas yvaryvarisasa.
mniSvnelovania mkvlevris kidev erTi daskvna: `arCilis poeziaSi,
sruliad aSkaraa leqsis formis iseTi arsebiTi komponentebis
dekadansi, rogoric aris metrul-ritmuli struqtura da riTma.
Zalian iolia, es movlena arCilis, rogorc poetis, niWis ukmarisobiT avxsnaT, magram xom ar dgas formisadmi amgvari damokidebulebis miRma garkveuli pozicia...~ (doiaSvili 2003: 354). SesaZloa,
es `garkveuli pozicia~ nakarnaxevi iyo epoqis esTetikur-poetikuri kanonebiT, romelic erovnuli interesebis samsaxurs leqsis
meSveobiTac gamoxatavda. kerZod, sparsuli poeziis gavlenisagan
ganTavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli mefe-poeti arCili rusTvelis
leqss aRiaebda etalonad: `vin ver mihyves rusTvlis Tqmulsa,
gardmobrZandes isev aqeT!~
arCil mefes sakuTari poeziis Rirsebad miaCnia is, rom wminda
qarTuliT metyvelebda. amis Taobaze erTgvari TavmowonebiTac ki
acxadebs:
miTqvams qarTulis eniTa, sxva ena ar urevia.
amgvari pozicia enobrivi siwmindis mimarT ucxo ar aris XVII s.
evropisTvisac. XVII-XVIII s.s. germaniaSi germanuli ena, garda laTinuri enisa, romanuli enebis, gansakuTrebiT franguli enis, did
167
Semotevas ganicdida. cnobili germaneli moRvaweni icaven germanuli enis siwmindes. amave dros, XVII saukuneSi, germanuli leqsi iwyebs
brZolas romanuli leqswyobis gavlenis winaaRmdeg: poet vereklins, `germanel kantemirs~, romelic germanuli aleqsandriul
leqsebs Txzavda franguli aleqsandriuli leqsis ritmis yaidaze,
daupirispirda poeti da mecnieri martin opici, `germaneli lomonosovi~. martin opicis momcro wignakma `germanuli poeziis Taobaze~ (1624) Zireulad Secvala germanuli leqsis ganviTarebis gza,
ixsna igi franguli silaburi leqswyobis gavlenisagan da germanul
enaSi arsebul maxvils daumorCila erovnuli versifikaciis kanonebi: `yoveli leqsi ise unda iyos agebuli, rom maxvilis meSveobiT
ganvsazRvroT, romeli marcvali iyos maRali~. martin opici Tavis
naSromSi: `aristarxusi anu germanuli enis ugulebelyofis Sesaxeb~ mkiTxvels mouwodebda mSobliuri enisa da literaturis siwmindis dacvisaken da nimuSad asaxelebda minezengerebis Semoqmedebas iseve, rogorc qarTuli leqsis sparsuli gavlenisagan ganTavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli arCili rusTvelisaken mibrunebas miiCnevda saWirod.
franguli enisa da leqsis dasacavad msgavsi moZraoba safrangeTSi erTi saukuniT adre wamoiwyes `pleadis~ warmomadgenlebma. ioakim diu belem am mizniT dawera naSromi: `franguli enis dacvisa da amaRlebisaTvis~. sagangebod aRniSnaven am mxriv fransua de
malerbis damsaxurebas, romelsac nikola bualo frangi klasicistebis `sando winamZRolad~ miiCnevda:
es sando winamZRoli aris dResac nimuSad.
gaiareT mis kvalze, giyvardeT is siwminde
da mibaZeT sicxades misi lamaz gamoTqmis.
Tqveni leqsis azri Tu gasagebad Znelia,
Cemi goneba myisve iwyebs Sesustebasa
da Cqarobs, rom moSordes Tqvens cariel saubrebs
aRar misdevs im mgosans, visac enda eZebdes.
aris zogi goneba, romlis bneli azrebi
sqel Rrublebs emsgavseba niadag gzaabneuls,
dRe brwyinvale gonebis ver axdens mis gamsWvalvas (bualo 1998: 45).
`sanam weras daiwyebT, azrovneba iswavleT!~ _ ai, amgvari gafrTxileba franguli klasicizmisa savsebiT misaReb da aucilebel
moTxovnad gaismis arCil mefis poetur SegonebebSi: `yuri karia
sityvisa~; `sibrZnes ver sworavs verara, arc ise mosaxmaria~, `sibrZne aris samudamo, sikvdilamde ver gaagdeb~ da sxv. arCilis `leqsni asni ormuxlni~ aforizmebis saxiT gadmogvcems sxvadasxva
darigebas.
mefe-poeti Tavis ortaepedebs 16-marcvliani, rusTveluri SairiT wers:
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brZens codvas Tavis goneba amxilebs, Seananebsa 53/35
ugbili umecrebiTa ver xedavs, Tvis Tavs avnebsa 35/35
T. doiaSvilis dakvirvebiT, arCili SeuzRudavad unacvlebs
erTmaneTs maRali da dabali Sairis naxevartaepebs. aseT SerevaTa
ricxvi strofSi zogjer or, sam, oTxsac aRwevs, rac strofis metrul-ritmul struqturas mZimesa da mouqnels xdis. mkvlevris
azriT, mTlianad arCilis poeziaSi aseTi Serevebis ricxvi orasamdea:
rac ram kacs daemarTeba, avi Tu ukeTesi ram, 53/53
varskvlavs da etls aCemeben, vin Tqva ese, Tu ar vizam? 53/44
T. doiaSvilis azriT, SerevaTa simravle arCilis poeziaSi
`daudevroba-uyuradRebobisa Tu gamouvalobis STabeWdilebas
tovebs da aSkara gamovlinebaa im dekadansisa poetur kulturis
sferoSi, rac ase sacnuaria aRorZinebis xanis poeziisaTvis~
(doiaSvili 2003: 350).
evropuli ganmanaTleblobis ideebis codna da Tavmowoneba
sibrZniT, ucxo ar aris arCilis mier Targmnili da galeqsili `visramianisaTvis~. `visramiansa~ davswere~, _ ambobs poeti, romelic
mkacrad emijneba aRmosavluri poeziis gavlenas qarTul leqsSi da
cdilobs, sparsuli, `zRapruli Sairoba~ gandevnos Tavisi
Semoqmedebidan.
arCilis `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~ mkafiod warmogvidgens erovnuli leqsis apologetisa da aRmosavluri omonimuri
riTmisa da majamebis uarmyofeli poetis pozicias. rusTvelis piriT arCili dascinis Sinaarsisagan daclil, arafris mTqmel, `riTmaTmTxzvelobis~ nimuSebs, romelTac zogierTi meleqse `Sairs~
uwodebs:
moabasiTa, mo aba siTa, mo eso, miTxar, viT moe kide
moabasiTa, moabasiTa, moesog tvirTad, viT moekide,
moabasiTa, moabasiTa, moeso ifrde an mo ekide.
arCil mefe aRniSnavs, rom rusTvels aseTi umweoba ar sCvevia:
misi poeturi sityva arasodes yofila aseTi uSinaarso: `Cems moswrebaSi arodes kvlav me es ar damemarTao!~ arCil mefe savsebiT
samarTlianad aRniSnavs imasac, rom Teimuraz I-is poeturi sityvauxvaoba sruliadac ar gulisxmobs misi leqsis sibrZnes: `Tumc
uxvia Teimuraz, magram sibrZnes ki ar gascems!~
arCil mefis literaturaTmcodneobiTi Ziebani kargad aisaxa im
winaTqmaSi, romelic poetma waumZRvara Tavis cnobil naSroms: `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~. mefe-poetis mier Sedgenili
gamokvleva: `ZvelTa da axalTa saqarTvelos meleqseTaTvis~ namdvilad SeiZleba miviCnioT qarTuli leqsis `pirvel kritikul
mimoxilvad~ (baramiZe 1987: 357).
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garda imisa, rom arCil mefe erovnuli poeziis istoriis erTerTi pirveli mkvlevaria, igi gvevlineba leqsis Teoretikosadac:
forma-Sinaarsis urTierTobis garkvevasTan erTad, mefe-poeti
msjelobs poeturi Txzulebis kompoziciaze, Sesavlisa da
ZiriTadi nawilis urTierTSesabamisobaze: xandaxan vrcel Sesavals
mwiri, uSinaarso, fuye teqsti erTviso, _ ambobs poeti:
ra Sin Sexvide, ver sWvretde sibrZnesa mas minakarsa!
arCili aqve msjelobs poeturi nawarmoebis Rirseul finalzec:
yoveli saqme bolosi sjobs, rasac ukeTesdeba
Tor erT wam kai ram ari da mas ukan ki waxdeba,
ityvian, cudi ra miyo, sasacilodac gaxdeba.
misi azriT, poeti gansakuTrebiT unda zrunavdes leqsis teqnikis gamarTulobaze, taepis dasawyisisa da bolos Sexamebaze:
sworad unda leqsi vin Tqvas, marTlad scemdes, gana gahkras,
Tavi kargad man auRos, bolo uxams zed moakras,
viT xuTZalsa gamarTulsa qveidame xeli ahkras
tkbilad iyos gasagoni, gana Tavsa visme dahkras...
leqsis Teoriis kargad mcodne poeti gonebamaxvilurad SeniSnavs:
Tqma leqsisas es zneda sWirs, sityvas ucxos Semoiyvans.
mefe-poeti Tamamad acxadebda: `sityva nagrexi ar miTqvamso!~ da
did mniSvnelobas aniWebda leqsis melodiurobas:
TviT SeeqnaT maT cileba, sxvaT meleqseT ar ireven
sityvas Rrmasa brZnad sasmensa, Seawyoben, ar ireven,
swors aasxmen margalitsa, ar Tu mrudsa gaureven,
maTsa pirsa tkbili wyaro wmindaT mosdiT, ar amRvreven.
rogorc arCil mefis poeziis mkvlevarebi fiqroben, `margalitSi~ gariTmuli striqonebi unda igulisxmebodes, zogadad,
riTma (gavixsenoT rusTveliseuli: `aw margaliti wyobili...~).
`margaliti, saerTod, kargad gariTmuli leqsis metaforaa, poemaSi `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~ [arCili] kargad awyobil leqss margalitad moixseniebs~ (kuWuxiZe 2003: 124).
arCil mefem `margalitis~ paralelurad, arabuli sityva `masa~
axsena amave gabaasebaSi, romelic, g. kuWuxiZis azriT, `almass~, `almasis natexs~ niSnavs da es leqsikuri erTeuli `vefxistyaosnis~ metaforad unda iyos `gabaasebis~ me-80 strofSi moxmobili:
CaxruxaZem uwin ar Tqva, rad iparav pirvel Tqmasa?
ras mierCi mas ritorsa, ar anebeb missa masa!
veWv, mas darCes pirveloba, dagixios Seni masa,
Torem vhkiTxoT qoranikons, gagiCndebis Seni basa (arCili 1989: 346)
170
Teimuraz I-is mier rusTvelis mimarT gamoTqmuli braldebis
naxevartaepSi: `dagixios Seni masa~ _ `masa~, g. kuWuxiZis azriT, unda iyos arabuli sityva `masa~ (`masaTun~), romelic qarTulad niSnavs `almass~, `almasis natexs~... `aq arCili Teimurazs, rogorc Cans,
aTqmevinebs, rom gamarjvebuli CaxruxaZe damarcxebul rusTvels
mis `Zvirfas Tvals~ (am SemTxvevaSi _ almasis natexs), e.i. `vefxistyaosans~ dauxevs... amasTan, almasi, margalitisgan gansxvavebiT,
kargad gariTmuli poeziis simbolo ar aris da am sityvis xmarebiT
cxadad ixateba rusTvelisadmi Teimurazis upativcemuloba; am SemTxvevaSi, margalitTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro naklebi faseulobis mqone nivTad aris warmodgenili `masa~ (kuWuxiZe 2003: 124).
veTanxmebiT g. kuWuxiZis Tvalsazriss, rom CaxruxaZis omonimuri riTmebiT gajerebuli poema `margalitad~ miaCnda Teimuraz I-s,
romelic TviTonac ganTqmuli iyo, rogorc `majamis amirbari~, amitomac igi agdebiT moixseniebs rusTvelis poemas, romelic omonimuri riTmebiT ar aris gamarTuli, amitom igi `almasia~, `masaa~ da
ara `margaliti~.
arCil mefem, rogorc cnobilia, didi roli Seasrula `gabaasebis~ Janris ganvrcoba-dakanonebaSi Teimuraz I-is Semdeg. k. kekeliZe
sagangebod SeniSnavda: `gabaseba anu gabWoba dialoguri formaa... es
Janri dakanonda da CvenSi gamoyenebul iqna Semdegi drois mwerlebis mier, rogorebic arian arCil mefe, Teimuraz meore, daviT
guramiSvili da sxv.~ es Janri, k. kekeliZis azriT, XI s. iyo cnobili
sparsul literaturaSi, Tumca `is cnobili iyo agreTve evropaSic,
gansakuTrebiT provansis truverebs Soris~ (kekeliZe 1981: 580). k.
kekeliZis TvalsazrisiT, arCilis poema `gabaaseba kacisa da soflisa~ unda miviCnioT didaqtikur-moraluri Janris lirikad, e.w.
`moralited~.
qarTuli barokos sakiTxebis mkvlevari m. naWyebia arCilis amave
Txzulebas barokos nimuSad miiCnevs (naWyebia 2009: 108), radgan
masSi asaxulia adamianis Sinagani winaaRmdegobrioba: pirovnebis gaoreba, rac swored barokos literaturis mTavari Temaa. m. naWyebia
daaskvnis: `arCili Tavisi msoflmxedvelobiT, samyaros aRqmiT, Temis SerCeviT da misi mniSvnelobis SefasebiT evropuli barokos saazrovno sistemis srul paralels warmoadgens~ (naWyebia 2009: 115).
vfiqrobT, arCilis versifikaciam adekvaturad airekla poeti
mefis gaorebuli, winaaRmdegobrivi msoflmxedveloba poetikis
TvalsazrisiTac.
erTi mxriv, mefe-poeti majamebis didostatobas cdilobs, wers
kidev 46 strofisagan Sedgenil Txzulebas, romelsac `samijnuroni~ uwoda. k. kekeliZis azriT, `Tavisi moxdenilobiTa da poeturi
SvenebiT, es nawarmoebi Teimurazis majamis msgavsad, pirdapir Sedevrad unda CaiTvalos qarTul poeziaSi. Txzuleba Sedgeba sul 46
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strofisagan, romlebic erTimeoreze ukeTesia poeturi TvalsazrisiT~ (kekeliZe 1981: 587):
mkiTxvel-mTargmnelo, `majamas~ wil mec es momirTmevia,
Cemi da Cemmagierad, arvisTvis wamirTmevia;
miTqvams qarTulis eniTa, sxva ena ar urevia.
vici, SeityobT ucdurad, Tu sityva amirevia. (arCili 1989: 569)
meore mxriv ki, mefe-poeti wers verlibrs (`...Tana warhxed~),
iambikos, romelSic marcvalTa raodenoba darRveulia, Tumca am
xarvezs kidurwerilobiT gamoasworebs. akrostixi marjvnivac aqvs
da marcxnivac Caxruxaulis sazomiT Sesrulebul am originalur
teqsts:
samebiT RmerTo, bunebiT erTo, damxsen saxmilsa, uSretad mwvelsa,
miSvele rame, Sen mnaxo ra me, saTnoebiTa rom vgevar mwvelsa;
Sens nebazedan, Senebazedan, aRar mimiSva belier mwvelsa. da a.S.
`saqarTvelos zneobanis~ avtori, mefe-poeti arCili, romelic
`zneobaTa~ Soris moixseniebs: zmas, leqsTmTargmnelobas, meleqseobas anu Sairobas, TviTonac aris erT-erTi pirveli Teoretikosi,
`mTargmneli~ leqsTTxzulebisa. igi aris pirvelSemomtani qarTul
poeziaSi `Carxebr mbrunavi leqsisa~. a. baramiZe mas `ugemurobad~
miiCnevda, magram TviTon arCili ki amayobda, rom swored man daamkvidra es saleqso forma:
ar gikvirsT CemTa mnaxavTa, viT movicale amdenad,
es leqsi Carxebr mbrunavi, _ aw movigone usmenlad.
erT striqons sityva ramdeni aqvs, leqsic iqmna imdenad,
naZlevi var, Tu Cems wineT eTqvas vis, iyoT mosmenad.
oTxtaepediT, katreniT Sesrulebuli es strofi gamarTulia
dabali SairiT da igi, T. doiaSvilis azriT, `warmodgenas gviqmnis
ara marto avtoris, aramed garkveuli epoqis esTetikur gemovnebaze~ (doiaSvili 2003: 352).
`Carxebr mbrunav leqss~ qarTuli leqsis erT-erT saxeobad miiCnevs d. kobiZe, romlis azriT, igi qarTul poeziaSi sparsulidan
unda Semosuliyo da mas garkveuli daniSnuleba hqonda: `igi, rogorc Cans, gamoyenebuli iyo saleqso sazomebisa da ritmis Sesaswavlad, aRebuli yvela variantis SesaTviseblad~ (kobiZe 1967: 10).
`Caxrebr mbrunavi leqsis~ nimuSad d. kobiZes miaCnia galaktionis
cnobili palindromi `ai ra mzis sizmaria~, romelic erTnairad ikiTxeba marjvnidanac da marcxnidanac. d. kobiZis azriT, `g. tabiZis
SemoqmedebaSi aRmosavluri elementebi SeWrilia Zveli qarTuli
poeziidan. mis leqsebs Soris `Carxebr mbrunavi leqsis~ arseboba,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom didi poetis mier Zveli, miviwyebuli saleqso
formis gaxsenebas warmoadgens~. Tumca, mkvlevarma g. miqaZem damajereblad uaryo es varaudi da aRniSna, rom: `ai ra mzis sizmaria~
172
aris palindromi, momdinare rusuli poeziidan da ara e.w. `Carxebr
mbrunavi leqsi~, romelic Zvel mwerlobaSic ar yofila maincdamainc gavrcelebuli (miqaZe 1970: 7).
wminda lirikuli xasiaTis Txzulebani arCilis SemoqmedebaSi
naklebia (kekeliZe 1981: 583): sul eqvsi nawarmoebia, romelTagan
oTxi xotbaa, anu oda. mefe-poetis lirikuli oda `mefeTa saqebulni da samxilebelni~ erT aseT strofs gvTavazobs petre didze:
gonieri, mecnieri, bednieri, kadnieri,
Svenieri, nivTieri, armcbieri, saxnieri,
mqonieri, cnobieri, mZnobieri, grZnobieri,
amdoni eri, amqveynieri, monebri ari gamgonieri.
`strofi sainteresoa gariTmvis xerxiTac da metruladac: Tu
gariTmvis mxriv es strofi CaxruxaZis cnobili `Tamar wynaris~ mibaZvaa, metrulad igi Sereulia. maRali SairiT daweril striqonebs
asrulebs CaxruxauliT (55/55) Sesrulebuli, ocmarcvliani taepi.
msgavsi gasvlebi Sairis kanonikuri strofidan qarTulma klasikuri xanis poeziam ar icis~ (doiaSvili 2003: 353).
arCilis riTma, miuxedavad majamis mimarT misi pativiscemisa,
xSirad aris araidenturi da nakluli (miumatebs _ aamayebs _ royebs _ ibriyvebs; mogdebuli _ gdebuli _ migdebuli _ agdebuli). T. doiaSvilma moiZia arCilis poeziaSi uneblie konsonansis
magaliTebic: Sah-abas _ Seabas; miamis xleba _ me amis xleba.
TviT arCil mefe `riTmTamTxzvelobas~ da, sazogadod, leqsis
formiT gatacebas, epoqis gemovnebisaTvis xarkis gadaxdad miiCnevda: poeti xSirad arRvevda Sairis tradiciul sqemas da riTma
nakluli, araevfoniuri gamosdioda.
arCilis versifikaciuli sistema mkafiod aireklavs aRmosavluri, sparsuli poetikuri kanonebis ugulebelyofas da evropuli
(kerZod, ganmanaTlebluri) principebis damkvidrebiT Tavmowonebas.
vaxtang VI-is leqswyoba
dResdReobiT sruliad ueWvelia, rom XVIII saukunis qarTuli
leqsis reformis momzadebaSi udidesi wvlili miuZRvis vaxtang
meeqvses, rogorc originaluri da Targmnili leqsebiT, aseve Tavisi organizatoruli saqmianobiT: sulxan-saba orbelianis, mamuka
baraTaSvilisa da daviT guramiSvilis versifikaciuli siaxleni
mWidrod ukavSirdeba vaxtang VI-is samefo karsa da poeziis WeSmariti moyvarul-damfaseblis mefe-poetis saxels.
miCneulia, rom vaxtang VI, umTavresad, lirikosia. upiratesad,
erovnuli satkivari asazrdoebs mefe-poetis patriotuli xasiaTis
leqsebs, Tumca satrfialo Temac aranakleb mniSvnelovania misTvis; magram, rogorc miuTiTeben: `vaxtangis satrfo aris ara am-
173
qveyniuri, cocxali arseba, konkretuli lamazi qali, aramed _
mSobliuri mamuli, qarTli~ (menabde 1966: 109).
vaxtangis poeziisaTvis niSandoblivia siyvarulis alegoriulmistikuri gaazreba. misi `satrfialonis~ komentarebSi vkiTxulobT: `mkiTxvelTa uxms gulisxmiereba, Tu visadme trfialebs
mefe-saxmar ars yuri smenad da guli gamokvlevad~. Cans, poeti SiSobs, misi trfobis obieqti xorciel arsebad ar miiCnios mkiTxvelma. vaxtang VI-is `satrfialoni~ _ aris `Sairobani friad
patiosani uflisa da yovelTa wmindanTa mimarT mefis vaxtangisagan
sulierad naTqvami~, _ RvTaebisadmi miZRvnili samijnuro sagalobeli, satrfialo himni.
vaxtang VI-is bevri poeturi Txzuleba ramdenime xelnaweriTa da
redaqciiTaa Cvenamde moRweuli: Cans, poeti bevrs muSaobda maTi
srulyofisaTvis. cnobilia vaxtangis Targmanebi: `amirnasariani~,
`qilila da damana~, `sibrZne malaRobeli~.
vaxtang VI-is versifikaciul novaciebs jer kidev misma Tanamedroveebma miaqcies yuradReba da kuTvnili adgilic miuCines. pirvel
qarTul normatikul poetikur saxelmZRvaneloSi, mamuka baraTaSvilis `WaSnikSi~, vaxtangis eqvsi leqsia Setanili, romlebic siaxliTa da originalobiT gamorCeulad miuCnevia imdroindel qarTul
poeziaSi erovnuli leqsis pirvel Teoretikoss; esenia: `mefis
Tqmuli uwyveteli~, `mefis Tqmuli boloerTi~, `mefis Tqmuli~
(`SuriT aRivsnen ugbilni~), `muxranuli~, `vaxtanguri~ da `mefis
naTqvami leqs-ambavi~; ioane bagrationma ki `kalmasobaSi~ daimowma
da ganixila vaxtangis anbanTqeba.
vaxtang VI-is es eqvsi leqsi araerTxel qceula sagangebo msjelobis sagnad Tanamedrove qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi. sayuradRebo mosazreba gamoTqva maT Sesaxeb b. darCiam. man aRniSna,
rom mamuka baraTaSvilis `WaSnikSi~ Setanili vaxtang VI-is leqsebidan arc erTi ar Sesula mis xelnawer krebulebSi, isini Setanilia
mxolod mamukas poetikur traqtatSi da sxvagan _ arsad. am leqsebis Taviseburebas saTaurebic adasturebs. Cans, rom vaxtangs isini sagangebod versifikaciuli TvalsazrisiT aqvs SeTxzuli (darCia 1982: 29). vaxtang VI-is TxzulebaTa a. baramiZiseul gamocemaSi
(1975), romliTac Cven visargebleT naSromze muSaobisas, am eqvsi
leqsidan xuTi dabeWdili, xolo erTi _ `muxranuli~, ratomRac,
ar gvxvdeba.
mamuka baraTaSvilis `WaSnikSi~ Setanili vaxtangis leqsebis versifikaciuli TaviseburebebiT pirvelad qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi a. baramiZe dainteresda da maTi sagangebo analizis
Semdeg aRniSna: `vaxtangi ucilod gvevlineba rogorc qarTuli
leqsis reformatori~ (baramiZe 1966: 450-452). amave leqsebis metrul repertuarsa da kompoziciur struqturaze sayuradRebo dakvirveba gamoTqva akaki xinTibiZem, romlis azriT, leqsebis metri
174
urTierTgansxvavebulia, garda erTi gamonaklisisa: `mefis Tqmuli~
da `mefis naTqvami leqs-igavi~, sadac sxvaobas riTma qmnis. `WaSnikis~ damatebaSi warmodgenil vaxtang VI-is eqvs leqss sazomis mauwyebeli saTaurebi ara aqvs, Tumca maTi saxiT, mamuka baraTaSvilis
klasifikaciidan gamomdinare, eqvsi gansxvavebuli sazomi (saxeoba)
gvaqvs~ (xinTibiZe 1981: 55). metrikis TvalsazrisiT, imave, akaki
xinTibiZis dakvirvebiT, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa `vaxtanguri~
(xinTibiZe 1981: 60-62). am xuTstriqoniani leqsis pirveli-sami
striqoni 16-16 marcvlis Semcvelia, Sairisa da grZelSairisagan
sruliad gansxvavebuli wyobiT _ 6/5//5 (5/6//6):
ori misi Tvali _ ori jerani, bolos mzereli,
keklucobis ZaliT kacis mwyeneli, gulze mwereli,
naxeT, moyvasno, sayvareli Cemi, Tvalis mkereli.
es sami striqoni erTi ritmiT aris Sekruli, IV-V taepebs ki
sakuTari, gansxvavebuli wyoba aqvs: 5/3//5 da 8/6//6, anu 13:19: cametmarcvledi da cxrametmarcvledi, kentmarcvliani taepebiT sruldeba leqsi:
imas ucxoT hgavs is turfa daujereli,
ara, ara, is ar ari, me sayvarels vicnob misi mzereli.
vaxtang VI-is poeziidan nimuSebs xSirad moixmobs qarTul leqsTa saxeebze msjelobisas mkvlevari g. miqaZe, romelic sayuradRebo mosazrebebs gamoTqvams: `leqsis~, `taepis~, `muxranulis~, `vaxtanguris~, `anbanTqebisa~, `palindromisa~ da sxvaTa Sesaxeb, Tumca
im droisaTvis jer kidev ar iyo cnobili `muxranulisa~ da `vaxtanguris~ avtori da, bunebrivia, mkvlevaric maT ganixilavs rogorc
`WaSnikSi~ Setanili sayuradRebo leqsebs da ara rogorc vaxtangis
qmnilebebs (miqaZe 1974: 56-57).
vaxtang VI zedmiwevniT flobda qarTulsa da sparsul enebs. es
codna kargad Cans mis originalursa Tu Targmnil poetur TxzulebebSi. 1704-1712 wlebSi iranis Sahis brZanebiT, vaxtang VI qarTlis
gamgebeli, anu janiSini iyo. magram sameurneo da politikuri saqmianobis garda, vaxtangi aqtiur kulturul-literaturul muSaobas
eweoda. janiSinobis dros Targmna man sparsulidan: `baramgulandamiani~, `baxTiar-name~, `amirnasariani~, nawilobriv, `qilila da damana~. amave periodSi dawera man Tavisi, sakuTari lirikuli leqsebic.
1712 wels iranis Sahma, romelsac afrTxobda vaxtangis erovnul-kulturuli moRvaweoba, qarTlis janiSini ispahanSi gaiwvia da
gamahmadianeba mosTxova _ sanacvlod ki qarTlis mefoba SesTavaza. vaxtang VI-m Tavisi aRmzrdeli sulxan-saba orbeliani swored
am dros gagzavna evropaSi diplomatiuri misiiT: evropel mmarTvelebs unda exsnaT misi samSoblo; TviTon ki, Sahis tyveobaSi, ori
wlis ganmavlobaSi (1712-1714 wlebi), sevdiT aRsavse, sparsuli emo-
175
ciurobiT aRsavse lirikul leqsebs qmnida (`alsa vzivar cecxlisasa, sanam gaqres, unda mwosa!~). rogorc cnobilia, vaxtangis tyveobidan gamoxsnis rTuli sakiTxi sabas unda moegvarebina, magram,
molodini ar gamarTlda. evropidan sabas uimedod dabrunebis Semdeg, vaxtang VI-m iZulebiT, formalurad aRiara mahmadianoba da
qarTlis mefedac dainiSna 1716 wels. qarTlis mefes, amav dros,
iranis spasalarobac evaleboda.
ispahansa da qirmanSi yofna vaxtangma intensiuri literaturuli muSaobisaTvis gamoiyena. am qalaqebSi dawera man ramdenime
lirikuli Sedevri. `qilila da damanas~ Targmanis srulyofa ki
sulxan-saba orbelians, evropidan axaldabrunebuls, daavala. es
amocana sabam samagaliTod Seasrula (baramiZe 1975: 8).
vaxtang VI-is versifikaciuli siaxleni gansakuTrebiT qarTuli
leqsis strofikas ukavSirdeba. mkvlevarebi sagangebod aRniSnaven,
rom qarTul poeziaSi pirvelad vaxtangTan gvxvdeba erTstriqoniani leqs-strofi _ e.w. `taepi~. vaxtang VI-is SemoqmedebaSi taepi
gvxvdeba poetis mier galeqsil `qilila da damanaSi~, ramdenime
nimuSi taepisa aris `satrfialonSi~ (vaxtang meeqvse 1975: 42, 49, 71,
141-143), gansakuTrebiT uxvad aris warmodgenili taepi `sibrZne
malaRobelSi~ (daaxloebiT 157 `taepia~!). vaxtang VI-is taepebi 16marcvliani SairiT aris Sesrulebuli, Sesabamisad, _ maRali, an
dabali SairiT (44/44, 53/53); iSviaTad gvxvdeba Sereva: 53/44 (`misive
mcnebis sityvanis~ taepi 295 ix.: `sibrZne malaRobeli~ 119):
mrud mosamarTle Tavsa sjis, svinidisic uwyebs brZolas.
(taepi 295)
taepis umravlesoba gauriTmavia. iSviaTad gvxvdeba SidariTmebiT (omonimuri riTmebiT) gamarTuli amgvari taepebi:
Seni fiqri Sen gasinje, merme sxvaTac gaasinje.
(`sibrZne malaRobeli~ 1975: 367)
gvxvdeba: a) winacezurul _ ukanacezuruli riTmiani taepi:
Tu ram gesmas saidumlo, aramc wargcdes arsad ara.
(`sibrZne malaRobeli ~ 1975: 417)
b) taepi winacezuruli riTmiT:
ar miaCans Zesa brZensa mamis sityva gasamZimad.
(`sibrZne malaRobeli~ 1975: 12)
g) taepi araidenturi riTmiT:
vinc ufro aris mdidari, ufroa javriT mwuxari (519).
satrfialonis~ 4 taepidan mxolod erTs (141) aqvs SidariTma:
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Tu Sens tvirTsa Sen ki ar zev, nu hkideb sxvas, ver azevsa.
ufro xSirad vaxtang VI-is taepebSi riTmis rols asrulebs paronomazia, an sityvaTa sxvadasxva formiT gamoyeneba frazaSi evfoniuri TvalsazrisiT:
ver ipovnis briyvi bedsa, bedi poebs, ver ibedebs (`s.m.~, 404).
gangikiTxavs ganmkiTxveli, Tu borotsa ganikiTxav (`s.m.~, 154).
bevrs simdidres bedic unda, ubedoba gaacudebs (`s.m.~, 361).
zogjer saintereso, originaluri zmnuri formebic gvxvdeba
vaxtang VI-is taepSi:
vinc borotiT gamdidrebis, Tavsa didxans ver imdidrebs.
(`sibrZne malaRobeli~, 513)
Cveni azriT, vaxtang meeqvsis `sibrZne malaRobelSi~ (vaxtang
meeqvse 1975: 96-152) ramdenime taepi calke taepad ki aris gamoyofili gamomcemlis mier, magram isini ortaepedebi ufro unda iyos
da SecdomiT aris miCneuli erTstriqoniani leqsis _ taepis _
saxeobad. vfiqrob, amas adasturebs wyviladi riTma, romelic erTmaneTTan kravs azrobrivad da Sinaarsobrivadac mWidrod dakavSirebul or amgvar taeps ramdenime SemTxvevaSi; mimaCnia, rom umjobesi iqneboda am taepebis gaerTianeba da `leqsad~ (qarTuli leqsis
erT-erT saxeobad) warmodgena. magaliTad, `sibrZne malaRobelSi~
calke taepebad aris warmodgenili 140-e da 141-e striqonebi:
140. sxvisgan avis moTmineba kacsa karga mouxdeba.
141. boroti da usamarTlo sxvaze TviTanc mouxdeba.
aSkaraa am ori taepis azrobrivi gamTlianebis aucilebloba
`leqsad~ omonimuri riTmiT: `mouxdeba~. amgvarive SemTxvevasTan
gvaqvs saqme 371-e da 372-e taepebSi:
371. kaci karga gamoscade, ise uyav megobroba.
372. WirTa Sigan gamoCndeba megobarTa simagroba.
aseve, 514-e da 515-e taepebic ortaepedebad unda Seikras konsonansuri riTmiT.
514. megobrisas kargs ecade, ufro kargi Seiqnebi.
515. mters ecade daimoyvro, Zali iyos, anu neba.
kidev erTi magaliTi amgvari SemTxvevisa aris 569-e da 57-e taepebi:
569. Tu ymawvili xar, icode, adrexan daberdebia.
570. Tuca xar turfa, kekluci, mal Seiqnebi gonjia.
amrigad, vaxtang VI-is SemoqmedebaSi gvxvdeba daaxloebiT 162 taepi, romlebic dawerilia 16-marcvliani Sairis orive saxeobiT
177
(53/53; 44/44); maTi umravlesoba uriTmoa, mxolod mcire nawils aqvs
SidariTma.
vaxtang VI xSirad mimarTavs orstriqonian leqs-strofebs, romlebic manamde arCil mefis poeziaSi gvxvdeba, ufro adre ki vanis
qvabTa monastris warwerebma Semogvinaxa (oniani 1960: 33-34).
`leqss~, rogorc vaxtang VI-is Tanamedroveni, aseve misi memkvidrenic _ Txzavdnen 16-marcvliani SairiTa da wyviladi riTmiT. vaxtang VI `leqss~ urTavs `satrfialonSi~ (vaxtang meeqvse 1975: 42; 49).
erT SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs mxolod erTi `leqsi~:
72. radgana xar ori soflis saSovarad monamWiri,
viT iqneba ori nesvi erTis xeliT danamWiri!
meore SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs ori `leqsi~, anu orstriqonedi, wyviladi riTmiT:
144. buzs mwve mihgavs, ampartavnad, uridobiT moaruli,
da ar ician fTa Txeli aqvs, veras uzams saqme mtruli.
(vaxtang meeqvse 1975: 49)
rogorc aRvniSneT, `leqsebi~ dawerilia maRali SairiT da wyviladi riTmiT _ aa. 16-marcvliani dabali SairiT aris SeTxzuli vaxtangis cnobili aforizmis: `cema gmarTebs gamzrdelisa~ pirveli
variantic:
naxa yrma avad mqceveli, urigod moarulia,
gamwvrTnelsa cema dauwyo, rad avad ganswavlulia.
aforizmis saboloo saxe ki rvamarcvliani maRali SairiT (44)
aris Camoyalibebuli ortaepedad _ leqs-strofis formiT:
cema gmarTebs gamzrdelisa,
ra yrma naxo avad zrdili (`avad zrdili~. vaxtang meeqvse 1975: 71)
`leqsi~ uxvad aris `sibrZne malaRobelSi~ (164).
katrens, 16-marcvliani SairiTa da oTxjeradi riTmiT, gabatonebuli adgili ukavia vefxistyaosnidan mokidebuli me-18 saukunemde. vaxtang VI, marTalia, Zireulad cvlis qarTuli leqsis strofikas da erovnul poeziaSi amkvidrebs sxvadasxva strofuli agebulebis leqsebs, magram yvelaze xSirad mainc tradiciul saleqso
formas iyenebs. raime mniSvnelovan gadaxras metrisa Tu riTmis
mxriv vaxtangis mier momarjvebuli katreni ar gviCvenebs, amitom
masze sagangebod arc vimsjelebT. aRsaniSnavia, rom zogjer, erTi
strofis farglebSi, gvxvdeba Sereva dabalsa da maRal Sairs Soris,
romelic arCil mefisa da Teimuraz II-is leqsSi SeimCneoda pirvelad; magaliTad, leqsSi `salbunad gulisa~ 90-e strofi amgvari
ritmuli aRnagobiT gamoirCeva:
178
Tuca uTqvamT, daram ari etlni sveni da bedia,
magram amaTi miyola brZenTagan gaubedia
igia yovlis mpyrobeli, yovelTa zeda mxedia
sofeli _ Cveni mesisxle _ zRapari aris, ybedia
44/44
53/35
53/53
53/53
katrenTa umravlesobas axasiaTebs omonimuri riTma, xSiria SidariTmebi: winacezuruli, winacezurul-ukanacezuruli da kiburi
riTmis saxeobebi.
b. darCias azriT, vaxtangs xuTstriqoniani leqs-strofebic moepoveba, romlebic misi Semoqmedebis bolo periods ganekuTvneba,
maT Soris mkvlevari asaxelebs poetis heterometrul leqss `vaxtangurs~. garda `vaxtangurisa~, xuTtaepedi ramdenjerme kidev
gvxvdeba `sibrZne malaRobelSi~ (str. 15, 283, 390, 644); me-15 strofi
gamoirCeva konsonansuri (1-2 taepebi), mosazRvre, identuri
riTmiT: aaaaa
ar waxde, ise ecade megobarisa rgebasa. _
sograt mokvdavi ufalsa am sityviT gevedrebisa.
sibrZnisa dambadebelo, yovl sulTa saxmarebisa,
Sen Semogvedreb Cem sulsa, myofi xar saca krebisa,
Semindev Cemi naqnari Sens wina mosaxrebisa. (vaxtang meeqvse 1975: 97)
390-e strofis pirveli taepi gauriTmavia, xolo danarCeni oTxi
taepi zusti riTmiT aris gamarTuli:
gasinja da gulmagroba Wirisaa didi margi.
amas mouxda, avkacTan Seiqna navSi mjdomeli,
mekobreTagan datyvevda, ubnobdnen daudgomeli:
`Tu gvicnes, avad mogviva~. brZenma Tqva mosandomeli:
me ucnobloba meqneba avad ram mosaxdomeli.
rac Seexeba `vaxtangurs~, xuTtaepian heterometrul leqsstrofs, masze specialur literaturaSi sagangebo dakvirvebani
gamoTqves: a. baramiZem, g. miqaZem, a. xinTibiZem, b. darCiam da sxvebma.
aRvniSnavT, `vaxtanguri~ Sesrulebulia heterosilaburi xuTtaepediT, romlis metruli sqema amgvaria: I-III striqonebi 16 marcvliania (6/5//5; 5/6//5); III striqoni 5/4//4/3, IV striqoni _ 13-marcvlianis — 5/3/5, xolo V _ 19 marcvliani — 8/6//5:
ori misi Tvali _ ori jerani, bolos mzereli, 6/5//5
keklucobis ZaliT kacis mwyeneli, gulze mwereli 6/5//5
hnaxeT, moyvasno, sayvareli, Cemi Tvalis mkereli 5/4//4/3
imas ucxoT hgavs is turfa daujereli 5/3/5
ara, ara, is ar aris, me sayvarels vicnob misi mzereli 8/6//5
`vaxtangurs~ aqvs cezuruli riTma (mwereli _ sayvareli) da SidariTma (mwyeneli _ mwereli, sayvareli _ mkereli). akaki xinTibiZis marTebuli dakvirvebiT, miuxedavad heterosilabizmisa, leqsis
179
ritmi mainc regulirebulia erTiani xuTmarcvliani kadenciebiT
(bolos mzereli, gulze mwereli, Tvalis mkereli, daujereli, misi
mzereli). akaki xinTibiZis azriT, vaxtangis es leqsi (`vaxtanguri~),
SeuZlebelia, metrul paradoqsad miviCnioT, radgan aRorZinebis
xanis qarTul poeziaSi axal sazomebs daucxromlad eZiebdnen da mefe-poetic ar iqneboda gamonaklisi (xinTibiZe 1981: 62). rogorc
ukve aRvniSneT, vaxtang VI sxva xuTtaepedebic dauweria, magram isini savsebiT gansxvavdebian `vaxtangurisagan~.
6-taepiani strofi qarTul leqsSi sulxan-saba orbelianma Semoitana, romelmac `qilila da damanaSi~ CarTo amgvari saxeobis leqsebi. vaxtang VI 6-taepedis formiT aqvs warmodgenili Tavisi lirikuli Sedevri `rani da movakani da...~:
rani da, movakani da, saxli da, kari, bani, da,
gaTavda yovli werili, ani, bani da, gani, da...
viare yovli qveyana sigZe da sivrce, gani, da,
vera vpove ra mis meti, davyare Zma da dani, da...
xorcsa mravali davakle, suls mivec iqi rjani, da,
vai-va, msajes ubralod, ar momces me ajani, da!
(vaxtang meeqvse 1975:16)
leqsi rusTveluri dabali Sairis (53/53) metriTaa agebuli, 6
taeps eqvsjeradi riTma aerTianebs amdengzisve gameorebuli `da~
daboloebiTa da SidariTmebiT. vaxtang meeqvses am lirikuli SedevrisaTvis aseTi minaweri daurTavs: `erTi leqsis xma esec aris...~ es
minaweri imis naTeli dasturia, rom strofikis garda, vaxtangisaTvis didmniSvnelovan movlenas warmoadgenda gariTmvis kombinacia
(am SemTxvevaSi eqvsjeradi riTma mudmivi `da~ daboloebiT!), rogorc leqsis sazomis (xmis) Semqmneli.
ori eqvstaepiani strofi (182, 193) aqvs CarTuli vaxtang VI `sibrZne malaRobelSi~. orive maTganis sazomia 35/35 da riTmac erTgvari aqvT: aabbbb. erT-erTi 6-taepedi (182) iseT STabeWdilebas tovebs, TiTqos, 3 `leqsidan~ (ortaepedisagan) Sedgebodes, magram azrobrivad eqvsive taepi mWidrod ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs da, SeiZleba, struqturulad es erTeuli strofad CaiTvalos:
182. kvlav kidev keti aZgeres, merme rqves: gandeg kideniT.
manc TavSi joxi daartya: aw Tqvenca momerideniT!
midelma kbilSi Semohkra, dioRen Civils bedavsa,
da man kacma TeTri miuZRvna magad, nu mizam me davsa.
dilas dioRen Semohkra, TeTrs aZlevs, masve bedavsa:
salbuni Tqveni Tqvendave miZRvnia, gaubedavsa.
(vaxtang meeqvse 1975: 110)
vaxtang meeqvsis poeziaSi vxvdebiT, agreTve, 7, 9, 10 da 11-striqonian strofebs.
180
7-taepiani strofis nimuSad, SeiZleba, davasaxeloT `sibrZne
malaRobelis~ me-17 strofi:
platon brZenia, brZenia, qveyaniT afonelia...
igi monorimulia da I taepSi gvxvdeba winacezuruli riTma. rogorc cnobilia, mdenari, monorimuli, 7-taepiani leqsia, `WaSnikSi~,
sadac am saxeobis sanimuSod moxmobilia: `mdenari mamukasi~, dabali
SairiT gamarTuli, 7-taepiani monorimi:
Cem sayvarelo: vinao, : miwyiv midgexar : winao,
gonebiT Semkra : survilma : arodes mome : lxinao...
vaxtang VI-is `mdenar~ pirvel taepSi, mamukas `mdenarisagan~ gansxvavebiT, winacezurul riTmas gviCvenebs. msgavs monorimsa da winacezurul riTmas mimarTavs poeti `sibrZne malaRobelis~ 9-taepian leqs-strofSic (34):
platon kacia, kacia, keTilis Senatkacia. (vaxtang meeqvse 1975: 98)
vvaraudobT, rom am strofebis Sinaarsi, erTgvarad, nasazrdoebia CaxruxaZis `Tamarianis~ neoplatonizmis sibrZniTa da suliskveTebiT, rac ganapirobebs kidec `sibrZne malaRobelis~ zogierTi
strofis ritmul-riTmuli struqturis siaxloves cnobili mexotbis poemasTan. msgavsi ritmuli JReradobiTa da winacezuruli
riTmiT iqcevs yuradRebas `sibrZne malaRobelis~ 10-taepiani leqsstrofic (109):
antistinesa winesa yrma vinme Semoscinebsa...
aqac mxolod pirveli striqonia winacezuruli riTmiT gamarTuli, xolo mTlianad leqs-strofi monorimiT ariT Sesrulebuli. es monorimi, aTtaepiani, 16 marcvliani (53/53). leqsi `wyobili
mravalmuxlis~ saxeliT aris cnobili.
msgavsi struqturuli aRnagobiT gamoirCeva `sibrZne malaRobelSi~ CarTuli erTi TerTmetstriqoniani leqs-strofi (133), romlis mxolod pirveli striqoni aris gamarTuli winacezuruli riTmiT, xolo mTlianad leqsi monorimulia:
samoc orisa Sorisa JamTa Seiqna welisa...
11-striqoniania, agreTve, `sibrZne malaRobelis~ 77-e strofi,
iseve winacezuruli riTmiTa da monorimiT:
polen gonia, mgonia, aristotelTan msvlelia...∗
∗
vaxtang VI-is versifikaciis mkvlevari b. darCia, ratomRac, am strofs 12taepianad miiCnevs (darCia 1982: 25).
181
amrigad, vaxtang VI-is 7-, 9-, 10-, 11-striqonian leqs-strofebs
erTi specifikuri niSani axasiaTebs: yoveli maTganis pirveli taepi
winacezuruli riTmiT aris gamarTuli, xolo mTlianad Txzuleba
monorimia.
garda zemoT dasaxelebuli leqs-strofebisa, vaxtang VI-is poeziaSi aris ufro vrceli strofebic, romlebic monorimiT ariT
Sesrulebuli, an tavtologiur riTmas efuZneba.
18-taepediania vaxtangis cnobili leqsi `vai, sikvdilo~ (`ra davibade...~), romlis yvela striqons refrenad gasdevs sityvebi: `vai,
sikvdilo, mware sikvdilo~; es leqsi Caxruxaulis sazomiT (55/55)
aris Sesrulebuli: yovel taepSi gamoyenebulia savaldebulo SidariTma. misi danawevreba ufro mcire stroful monakveTebad SeuZlebelia da,- amdenad, igi SeiZleba monostrofad miviCnioT. rogorc mkvlevarTa umravlesoba fiqrobs, es leqsi `WaSnikSi~ swored
am uwyvetobis, daunawevreblobis, ganuyoflobis gamo Seitana
mamuka baraTaSvilma Semdegi saTauriT: `mefis Tqmuli uwyveteli~.
am leqsis Taobaze sayuradRebo mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli l. menabdes, romelsac igi elegiad miaCnia: `vaxtangma daamkvidra elegiuri leqsi. man aiRo Caxruxauli leqsi, marcvalTa odenoba ucvlelad datova, Secvala konstruqcia, taepis meore naxevari gadaaxalisa da mas axali saxe misca _ refrenad aqcia. arsebiTad Secvala man Caxruxaulis kiloc da ganwyobilebac. Tu adre igi sazeimo
_ saxotbo leqsisaTvis gamoiyeneboda, vaxtangma am leqsiT naRvliani ganwyobileba gadmogvca~ (menabde 1966: 118).
b. darCias azriT, leqss `am uwyveti refrenis gamo ewodeba mas
`uwyveteli~ (darCia 1982: 20), a. baramiZe ki fiqrobs, rom `konstruqciis mxriv vaxtangs daurRvevia Caxruxauli taepis meore naxevris
sqema... Caxruxaulis klasikuri formidan vaxtangs, SenarCunebuli
aqvs marcvalTa raodenoba da pirveli naxevartaepTa Sinagani
riTma~ (baramiZe 1966: 451).
`mefis Tqmuli uwyvetelisagan~ gansxvavebiT, ufro vrcelia
vaxtang meeqvsis `leqs-ambavi~, romelic, agreTve, versifikaciul
siaxled miuCnevia jer kidev mamuka baraTaSvils. igi 28-taepiania da
yoveli striqoni bolovdeba tavtologiuri riTmiT; `mefeo~. metrikis mixedviT, igi dabal Sairs eyrdnoba: 53/53.
leqsi _ `nacvlad CemTa sikeTeTa~ monostrofia, leqs-strofi
ar aris, icavs strofuli danawevrebis princips, Tumca igi uwyveti
monorimia (vaxtang meeqvse 1975: 19). am xuTstrofian leqsSi yoveli
strofis bolos meordeba taepi: `nacvlad CemTa sikeTeTa aRmimarTes sakvdad jvari~. monorimis gamo uwoda mamuka baraTaSvilma mas:
`mefis Tqmuli boloerTi~ da meore adgili miakuTvna `mefis Tqmuli uwyvetelis~ Semdeg `WaSnikSi~, sadac igi monorimis nimuSad aris
Setanili. `boloerTis~ msgavsia `vai, ra mwared iwoda nawlevni mariamisa~ (`mefis Tqmuli~), oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom igi 2-strofi-
182
ania. l. menabdis azriT, es leqsic elegiaa, romlis sazomi aris
rusTveluri Sairi (53/53), Tumca gadaxalisebulia refreniT _
strofis ukanaskneli taepebis gameorebiT (menabde 1966: 118):
SuriT aRivsen ugbilni, wesi qmnes maTi mamisa,
sikvdils zraxvidnen uwesod, Tu dro daicen Jamisa,
usjulo misi mowafe micemas hpiravs amisa,
vai, ra mwared iwoda nawlevni mariamisa!
mtilSi miuZRva krebulTa sawuxi yovlis gvamisa,
mRvdelT moZRvris palats mividnen gasatanjvelad, va, misa,
brali ver poves mis zeda, kvlav scemdnen wamdawamisa,
vai, ra mwared iwoda nawlevni mariamisa!
rogorc vaxtang VI-is poetur memkvidreobaze dakvirvebam gviCvena, sxvadasxva taepian leqsTa umravlesoba mefe-poetis mier
Targmnil TxzulebaSi _ `sibrZne malaRobelSi~ aris CarTuli.
SesaZloa, qarTuli leqsisaTvis am ucxo, axali aRnagobisa da formis strofebis CarTva saTargmni masaliTac iyo ganpirobebuli,
Tumca verc imas uarvyofT, rom vaxtangi xSirad TviTon cvlida
leqs-strofis stroful struqturas, raTa, rac SeiZleba zustad,
lakoniurad da amomwuravad gadmoeca saTqmeli.
sxvadasxva raodenobis taepian strofTa erT leqsSi gaerTianebis sagulisxmo nimuSia vaxtang VI-is leqsi `joxze dawerili~
(dedanSi: `vaxtang joxze daswera~). am leqsSi gaerTianebulia sxvadasxvagvari taepobrivi Sedgenilobis strofebi: 4+4+4+7+4+4+2.
masSi CarTuli 7-taepedi: `vai, samneo, samneo...~, rogorc cnobilia,
mkvlevarma T. Wyoniam gamoavlina. am leqsis dasasruli, bolo 2taepedi, Segoneba sentenciaa da winamaval katrenebs xsnis da
azustebs:
cru aris, vinc soflisaTvis zrunavs, Wmunavs, Sewuxdebis,
RmerTman icis, vin iSovnis, vin iRvwis da vis mixvdebis.
(vaxtang meeqvse 1975: 74)
`vefxistyaosnis~ maRali Sairis Targze moWrili ritmiT, vaxtang mefe axleburi JReradobiT Seagonebs mkiTxvels RvTiur sibrZnes. ise ki, Cveni azriT, leqsi `joxze dawerili~ mxolod 1-3 katreniT unda SemoisazRvros _ 7-taepedi `vai, samneo...~ meqanikurad
gvgonia CarTuli masSi. aseve, momdevno ori katrenica da 2-taepiani
zemoxsenebuli aforizmic, upriani iqneba, calke Txzulebad gaformdes da ar miematos `joxze dawerils~.
vaxtang VI-is leqsebis metruli repertuari mravalferovnebiT
ar gamoirCeva. poeti, ZiriTadad, misdevs 16-marcvliani maRali da
dabali Sairis tradiciul sqemebs mcireodeni variaciebiT, mxolod orjer mimarTavs Caxruxauls. heterosilaburi sazomiT vaxtangs mxolod erTi, zemoxsenebuli `vaxtanguri~ SeuTxzavs: `ori
misi Tvali _ ori jerani, bolos mzeruli...~
183
qarTul leqsTa saxeebidan vaxtang VI-is poeziaSi yuradRebas
ipyrobs `anbanTqeba~ da `palindromi~.
anbanTqebam _ XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli poeziis am popularulma saleqso formam _ Taviseburi saxe miiRo vaxtang VI-is SemoqmedebaSi. mefe-poetis damsaxureba axali tipis anbanTqebis SeqmnaSi
saTanadod Seafases anton kaTalikosma, ioane batoniSvilma, paata
batoniSvilma (miqaZe 1974: 103).
`anbanTqebaTagan~ vaxtangs erTi ufro vrclad gaumarTavs, _
qarTuli anbanis TiToeul aso-bgeras igi erT strofs uTmobs, romelSic yvela sityvas am asoze iwyebs. es `anbanTqeba~ (vaxtang
meeqvse 1975: 63-67) 36 strofisagan Sedgeba, romelsac erTvis 37-e
katreni _ epilogi, _ gansxvavebuli sazomiTa da SidariTmiT gamarTuli. `anbanTqeba~ 16-marcvliani SairiT (monacvleobas: 44/44
da 53/53) da omonimuri boloriTmiT aris dawerili; sagulisxmoa,
rom me-12 strofis me-3-4 taepebi erTmaneTs kiburi riTmiT
ukavSirdeba:
12. loginebriv larkanSia lazarea lilebr lulad,
loya lurji laJvardisfer lamazobden lmobiT, lulad,
lxinisagan lodakiTa lia lamavs lula-lulad,
leqsobaman leqsi lia, laplarobsRa lamis lula.
epilogi, 37-e strofi, `Caxruxaulis~ sazomiT aris Sesrulebuli da icavs savaldebulo winacezurul riTmas. am `anbanTqebis~
winaTqma gvauwyebs: `ese anbanT qeba ucxo da axlad SemoRebuli da
ara advilad saTargmneli, Tqmuli mefis vaxtangis mier tfiliss.
ufalma mravalJamier iyos!~ amave azrs imeorebs epilogic, romelSic saeWvod aris miCneuli amgvari `anbanTqebis~ Semdgomi avtorebis mier gamarTvis SesaZleblobac:
jufT ars ara vis, eTqva aravis, Tu vin aw brZanebs, veWv ars Semdgomi.
vmone qristesa, mas Cemsa mwesa, undo, ar keTilia, friad Semdgomi,
amis leqsvaSi viyav mwve vaSi, nu eWvT myolodes Semwe, Semdgomi
da brZeni, davabralo, ucxo ver mravalo, xom xarT ritorTa gzaze
Semdgomi.
specialur literaturaSi gamoTqmulia azri, rom vaxtangi ar
aris marTali, roca am tipis `anbanTqebis~ `gamogonebas Tavis Tavs
miakuTvnebs, rom mis mieraa mogonili, manamde aravis uTqvamso da
miuTiTeben arCilis `anbanTqebaze~: `ar advilia aRkrZalva amoebisa
amisa~ (kekeliZe 1958: 603; miqaZe 1979: 107-108). b. darCia vrclad exeba
vaxtangis am `anbanTqebis~ originalobisa da arCilis Sesabamis nawarmoebTan mimarTebis sakiTxs, Sesabamisad, askvnis: `vaxtangis ganxiluli `anbanTqeba~ sistemiT, kompoziciurad emsgavseba da imeorebs arCilis `anbanTqebas~, magram majamuri xasiaTiT gansxvavdeba
misgan~ (darCia 1982: 32). marTlac, vaxtangis `anbanTqeba~ mTlianad
omonimur riTmebzea agebuli, arCilis `anbanTqebaSi~ ki mxolod
184
ramdenime strofSia gamoyenebuli omonimebi, 37-e strofidan _
oTxi Tu xuTi da isic _ aqa-iq CarTuli.
ioane bagrationi `kalmasobaSi~, `anbanTqebaTa~ saxeobebis CamoTvlisas, sagangebod gamohyofs omonimur anbanTqebas da sanimuSod asaxelebs vaxtangis am anbanTqebas.
albaT, upirvelesad, am Txzulebis omonimuri xasiaTis gamo
aris, rom saTaurSi `ucxo da axlad SemoRebulia gverdiT~ aRniSnulia: `ara advilad saTargmanebeli~.
rogorc vxedavT, vaxtangis es `anbanTqeba~ arCilis `anbanTqebas~
hgavs kompoziciurad, magram omonimebiT gansxvavdeba misgan.
Tu am `anbanTqebis~ avtoris novatorobis sakiTxi sadavo gaxda,
vaxtangis, erTstrofiani `anbanTqeba~ namdvilad gamoricxavs eWvis
safuZvels: igi sruliad originalurad aris miCneuli qarTuli
mwerlobis istoriaSi (miqaZe 1977: 102-103). vaxtang VI-is erTstrofiani `anbanTqeba~ (vaxtang meeqvse 1975: 68) erTsa da imave asoze
dawyebulsa da damTavrebul sityvebs aerTianebs, romelTa ricxvi
35-ia. gansxvavebulia sariTmo sityvebi, romelTa daboloebaa:
`erad~. vaxtangis am erTstrofiani `anbanTqebis~ sityvaTagan zogs
aqvs semantikuri mniSvneloba, zogierTi ki (osoproko, haimish) _
gaugebaria.
b. darCia Tavis naSromSi miuTiTebs vaxtang VI-is mier SeTxzul
erTstrofian anbanTqebaze (darCia 1982: 33), romelic ufro martivi
saxisaa da gviandeli dawerilia. igi poetis adrindel xelnawer
krebulebSi ar Sesula da arc Semdgom gavrcelebula. es `anbanTqeba~ arc a. baramiZiseul `vaxtang meeqvsis~ TxzulebaTa gamocemaSia
(1975) Sesuli.
aucileblad unda aRvniSnoT vaxtang VI-is kidev erTi `anbanTqebis~ Taobaze, romelsac axlavs mefe-poetis SeniSvna: `cudad viyav da momagonda; mTeli anbania siavesa garda:
Zow turfiÁT xSCÄ gjÃbn qÀRldT yamzec ki sWyvh siavesa.
sagulisxmoa, rom aq vaxtangs erT striqonad ganulagebia qarTuli anbanis yvela aso (meordeba mxolod i, s, e).
rogorc vxedavT, striqonSi ganlagebulia qarTuli anbani
Taviseburi rigiT, romelsac axlavs bolo sityva: siavesa; es bolo
sityva rom gansxvavebulia, anu semantikuri mniSvneloba aqvs da sxva
daniSnulebac eniWeba, winamaval usemantiko erTeulTagan gansxvavebiT, _ miTiTebulia mefis zemoxsenebul SeniSvnaSic. unda daveTanxmoT b. darCias, romelic am `anbanTqebas~ amosacnobad miiCnevs
(darCia 1982: 33). vfiqrobT, am `anbanTqebaSi~ gameorebuli asoebis: i,
s, e Tanxvedra sityva `siavesa~-Si arsebul bgerebTan, sayuradReboa:
Cveni azriT, mxolod Tanxmovnebze agebul sityvebs, romlebic am
`anbanTqebaSia~ Sesuli, an gaxmovaneba sWirdeba, anda maTi Semadgeneli asoebis ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi unda gaviTvaliswinoT.
185
aRorZinebis xanis qarTul poeziaSi gansakuTrebiT gavrcelda
waRma-ukuRma sakiTxavi leqsi, romelsac mefe-poeti arCili `Carxebr mbrunav leqss~ uwodebda. amgvari leqsebi, rogorc samecniero
literaturaSia miTiTebuli, ufro axali formebis ZiebiT gatacebis Sedegia, vidre _ poeturi niWierebis dasturi. vaxtang meeqvsis palindroms win uZRvis, albaT, vaxtangis dros sakmaod gavrcelebuli da popularuli waRma-ukuRma sakiTxavi: `imata asvaT aseTi,
iTesa Tavsa atami~.
abana ersa moSiSTa : aTSiSom asre anaba.
abana darad ideba : abedi darad anaba.
abana iSim rameTu : uTemar SiSi anaba.
abana arad azeda: adeza dara anaba.
es palindromi, Cveni azriT, sayuradReboa kidev erTi formaluri siaxliT: yoveli striqonis dasawyisSi erTi da igive sityvaa
da, amdenad, dasasrulic, taepebis boloebiT, urTierTSeTanxmebulia. erTi strofis farglebSi sityvebis TamaSis xelovneba
kombinatoruli literaturis siaxled unda CaiTvalos.
vaxtang meeqvsis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarni sagangebo yuradRebiT
ekidebian mamuka baraTaSvilis `WaSnikSi~ Sesul `muxranuls~, romlis avtorobis sakiTxi karga xans dadgenili ar iyo. `WaSnikis~ saTanado xelnawerebis gacnoba-Seswavlis safuZvelze, b. darCias damajereblad aqvs damtkicebuli, rom misi avtori namdvilad vaxtang
meeqvsea (darCia 1986: 188-190). am leqsis Setana `WaSnikSi~ vaxtang VIis leqsebis rigSi, TavisTavad, ueWvels xdida misi mikuTvnebis sakiTxs mefe-poetis SemoqmedebisaTvis (`mefis Tqmuli uwyveteli~,
`mefis Tqmuli boloerT~, `mefis Tqmuli~, `muxranuli~, `vaxtanguri~, `mefis naTqvami leqs-ambavi~):
muxranuli
samkali gaqvs _ samuSao, Zalo,
moimke da Seikribe, Zalo,
mteri rom mzers dasawvelad, Zalora mas dascem, moisveneb, Zalo,
Tu moimki, keTilsa iq, Zalo,
saukunod ar waxdebis, Zalo,
mas Seebi gulmesisxled, Zalo,
orsav sofels saxels poveb, Zalo.
am leqsis formis Taobaze samecniero literaturaSi azrTa
sxvadasxvaobaa: g. miqaZe mas 4-taepian, Sinagan-garegan riTmian leqsad miiCnevs, rogoricaa igi g. avaliSvilis xelnawerSi. a.xinTibiZe,
piriqiT, riTmis gamo, 10-marcvlian (4 4 2) da, amdenad, 2-strofian
leqsad Tvlis: `Tavisi arqiteqtonikiT `muxranuli~ igive rvulia.
rvastriqoniani leqsi rvajeradi riTmiT oTx striqonad aris war-
186
modgenili, iseve rogorc `qilila da damanas~ sabaseuli redaqciis
aTmarcvliani rvulebi~ (xinTibiZe 1981: 62). b. darCias dakvirvebiT,
es leqsi `kvadratul~, anu figurul leqsad unda CaiTvalos, romelic Zlier iyo gavrcelebuli sparsulsa da rusul poeziaSi. misi
Tavisebureba is aris, rom igi ikiTxeba rogorc Tarazulad, ise
Sveulad.
vaxtang VI-is SemoqmedebaSi sagangebo dakvirvebis sagania omonimebi, romlebsac xSirad mimarTavs poeti; zogjer strofi nawilobriv aris omonimebiT gamarTuli (vaxtang meeqvse 1975: 47), ufro xSirad ki, mTeli strofi omonimebiT aris Sedgenili. magaliTad, vaxtangis `salbunad gulisa~ 105 strofiania, aqedan omonimebiT aris
dawerili 39 strofi, xolo nawilobriv, arasruli omonimebiT Seudgenia poets 7 strofi.
`satrfialonSi~ Cveni yuradReba miiqcia 27-e strofma (vaxtang
meeqvse 1975: 38), sadac Sida omonimur riTmebsac vxvdebiT da, amave
dros, misi boloriTmac omonimuria:
amiT uTxar wamwamiTa Sesamsgavsi Sesxmania,
amiT feriT wamwamiTa esvis gulSi Sesxmania,
amiT Seqna wam wamiTa Tval-margalitT Sesxmania,
amiT movrCeT wam wamiTa madli wylulebr Sesxmania.
Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom vaxtang meeqvsis omonimebis umravlesoba tavtologiuri riTmebi ufroa, vidre semantikuri mniSvnelobiT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli sityvebis sruli bgeriTi
Tanxvedra.
zemoT moxmobil strofSi erTmaneTs emTxveva taepTa sawyisi
sityvebi, e.i. erTdroulad aris TavriTma, SuariTma da boloriTma,
Tanac omonimuri (Tu tavtologiuri? _ T.b.), amasTanave, striqonebi TvalsaCinod iyofa maRali SairiT gamarTul 4 ritmul monakveTad. vfiqrobT, leqsis axleburi formis Ziebis gzaze zemoTaRniSnuli strofic vaxtangis erT saintereso cdas warmoadgens.
`satrfialonSi~ mTlianad 20 strofia omonimuri riTmebiT
gamarTuli.
vaxtang VI-is `majama~ (vaxtang meeqvse 1975: 50-56) 54 strofisagan
Sedgeba da mTlianad omonimuri riTmebiT aris gamarTuli. rogorc
cnobilia, es strofebi gamokrebilia poetis sxva danarCeni nawarmoebebidan da arc erTi maTgani ar aris damoukidebeli, amitom maT,
ra Tqma unda, calke arc ganvixilavT.
leqsSi `kvla moixmes isev ispaans~ (vaxtang meeqvse 1975: 62) xuTi
strofidan mxolod erTi, meoTxe, aris omonimuri riTmiT
gamarTuli:
TviTve nanoben ugbilni, Tuca bevrs Wirsa maxesa,
lomi dabmuli aexsnas, vacsa gaabams maxesa;
187
raRasRa veZeb saxvewrad kldesa, tyesa da maxesa,
rac ergoT Cemis aw saqmiT, awca TviTanca naxesa.
am leqsis SeniSvna gvauwyebs, rom igi sulxan-saba orbelians
gauleqsavs.
ueWvelia, rom vaxtang meeqvsis versifikaciuli Ziebis gza imdroindeli evropuli da aRmosavluri leqswyobis kanonebis gaTvaliswinebiT ikvaleboda. kerZod, kombinatoruli poezia, sparsul
da rusul Tu frangul-italiur leqsTan erTad, qarTul versifikaciaSic ikidebda fexs.
vaxtang VI-is SemoqmedebaSi, umTavresad, gariTmvis Semdeg sistemebs vxvdebiT: aa, aaa, xaa, aax, aaaa, aabb, abab, xaaaa, aabbbb, aaaaa; amasTan
erTad, mefe-poeti mimarTavs SidariTmis TiTqmis yvela saxeobas:
cezuruls, winacezuruls, winacezurul-ukanacezuruls, kibursa
da tavtologiur riTmebs. zogjer, SeiZleba, wavawydeT araidentur riTmasac: `qebasa-xmobasa~ _ `mbobasa _ gmobasa~ (vaxtang
meeqvse 1975: 57).
`mec mivhyev sparsTa zRaprisa Targmanebisa mgebarTa~, _ aRniSnavs vaxtangi `qilila da damanas~ galeqsili strofis dasawyisSi.
aRmosavluri poeziis sufizmi da didaqtika, gadaxalisebuli rusTveluri Sairis formiT, da gajerebuli aRorZinebis xanis poeziis
novaciebiT _ ase warmogvidgeba vaxtang VI-is Semoqmedeba, romelic
gvarwmunebs, rom misi avtorisaTvis kargad aris nacnobi Tavisi
Tanamedrove evropuli leqsis kombinatorika: kvadratuli Tu palindromuli leqsebi, monorimi da tavtologiuri riTmebiT agebuli enis gasatexi poeturi sakiTxavebi.
TumcaRa, vaxtang VI-is Semoqmedebis versifikaciuli analizi
cxadyofs, rom, miuxedavad imisa, poeti qarTuli leqsis ganaxlebis
mosurnec aris da aqtiuri Taosanic, magram sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi praqtikiT jer kidev gadaWriT ver emijneba tradiciul, qarTul klasikur saleqso formebs da ver axdens versifikaciul
revolucias.
damowmebani:
arCili 1989: arCili. // qarTuli mwerloba ocdaaT tomad. t. VI. Tb.:
`nakaduli~, 1989.
arCiliani 1936: arCiliani. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli or tomad. a.
baramiZisa da n. berZeniSvilis redaqciiT. t. I. Tb.: 1936.
baramiZe 1966: baramiZe a. narkvevebi qarTuli literaturis istoriidan.
t.II, Tb.: 1966.
baramiZe 1975: baramiZe a. vaxtang meeqvse. // vaxtang meeqvse. leqsebi da
poemebi. al. baramiZis redaqciiT. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1975.
baramiZe 1987: baramiZe a. arCili da misi skola. // kekeliZe k., baramiZe a.
Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1987.
188
baramiZe 1989: baramiZe r. bolosityva. qarTuli mwerloba ocdaaT tomad.
t. VI, Tb.: `nakaduli~, 1989.
bertelsi 1949: Бертельс Е. Джами. Сталинабад: 1949.
bualo 1998: bualo nikola depreo. poeturi xelovneba. Tb.: `lomisi~, 1998.
gawerelia 1937: gawerelia a. Teimuraz pirveli (narkvevi qarTuli
Janrebis istoriidan). `Cveni Taoba~, № 8, 1937.
gawerelia 1981: gawerelia a. qarTuli klasikuri leqsi. Tb.: `merani~, 1981.
gvaxaria 1956: gvaxaria a. gabaasebis Janris istoriisaTvis. gaz.
`literaturuli gazeTi~, 27.I, 1956.
darCia 1982: darCia b. vaxtang VI _ qarTuli leqswyobis ganmaaxlebeli.
macne, № 3, 1982.
darCia 1986: darCia b. vaxtang meeqvsis poeturi memkvidreoba. Tb.:
`mecniereba~, 1986.
doiaSvili 2002: doiaSvili T. qarTuli leqsi XVII saukuneSi (Teimuraz I,
arCili). _ literaturuli Ziebani, XXIII, Tb.: 2002.
doiaSvili 2003: doiaSvili T. qarTuli leqsi XVII saukuneSi. arCili. //
literaturuli Ziebani, XXIV, Tb.: 2003.
vaxtang meeqvse 1975: vaxtang meeqvse. leqsebi da poemebi. a. baramiZis
redaqciiT. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1975.
Teimuraz I 1934: Teimuraz I. a. baramiZisa da g. jakobias redaqcia. tf.:
`federacia~, 1934.
kekeliZe 1958: kekeliZe k. qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. II, Tb.: 1958.
kekeliZe 1981: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. I. Tb.:
`mecniereba~, 1981.
kekeliZe... 1987: kekeliZe k., baramiZe a. Zveli qarTuli literaturis
istoria. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1987.
kekeliZe 1981: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. II. Tb.:
`mecniereba~, 1981.
kobiZe 1960: kobiZe d. qarTuli da sparsuli poetikis istoriidan.
Tbilisis universitetis Sromebi, 91. Tb.: 1960.
kobiZe 1967: kobiZe d. Carxebr mbrunavi leqsi. `droSa~, № 12, 1967.
kuWuxiZe 2003: kuWuxiZe g. ras niSnavs arCiliseuli `masa~. kriteriumi,
`literaturuli Ziebanis~ perioduli damateba. rusTavelis sax. qarTuli
literaturis instituti, № 8, Tb.: 2003.
laSqaraZe 1977: laSqaraZe d. evropeizmis problema qarTul literaturaSi. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1977.
mamacaSvili 1967: mamacaSvili m. Teimuraz pirvelis `leil-majnunianis~
sparsuli wyaroebi. Tb.: 1967.
menabde 1966: menabde l. vaxtang meeqvse. Tb.: `nakaduli~, 1966.
miqaZe 1970: miqaZe g. erTi leqsis saxeobisaTvis galaktion tabiZis
poeziaSi. SoTa rusTavelis sax. qarTuli literaturis instoriis
institutis XXX samecniero sesia. Tezisebi. Tb.: 1970.
miqaZe 1974: miqaZe g. narkvevebi qarTuli poetikis istoriidan. Tb.:
`mecniereba~, 1974.
naWyebia 2009: naWyebia m. qarTuli barokos sakiTxebi. Tb.: `merani~, 2009.
oniani 1960: oniani S. vanis qvabTa monastris warwerebi. `sabWoTa
xelovneba~, № 8, Tb.: 1960.
qiqoZe 1955: qiqoZe b. gabaaseba Zvel qarTul literaturaSi. baTumi 1955.
WiWinaZe 1979: WiWinaZe k. aliteracia qarTul SairSi. Tb.: `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1979.
xinTibiZe 1981: xinTibiZe a. WaSniki qarTuli leqsmcodneobisa. //baraTaSvili m. swavla leqsis Tqmisa. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1981.
189
malxaz xarbedia
naratiuli modelebi qarTvel mefeTa ZiriTad teqstebSi
naratiuli modelebis TvalsazrisiT, Cveni interesis arealSi Teimuraz I-is, arCilisa da Teimuraz II-is teqstebi moeqca. SevecdebiT, maT originalur da Targmnil teqstebze dayrdnobiT, warmovadginoT XVI-XVIII saukuneebis TxrobiTi teqnikebi.
Tavdapirvelad, aucilebelia Cveni mefeebis zogadad Semoqmedebisadmi, ufro viwrod ki, Txrobisadmi damokidebulebas
gavecnoT. samive avtori Zalian mgrZnobiarea Txrobis fenomenisadmi da mas sxvadasxvagvarad axasiaTeben, sadac pirvel rigSi, ra Tqma unda, tradiciuli aRmosavluri modelebi amoicnoba. magaliTad, Teimuraz I-sTvis dedis, qeTevan dedoflis ambis Txrobas samkurnalo daniSnuleba aqvs:
daiwera wigni ese qoronikons CvenTvis srulsa,
kurneba gaqvs sakvirveli, es amrTelebs yovlsa wylulsa,∗
vin nawilsa Seexebis, igi alxens brmasa, brgvnulsa,
miT mwerali vevedrebi, Seewios Cemsa sulsa. (88)
`visramianis~ gamleqsavi arCilisTvisac mowyenis wamalia
Txroba da Txzva. `visramianis~ SesavalSi igi wers:
Tu Sairisa Seqceva mec momec gasaZlebelad,
mowyinebisa sevdisa Cemisa gasaZebelad,
maS, mixams, ena miboZo leqsisa damatkbobelad,
umecrad aras wavadge brZenTagan dasagmobelad. (10)
`Teimurazisa da rusTvelis gabaasebaSi~ ki, sanam galeqsili
nawili daiwyeba, arCili aRniSnavs: `viTac mowyenilis kacis wesia, ragindaras mogoneba da javris daumorCilebloba, sxvas
zRaprul ambavs esev marTali ambavi varCie gasaleqsavad... egeba
mocliT yofas miaCemoT, magram ar viyav usaqmod, oRond namuSakevi es gamoCnda, sxva ara~. da iqve:
baasi SoTa rusTvlisa mefisgan Temurazisa,
maTTa enaTa sitkboni vscan mamSvideblad brazisa... (56)
Teimurazisve mier gadmoTargmnil `SamifarvanianSi~:
me gasaZleblad davwere xan isi, xan es rameo... (13)
∗
miTologiaSi da literaturaSi mravali miniSnebaa Txrobis samkurnalo,
zogjer ki sasicocxlo funqciis Sesaxeb. amaze araerT mkvlevars aqvs gamaxvilebuli yuradReba, klod levi-strosidan dawyebuli, Jerar JenetiT da
Tanamedrove samedicino naratologiis warmomadgenlebiT damTavrebuli.
Jenets yovelTvis mohyavda sanimuSod Saherezadas magaliTi aTaserTi Ramidan, romelic Tavisi sikvdilis gadavadebas axdenda moTxrobili ambebiT.
190
mTxobelTa tipebi
naratologiur tradiciaSi xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac mTxrobelebs piris mixedviT hyofdnen xolme. Jerar Jenets arasworad
miaCnia mTxrobelebis piris mixedviT dayofa da maTi garCeva
pirveli an mesame piris mTxrobelebad. misi azriT, mwerali arCevans
akeTebs ara or gramatikul formas, aramed or naratiul pozicias
Soris (gramatikuli formebi mxolod maT meqanikur Sedegebs warmoadgens): Txrobas waiyvans erT-erTi `personaJi~ an mTxrobeli,
romelic am istoriis gareT dgas. amgvarad, pirveli piris zmnebis
arsebobam naratiul teqstSi or absoluturad gansxvavebul situaciamde SeiZleba migviyvanos, romelsac gramatika aerTianebs, magram naratiulma analizma unda gamoacalkevos: 1. roca mTxrobeli
Tavad gansazRvravs sakuTar Tavs rogorc mTxrobels, rogorc
vergiliusis SemTxvevaSia (“Arma virumque cano...” / `vumReri brZolebs
vaJkacisa~) da 2. pirovnuli igiveoba mTxrobelsa da istoriis erTerT personaJs Soris, rogorc robinzon kruzos SemTxvevaSi,
`davibade 1632 wels iorkSi...~.
sakiTxis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, aqvs Tu ara mTxrobels saSualeba gamoiyenos pirveli piri Tavisi erT-erTi personaJis aRsaniSnad. aq unda gamovyoT ori tipis Txroba: erTi — mTxrobeliT,
romelic ar figurirebs mis mier moTxrobil istoriaSi (homerosi
`iliadaSi~, floberi `grZnobaTa aRzrdaSi~, aleqsandre yazbegi
`xevisber goCaSi~, akaki wereTeli `baSi-aCukSi~) da meore — mTxrobeli, romelic monawileobs mis mier moTxrobil istoriaSi. Jerar
Jeneti pirvel tips heterodiegeturs uwodebs, meores ki _
homodiegeturs. Cven SemTxvevaSi, amis saukeTeso nimuSebia Teimurazis an rusTvelis mier moTxrobili ambebi arCilis `gabaaseba
Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~-Si, sadac erTi mxriv, isini homodiegetur mTxrobelebadac gvevlinebian, radganac im ambebs yvebian, romlis uSualo monawileebic TviTon iyvnen da heterodiegeturebadac, radganac zogjer maT gareSe viTardeba movlenebi.
homodiegeturia Teimurazis sityvebi:
wamovediT, olTisidam, CamovediT goniasa,
kidev bevri yma miaxla, nu eWv oTxmocs, goniasa,
ruseTisken gavemzade, es ra mosagonia, sa?
Savs zRvaSigan navSi jdoma didad dasaRoniasa. (583)
homodiegeturobis pirobas iZleva rusTvelic Tavisi ambis
dasawyisSi:
xelmwifev, Tqveni ambavi vismine, rac gamixsene,
mec ras drosa var Semswrobi, miyure, Tqvenc mamixsene,
SeWirvebisa sakrveli inebe, aw momixsene,
Tu tyuli rame giambo, magine, avad mixsene. (782)
191
da sxvaganac, rodesac zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelis xorasans
laSqrobaze Camovardeba sityva, rusTveli ambobs, `mec maT Tan
vaxldi, viSovne mravali, aw gagimJRavne...~-o, Tumca, mogvianebiT, Tanamosaubre (Teimurazi) sayvedurs eubneba imis gamo, rom
mas basianis omSi monawileoba ar miuRia:
basianis omi rom Tqvi, iq Tqven sad iyav maSina?
TamarTan ar ibRunZodi oZrixesa, viTa Sina?
ra gind bevrni yofiliyvnen, agre viTa SegeSina?
omis dResa qalebTan xar, va Tu sixrdlem agaqSina! (980)
heterodiegeturia avtoris Txroba Teimuraz I-is `wameba
qeTevan dedoflisa~-Si, rodesac avtori da mTxrobeli ambobs:
va me, im dRisa mxsenesa, damviwyda dReni winani!
mkerdiT zurgamdin gaavles gaxurvebulni rkinani,
me avazaki, Semcode axlos ar viyav, vinani,
da marjveniT jvarsa ar vecvi, amad var cremlTa mdinani. (67)
drois kategoria TxrobaSi da anaqroniebi
rogorc araerTxel aRniSnula specialur literaturaSi,
Txrobis erT-erTi funqcia erTi drois meoreSi konvertirebaa. es
droiTi dualizmi ZiriTadad gamoixateba istoriis drosa da
Txrobis dros Soris arsebuli opoziciiT. anu esaa urTierToba
istoriis drosa da Txrobis (fsevdo)dros Soris, sadac, Tavis
mxriv, Txrobis sami ZiriTadi aspeqti gamoiyofa. 1. esaa urTierToba
diegesisSi, anu istoriaSi movlenaTa Tanmimdevrobis droiT wesrigsa da TxrobaSi maT fsevdodroiT ganlagebas Soris (anaqroniebi, anu prolefsisebi da analefsisebi, manZilisa da ganfenilobis
problemebi). 2. esaa movlenaTa cvalebad xangrZlivobasa (diegeturi segmentebis) da TxrobaSi maTi gadmocemis fsevdoxangrZlivobas
(faqtobrivad, teqstis moculobas) Soris urTierToba. am SemTxvevaSi ukve saubaria Txrobis tempze, anu Txrobis `xangrZlivobisa~
da masSi moTxrobili istoriis `xangrZlivobas~ Soris dapirispirebaze. 3. ganmeorebadobis urTierToba, anu movlenaTa ganmeorebis
simWidrove istoriasa da TxrobaSi. esaa naratiuli temporalobis
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi saxeoba, romelsac gramatikosebi aspeqtis kategorias uwodeben da sadac singulativisa da iterativis
cnebebi Semodis.
Jeneti istoriasa da Txrobis Tanamimdevrobas Soris Seusabamobebs anaqroniebs uwodebs. anaqroniaa, roca mTxrobels ramdenime
dRiT ukan gadavyavarT an piriqiT, win uswrebs movlenebs. Sesabamisad, Tavisi saxeli aqvs yvela am TxrobiT xerxsac. magaliTad,
movlenebis win swrebas (roca mTxrobeli gakvriT axsenebs mosaxdens) prolefsisi hqvia.
192
prolefsisi
mefeTa teqstebSi prolefsisis SemTxvevebi Zalze xSiria,
Tumca ufro metad prolefsisebi winaswarmetyvelebebs ukavSirdeba, SedarebiT iSviaTad ki mTxrobeli TxrobiT mouTmenlobas avlens da winaswar gveubneba imas, Tu ris moyolas apirebs.
winaswarmetyveluri prolefsisebi araerT teqstSia, gansakuTrebiT xSiria aseTi SemTxvevebi romantikuli eposebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac esa Tu is misani winaswar ganWvrets mTavari
gmiris beds da mogvianebiT, arsebiTad am winaswarmetyvelebis
mixedviT viTardeba movlenebi. magaliTad, Teimuraz I-is mier
galeqsil `leil-majnunianSi~, pirvelive strofebSi gamoCndebian munajibebi (varskvlavTmricxvelni), romlebic majnunis
mSoblebs maTi vaJis Sesaxeb winaswar etyvian:
munajibTa cnes bolo Jams saqme mis ymisa yofili,
Tqves, Tu: ,,iqnebis Wabuki misebri arvin Sobili,
siturfes xedavT yovelni, mze Seqmna Suq-gayofili,
survilis etlzed Sobila, eSyi aqvs guls Seyofili.
es gamijnurdes amgvarad, sxva yofiliyos arosa,
sxvaTa mijnurTa xeloba man Tavsa ar akmarosa,
srbiT ganevltodes samyofTa, Tavi mxecTana arosa,
maSin cnan, vinca aw Cveni sibrZneni gaikmarosa.
ese Tqves, adges yovelni, wamosvla radRa gviandes?
gaxarebulni mSobelni daWmundes, danaRvliandes.
deda tirs, baRi vardisa cremliTa danamiandes,
Tqves, Tu: `egebis ar iqnas~ _Tavni RmerTsave miandes. (11-13)
Teimurazisve `iosebzilixanianSi~ baziya winaswar ambobs Tavis ganzraxvas, egvipteSi gamgzavrebis Sesaxeb:
Tqva:_wavide misr_egviptes, wavitano ganZi Zveli,
bebiaca wamomyvebis, Cemi gamzrdel-gamZiZveli,
gavakvirne, odes mnaxon maTad morWmad me mimsvleli,
da fasi mivsce sicocxlisa, viyo sulTa momsyidveli. (154)
prolefsisebi gvaqvs Teimuraz II mier gadmoqarTulebul
`TimsarianSic~, rodesac xelmwifesTan misi erT-erTi coli apirebs misvlas da mTxrobeli ki gveubneba: `dResa erTsa Tavsa Soris Tvissa aRirCia da Tqva: „Tu mowyalesa amas xelmwifesa Cemsa
esreTi dRiTi-dRe vxedvide, vigono SemTxveva da vkiTxo, ra
aris SeWivreba, eseodeni sevdianoba? anu movkvde da anu Sevigna
mizezi mwuxarebisa misisa~. mogvianebiT, mTxrobeli xelmwifis
piriT ambobs ganzraxvas: `ixmo misandoni vezirni, da ubrZana:
dambadebelsa Sevevedrebi da ganvabnev simdidresa Cemsa glaxak-
193
Ta da uRonoTa zedan, anu ukve mowyale meqmnas dambadebeli
yovelTa da momces Svili erTi, raTa ar aoxrdes samefo Cemi~.
winaswarmetyveleba `Timsarianidan~:
„xelmwifisa Svilo, eSmakisa saqme Cans Tavsa Sensa esodeni,
rome Svidsa dResa [da Ramesa] Sensa Tavze xmali iqnebis; nu SeiWirveb: [magaze da nurc geSinian, RvTiT] mSvidobiT morCebi. ama
Svids dRes Cemi mcneba daimarxe, xmas nu amoiReb, raca vinme gkiTxos, yvela ici da giswavlia, magram nuras ityvi, da Tu Seni saqme avad moxdes, saukunod me mwyevde, awe xelmwife, mama Seni, gixmobs. me Tu Tan wamogyvebi, Senis munjobisaTvis mkiTxavs, da me
veras movaxseneb, da ficxlav momklavs: Cemi Svili ratom gagimunjebiao? awe ese sjobs: me am Svidsa dResa davimalebi, Sen am
Svid dRes im saqmes gulidam nu gardaigdeb~.
klasikuri prolefsisia arCilis mier galeqsil `visramianSi~:
maTgan daskvnilsa saqmezed sawuTrom xlaTva daiwyo,
sakvirvels sakvirvelebi umata, srul win daiwyo,
vnaxoT viT gahyris, vin misgan sasiZo mZaxlad Seiwyo.
moabad misi sawyavi as-wilad ufro miiwyo. (120)
analefsisi
ambavs, romelic Txrobis momentamde moxda da romelsac ubrundeba mTxrobeli, analefsisi ewodeba. aseTi SemTxvevebic
araerTia mefeTa teqstebSi. analefsisis ramdenime tipi arsebobs, romelTagan yvelaze xSiria garegani analefsisebi, roca
analefsisis mTeli ganfeniloba pirveladi Txrobis ganfenilobis gareT rCeba. magaliTad, garegan analefsisad SeiZleba
miviCnioT rusTvelis an Teimurazis mTeli monaTxrobi arCilis
`gabaasebidan~, radgan igi gabaasebis farglebs scildeba, Tumca
am erTiani analefsisis farglebSi kidev araerTxel gvxvdeba
analefsisebi, rodesac ama Tu im konkretuli ambis Txrobisas,
gabaasebis gmirebi kidev ufro ukan ixeven da SedarebiT adrindel ambavs ixseneben.
arCilTan sxva, analefsisis ufro saintereso tipic gvaqvs.
`gabaasebaSi~ Teimurazi erTgan ambis Txrobas wyvets, iwyeba
xangrZlivi pauza, radgan aRwerebis jeri dgeba, Tumca es aRwerebic, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, droSia moTavsebuli, radganac 5-6 weliwadis ambavs erTi wlis sezonur aRwerebad warmogvidgens (am epizods cota sxva kuTxiT iterativebis TavSi SevexebiT). igi iwyebs gazafxuliT, mosdevs zafxuli, Semodgoma da
moulodnelad mTxrobeli isev gazafxulSi brundeba da aRdgomiswina periodis erT ambavs ixsenebs: “erTs didmarxvaSi nagebs vdeq, romel ars bostan-qalaqi...”
194
erTgvari analefsisia Teimuraz I-is galeqsil `leilmajnunianSi~ epizodi, rodesac leilis mSoblebi TavianTi qaliSvilis dabadebis moments ixseneben:
vTqviT: mogveswra Cven asuli, alvis norCad gvenayofis,
pirad mze da bage vardi, CvenTvis lxinad es gveyofis,
mivsceT visme Sesafersa, Wirni Sua gagveyofis;
da daiZraxe, mogvayinve, Tavi arsad gagveyofis. (30)
sakmaod rTuli analefsisia Teimuraz II-is `TimsarianSi~, rodesac ZiZa xelmwifes erTi mxriv ufliswulTan gamogonil saubars
uyveba, sadac CarTulia ufliswulis aseve gamogonili analefsisi
imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos mas yrmobidan uyvarda ZiZa:
`xelmwifeo, ra Tqven Tqveni Svilis uubrobaze isre Sewuxebuli
gnaxe, erTgulobisa da SeWivrebisa cecxliT sul TaviT ferxamdin
daviwvi. gamoviTxove igi xeli, Cemsa saxlsa waviyvane, _ CemiTa
ZuZuTa iyo gazdili Svilobisa pirobazed, _ egebis rom Sevityo,
Tu ra sWirs ymasa mas, da vaTqmevino rasaTvis uubrobs, da mefisa
gulisagan amis SeWirveba amoviRo da ods moviyvane saxlsa Cemsa,
dauwye deda-Sviluri gonieri da tkbili sityvani da asreT varqvi,
rom `xelmwifesa mamasa Sensa Senisa dabadebisaTvis da winaT uSviloobisaTvis rom amdeni Wiri unaxavs, igi ara kmara? da an ra rigiTa
cremliTa da vedrebiTa mogiTxova RvTisagan? axla kidev ra aris,
rome Senisa uubrobisa mizeziTa esreT SeWirvebulad gagixdia?
RvTisagan rad ar geSinian? meTqi. me ese gvarsa sityvasa Sevagonebdi.
man biWurad lizRobiT Sewmasilni sityvani miTxra. me sxvaTaTvis
naTqvamad ara msmenia, armc Tu sxvas vismes CemTvis eTqvas. man egre
miTxra: `rac xelobasa da gaugonlobasa vxelob, sul Senis mijnurobisaTvis viqmodi. me akvansa Sina rom viwev da ZuZus mawovebdi, Seni survili da me erTad avRorZindiT, saswavlosa Sina sibrZnisa
wignsa rom maswavliden, me Sensa mijnurobasa vizepirebdi; SigniT
Cemi guli Senis mijnurobisa sisxliTa egzom aivso, rom nametnav
Senisa Rawvisa ferad gaamewamula. SenTa TvalTa siSaveman Cemi sanTeli Tavisa ferad gaxada; Senman agre mSvildurad moxrilman
warbman axali norCi tani Cemi modrika, wamwamman guli esreT damiWra, rome janinozmaca misi kurneba ver imoqmedos. man damamunja,
rome Senis metis kacis naubari ar miamebis. awe me damemoyvre, gulisa
Cemisa neba aRasrule da me mamasa Cemsa malviT da miparviT Tavsa
movkveT da anu Zelsa zedan CamovarCob. maSin banovanTa Tavad da
ganmanaTleblad taxtisa Cemisa Sen dagsvam-o. me ra ese mesma, gaxelebuli wamovardi; wamomafrinda, Zalad Cemis wmindis kalaTis
daseras lamobda. Zlivs xelidan davsxlti. aw esre aris, rom Senman
Svilman Tavic mogkveTa da saxlic Segircxvina. Seni arami siwmindiT
angelozTa samyofsa hgvanda da axla esreT Seginebulyo. egzomi
movyrilvar esreT didsa xelmwifeTa wina Sensa ganwmendilsa sax-
195
lsa Sigan da ese gvari saqme da sityva rodis xsenebula? Tu saxlsa
Sensa Searcxvenda, sikvdils raRas gemarTleboda? Cemis ZuZus rZiT
gamizrdia. ZiZa dedisagan ufro sayvareli ar aris? dedis siyvaruli hqonda da me saavkacod momindoma. xelmwifis _ mamis ubralod mokvla rogor SerCes? eseTi Svili ra sayolia? hkiTxe SenTa
banovanTa Sigan, Tu Cemis siwmindis elvarebiTa Seni arami da saxli
sul elavda da kamkamebda. awe Tu Sensa Tavsac ar gauvlen da mec
samarTals ar mizam, da mas yrmas awve Tavsa ar mohkveT, rogorc
folorcsa da qarvaslaSi ar davsjdebi, ise SenTa sasaxleTa Sina ar
davdgebi. waval TemTa da qveyanaTa Sina da Cemsa dReTa Sina vivli,
da ams Cemsa usamarTlosa vityvi da movTqvamo“.
ganmeorebiToba — singulativi da iterativi
ganmeorebiToba naratiuli temporalobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi saxeobaa, romelsac Cveulebrivi enis doneze gramatikosebi aspeqtis kategorias uwodeben. moTxrobili movlenebisa
(istoriis) da naratiuli gamonaTqvamebis (Txrobis) `ganmeorebis~
SesaZleblobebs Soris myardeba urTierTobaTa sistema, romelic a
priori SeiZleba daviyvanoT 4 SesaZlo tipze da es tipebi yalibdeba
ori ramis monawileobiT: 1. meordeba Tu ara movlena. 2. meordeba
Tu ara gamonaTqvami. sqematurad rom vTqvaT: a). Txrobas SeuZlia
erTxel gadmosces is, rac erTxel moxda. amas SegviZlia vuwodoT
singulatiuri Txroba. b) n raodenobiT gadmosces is, rac n-jer
moxda (esec, arsebiTad, singulatiuri Txrobaa, radgan singulativi ormxrivi ganmeorebebis raodenobebiT ki ara, am ricxvis
TanafardobiT ganisazRvreba). amis nimuSad gamodgeba iseTi
situacia, sadac avtori yovel jerze axlidan aRwers personaJis
sauzmobis process. g) n-jer gadmosce is, rac erTxel moxda. gameorebaTa amgvar tips Jeneti ganmeorebiT Txrobas uwodebs da mas XX
saukunis bevri nawarmoebi emyareba. sakmarisi iqneba davasaxeloT
riunoske akutagavas `usier tyeSi~, uiliam folkneris `xmauri da
mZvinvareba~, grem sviftis `ukanaskneli gankargulebebi~. d) erTxel
mohyve n-jer momxdari movlena, risi nimuSicaa magaliTad gamoTqma
`mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi erTsa da imave dros vsauzmobdi~.
Txrobis aseT tips, romelSic erTi naratiuli fragmenti erTidaimave movlenis ramdenime gansxvavebul SemTxvevas moicavs, iteratiuli ewodeba. iterativis magaliTic araerTi gvaqvs mefeTa
teqstebSi:
Teimuraz I-is `leilmajnunianSi~ aRwerilia situacia, rodesac Seyvarebuli majnunis saqcieli iteratiuladaa warmodgenili, anu igi araerTxel meordeba:
196
miirbendis saswavlosa, sad enaxa misi mTvare,
tirodis da Tavs awyvetdis, mas sicocxle hqonda mware,
ig uebro siyme, simxne misTvis iyo mouxmare,
Sestirodes ded-mamani: “Cven dagvxocen uwin, bare!
mividodis mas adgilsa, sad orTave eTamaSa,
ig hkocnidis iataksa, sad mas fexi daemaSa;
iglejoden ded-mamani, sxva ra eqnaT, netar, maSa?
ar usmendis igi xeli, rome sityviT daemaSa... (39-40)
aseve Teimuraz II-s `sarke TqmulTa~-Si, rodesac igi asrulebs wminda werilis ambebis Txrobas da aseve istoriul ambebsac (saeklesio krebebi da a.S.), gadadis aRwerebze da iwyebs
mejlisis aRweriT, romelsac mosdevs — qorwili, orsulobaZeoba, yabaxi, nadiroba da sxv. aRwerebi, romlebic SesaZloa TiTo konkretul istorias eyrdnoboda, magram iqidan gamomdinare, rom es movlenebi ufro paradigmis xasiaTs atareben da imis
gamoc, rom zmnuri formebi ucnauria (myofadi _ miva, Seiqms,
Seva), igi iterativad SegviZlia miviCnioT.
klasikuri iterativebia arCilTan `gabaasebaSi~, rodesac
Teimurazi ambobs:
sofels kargad dauwynardi, samefosa gavagebdi,
ersa vsjidi simarTliTa, saboZvars zed wavagebdi,
eklesias darRveulsa saZirkvliTgan aw vagebdi,
viSvebdi da vixarebdi, cud-mruds aras Sevigebdi. (301)
anda: ramdenjer lekTa Sevebi, ar maxsovs me saTvalavi,
an razmiT, an win daxdomiT, an mdevrad dasaRalavi; (753)
elifsisi, reziume
naratologiaSi Zalze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia aseve Txrobis
`xangrZlivobisa~ da masSi moTxrobili istoriis `xangrZlivobas~ Soris dapirispirebac. swored am gasayarze iSveba Txrobis
tempi, es tempi ki ganisazRvreba droiT xangrZlivobasa (istoriis xangrZlivoba, romelic wamebSi, saaTebSi da a.S. izomeba) da
sivrciT manZils (anu teqstis sidides, romelic striqonebSi da
gverdebSi izomeba) Soris urTierTobiT. Sesabamisad, izoqronuli, anu Tanadrouli Txroba gamova Txroba Tanabari tempiT,
sadac arc aCqarebaa, arc Seneleba, sadac urTierToba `istoriis xangrZlivoba/Txrobis sigrZe, manZili~ yovelTvis ucvleli
rCeba. realurad, aseTi Txroba ar arsebobs, igi mxolod laboratoriuli eqsperimentis saxiT SeiZleba Seiqmnas, radgan Znelia warmovidginoT iseTi Txrobis arseboba, romelic tempis
aranair variacias ar dauSvebda. Txrobas SeuZlia gaZlos anaqroniebis gareSe, magram anizoqroniebis, anu ritmis efeqtebis
197
gareSe, igi ver gaZlebs. TxrobiTi tempebis Skala rom warmovidginoT, yvelaze maRali (Cqari) tempi elifsisi iqneba, rasac
Txrobis nulovani segmenti Seesabameba garkveuli xangrZlivobis istoriaSi (roca wlebis manZilze momxdari movlenebis nacvlad, mTxrobeli ori sityviT kmayofildeba. mag. `gavida wlebi~, `gamoxda xani~ da sxv.), yvelaze dabali tempi ki aRweriTi
pauza iqneba, roca naratiuli diskursis romeliRac segmenti
nulovan diegesiss Seesabameba.
Jerar Jeneti oTx naratiul moZraobas gamoyofs. ori ukiduresi wevri, elifsisi da aRweriTi pauza da oric Sualeduri:
scena, yvelaze xSirad dialoguri, sadac pirobiTad xdeba
Txrobisa da istoriis Tanabarzomierobis realizeba da is, rasac inglisurenovani kritika Summary-s uwodebs, anu reziume.
reziumeebi da elifsisebi aseve xSiria mefeTa teqstebSi.
magaliTad, reziumeebia Teimuraz I-is `leilmajnunianSi~:
amas iqiT leqsTa sityva sxvas ambavze mokidula,
majnunisa gulsa wylulsa cecxli cxeli mokidula;
man leili veRar naxa, Tvali versad mokidula,
glax, mounda velad gaWra, mxecTa moyvsad mokidula. (35)
an: mokvda mama majnunisa, ra gaWrili naxa Svili,
leilisa ded-mamaTa marto darCa ig adgili,
maTi iyo ig samkvidro, sxva vina hyav Semacili?
darCa deda sacodavad, bedisagan waxdomili.
leilman sxivTa sinaTle majnunis gulsa udara,
manca dameta mijnurTa, xeloba vervin udara;
velad gaiWra, frinvelni Tavzedan daibudara,
neba-upovrad srul iqmna, gare moertya sudara... (67-68)
ambis Semoklebisas, ufro sworad ki, misi reziumirebisas
Teimuraz I ambobs: `raRas vagrZeleb sityvaTa, sjobs rame SemoklebiTa~-o, arCili ki aseT formulas warmogvidgens: `sul
ar Zalmic moxsenebad, mcired amad giamxob da~.
Teimuraz II-is `TimsarianSic” xSiria reziumirebis an elifsisis SemTxvevebi da aqac gvxvdeba manZilisa da ganfenilobis
urTierToba, romelic calke saubris Temaa.
elifsisi:
`odes-same gaTavda dro igi ganwesebuli, daibada yrma Svenieri, viTarca Segavs xelmwifeTa. ra gardaxda weliwadi da moizarda yrma igi, mokazmes xelmwifurisa wesiTa da moiyvanes
winaSe mefisa...~
`aTsa weliwads veras gulis xmas Caagdes da verca ra aswavles. ocisa wlisa Seiqna yrma igi, da daRondnen vezirebi da
munajibebi...~
198
arCilTan `gabaasebaSi~ aRwerili mSvidobianobis periodebi
mTlianad elifsisebad, ufro sworad ki, ganvrcobil elifsisebad unda warmovidginoT. rodesac sruldeba omebi, Cerdeba ambavic da Cndeba daaxloebiT am tipis Riaobebi TxrobaSi:
gamovida xani rame simdidres da sixarulSi,
lxins, nadims da gaxarebas, mosvenebas, Zils ram rulSi,
burTobas da nadirobas, aqa-iqi siarulSi.
Cven kacisa Sepoeba rasa hqvian gvqonda gulSi?
calke kvlevis Temaa sxva nawarmoebebis mokle Sinaarsebi,
romelic Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba mefeTa teqstebSi, wminda weriliT dawyebuli, vefxistyaosniT Tu romelime sagmiro-safalavno an sxva eposebis SinaarsebiT damTavrebuli.
XVI-XVIII saukunis qarTvel mefeTa SemoqmedebaSi kidev araerT tradiciul TxrobiT models vxvdebiT, romelic ufro
detalur kvlevas saWiroebs naratologiuri da komparativistuli meTodebis WrilSi.
199
giorgi lobJaniZe
aRmosavluri eposi da qarTuli literaturuli
sivrce
XVI-XVIII saukuneTa qarTuli literaturis erT-erT wamyvan
mimarTulebas eposi warmoadgens. qarTuli epikuri Zeglebis
siuxve rogorc erovnuli mxatvruli gemovnebis TaviseburebiT, aseve im periodis zogadaRmosavluri moduri tendenciebiTac kargad aixsneba. ufros sworad erTia moda, magram meore
sakiTxia am moduri tendenciebis sxva erovnul niadagze adaptaciis problema, Tuki mas cocxali literaturuli interesis
saxiT, saTanado safuZveli ar dauxvdeba.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, epikuri Zeglebis momZlavreba
CvenTvis saintereso periodSi, qarTuli literaturuli elitis garkveuli gemovnebis gamovlinebad unda CaiTvalos.
ufro metic, am tipis gemovneba iseTi ganmsazRvreli yofila
Cveni literaturuli cxovrebisa, rom aRmosavluri, vTqvaT,
sparsuli lirikis Zveli qarTuli Targanebi TiTqmis ara gvaqvs,
maSin roca qarTvelebi aramxolod Targmnidnen iranelTa epikur Zeglebs, aramed am ZeglTa gagrZelebebis saxiT, xSirad
originalur nimuSebsac Txzavdnen da gvTavazobdnen.
es garemoeba, Tavis droze, marjved SeniSna pavle ingoroyvam
Sesaval werilSi, romelic iustine abulaZis mier Sesrulebuli
omar xaiamis pirveli qarTuli TargmanebisaTvis daurTavs 1924
wels Jurnal `kavkasionSi“ (ingoroyva 1924: 34).
sagmiro eposi
CvenTvis saintereso periodis qarTul mwerlobaSi sagmiro
eposi, epikuri literatura, ZiriTadad, iranuli nacionaluri
eposis `Sah-names“ saxiT aris warmodgenili.
rogorc cnobilia, `Sah-name“ firdousis Txzulebaa da sparsuli literaturis didi Zeglia. poema Sedgeba daaxloebiT 60
aTasi beiTisagan. igi dawerilia moTayarebiT _ sazomiT, romelic arabuli poeziidan ki ar aris gadmoRebuli, aramed iranul
niadagzea aRmocenebuli da nacionalur sazoms warmoadgens.
firdousim `Sah-names“ wera daiwyo samanidebis (875-999) dinastiis batonobis dros, roca iranuli kulturis gazafxuli idga
(kobiZe 1975: 76).
`Sah-names“ teqsti aTeulobiT damoukidebel epizods aerTianebs, romelTa Sinaarsic (zogjer) mkrTali ZafebiT, magram erTmaneTTan mainc aris dakavSirebuli. poemaSi gvxvdeba epikuri Jan-
200
ris, rogorc aseTis, eposis yvela danaSrevi _ sagmiro eposiT
dawyebuli, samijnuro eposiTa Tu sazRapro eposiT damTavrebuli.
teqsti iwyeba SesavliT, romelic daaxloebiT 238 beiTs (anu 476
striqons) moicavs. igi dayofilia Semdeg Tavebad: 1) saxeliT RvTisa, mowyalisa, mwyalobelisa. 2) aqa qeba gonebisa 3) aqa gaCena qveynisa
4) aqa gaCena kacisa 5) aqa gaCena mzisa 6) aqa gaCena mTvarisa, 7) aqa qeba
winaswarmetyvelisa da misi mimdevrebisa 8) aqa `Sah-names“ Sedgena
9)aqa ambavi poet dayiyisa 10) aqa wignis safuZvlis Cayra 11) aqa qeba
abu mansur ibn mohamadisa 12) aqa qeba sulTan mahmudisa.
am vrceli Sesavlis Semdgom, romelsac specialistebi Sua saukuneebis sparsul literaturaSi yvelaze grZel da mravalferovan Sesavlad aRiareben, modis `Sah-names“ calkeuli epizodebi,
romelic iranis miTiur xelisufalTa mefobis ambebs gadmogvcems.
pirveli mefis qaiumarsis Semdeg misi SviliSvili huSangi
(uSangi) gamefdeba, uSangis Semdeg ki taxtze adis misi Svili
Teimurazi. Teimurazis Svilis jemSidis mefoba ki erT-erTi
yvelaze datvirTuli epizodia dramatuli koliziebiT. `Sahnames“ Tanaxmad, swored misi mefobisas moigones javSani, tanisamosis qsova da sasaxleTa mSenebloba. moipoves oqro-vercxli
da SemoiRes naosnoba. bednierebiT datkba qveyana, moispo sikvdili. jamSidis mefobaSi adamiani mudam axalgazrdad rCeboda.
igi arc berdeboda da arc kvdeboda. gaamayebulma jemSidma erT
dRes didebulebi moixmo da ganucxada: qveynad aravis vcnob,
sakuTari Tavis garda, Cemebr saxelovani ar unaxavs samefo
taxts. qveyana davamSvene sikeTiTa da bednierebiT. saWmeli,
tanisamosi, mxiaruleba da mosveneba Cemgan aqvs xalxs miRebuli. suli da gonebac meve giboZeT. amieridan unda miwodoT qveynis Semoqmedi! _ es sityvebi warmoTqva Tu ara, jamSids wamsve
ganeSora RvTiuri brwyinvaleba. mis sasaxleSi aRar darCa
arcerTi saxelovani. am dros gaCndeba zaaqi. igi iyo erTi didebulTaganis _ mardasis Svili. mas hyavda aTi aTasi cxeni da
amitom zaaqs `biverasfsac“ uwodebdnen.
zaaqi iyo udardeli da dros metwilad lxinSi atarebda. erT
dRes mas keTilis msurvelis saxiT Secvlili eSmaki (iblisi)
ecxadeba da arwmunebs zaaqs, rom samefo taxti da gvirgvini moxuc mamaze metad mas Seefereba. zaaqis TanxmobiT sasaxlesa da
taZars Soris eSmaki amoTxris ormos, romelSic ganTiadisas salocavad gamosuli zaaqis mama Cavardeba da suls ganutevebs.
amrigad, mamis taxts zaaqi Caigdebs xelSi. eSmaki isev icvlis saxes, gamoecxadeba zaaqs da mzareuls adgils mosTxovs. zaaqi
aiyvans mas mzareulad da misi saqmiT didad kmayofilic darCeba
da sTxovs mas sanacvlod rame isurvos misgan. eSmakic sTxovs
mas, rom neba darTos SiSveli mxrebis amborisa. zaaqi Txovnas
ausrulebs. amis emdeg eSmaki gauCinardeba, zaaqs ki mxrebze gve-
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lebi amoezrdeba. igi sasowarkveTilebaSi Cavardeba, mkurnalebi veRar Svelian. mkurnalis saxiT Secvlili eSmaki isev ecxadeba mas da urCevs, mxrebze amozrdil or gveleSaps sazrdod
adamianis tvini misces.
iranSi, sadac am dros jamSidi mefobs, areulobam iCina Tavi.
jamSidis morCileba aRaravis surda. iranelTa laSqari Tazianisaken (arabeTisaken) gaemarTa. zaaqi iranis mefed gamoacxades. Tavis mxriv, zaaqi rCeuli laSqriT gaemarTeba jamSidis
taxtisaken. dauZlurebuli da yvelasagan naRalatevi mefe jamSidi miatovebs taxts da ugzoukvlod gadaikargeba. asi wlis
Semdeg jamSids CineTis zRvaSi Seipyroben. zaaqis brZanebiT, mas
Suaze gaxerxaven. amgvarad, zaaqi iranis mbrZanebelic xdeba.
sparsuli literaturis istoriis nebismier wignSi moTxrobili am ambebis damowmeba (romelsac Cven, ZiriTadad, daviT
kobiZis `sparsuli literaturis istoriidan“ movixmobT) Cveni
kvlevisaTvis ramdenime mizniT dagvWirda. jer erTi, am sakmaod
vrceli Sinaarsidan aSkarad Cans is ZiriTadi epikuri birTvi,
romelic, zogadad, eposis Sinaarsobrivi maxasiaTebelia da erTgvar mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiT universalias warmoadgens.
literaturismcodneobaSi damkvidrebuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, pirobiTad `Sah-name“ sam araTanabar monakveTad SeiZleba daiyos: miTologiuri, sagmiro da istoriuli.
am ambavTa ubralo gadakiTxvac ki, SesaniSnavad dagvarwmunebs, rom nebismieri eris eposisa da zogadad miTologiis wiaRSi aq warmodgenili TiToeuli siuJeturi xazis uamravi analogiis daZebna SeiZleba. es aris erTgvari `maradiuli mxatvruli
motivebi“, romelic saukunidan saukuneSi, eridan erSi, enidan
enaSi mogzaurobs da mdidrdeba aTasgvari elferiTa da SinaarsiT. swored am universaluri Sinaarsis gamo gaxda `Sah-name“
iseTi sayvareli da axlobeli qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis, rom
aramxolod am poemis prozauli Targmanebi, aramed misi originaluri qarTuli gagrZelebebic ki Seiqmna.
albaT, ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom qarTul literaturul gemovnebaze imTaviTve umoqmedia poemis or plasts _ miTologiurs da sagmiros (romlis paralaluradac, Zalauneburad, Semodis samijnuro xazi), xolo istoriuli plasti qarTul sinamdvileSi SedarebiT auTvisebeli darCenila.
poemis qarTuli versiebis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi
uamravi naSromi dawerila. e. bertelsi Tavisi cnobili `sparsuli literaturis istoriis“ pirvel tomSi sagangebod miuTiTebs am Zeglis qarTul versiebze da me-15 saukuniT daTariRebul qarTul versias mecamete saukunis arabuli versiis gverdiT moixseniebs. igi aRniSnavs:
202
`maxlobel aRmosavleTSi `Sah-names“ teqstis umaravi (ZiriTadad prozauli) Targmani Sesrulda, romelTagan gansakuTrebuli Seswavlisa da aRniSvnis Rirsia Zeglis arabuli (me-13 s) da
qarTuli (me-15 s.) Targmanebi“ (bertelsi 1986: 75).
SesaniSnavi qarTveli iranisti aleqsandre gvaxaria ki werda:
`qarTvelebi adreve unda gascnobodnen firdousis poemas. savaraudoa, rom klasikur epoqaSi igi qarTulad Targmnes kidec.
erTi ram faqtia: am epoqis rig originalur qarTul ZeglebSi
ise xSirad ixsenieba `Sah-names“ gmirTa saxelebi, rom cxadia,
mkiTxvelsaTvis isini kargad unda yofiliyo cnobili (ix. `vefxistyaosani“, `Tamariani“, `abdulmesiani“, `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani“ da sxv.) erTi mcire detali kargad amJRavnebs, ra ostaturad iyenebs rusTveli `Sah-names“ gmirTa saxeebs.
sam weliwads Zebna avTandilma tarieli, magram mis kvalsac
ver miagno. klde-RreSi moxetiale raindi nadirobiT irCenda Tavs:
Tuca mxecqmnili avTandil gulamoskvniT da kvnesiTa,
egreca Wama moundis adamis tomTa wesiTa,
isriTa moklis nadiri, rostomis mklavugrZesiTa,
Sambisa pirsa gardaxda, cecxli daagzo kvesiTa.
rostomis gaxseneba aq SemTxveviTi ar aris. ramdenjermea
aRwerili `Sah-nameSi“ martodmarto moxetiale rostomis vaxSami, romelic isriT gangmiruli kanjris mwvadisagan Sedgeboda.
amave dros rostomis isari ganTqmuli iyo Tavisi sigrZiT. firdousi sagangebod usvams xazs, aSqabusis sxeulidan amoZrobilma isarma mnaxvelTa gaoceba gamoiwvia, radgan Subze ufro
grZeli iyoo. avTandilmac nadiri mokla rostomis mklavugrZesi (anu mklavze grZeli, Zalian grZeli isriT“ (gvaxaria 1985: 250).
aleqsandre gvaxaria iqve dasZens: `me-12 saukunis qaTul Targmans, Tuki aseTi arsebobda, Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. amJamad xelTa
gvaqvs me-15-me-18 saukuneebSi SemuSavebuli qarTuli versiebi, romelTac udidesi popularoba moipoves mTel saqarTveloSi“.
amasTan, qarTul enaze arsebobs `Sah-names“ rogorc leqsiTi,
ise prozauli versiebi.
leqsiTi versiebia: 1. `rostomiani“ (romelSic ambavi gadmocemulia zaalis dabadebidan gosTaSfis gardacvalebamde (zogjer am saTauris qveS gaerTianebulia yvela qarTuli versia). 2.
`zaaqiani“ aq galeqsilia zaaqisa da ferdiunis (fridonis) Tavgadasavali; 3. `uTruTian-saamiani“ _ aRwerilia ambavi gaiomarTis mefobidan zaalis Sobamde.
prozauli versiebia: 1. `fridoniani“, romelSic moTxrobilia zaaqis, feridunisa da manuCehris istoria. 2. uTruTian-saamiani, sadac gadmocemulia ambavi gaimorTis mefobidan zaalis
Sobamde. 3. `wigni saam falavanisa“ _ moicavs ambavs jamSidis
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mefobidan zaalisa da rudabes epizodamde. 4 . `baamiani“ _ aRwerilia baamanis brZola rostomis STamomavlebTan.
`Sah-names“ qarTuli versiebs ramdenime sayuradRebo naSromi uZRvna niko marma, romelic studentobis wlebidan dainteresda am ZegliT. maT Seswavlsa ki mtkice safuZveli Cauyara
iustine abulaZem `Sah-names“ qarTuli versiebis tomis gamoqveynebiT (1916). gansakuTrebiT didia am mxriv aleqsandre baramiZis Rvawli. man pirvelma aRmoaCina zogi axali qarTuli versia, sistemaSi moiyvana isini, gaarkvia da daazusta mTargmnelTa
vinaoba. aRsaniSnavia pirveli pirveli monografia firdousis
Sesaxeb, romelic masve ekuTvnis da saiubileo TariRs mieZRvna
(firdousi da misi `Sah-name“, 1934 w. ) amave wels a. SaniZis, i,
abulaZis, k. kekeliZis, p. ingoroyvasa da al.baramiZis redaqciiT gamoqveynda `Sah-names~ qarTuli versiebis meore tomi. es
saqme gaagrZela da warmatebiT daagvirgvina daviT kobiZem.
qarTuli versiebis sparsul wyaroebs man sagangebo monografia
uZRvna (1959), xolo 1974 wels gamoaqveyna qarTuli versiebis
ukanaskneli, mesame tomi“ (gvaxaria 1995: 252).
aRniSnuli Tematikis sakiTxebs aseve ikvlevda damowmebuli
striqonebis avtori aleqsandre gvaxaria. sul axlaxan ki `Sahnames“ qarTuli versiebis Sesaxeb originaluri gamokvleva
gamosca lili JorJolianma. ase rom, SeiZleba iTqvas, sakiTxi,
erovnul mecnierebaSi, TiTqmis amomwuravad aris Seswavlili;
TemasTan dakavSirebuli problematikis wre ki, didi xania,
gamokveTilia da saTanadod damuSavebuli.
cxadia, qarTul literaturis mcodneobaSi didi xania daisva
sakiTxi imazec, Tu ra gaxda sparsuli saraindo romanebis saqarTveloSi aseTi gavrcelebis safuZveli. ratom dainteresdnen qarTvelebi ase gadametebulad im xalxis mwerlobiT, romelsac ebrZodnen da romelTa winaaRmdeg erovnuli iersaxis
SesanarCuneblad didi Zalisxmevis moxmoba uwevdaT?
imave d. kobiZis SeniSvniT: `mefeTa wignis“ versiebisadmi
didi interesi (saqarTveloSi) me-15-me-16 saukuneebidan iRviZebs. bunebrivia, rom am drois qarTveloba, romelic Semoseuli
mtrebis (erTi mxriv, iranelebisa da meore mxriv, Turqebis) winaaRmdeg brZolaSi xSirad saswaulebs axdenda, sulier sazrdos sagmiro nawarmoebebSi moTxrobil ambebSi xedavda, ambebSi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, gmirobisaTvis _ samSoblos dasacavad eZaxda qarTvel mamuliSvilebs. am garemoebebs ar SeeZlo
erTgvari biZgi ar mieca Cveni winaprebisaTvis, ar aReZra maTi
interesi sagmiro Txzulebebisadmi da, maT Soris, mefeTa wignisadmi, romlis gmirebi ( rotomi, zaali da sxv.) Zveli droidanve
iyvnen CvenSi cnobili. qarTveli xalxis did bunebas, mis keTilSobilur grZnobebsa da sakacobrio kulturis Rrma siyvaruls
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unda mieweros is garemoeba, rom mas mudam hqonda pativiscema
da siyvaruli xSirad misi amaoxreblebis _ iranelebis didi
poeziiisadmi“ (kobiZe 1975: 35).
`sparsul poezias, _ rogorc amas aRniSnavs ivane javaxiSvili,
_ didi gavlena hqonda qarTvelebze da misi sagmiro Tu saaSiko
sityviereba qarTvelobas uyvarda da Sehxaroda imgvaradve, rogorc TviT sparselebi Sehxarodnen“ (gafrindaSvili 1982: 87).
cxadia, es garemoeba erT-erTi yvelaze logikuri da empiriuli axsnaa imisa, Tu ratom gaxda aseTi popularuli eposi
CvenTvis saintereso periodis saqarTveloSi, magram garda
istoriul-socialuri mizezebisa, literaturis gavrcelebisa
Tu literaturuli gemovnebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi, aranakleb
rols TamaSobs iseTi faqtorebi, romlebic zedapirze ar Zevs
da eTnofsiqologiis garkveul cvlilebebTan aris dakavSirebuli. amave wignSi, rodesac qarTul-aRmosavlur literaturul universaliebs vexebiT, vcadeT, ufro dawvrilebiT gangvexila gemovnebis Camoyalibebisa da gavrcelebis es cxadi Tu
dafaruli mizezebi. aq ki aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi garemoeba,
rom qarTvelebi `Sah-names“ sagmiro saraindo eposidan yvelaze
gamokveTil cnobiswadils `rostomianis“ saxeliT cnobili pasaJebisadmi amJRavnebdnen.
aleqsandre gvaxarias marTebuli SeniSvniT, `Sah-names“ qarTuli versiebis centraluri nawilia `rostomiani“ anu rostomis saxelTan dakavSirebuli epizodebi. es bunebrivia, radgan
rostomi firdousis usayvarelsi gmiria da mas uZRvna poetma
Tavis Txzulebis umetesi da ukeTesi nawili“ (gvaxaria 1996: 249).
rostomis ambavi, datvirTuli Sinaarsobrivi da emociuri
koliziebis gamo, Zalian saintereso iyo qarTuli auditoriisaTvis da amitomac am ambavTa calkeuli detali araerTxel
damuSavda da SemoqmedebiTad iqna aTvisebuli.
qarTul mecnerebaSi, didi xania, garkveulia, rom qarTuli
`rostomiani“ ZiriTadad ori piris naxelavia: mTavari nawili
gauleqsavs (Cans, dazianebuli prozauli Targmanis mixedviTo,
acxadebs aleqsandre gvaxaria) serapion sogratis Ze sabaSvils,
dasaruli ki _ xosrov TurmaniZes. maT Sesaxeb cnobebs TviT
qarTul teqstSi vpoulobT:
am rostomTa gamleqsavi, sogratis Ze, sabas Svili,
mxatvaria xelovani, leqsulevi, sityvatkbili.
sabaSvilis kedelauradac ixseneben qarTuli wyaroebi. igi
moRvaweobda me-15 saukunis miwurulsa da me-16 saukunis dasawyisSi. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, mas xelT unda hqonoda prozauli Targmani, oRond iq, sadac qarTul teqsts aklda, igi uSualod sparsul wyaros mimarTavda:
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ama wignsa ulevelsa, _ grZelad uTqvams kaca brZensa,
Tavi bolo nakluli aqvs, rac rom uTqvams enas Cvensa.
cota rame me varCive, _ sakiTxavad mogalxensa,
rac aklia, vinc aTavoT, _ samoTxe xvdes sulsa Tqvensa.
aleqsandre gvaxarias SeniSvniT, originalTan siaxloviT,
rostomiani metnakleb sxvadasxvaobas amJRavnebs, magram ZiriTadi siuJeturi xazi yvelgan daculia. zogjer ki, gansakuTrebiT, roca mTargmneli uSualod sparsul teqsts mimarTavs,
igi sakmaod zustad gadmogvcems dedans. aseT SemTxvevaSi, qarTul Targmans didi mniSvneloba eniWeba sakuTriv sparsuli
teqstis SeswavlisaTvis.
rostomianis meore mTargmneli ase gvacnobs Tavis Tavs:
kurTxeulimc ars ufali, yovlismpyrobeli zesia,
me xosrov TurmanisZeman ambavi vpove esia,
ucxo turfa da lamazi sparsulad iyo esia,
patronman Cemmna mibrZana, qarTulad were esia.
xosrov TurmanisZe moRvaweobda svimon pirvelis karze me-16
saukunis meore naxevarSi. igi, rogorc misi sityvebidan Cans da
Targmanis SeswavliTac irkveva, uSualod sparsul teqsts iyenebda. man aramarto daasrula rostomiani, aramed wina, sabaSviliseul nawilSic CaurTo zogi ram.
rostomianis garda, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, gvaqvs calkeuli
damoukidebeli Zeglebi, romlebic an uSualod `Sah-names“ an
mis mimbaZvelebs ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, `zaaqiani“ gauleqsavs
XVII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi moRvawe mdivan-mwignobars mamuka TavaqaraSvils, romelsac agreTve zogi prozauli versia gadaunusxavs. uTruTian-saamiani gauleqsavs barZim vaCnaZes. garkveuli roli qarTuli versiebis gadamuSavebaSi Seasrula cnobilma istorikosma farsadan gorgijaniZem (gvaxaria 1995: 252).
bolo xans, zaaqianis sparsuli da qarTuli versiebi erTmaneTs Seujera da Zalze mniSvnelovani monografia gamosca lili
JorJolianma. man dawvrilebiT Seiswavla firdousis `Sah-nameSi“ warmodgenili zaaqis ambavi, aseve firdousis Txzulebis
Seqmnis Semdeg Camoyalibebuli zaaqis Tqmulebis rogorc sparsuli, ise qarTuli wyaroebi da sxvadasxva periodSi fiqsirebuli am Txzulebis fragmentebi (JorJoliani 2002: 3).
zaaqianis garda, qarTulad SemorCenilia ramdenime Txzuleba,
romlebic rostomanis (anu qarTuli `Sah-names“) Tavisebur gagrZelebebs an mibaZvas warmoadgenen. magaliTad, `barziname~. qarTul
rostomians, romelsac, xosrov TurmaniZis cnobiT, `sxvac bevri aklda“, hklebia, kerZod, barzus ambavi. amitom am xarvezis Sevseba
TviTon xosrosve ukisria. mas uTargmnia barzus ambavi da 377
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strofad Seutania `rostomianis“ im nawilSi, romelic serapionma
galeqsa. amitom aris, rom xosro TurmaniZe gveubneba: `spandierbarzus ambavi aw srulad gaigonebis“.
a. baramiZis SeniSvniT, `barzus ambavi rom xosrov TurmaniZes
ekuTvnis `rostomianSi“ es Tu gnebavT, misi leqsidanac gamoicnoba:
es ambavi imave uxeSi, ulazaTo da gaumarTavi rusTveluri SairiTaa
dawerili, romelic damaxasiaTebelia saerTod xosros poeturi
stilisa da Semoqmedebisa (baramiZe 1956: 83-84). oRond, korneli
kekeliZis ganmartebiT, barzus ambavis xosro TurmaniZiseuli Targmani `barzunamedan“ ki ar momdinareobs, aramed barzus im ambebidan, romelTac adgili aqvT TviT sparsuli `Sah-names“ zogierT
nusxaSi (kekeliZe 1981: 347-348).
is Txzuleba ki, romelsac qarTulad `baamiani“ ewodeba, gadmogvcems spandiatis Svilis _ baamanis an ardaSiris sagmiro Tavgadasavals. baamanis ambavi `Sah-nameSi“ SedarebiT mokled aris moTxrobili. es ambavi gauvrcia da Seuvsia sxva mravalgvari zRapruli epizodiT, umTavresad rostomis ojaxis wevrTa saarako TemaTagan
amoRebuliT, viRac anonims 1120 wlis maxloblad da dauweria
vrceli poema, romelic oTx nawilad iyofa (moli 1921: 13).
korneli kekeliZis cnobiT, qarTul enaze Senaxulia `baamianis“
prozauli Targmani, romelic daculia xelnawerSi 999. qarTul
Targmans safuZvlad dasdebia sparsuli leqsiTi versia, romelic
damuSavebuli unda iyos arauadres XV saukunisa. samwuxarod, am
erTaderT, dResdReobiT unikalur xelnawerSi, es poema Senaxula
uTavbolod. SuaSic, alag-alag mravali carieli adgilia datovebuli, vinaidan gadamwers dedani dazianebuli hqonia. am prozauli
Targmanis ena iseTivea, rogoric prozauli `fridonianisa~ da `saamianisa~. maSasadame, es Zeglic naTargmni unda iyos araugvianes XVI
saukunis meore naxevrisa. amis safuZvlad korneli kekeliZes miaCnda teqstSi iseTi sityvebs gamoyeneba, rogoricaa: `farsangi“, `politike kineni“ da iseTi formisa, rogoricaa: `acavsiliyo“. garda
amisa, aq xSirad gamoyenebulia igive sityvebi da winadadebani, romelTac xSirad vxdebiT `uTruTian-saamianSi“ (kekeliZe 1981: 349-350).
`Sah-names“ mimbaZveloba CvenTvis saintereso epoqis saqarTveloSi, garda uSualod firdousis poemisa da misi sparsuli gagrZelebebis SinaarsTa gadmoRebisa, kidev erTi _ `SedarebiT originaluri“ _ kuTxiT ganviTarebula. kerZod, rodesac gmirTa saxelebi auRiaT da isini, axal-axali TavgadasavlebiTa da koliziebiT,
sruliad sxva, gansxavebul garemoSi CauyenebiaT: es mwerluri manera postmodrenistuli prozis stilistikas mogvagonebs. warmoSobis mizezebi ki praqtikulad erTi da igive aqvT: rodesac literaturuli siuJeti Sedis iseT fazaSi, romelsac ori mimarTulebiT
ganviTareba SeuZlia: an krizisisaken an xelaxali, SemoqmedebiTi
gadamuSavebiT, axali sinamdvilis Seqmnisaken (eko 2010: 821).
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aseT TxzulebaTa gamokveTili nimuSia sagmiro saraindo moTxroba `sirinoziani“. is Sedgeba ori karisagan: `kari pirveli maSriyis
xelmwifis ardafisa da Zisa misisa sirinozisa, anbavi Sesaqcevelad
sasmeni“; da kari meore _ `anbavi maSriyTa xelmwifisa sirinozisa da
Zisa misisa marixisa“.
pirveli kari Sedgeba 30 Tavisagan da misi Sinaarsi mokled aris
moTxrobili korneli kekeliZis `Zveli qarTuli literaturis
istoriis“ II tomSi.
korneli kekeliZis SeniSvniT, Txzuleba sxva enaze ar Semonaxula. yovel SemTxvevaSi, jer-jerobiT cnobili araa. amitom ismis
sakiTxi: originaluria is Tu naTargmni? vinme iveriSvili, romelic
pirvelad Seexo sirinozians mas Tvlis sparsuliadn gadaTargmnil
Txzulebad (Сиринозиани Историко-литературный этюд, газ ,,Кавказ, 1898,
№» 219, 221, 223, 224) iveriSvils mTlianad eyrdnoba am sakiTxSi al.
xaxanaSvilic. Tavisi Sexedulebis dasadastureblad isini uCvenebdnen Txzulebis sparsizmebs: sparsul geografiul da pirTa
saxelebs, romlebic xSirad `San, Sah“-iT arian daboloebulni, sparul sityvebs da a, S. korneli kekeliZe ki miiCnevs da savsebiT samarTlianad, rom es sabuTebi sakmarisi araa, radgan: 1) TxzulebaSi
yuradRebas ipyrobs aramarto `sparsizmebi“, aramed Turqizmebic,
berZnizmebic (sakuTar saxelTa daboloeba `oziT, TviT saxeli sirinozic dakavSirebulia sityvasTan `seirenos“ da iTargmneba
TxzulebaSi, rogorc `zRvis Sobili“) rusicizmebic (stoli, minuti, ukiane, armia da sxv.) da wminda wylis `qarTulizmebico“ , _ ironiulad dasZens k. kekeliZe (magaliTad: `kaxuris dalevao“) 2)TxzulebaSi gatarebulia antisparsuli tendencia, sparseTi aq warmodgenilia, rogorc wyaro yovelgvari borotebis, daCagvris da Seviwrovebisa (kekeliZe 1981: 351)
Cven savsebiT viziarebT didi mecnieris am Tvalsazriss kidev
erTi arsebiTi garemoebis gamo: TxzulebaSi daculi sparsuli
leqsikis kvleva gviCvenebs, rom mis avtors arc ise kargad, ufro
sworad an saerTod ara, an kidev Zalze cudad unda scodnoda sparsuli. amis gacxadebis safuZvels gvaZlevs sparsul sityvaTa aramarTebuli fiqsacia da aseve xmabaZviTi sityvebi, romlebic TiTqos
aRmosavlur-sparsuli warmomavlobisaa, magram sinamdvileSi mxolod ucodinari adamianis mibaZvas waagavs aRmosavlur enaTa musikisas. am Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare aseve mxars vuWerT varauds,
rom es Txzuleba sparsulidan naTargmni ki ara, sparsuli saraindo
romanebis gavleniT Seqmnili originaluri nawarmoebi unda iyos.
aRniSnuli Txzulebis qarTuli Targmani ekuTvnis batoniSvil
ioanes, romelsac is gadmouRia 1791 wels. amis Sesaxeb k. kekeliZis
cnobiT, leningradis sajaro biblioTekis xelnawerSi №17 naTqvami
yofila Semdegi:
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`iindis enidam gardmoRebuli davriS seidisagan, romelsac gardmouRia wigni ese seilan nama, romel ars tkbili da amo sasmeneli
sparsulad, da sparsulidam me gardmoviRe batoniSvilma ioanem,
qarTulsa enasa zeda, romelic aris Svid wignad moxseniebuli TurqTa iindTa, sparsTa sindTa, jinTa, urumTa, CinelTa, abaSTa, CrdiloelTa, SvidTa yafis mTaTa da eiarisa mindorT devTa da arabTa,
iamanenTa da sxvaTa mravalTa xelmwifeTa omi, romelic rom am
wignSi mouTxrobs. da didni falavnobisa saqmeni, romelic kacTa
sasmenelad amoni arian“.
dazustebuli ar aris Svidive wigni gadmoiRo Tu ara batoniSvilma ioanem, radgan Cvenamde mxolod eqvsi wignia moRweuli. aqedan
sakuTriv pirveli wignis saxelwodeba `seilanname“, meorisa _
`jangname“, mesamisa _ `ardaSername“, meoTxisa _ `rumname“,
mexuTisa _ `maSriyname“, meeqvse wignisa ki `iada“.
a. xaxanaSvili miiCnevda, rom `seilaniani“ erT-erTi sparsuli
Txzulebis `sahebyeranis“ gadmokeTebas warmoadgenda. sparsul enaze marTlac arsebobs erT-erTi Txzuleba `busTane xiial“ (`ocnebis walkoti“), romelic dawerilia 1742-1752 wlebSi da sam nawilad iyofa. mesame nawils, romelic rva tomisagan Sedgeba, ewodeba
`sahebyeran-name“, vinaidan mTavari gmiris, muiz ad-dinis tituli
iyo sahebyeran aqbari. Tumca korneli kekeliZe aRniSnavs, rom
saeWvoa, Cveni seilaniani am wigns gulisxmobdes, radgan jer erTi,
seilanianis dedani induri yofila da ara sparsuli da meorec, imaSi
muiz ad-dini sulac ar gvxvdebao (kekelZe 1981: 361). garda amisa,
sparsulad arsebobs agreTve „jang-name“ (`omebis wigni“) da es aris
seilanianis meore wignis saxelwodeba, magram masac araviTari saerTo ar aqvs qarTul TxzulebasTan. sparsul `jang-nameSi“ aRwerilia
sparseTis yureSi mdebare kunZul yeSmis aReba Sah abbasis mier 1623
wels. k. kekeliZis SeniSvniT, arc induri originali da arc sparsuli Targmani am Txzulebisa jer-jerobiT cnobili ar aris, riTac
ufro meti fasi eZleva Cvens `seilanians“ (kekeliZe 1981: 361).
am yaidis kidev erTi Tzuleba, romelic Cvenamde mravali xelnaweriT Semonaxula, aris e. w. `aleqsandriani“. is warmoadgens aleqsandre makedonelis sagmiro saqmeTa aRweras da rogorc mkvlevrebi varaudoben, qarTul enaze jer kidev klasikur xanaSi unda
yofiliyo cnobili, magram es Zveli Targmani, samwuxarod, droTa
msvlelobaSi dakargula da Cvenamde ar Semonaxula. samagierod,
aRorZinebis xanas moucia misi axali Targmani, romelic a. xaxanaSvilis mosazrebiT, gadmoRebulia serbiul redaqciidan cota gansxvavebul detalebSi: mTargmnels zogi alagi gamoutovebia, zogi
Seumoklebia, zogi ram kidev TviTon Seutania Sig. korneli kekeliZe
aRniSnavs: `al. xaxanaSvilis daskvnebi da argumentebi imis Sesaxeb,
rom qarTul TargmanSi gvaqvs serbiuli redaqcia, imdenad damaje-
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rebelia, rom maT winaaRmdeg an maT Sesavsebad ara gveTqmis ra“
(kekeliZe 1981: 362).
„aleqsandriani“ qarTulad uTargmnia arCil mefes, romelsac is
unaxavs rusT qveyanas da mere Targmani leqsad gamouTqvams viRac
meleqses. aqedan advili gasagebia, Tu rogor moxda, rom qarTul
Targmans safuZvlad daedo serbuli redaqcia: rodesac arCili
sabolood damkvidrda ruseTSi, 1799 wlidan, man iq ipova albaT
serbuli redaqciidan momavali rusuli Targmani am sagmiro romanisa da rusulidan gadmoiRo qarTulad. xolo mere viRacam galeqsa. magram vin aris es meleqse? meleqse Tavisi Sromis boloSi ambobs:
`vinebe petere galeqsad ama aleqsandrianisa“. imis Taobaze, Tu vin
iyo es petre, qarTul mecnierebaSi sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobda.
p. yvicariZe fiqrobda, rom es petre sasuliero piri unda yofiliyo, magram vin, amas konkretulad ver asaxelebda. ieroTam beraZe
miiCnevda, rom es petre unda yofiliyo cnobili petre laraZe,
TumcaRa Tavis mosazrebas ver asabuTebda.
sakiTxi nusxaTa SejerebiTa da zogierT nusxaze SemorCenil
cnobaTa meSveobiT sabolood gaarkvia akademikosma korneli
kekeliZem:
`aleqsandrians zogierT nusxa-saTaurSi Semounaxavs aseTi cnoba: `me mdivan-mwignobarman Cxataras Zeman petre ruseTiT miRebuli
ambvisagan gardmoRebiT gavleqse da aw xelaxla gamoTqmiT ambaT
aRmiweria wigni ese“. aqedan irkveva, rom gamleqsavi, ruseTidan motanili, arCilis meir Targmnili `aleqsandrianisa“ yofila vinme
mdivan-mgalobel mwignobari CxatarasZe petre. am petres Sesaxeb
cnobebi Semounaxavs anton I kaTalikossa da `kalmasobis“ avtors
ioane batoniSvils.
antoni ambobs:
petre mestixe meSaire maRali,
aleqsandresTa didisaTa momTxrobi.
ioane batoniSvili ki mamisa petre Cxatarais-Zisa gurielisaTvis
wers: `mama petre gurieli Cxatarais-Ze iqmna siyrmiTganve monazon.
iman iswava xedviTi xelovneba da iqmna mecnier da werilTa Sina
gamocdil. aman Seawyo istoria aleqsandre makedonelisa mSvenier
enasa zeda. manve aRwera mravalni kargni stixni da Sairni, egreTve
ganswavla mravalni mowafeni“ (ioane batoniSvili 1986: 181). pl.ioselianis cnobiT, petre `CxatarisSvils“, trapizonSi aRzrdils, dauweria leqsad `cxovreba saqarTvelos mefe aleqsadresi“ da uwyeba
qristianobis Sesaxeb qobuleTSi. gardacvlila is 1725 wels da
dakrZaluli yofila TbilisSi, sionis taZarSi.
petre Tavad ambobs, rom ubrZanes `aleqsandrianis“ galeqsva.
korneli kekeliZis TqmiT, vin iyo mbrZanebeli? ara arCili, rogorc
konteqstiT SeiZleboda gvefiqra, aramed imereT-odiST-guriis
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ganmgebeli beJan dadiani da misi diswuli giorgi CiCua“, rogorc es
damowmebulia TviT petres mier zogierTi nusxis saTaurSi. beJan
dadiani gardacvlila 1728 wels, maSasadame amaze gvian Txzuleba
ver gaileqseboda. ver gaileqseboda is 1713 welze adrec, radgan aq
arCilze warsul droSia laparaki (`vin iyo qebuli“). amrigad,
petres `aleqsandriani~ gauleqsavs 1713-1728 wlebSi. petre uxvad
sargeblobs SedarebisaTvis qarTuli sityvakazmuli mwerlobis
ZeglebiT, rogoricaa: `Sah-name“, ,,visramiani“, `vefxistyaosani“,
`amirandarejaniani“, `iosebzilixaniani“, `leilmajnuniani“ da sxv.
asaxelebs agreTve Cvenamde arSenaxuli romeliRac Txzulebis gmirebs: dalalmano da mzemasuls.
sagmiro-safalavno eposis garda, qarTvelebi CvenTvis saintereso periodSi didi interess amJRavneben, rogorc ivane javaxiSvili wers, `saaSiko ambebis“ anu romantikuli eposis misamarTiT.
romantikuli eposi XV-XVIII saukuneebis qarTul mwerlobaSi, ZiriTadad, warmodgenilia an `vefxistyaonis“ gagrZelebaTa anda aRmosavluri romantikuli poemebis Targman-adaptaciaTa saxiT.
romantikuli eposi
cxadia, dayofa sagmiro-safalavno da romantikul eposad pirwmindad pirobiT xasiaTs atarebs da teqstSi, SesaZloa, sagmiro da
sasiyvarulo ambebi erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli arc iyos. an ufro
zustad: romanuli epizdebi gvxvdebodes sagmiro safalavno eposSi
anda samijnuro ambebs erTvodes sagmiro-safalavno koliziebi.
magaliTad, `rostomianis“ ZiriTad siuJetur qargaSi SesaniSnavad
aris Casmuli TahminesTan gatarebuli Ramis epizodi. amis miuxedavad, wamyvani Temis mixedviT, mainc jobs, eposis SigniT, erTmaneTisagan gamovyoT sxvadasxva mimarTulebis nawarmoebebi.
rac Seexeba `vefxistyaosnis“ damatebebs, cnobilia, rom `vefxistyaosans~, rogorc yvelaze popularul nawarmoebs, saukuneTa manZilze ganucidia mravalgvari cvlileba, rogoricaa teqstis Sesworeba, sityvebis Secvla, strofebis Camateba da gamokleba, magram
es kidev araferi, droTa ganmavlobaSi ama Tu im mweralsa da
meleqses mTeli Tavebi da epizodebi daurTavs misTvis. damatebani,
ZiriTadad, gvaqvs poemis boloSi. esenia:
1. arabeTidan tarieli da nestani Tavisi megobrebiTurT gamoemarTnen indoeTisaken. erT-erT strofSi aRwerilia maTi mgzavroba da mere uceb iwyeba saubari imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor `tariels
da colsa missa mixvda maTi sawadeli“, ese igi, rogor gamefdnen
isini. vinme meleqses aRZvria survili SeeTxza ambavi, imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra pirobebSi gamefda avTandili, cocxlebi iyvnen maTi dabrunebisas nestanis mSoblebi Tu ara, an ra mdgomareobaSi iyo TviT
indoeTi. am mizniT mas CaurTavs aRniSnul strofebs Sua Tavebi:
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`tarielisagan indoeTs misvla da xataelT damorCileba“ da zogierTi detali `tarielisa da nestan-darejanis qorwilSi“.
2. poema Tavdeba tarielisa da nestan-darejanis samSobloSi
dabrunebisa da maTi gamefebis ambiT. ucnob meleqses dabadebia
sakiTxi: ra moxda maTi gamefebis Semdeg, rogor cxovrobdnen isini,
ra urTierToba damyarda tarielsa da xvarazmSas Soris. am sakiTxebze mas upasuxnia axali gagrZelebiT, sadac aRwerilia tarielis
dabruneba da xvarazmSasagan sisxlis Zebnad mosvla indoeTs, tarielisagan Tavisi megobrebis saSvelad miwveva, omi xvaramzelTa, indoTa, arabTa, TurqTa.
3. saintereso iyo imis gaTvaliswineba, Tu rogor aRasrules
dReni Tvisni am Zmadnaficma megobrebma. amitom erT meleqses aRuweria gardacvaleba tarielisa da nestan-darejanisa, avTandilisa
da TinaTinisa, datireba maTi fridonis mier da gardacvaleba am
ukanasknelisac.
4. vinme meleqses ufiqria, rom iseTi adamianebi, rogorebic iyvnen tarieli da avTandili, sikvdilis win raime anderZs datovebdnen, amitomac mas marTlac SuTxzavs aseTi anderZi orive megobrisa, romlisTvisac mere kidev daumatebiaT axal-axali anderZebi
(kekeliZe 1981: 367).
am versiaTa CamoTvlis Semdeg, korneli kekeliZe svams sakiTxs
imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis hqondaT adgili am damatebaTa galeqsvas da
aRniSnavs: `Znelia garkveva. yovel SemTxvevaSi unda dawyebuliyo
isini arauadres meTxuTmete-meTeqvsmete saukuneebisa“ (kekeliZe
1981: 368)
`im mokle moTxrobaTa garda, romelnic damatebis saxiT darTvia `vefxistyaosans“, arsebobs mTeli Txzuleba TiTqmis `vefxistyaosnis“ zomisa, romelic SeiZleba mis gagrZelebad miviCnioT. es
aris `omaniani“. mkiTxvel sazogadoebaSi dabadebula survili, gaTvaliswinebuli yofiliyo aramarto piradi damokidebuleba tariel-nestansa da avTandil-TinaTins Soris maT sicocxleSi, aramed
maTi gardacvalebis Semdegac maT STamomavlobaSi. es mizani dausaxavs `omanianis“ avtors _ aRniSnavs korneli kekeliZe (kekeliZe
1981: 370).
Txzuleba savsea aRmosavluri esTetikiT, aTasgvari aluziiT,
romelnic organul naTesaobas amJRavneben erTian mxatvrul
(aRmosavlur) sivrcesTan.
akademikos korneli kekeliZes garkveuli aqvs Txzulebis avtoris vinaobaca da daweris miaxloebiTi TariRic. misi azriT,
`omaianis“ avtoria qaixosro omaniSvil-ColoyaSvili, xolo Txzuleba dawerili unda iyos 1609-1613 wlebSi.
rac Seexeba sakuTriv samijnuro an romantikul eposs, me-15 me-18
saukunis qarTul mwerlobaSi es Janri ramdenime TxzulebiT aris
warmodgenili. upirvelesad, rasakvirvelia, sainteresoa „ioseb-
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zilixanianis“ qarTuli versiebi, romelTagan erTis avtoria Teimuraz pirveli, xolo mere versia anonimis kalams ekuTvnis.
`iosebzilixanianis“ qarTuli versiebis Seswavlasac, iseve, rogorc qarTul-sparsuli literaturuli urTierTobebis mravali
sakiTxis garkvevas, didi amagi dasdo profesorma aleqsandre gvaxariam. man calke, monografiulad Seiswavla ucnobi avtoris versia
da ikvlia misi savaraudo wyaroebi, Semdeg ki ramdenime narkvevi
uZRvna Teimuraz pirvelis versiasac da mis savaraudo sparsul
wyaroebsac.
albaT gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom me-17 saukunis
qarTul literaturaSi samijnuro eposis erT-erTi yvelaze xelxvaviani warmoamdgenelia mefe Teimuraz pirveli, romlis saxelsac
ukavSirdeba sparsuli literaturul gemovnebisa da esTetikis
farTod Semotana qarTul sityvierebaSi. misi poemebi `leilmajnuniani“, `vard-bulbuliani“ da `ioseb-zilixaniani“ dawerilia
aRmosavleTis xalxTa literaturaSi Teimurazamde mravaljer
damuSavebul Temebze, magram d. kobiZis marTebuli SeniSvniT, es
imas ar niSnavs, rom Cveni poeti garkveuli literaturuli Zeglebis
mTargmnelad gvevlineba, igi ki ar Targmnis am sityvis Tanamedrove
mniSvnelobiT, `leilmajnunians“, `vardbulbuliansa“ Tu `iosebzilixanians“, aramed am Temebze, iraneli poetebis mier Seqmnil
nawarmoebTa gacnobis niadagze, Taviseburad amuSavebs maT.
qarTveli literaturismcodneebis interesi Tavidanve mimarTuli iyo im sakiTxis gasarkvevad, Tu romel iranel poetTa nawarmoebebs icnobda da iyenebda Teimurazi. cnobilia, rom Teimurazi moRvaweobs im epoqaSi, roca iranSi sakmaod momZlavrebulia
sefianTa dinastia. specialistTa erTsulovani azriT, sefianTa
epoqis literatura Tavisi xasiaTiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom man ver
mogvca iseTi maRalxarisxovani mxatvruli nawarmoebebi, riTac
xasiaTdeba sparsuli literaturis klasikuri periodi, mainc mravalmxriv sayuradRebo movlenaa (ripka 1975: 56). sparsul enaze
dawerili `leil-majnunianisa~ da `xosrov-Sirinianis~ versiebis
udidesi nawili swored sefianTa epoqaSi Seiqmna. am epoqis poetebi
baZaven sparsuli literaturis klasikuri periodis warmoamadgenlebs, TavdaviwyebiT mRerian, leilisa da majnunis, xosrovisa da
Sirinis, vameyisa da azras romanul urTierTobebze, magram ver
aRweven iseT mxatvrul sisrules, riTac onsoris, nizami ganjelis,
amir xosrous anda jamis Semoqmedeba xasiaTdeba (kobiZe 1975: 56).
daviT kobiZem ivarauda, rom Teimurazis „leilmajnunianis“ mTavari literaturuli wyaroa ara nizami ganjelis poema, aramed
TeimurazTan qronologiurad ufro axlos mdgomi poeti Seix saad
rahai xvafeli, romelic 1576 wlis Semdgom gardacvlila. Seix saad
ed-dinis `leil-majnunianis“ sparsuli versia jerjerobiT erTaderTi xelnaweriT aris cnobili da igi inaxeba bodleanaSi.
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es varaudi marTebuli Cans ramdenime garemoebis gamo.
daviwyoT iqidan, rom leilisa da majnunis siyvarulis ambavi
aRmosavlur literaturaSi araerTxel damuSavda. rogorc cnobilia, meSvide saukunis meore naxevris arabul poeziaSi ganviTarda
poeziis specifikuri saxeoba, romelic ara arabuli tradiciuli
kasidis aucilebeli Semadgeneli elementis e. w. nasabis saxiT aramed, damoukidebel poetur nimuSebs gvTavazobda satrfialo
Tematikaze. am tipis poezia, ZirTadad, ori mimarTulebiT gaiSala:
erTi beduinur, xolo meore urbanul-saqalaqo garemoSi. magram
orive es mimarTuleba Tavidan arabeTis naxevarkunZulis sazRvrebs
ar gascilebia (xalili 1996: 46).
beduinuri poeziis Taviseburebebs grZnobaTa siwminde da naTqvamis mxatvruli silamaze warmoadgenda (al.faxuri 1953: 57). am
skolis poetebs uzriel mgosnebsac uwodeben. saxelwodeba aRebulia arabeTis naxevarkunZulis hijazis mxareSi mosaxle bani uzras
tomisagan, romlis warmomadgenlebsac siyvarulSi did Tavdadebasa da siwrfeles miawerdnen da sayovelTaod miRebuli Sexedulebis
Tanaxmad, uzrielTa warmomadgenlebi didi da ararealizebuli
siyvarulis gamo ixocebodnen.
siyvarulis gamo sikvdilis motivi Semdgomi periodis aRmosavlur literaturaSi farTod gavercelda, rasac ZiriTadad,
sufiuri filosofiisa da esTetikis ganviTarebam Suwyo xeli, magram Tavidan uzriuli siyvaruli gulisxmobda erTgvar platonur
siyvaruls, romelic Sors iyo xorcieli tkbobisagan da mijnurisaTvis uangaro Tavdadebas iTvaliswinebda. amitomac am skolis
mraval poets, imis miuxedavad, iyo Tu ara bani uzras tomis warmomadgeneli, mainc uzriel poets uwodeben. ise ki, saerTod, TiTqmis
yvela uzrieli poeti arabeTis naxevarkunZulis Crdilo-dasavleTi mxris mcxovrebi iyo. ToToeuli uzrieli poeti Tavis leqsebSi
mxolod erTaderT satrfos umReris, romelsac nazi, wrfeli da
aumRvreveli siyvaruliT etrfis da ZiriTadad SeyvarebulTan
gayriT gamowveul tanjvas maRalmxatvruli ostatobiT gadmogvcems. am poetebidan SegviZlia davasaxeloT: jamili (busainas
metrfe), qusairi (azzas metrfe) da kais ibn mulavvahi (lailis
metrfe). literaturis istorikosTa SeniSvniT, SesaZloa, realurad arc arsebobda es kais ibn mulavvahi da igi mxlod tragikuli
metrfis erTgvar simbolos warmoadgens xalili 1996: 45). yovel
SemTxvevaSi, kais ibn mulavvahi, romelsac `majnuni“ anu `Slegi“ leilis trfialebis gamo Searqves (`mijnuri Smagsa gviqvian arabuliTa
eniTa“ _ rusTveli), tragikuli siyvarulis erTgvar simbolod
iqca, romlis Temasac Sua saukuneebis aRmosavluri literatura
araerTgzis miubrunda da sxvadasxva epoqaSi sxvadasxva donis mxatvruli nawarmoebebi Seiqmna.
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aRmosavluri literaturis istorikosTa aRiarebiT, mocemul
Temaze Seqmnili poemebidan mxatvrulad yvelaze maRal safexurze
dgas nizami ganjelis `leili o majnun“ (bertelsi 1960: 49), magram im
periodisaTvis rodesac moRvaweobda Teimurazi pirveli, me-12
saukuneSi dawerili ganjelis poema enobrivad ukve Zalian daSorebuli iyo imdroindel spasul realobas da savaraudebelia, rom
qarTvel mefeze, romelmac sparsuli SesaniSnavad icoda, ufro didi STabeWdilebas misi Tanamedrove avtoris Txzuleba moaxdenda.
garda amisa, nizami ganjelis `leili da majnuni“ am tragikuli mijnurobis sulier gaazrebis lamis erTaderT mcdelobas warmoadgens. poema sufiuri literaturis Sedevria da leilisa da majnunis
trfobas nizami RmerTisa da adamianis urTierTobad moiazrebs.
vfiqrobT, es mTavari sakiTxia, rodesac Teimurazis wyaros vexebiT, radgan qarTveli mefis poemaSi miniSnebac ki arsad gvxvdeba
imaze, rom ambavi sulieri mijnurobis alegorias warmoadgens.
Teimurazi, marTlia, tragikul, magram sruliad empiriul istorias gviyveba. Tanac, aq ufro mwvaved igrZnoba is, rasac Teimurazisa
da saerTod, sparsuli literaturis gavlenis qveS myofi aRorZinebis xanis qarTveli literatorebis SemoqmedebaSi vxedavT: roca
gadmotanilia sparsuli mwerlobis zedapiruli plasti (siuJeti,
dramatuli koliziebi, Sedareba-metaforebi da sxva mxatvruli xerxebi), magram siRrmiseulad TiTqmis araviTari kavSiri ar arsebobs
`dednisa“ da `aslis“ filosofiur-Teologiur aqcentebs Soris.
am sakiTxzec ufro dawvrilebiT naSromis Semdeg TavSi visaubrebT, TeimurazTan da mis poemebTan dakavSirebiT ki aucilebelia aRiniSnos kidev erTi garemoeba: Teimurazis samijnuro poemebi (kerZod, iosebzilixaniani) asaxaven bibliuri istoriis yuraniseul tradicias da esec imis gamo xdeba, rom `aRorZinebis xanis es
didi poeti“ (d. kobiZe) erTgulad mihyveba samijnuro poemaTa
aRmosavlur gezs, sadac erT-erTi gamorCeuli adgili bibliuri
iosebis ambis yuraniseul gadamuSavebasac eTmoba.
`iosebzelixanianis“ yvelaze srulyofili mxatvruli versia
ekuTvis me-14 saukunis didi sparsel poets, klasikuri sparsuli
mwerlobis ukanasknel mohikans, abd or-rahman jamis. misi damTavrebisas jami ukve 70 welsaa miRweuli. sainteresoa, rom poeti,
rogorc es samecniero literaturaSi samarTlianad aris SeniSnuli, arsad ixseniebs mis dromde arsebuli `iosebzelixanianis“ sparsuli versiebis avtorebs. namdvilad, ki rogorc es dRemde moRweuli cnobebiT viciT, jamimde es Tema daumuSavebia abu muaidel
balxels (me-10 saukune), baxTiaris (me-10) saukune. erT-erTi versia
miewereba firdousis (me-10-me-11 saukune), amay buxarels (me-11-12
saukune) da masyud heraTels (me-12-13 sauk.). gamoricxuli ar aris
agreTve SesaZlebloba, rom is sxva adrindeli poetebis mierac
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yofiliyo damuSavebuli. samwuxarod, aq CamoTvlili avtorebidan
Cvenamde mxolod firdousis saxeliT cnobil versias mouRwevia.
rac Seexeba Teimurazis `iosebzelixanianis“ wyaroebis problemas, es sakiTxi monografiulad Seiswavles jer maia mamacaSvilma
da Semdgom aleqsandre gvaxariam, romelmac daaskvna, rom Teimurazi arsebiTad jamis poemiT iyo STagonebuli da ZiriTadad, swored amave teqstiT sargeblobda. amaze miuTiTebs Teimurazis poemis dramatuli koliziebis ganviTareba da saerTod Sinaarsi, romelic sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba yuranis teqstisagan da zRapruli
elferi gadahkravs.
es sazRapro elferi SemTxveviTi ar aris Suasaukuneebis eposisaTvis, romlis SigniTac sazRapro eposs, rogorc wesi, calke
Senakadadac gamoyofen.
qarTul mwerlobaSi CvenTvis saintereso epoqisaTvis am Senakadis ramdenime mniSvnelovani Txzuleba dasturdeba. am TxzulebaTagan TiToeuli mWidro naTesaobas amJRavnebs aRmosavlur
nawarmoebebTan.
sazRapro eposi
sazRapro eposis magaliTad is cnobili ciklic gamodgeba,
romelic, „CardavriSianis“ saxeliT aris cnobili da didi popularobiT sargeblobda Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. samecniero
literaturaSi sworad aris SeniSnuli, rom qarTuli `CaardavriSiani“ sparsuli eposis „yesseie Cahar darviSis“ adaptirebuli variantia. sparsuli originalis avtoris vinaoba ki ucnobia sparsuli
literaturis mkvlevarTaTvis. Txzuleba, marTalia, nizamis skolis yvelaze did warmomadgenels xosrov dehlevisac miewereba,
magram misi saerTo literaturuli xasiaTi gvarwmunebs, rom igi,
rogorc aRniSnuli aqvs iranist e. bertelss, uTuod ar aris dehlevis kalmis naxelavi (bertelsi 1986: 77). misi ena ufro uaxlovdeba sparsuli literaturis klasikuri periodis saigavarako literaturuli Txzulebebis enas, vidre xalxurs. aq gadmocemuli
ambebi (Tavgadasavlebi oTxi davriSisa da agreTve konstantinopolis mefis azadbaxtisa) erTmaneTisagan sruliad damoukidebel
patar-patara romanebs warmoadgenen; maTi siuJeturi gaSla metad
rTul da xlarTiani gziT mimdinareobs. aRniSnuli Txzulebis
saerTo saxe imaze migviTiTebs, rom mas hyavs kargi literaturuli
niWiTa da gemovnebiT dajildoebuli avtori, romlis vinaobac saZiebelia (bertelsi 1986: 77).
Txzulebis rogorc sparsul, ise qarTul versiaSi ori religiuri moZRvrebis _ kerpTayvanismcemlobisa da muslimanobis
erTmaneTTan dapirispireba moCans. aq kerpTmsaxuroba, rogorc amas
marTebulad SeniSnavs korneli kekeliZe, dagmobilia, xolo musli-
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manoba wminda da WeSmarit rjuladaa aRiarebuli: `marTali WeSmariti rjuli es aris, rom me miWiravs meTqi, romelsac ca da qveyana,
qali da kaci, nadirni da mfrinvelni, mze da mTovare da varskvlavni
gaukeTebia da daubadebian. RmerTi is aris, yovelgan ars da yovelsave aRavsebs; romelsac eseni daubadebian; RmerTi is aris da
Tayvaniscemac imas marTebs da imas Svenis, Torem Sens buTs ra SeuZlia, vin daubadebia an vin gauCenia; eg yvela eSmakis safrTxe aris
kacis cdunebisTvis, jojoxeTSi SeyvanisTvis (kekeliZe 1981: 357).
fantastikuri elementebis uxvad Semcvel ambebSi avtors muslimanuri ideebic Cauqsovia. Txzuleba, rogorc es yvelafridan
Cans, kerpmsaxurTa Soris islamis gavrcelebis mizansac emsaxureba.
safiqrebelia, rom igi SeTxzuli iyos irans gareT kerpmsaxurTa
mier garSemortymul musliman iranelTa wreSi (kekliZe 1981: 357).
`yesseie Cahar darviS“ leqsnarevi proziT aris dawerili, magram
leqsebi aq ambis Sinaasobriv msvlelobas verafers hmatebs. isini aq
mxolod zedmeti CuqurTmebis STabeWdilebas tovebs“, _ aRniSnavs
daviT kobiZe. aRniSnul mosazrebas kidev erTxel davubrundebiT
qarTul-sparsuli literaturuli gemovnebis msgavseba ganaxvavebaze saubrisas, aq ki isev daviT kobiZes davesesxebiT, romlis azriTac, swored es hqonda mxedvelobaSi qarTvel mTargmnels, romelsac arcerT SemTxvevaSi ar gadmouRia is, rac leqsebiTaa gadmocemuli, garemoeba, rac qarTul versias sparsulSi moTxrobili
ZiriTadi ambebis gadmocemis TvalsazrisiT dabrkolebas ar uqmnis
(kobiZe 1968: 145). qarTuli versia SedarebiT amoklebs teqsts, magram es Semokleba ZiriTad ambavTa Semoklebis xarjze ar xdeba. saerTod ki „yesseie Cahar darviSis“ qarTuli versia (CardarviSiani)
TvalsaCino adgils iWers Cveni mSobliuri literaturis sazRapro
eposis im Zeglebs Soris, romelTa literaturuli raobis garkveva
sparsuli mwerlobis Rrma SeswavlasTanaa dakavSirebuli (kobiZe
1968: 145).
qarTuli sazRapro eposis kidev erTi TvalsaCino Zegli, romelzedac Tavisuflad SeiZleboda gagvemeorebina d. kobiZis zemoT
moxmobili sityvebi, rogorc es n. maris, k. kekeliZisa da a. baramiZis
SromebiT aris garkveuli, SeTxzulia Cveni literaturis aRorZinebis periodSi. es aris e. w. „rusudaniani“, romelic qarTulad
Targmnili, ufro sworad, qarTul niadagze gadamuSavebuli aRmosavluri dasTanebis _ zRaprebisa da epikuri Tqmulebebis krebuls
warmoadgens.
aRmosavluri Txzulebebis erT saerTo qargaze asxmuli ambebis
stilistikis Sesaxeb bevri dawerila, maT Soris qarTvel mecnierebsac (magaliTad, giorgi wereTels, magali Toduas da sxv.) aqT am
sakiTxze miTiTebuli. rodesac maTTvis saintereso Txzulebebs
exebodnen. Cveni mxriv, aq aRvniSnavT Semdegs: `rusudaniani“ erTerTi pirveli Zeglia qarTul literaturaSi, romlis fabulac
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aRmosavluri literaturis am kliSes mihyveba: erTi ZiriTadi ambavi kravs danarCen _ Tavis TavSi CarTul _ ambebs da am ambebzea
asxmuli nawarmoebis mxatvruli struqtura da kompozicia.
TviTon `rusudaniani“ didi xania qarTveli mecnierebis yuradRebis sagania. jer kidev niko marma Seiswavla nawarmoebis zogadi
struqtura da misi aRmosavlur wyaroebTan mimarTebis sakiTxebi.
marmave gaarkvia, rom rusudanianis meTerTmete zRapari-ambavi
xazarT mefisa da samTa ZmaTa delamT mefis Zmisa damokidebulia
aRmosavlur wyaroebze. Tumca ar daukonkretebia, romel sparsul
wyaroSi gvxvdeboda igi. mogvianebiT, daviT kobiZem calke statia
uZRvna aRniSnul sakiTxs da gaarkvia, rom xosrov dehlevis poemaSi
`haST beheST“ (`Svidi samoTxe“, igive ,,baramguriani) pirvel novelad warmodgenilia gonebamaxvil samTa ZmaTa mefis ZeTa Sesaxeb
zRapari, romelic motivebisa da Sinaarsis mixedviT rusudanianis
meTerTmete zRapris sparsul variants warmoadgens (kobiZe 1968:
60). kobiZisve samarTliani SeniSvniT, „rusudanianis“ avtori, rogorc Cans, cvlis, asxvaferebs mis gankargulebaSi myof literaturul wyaroebs. Cveni azriT, amas igi akeTebs qarTuli feodaluri
aristokratiis literaturuli gemovnebisa da ideebis Sesabamisad;
SeiZleba amiTac aixsnas is garemoeba, rom aRniSnuli zRapris qarTul, dehlevis versiasTan SedarebiT, zogi ram gadakeTebulia.
magaliTad, dehlevis versiiT, mefis meuRle mzareulTan iWers
kavSirs, ris Sedegadac ibadeba vaJi, romelic Semdeg mefe xdeba.
qarTuli versiiiT saqme mogvarebulia axaldabadebul bavSvebis
gacvliT (mefes SeeZineba qali, mzareuls vaJi) da miT mefis meuRle
dedofali acilebulia mzareulTan urTierTobis moments.
„baramgulandamianisa“ da misi sparsuli versiebis sakiTxs ki specialuri da Zalze saintereso statia uZRvna profesorma aleqsandre gvaxariam. misi TqmiT, ramdenad ucnobia samecniero literaturaSi es `ambavi bahramisa da golandamisa“ Cans Tundac iqidan, rom
iseT avtoritetul da fundamentur naSromSi, rogoricaa Cexi ian
ripkas `sparsuli literaturis istoria“, igi iwodeba navois poemis
`Svidi mTiebis“ erT-erT epizodad. navoisTan msgavsi araferia.
gaugebroba gamoiwvia im faqtma, rom navois aRniSnuli poema zogjer ixsenieba, rogorc `bahrami da golandami“ (mTavar moqmed pirTa
saxelebis mixedviT).
`sainteresoa dovlaTSahis cnoba, TiTqos mesnevi ,,bahrami da golandami“ daeweros qaTebi TurSizis Tu niSaburis, _ aRniSnavs
aleqsandre gvaxaria (XV s), _ qaTebis poeturi mem-kvidreobis sakiTxi bundovanebiTaa moculi da sxvadasxva mkvlevari mas gansxvavebul Txzulebebs miawers. magaliTad a. krimskis mixedviT qaTebis
nizamisa da xosrov dehlevis mibaZviT Seuqmnia `xamsa“ (xuTeuli),
romlis mxolod orma poemam moaRwia Cvenamde: `golSane abrar“
(marTalTa an u wmindanTa vardnari) da `leili vo majnun). danarCen
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poemaTagan igi asaxelebs `si names“ (30 samijnuro werili), majma-ul
bahreins (ori sazomis SesarTavi), romelic orgvari metriT ikiTxeba da warmoadgens mWvretelisa da saWvretis mistikuri siyvarulis
istorias) amitomaco, sxvagvarad mas nazor o manzur ewodeba), delorbais (gulwarmtaci) saadis `busTanis“ mibaZviT daweril `dahbabs“ (aTi kari) anu TajnisaTs (krimski 1914: 118).
e. bertelsic golSane abrars va leili vo majnuns miiCnevs xuTeulis nawilebad, xolo xosrov dehlevis tradicias ukavSirebs
qaTebis mcire Janris poemebs: `si names“, `delrobasa“ da `dahbabs“
(bertelsi 1948: 35). mxolod golSane abrars, leili vo majnuns da
sinames ixsenebs ian ripka (ripka 1959: 174), m. zandi ki naziro manzuriTa da dahbabiT kmayofildeba (zandi 1964: 35). aleqsandre gvaxaria aRniSnavs: `samecniero literaturis es arasruli momoxilva
dagvWirda imisaTvis, raTa gveCvenebina, rom `bahram o golandami“
mxolod dovleTSaTan ixsenieba qaTebis poemaTa Soris. ar gvxvdeba
igi arc leningradSi dacul qaTebis `qoliaTSi“. dovleTSahis Secdomebi sayovelTaod cnobilia (marto vos o ramisnis nizamisadmi
mikuTvnebuloba rad Rirs), magram qaTebi misi ufrosi Tanamedrove
iyo da SesaZloa, misi cnoba didad ar Sordebodes simarTles.
angariSgasawevia is garemoebc, rom dovleTSahi swored xuT poemas
(`xamsa“?) asaxelebs (Tumca arsad Cans `golSane abrar“ da `leili vo
majnun“). egebis bahram o golandami aq swored bahram guris Sesaxeb
arsebuli poemebis (nizamis `hafT feiqaris“ tipisa) Sesatyvisia?
amas gvafiqrebinebs rogorc navois versiis zemoxsenebuli saxelwodeba (`bahram o golandam“ `Svidi mTiebis“ paralelurad), aseve is
faqti, rom nizamis `Svidi mzeTunaxavis“ erT-erT prozaul damuSavebasac `bahram o golandam“ ewodeba (gvaxaria 1996: 147).
magram CvenTvis saintereso dasTans bahramisa da golandamis
Sesaxeb araferi aqvs saerTo arc Svidi mTiebis romelime versiasTan
da arc TviT bahram gurTan. arsebobs misi rogorc poeturi, ise
porzauli damuSaveba. aleqsandre gvaxaria wers: `herman eTe Tavis
cnobil SormaSi, Carlz rios katalogze dayrdnobiT, ixseniebs mxolod poetur `bahram o golandams“, romelic dauweria vinme amins
1734 wlamde. manve aRwera amave versiis meore nusxa. arsebula agreTve qurTuli da avRanuri (puStuze) versiebi, romelnic, Cans,
sparsulidan momdinareoben. h. eTes cnobis araswori gagebis gamo,
aminis versia 1734 wliT daaTariRes rigma mkvlevarebma (iust. abulaZe, korneli kekeliZe), sinamdvileSi es aris mxolod im nusxis
gadaweris TariRi, romelic Seicavs agreTve `bahram o golandams“.
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom TbilisSi dacul sparsul xelnawerTa
Soris aRmoCnda poeturi bahram o golandamis kidev erTi, mesame,
nusxa, romelsac ewodeba `qeTabe bahram o golandam“. minaweriT irkveva avtori amin isfahaneli, xolo ukanasknel beiTSi TiTqos
daweris Tu gadaweris TariRia mocemuli (1700 _ riosagan gan-
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sxvavebuli). rogorc Cans, es igive poemaa, romelsac aRweren C. rio
da h. eTe. samwuxarod, britanuli koleqciis xelnaweri CvenTvis
miuwvdomeli darCa. amdenad, dabejiTebiT verafers vityviT, magram
zogi saeWvo momenti mainc aRaniSnavia. jer erTi, gansxvavebulia
dasawyisi beiTebi. amasTan aRwerilobaSi citirebuli beiTi Cvens
nusxaSi gvxvdeba. meore, n. rois aRniSnuli aqvs, TiTqos golandami,
sxva versiebisagan gasxvavebiT aris ara Cineli dedofali, aramed
feria. Tbilisis nusxis mixedviT ki golandami, rogorc yvelgan,
CineTis erT-erTi qalaqis mefis asulia. mxolod am ori nusxis
uSualo Sedareba cxadyofs _ sxvadasxva versiasTan gvaqvs saqme,
Tu erTi versiis or redaqciasTan(arc aRwerilobis uzustobaa
gamoricxuli). rac Seexeba eTeseul nusxas, Cvens xelT arsebuli
fragmentebi adastureben maTs identurobas.
arsebobs kidev erTi saintereso cnoba poeturi versiis Sesaxeb.
1935 wels leningradeli iranisti a. bolodirevi tajikeTidan abasTumanSi atyobinebda sikvdilis piras myof iuri mars: `....vipove bahram o golandamis metad saintereso xelnaweri. es aris romani dawerili mSvenieri, sada eniT, daaxloebiT 3000 beiTi. Cans, analogiuri
nusxa ar moipoveba arcerT cnobil biblioTekaSi. vfiqrob, es im
`feodaluri“ romanis originalia, romlis `Zirs daSvebaze“ da `masebSi“ gavrcelebaze msjelobs e. bertelsi Tavis werilSi `lubokur literaturaze“. an raime amis msgavsi an iqneb sul sxva“
(gvaxaria 1996: 148-149).
aleqsandre gvaxaria SeniSnavs: `samwuxarod boldirevs ar gamouqveynebia cnoba am versiis Sesaxeb. iranistTa konferenciaze, duSanbeSi man vrclad gagvacno Tavisi mosazreba: poeturi versia unda
ekuTvnodes vinme mohamad amin qermanis, me-14-16 saukuneebis ucnob
poets. Tavdapirvelad nusxa inaxeboda firdousis saxelobis sajaro biblioTekaSi, amJamad ki tajikeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis aRmosavleTmcodneobis ganyofilebaSi. marTlac, rogorc iTqva,
katalogSi qaTebis poemad moxseniebuli nusxa 213 aRmoCnda swored
xsenebuli versia. i. salimovi kategoriulad miiCnevs mas qaTebis
poemad. ganyofilebis gamgem a. mirzoevma eWvi gamoTqva amis Taobaze. aRniSnuli nusxis gacnobis Sedegad cxadi gaxda, rom xelT
gvaqvs aminis poemis meoTxe nusxa. dasawyisi beiTi Tumca agreTve
gansxvavebulia, magram ZiriTadi teqsti agreTve emTxveva Tbilisur nusxas, calkeuli redaqciuli xasiaTis beiTebisa Tu wakiTxvebis gamoklebiT. rac mTavaria, am nusxaSi srulad aris daculi
erT-erTi dasawyisi Tavis saTauri, romelSic avtoris saxelia
gacxadebuli: `mohamad aminis mier sizmrad xilva bahramisa da golandamis dasTanisa“. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dResdReobiT
cnobilia mxolod erTi poeturi versiis oTxi nusxa(amdenad, arazustia a. salimovis gamoTqma `poeturi versiebi“); poema ekuTvnis
ucnob poets mohamad amin qirmanels Tu isfahanels. siuJeturad
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poeturi verisia sakmaod axlosaa xalxuri dasTanis prozaul dedanTan (hgvaxaria 1996: 149).
aminis poema saWiroebs sagangebo Seswavlas, amjerad ki SevexebiT
xalxur prozaul damuSavebas.
muhamad jafar mahjubis werilebis seriidan erT-erTi statia
mieZRvna prozaul bahramogolandams. poetur versias mahjubi ar
ixseniebs. dasawyisSi mas mohyavs cnobebi im dasTanis Sesaxeb, romelsac Tumca bahram o golandam ewodeba, magram faqtiurad nizamis `hafT faiqaris“ prozaul gadmocemas warmoadgens. sainteresoa
mahjubis dakvirveba bahramis satrfos Secvlis Taobaze (nizamisTan
_ feTne, prozaul damuSavebaSi golandami). mkvlevris azriT,
safuZveli am Senacvlebas TviT nizamis teqstSi moeZebneba: aq feTnes erT-erTi epiTetia: boTe golandam (`vardistana kerpi“) Cans, es
epiTeti sakmaod mWirdod daukavSirda feTnes, radgan moaxerxa
ZiriTadi saxelis gamodevna da Tanac aramxolod am prozaul
damuSavebaSi. navois poemis am saxeliT monaTvlis mizezi, swored aq
aris saZebari. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom `Svidi mTiebis“ sxvadasxva
versiaSi (igive navois, xosrov dehlevis, nodar ciciSvilis) bahramis satrfos delarami ewodeba. SesaZlebelia, es saxelic nizamiseul feTnes meore epiTets _ `delarams“ (gulis simSvides) ukavSirdebodes.
rogorc iTqva, im xalxur prozaul dasTans bahramisa da
golandamis Sesaxeb, romelic Cven gvainteresebs (iseve rogorc mis
poetur damuSavebas) araferi aqvs saerTo arc nizamisTan da arc mis
mimbaZvelebTan (maT Soris, xsenebul prozaul damuSavebasTan), arc
saerTod bahram-gurisTan. es aris tipiuri saraindo-saTavgadasavlo romani, romlis sqemac warmodgenilia e. bertelsis dasaxelebul naSromSi: mTavar gmirs, uebro rainds uyvars satrfo, ulamazesi asuli, romelic rogorc wesi, cxovrobs Sors, gadakargul
qveyanaSi (rimi, Cini, iamani, sarnadabi da a. S). mis mosapoveblad
gmirma unda gadalaxos umaravi siZnele, daamarcxos uricxvi mteri,
gadaeyaros zRaprul faTeraks, vidre bednierad ar dasruldeba
misi Tavgadasavali. aq erTad iyris Tavs realuri da fantastikuri
elementi. `devebi da feriebi Tavisuflad daseirnoben am tipis
TxzulebaTa furclebze (i. borSCevski), sakmaod didia romantikuli elferi. swored am qargazea gaSlili `bahram o golandamis“
siuJeti:
aleqsandre gvaxaria, visac ekuTvnis dasTanis Zalze marjve
adaptacia, Tavisi kvlevis gagrZelebisas aRniSnavs:
`bahramisa da golandamis prozauli dasTani literaturuli
warmoSobisa Cans. zemoT iTqva, rom aq Warbad igrZnoba romantikuli saRebavebi. gamoricxuli araa, rom arsebobda misi konkretuli
wyaro (rogorc amas a. boldirevi varaudobda). jer-jerobiT gadaWriT raimes Tqma Znelia, amdenad yovel mcire detals didi mniS-
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vneloba eniWeba. aseTad migvaCnia bahramisa da golandamis mimowera.
igi aSkarad ukavSirdeba sparsul-tajikuri literaturisaTvis
Zvelsa da tradiciul `names“ (werilis“) Janrs. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa am werilebSi CarTuli beiTebi (galeqsili fragmentebi).
`bahram o golandamis“ teqstSi, iseve, rogorc sxva analogiur
xalxur dasTanebSi, vxvdebiT SigCarTul calkeul beiTebs, magram
werilebSi isini scildebian Cveulebrivi CanarTis farglebs.
rogorc wesi, werili iwyeba sakmaod vcreli lirikuli mimarTviT,
Semdeg proziT gadmoicema ZiriTadi Sinaarsi, bolos igi kvlav
leqsiT mTavrdeba. amasTan, leqsiTi fragmentebi ubralod ki ar
aris CarTuli. isini mWidrod erwymian prozaul nawils da erT
mTlianobas qmnian. xSirad leqsiT SesavalSivea dasaxelebuli is
motivi, romelic Semdeg gaSlilia prozaul nawilSi. xalxuri prozauli dasTanis detaluri Sedareba yvela dRes cnobil poetur
nusxasTan ki gaarkvevs romeli maTganis damuSavebaa igio. _ SeniSnavda al. gvaxaria. _ magram gamoricxuli araa isic, rom maT hqondeT ufro Zveli saerTo wyaro _ klasikuri xanis romelime ucnobi
poeturi versia, saidanac gavrcelda aRniSnuli saerTo beiTebi. es
kidev ufro zrdis `bahram o golandamis“ mniSvnelobas da mas im
xalxur damuSavebaTa ricxvSi aTavsebs, romelTa Sesaxeb e. bertelsi werda: `lubokis dawvrilebiTi Seswavla gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas `saraindo“ romanis Tematikis ufro sruli suraTis miRebisa,
radgan am xalxur gadmocemaTa umravlesoba moicavs iseT Txzulebebs, romelTa `literaturuli“ versiebi CvenTvis jer ucnobia, an
iqneb verasodes gairkves. amrigad, es literatura did daxmarebas
gagviwevs im romanul poemaTa agebulebis analizis dros, romlebiTac ase mdidaria klasikuri sparsuli mwerloba“ (gvaxaria 1996: 150).
marTlac `bahram o golandamis“ rigi siuJeturi detalebi (mdidari, uZeo mefe, qurciki, siyvaruliT dabneda, vaWrad gadacma,
moZalade ufliswulis damarcxeba da sxva), saerTo romantikuli
elferi (Suamavali moaxele, werilebi), mxatvruli lakonuroba aSkarad miuTiTebs misi prototipis klasikur periodSi Camoyalibebaze. aleqsandre gvaxarias SeniSvniT, albaT am tipis `sparsul
ambebs“ gulisxmobda SoTa rusTveli `vefxistyaosnis“ prologSi.
iustine abulaZe ki aRniSnavs: `cxadia, es ar niSnavs, TiTqos `vefxistyaosnis~ Sesaxeb araki arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba sxva sparsulis
sadevgmiro ambebisagan da nametur axloa bahramianis tipis moTxrobebTan (abulaZe 1914: 25).
rusTveli mxlod amsgavsebda calkeuli garegnuli niSnebiT
Tavis poemas am tipis sparsul Txzulebebs, Torem maT Soris swored rom arsebiTi gansxvavebaa.
iustine abulaZis cda, daeaxlovebina `vefxistyaosani~ da `baramgulandamianis“ tipis Txzulebebi, mkacrad gaakritika korneli
kekeliZem (kekeliZe 1981: 413). iustine abulaZes ki sagangebo ganmar-
222
teba dasWirda amis Taobaze: `k. kekeliZes rom saTanado yuradReba
mieqcia Cvens nakvlevSi gamoTqmuli azrebisaTvis, igi darwmundeboda, rom Cvens mier „vefxistyaosnis“ arakis Sedareba „bahramgulijaniansa“ da „baramgulandamianTan“ mimarTuli iyo im miznisaken,
rom aRgveniSna, saerTo niSandoblivi Tvisebebi rogorc siuJetis,
ise kerZo epizodebis mxriT, `vefxistyaosnisa“ da yvela dasaxelebul sparsuliTgan naTargmn nimuSebSi, da gveCvenebina dainteresebulTaTvis, Tu ramdenad uaxlovdebeba da enaTesaveba `vefxistyaosnis“ araki baramianis tipis dasaxelebul moTxrobebs.
rogorc vxedavT, aq gacilebiT ufro zomierad aris dasmuli
sakiTxi ara igiveobisa, aramed siaxlovisa kerZo epizodebis mxriv
`vefxistyaosansa“ da baramianis tipis Txzulebebs Soris.
rac Seexeba sakuTriv `baramgulandamians“, iustine abulaZe arsad ambobs, TiTqos mas raime gavlena moexdinos `vefxistyaosanze“.
miuxedavad amisa, k. kekeliZem ucvlelad gaimeora Tavisi braldeba:
`Suwynarebelia iustine abulaZis azri, viTomc, „baramgulandamians“ raime gavlena moexdinos , „vefxistyaosanze“. jer erTi, `baramgulandamiani“ sparsulad dawerili unda iyos arauadres me-16
saukunisa. maSasadame, is `vefxistyaosanze“ ver moaxdenda gavlenas.
mere, araviTari arsebiTi msgavseba `vefxistyaosnisa“ da `baramgulandamianis“ siuJetebs Soris ar arsebobs, Tu aseT msgavsebad ar
CavTvliT iseT elementebs, romelTac TiTqmis yvela sagmiro da
romantikul nawarmoebebSi vpoulobT. aseTia: baramis goliaToba,
satrfos Zebna da masTan urTerTobis daWera mxevlis saSualebiT;
vaWrebisaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCena da mefe siforTan daZmobileba.
da Tu maT Soris aris raime ara arsebiTi, aramed moCvenebiTi msgavseba, maSin es unda axsnil iqnas piriqiT: `vefxistyaosnis~ gavleniT
mTargmnelze. Cven viciT, rom `vefxistyaosniT“ gataceba aRorZinebis xanaSi imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom naTargmn TxzulebebSic ki
SehqondaT ukvdavi poemis elementebi (kekliZe 1981; 414).
ori mecnieris am dapirispirebaSi sicxade Seitana profesorma
aleqsandre gvaxariam. kerZod, man aRniSna:
`am braldebis ramdenime momenti dazustebas moiTxovs. rogorc
iTqva, iustine abulaZe arsad wers, TiTqos, `baramgulandamians“
(igulisxmeba, cxadia, sparsuli versia) raime gavlena moexdinos
`vefxistyaosanze~. saubaria mxolod `baramianis“ tipis moTxrobaTa
kerZo epizodebis siaxloveze `vefxistyaosanTan“. marTalia, aq mxolod baramgulandamiani ar igulisxmeba, magram arc `yvela sagmiro
da romantikuli nawarmoebi“, aramed mxolod am ukanasknelTa
garkveuli jgufi, romelSic Sedis agreTve `baramgulandamiani“.
rac Seexeba vefxistyaosansa“ da `baramgulandamianis“ Soris
arsebuli moCvenebiTi msgavsebis axsnas rusTavelis poemis gavleniT qarTvel mTargmnelze, igi safuZvels moklebuli Cans, radgan
yvela es realuri Tu moCvenebiTi msgavseba axasiaTebs TviT spar-
223
sul prozaul versias, romelsac ukavSirdeba qarTuli prozauli
Targmani.
bahram o golandamis“ xalxuri versia XVi saukuniT TariRdeba,
kerZod, sefianTa xaniT, magram rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, am siuJets
ganviTarebis xangrZlivi gza unda gaevlo, msgavsad e. w. `xalxuri
wignebis“ mier ganvlili gzisa, rac ase zustad warmoadgina v. Jirmunskim: `axali stilis romanuli eposis mwignobruli formebis
gverdiT rogorc dasavleTSi, ise aRmosavleTSi viTardeba xalxuri formebi. saraindo brZolebis sagmiro-romanuli elementi da
jadosnuri Tavgadasavlebi aq ufro metia, vidre amaRlebuli saraindo mijnurobis daxvewili fsiqologia... amave demokratiul Janrs
ganekuTvneba dasavleTSi `xalxuri wignebi“, romelnic galeqsili
saraindo romanebisa da sagmiro eposis Zveli prozauli gadamuSavebis safuZvelze Cndebian ukve XVI saukunis dasawyisidan. isini
farTod gavrceldnen ukve wignis beWdvis gamogonebasTan erTad“
(Jirmunski 1962: 50).
swored aseve, odesRac klasikuri xanis literaturuli Txzuleba (SesaZlebelia mas sxva saxelic erqva) daedo safuZvlad gviandel xalxur gadamuSavebebs. `ahram o golandamis“ prozaul versiaSi rainduli siyvarulis fsiqologiuri daxvewiloba Secvlilia
sagmiro da saTavgadasavlo epizodebiT. igi farTod gavrcelda XVI
saukunidan jer xelnawerebis, Semdeg ki maTTan daaxloebuli liTografiis saxiT. aleqsandre gvaxaria SeniSnavs: `Zvel qarTul
mwerlobaSi cnobilia samsaxeoba baramisa. maTgan erTi _ `baramgulandamiani“ anu mcire baramiani (gansxvavebiT didi baramianisagan
anu nodar ciciSvilis `baramgurianisagan“) ukavSirdeba swored zemoT ganxilul `bahram o golandams.“
Cvenamde moRweuli `baramgulandamianis“ xelnawerTa umravlesobas daucavs sagulisxmo TavsarTi, romelic erTgvar gasaRebs
iZleva wyarosa da Targmanis gaCenis drois gasarkvevad: `kari
baramisa da gulandamisa sparsulisagan qarTulad gadmoTargmnuli brZanebiTa saqarTvelos gamgeblis batoniSvilis vaxtangisaTa.
mraval Jamier yos ufalman orsave cxovrebasa Sina, amin~ (gvaxaria
1991: 158
e. TayaiSvilma, romelmac yuradReba miaqcia vaxtangis xsenebis
faqts, eWvi gamoTqva: `mefe vaxtangis saxeli, Cveni azriT, umizezod
aris mikuTvnebuli prozauli versiisaTvis. vaxtangis brZanebiT,
onanam galeqsa sul sxva baramiani (igulisxmeba baramgulijaniani)...
galeqsili baramianis iniciatoris saxeli, safiqrebelia, gadaitanes imave saxelwodebis prozaul moTxrobaze“. es varaudi ar gaiziara k. kekeliZem. misi azriT, vaxtangis saxe aq SemTxveviT ar gaCenila. Cans, vaxtangs ainteresebda baramis saxelTan dakavSirebuli
Txzulebebi (kekeliZe 1980: 413). aqve unda aRvniSnoT erTi saintereso garemoeba. zemoxsenebul baraTaSviliseul xelnawers daucavs
224
`baxTiarnames“ qarTuli versiis unikaluri nusxa. misi Tavweriloba
TiTqmis zustad emTxveva `baramgulandamianisas“: `kari pirveli
ajamisa xelmwifisa sparsulisagan qarTulad gadmoTargmnuli
brZanebiTa saqarTvelos gamgis batoniSvilis vaxtangisaTa mravalJamier yos ufalman orsave Sina cxovrebasa“.
aleqsandre gvaxaria SeniSnavs: ara gvgonia es SemTxveviTi iyos,
radgan krebulSi Setanil mesame Txzulebas _ `xosrovSirinianis“
qarTul versias igi ar uZRvis. Tumca mas icnobs, maze umuSavia
sakuTriv vaxtang mefes. erTi saintereso minaweri `baramgulandamianis“ mTargmneladac ki acxadebs vaxtang mefes (Tu es gavrcelebuli Tavwerilobis cudi gagebis Sedegi araa):
ese wigni adre aris sakiTxavi sparselTagan,
Targmanuli qarTvelTave mefisa vaxtangisagan,
Camivarda, gardavwere, meca viSove sxvisagan,
rom meama, Sevasrule, Tvar Zala medga visagan.
Tu Tavwerilobis mixedviT `baxTiarnames“ qarTuli versia
TariRdeba 1703-1712 wlebiT, amave periodiT SeiZleba davaTariRoT
`baramgulandamianic.“ meTvramete saukuniT ifargleba Zegli enobrivadac. mTargmnelis vinaoba ucnobia“ (gvaxaria 1996: 162). aleqsandre gvaxarias savsebiT samarTliani SniSvniT, `baramgulandamiani“
sparsuli originalis zusti da sakmaod gamarTuli qarTuli Targmania. srulad aris daculi rogorc ZiriTadi siuJeturi xazi, ise
detalebi.
samecniero literaturaSi SeniSnulia, rom baramgulandamiani
gamoirCeva stilis lakonurobiT. am mxriv is enaTesaveba baxTiarnames qarTul versias da saerTod, XVIII saukunis qarTuli prozis
saukeTeso nimuSebs. magram es lakonuroba iSviaTad gadadis siRaribeSi. `baramgulandamiani“, `yaramanianisa~ ar iyos, marTlac
amaod sakiTxavi da sasiamovnod sasmenelia. `yaramaniani“ SemTxveviT
ar gvixsenebia. zemoT iTqva am TxzulebaTa calkeuli epizodebis
msgavsebaze. msgavsia maTi enobrivi gaformebac, gansakuTrebiT
brZolebis aRwerisas. magram, aleqsandre gvaxaria, aRniSnavs, rom
romantikul pasaJebSi `baramgulandamianis stili, misi enobrivi
faqtura `visramianisas“ exmianeba. sparsuli Sinaarsi xatovani
qarTuliTaa aJRerebuli.
miuxedavad zusti Targmanisa, qarTul versiaSi iSviaTia sparsizmebi (`virem sibnelisa fardagi daixurebodes...“ `sawuTrosa ganmanaTlebeli gunbaTzed amaRlda...“ da sxv.) Tu ucxo leqsika
(`burji“ koSkis mniSvnelobiT; `yafla“, `yaTari“ _ qaravani; majuni
_ `tkbili wamali“ da sxv. ) sainteresoa, rom leilis metrfis saxelic ki gaqarTulebulia _ mijnuri majnunis nacvlad“ (gvaxaria
1996: 165)
aleqsandre gvaxaria Tavisi werilis dasasruls (saidanac uxvad
gamoviyeneT fragmentebi, Zeglis dasaxasiaTeblad, radganac es
225
aris `baramgulandamianis“ Sesaxeb arsebuli dRemde yvelaze sruli
gamokvleva da misi monacemebi, utyuarobis TvalsazrisiT, gadamowmebas TiTqmis aRar saWiroebs) aRniSnavs: `baramgulandamianis“ am
zogadi mimoxilviTac, vfiqrobT, cxadia misi istoriul-literaturuli Rirsebebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom XIX saukunis dasasrulsa
da XX saukunis dasawyisSi igi ramdenjerme gamoica (1880, 1886, 1901),
arcerTi maTgani araa kvlevisaTvis gamosadegi, imdenad damaxinjebulia teqsti. qarTuli xelnawerebisa da sparsuli dednis Seswavlis safuZvelze `baramgulandamianis“ kritikuli teqstis momzadeba momavlis saqmea“ (gvaxaria 1996: 167).
aleqsandre gvaxaria aRniSnavda imasac, rom `mravalsaukunovani
qarTul sparsuli literaturuli urTierTobebis Sedegad didZali da mdidari masala dagrovda sakvlevaZiebod. miuxedavad qarTveli iranistebis warmatebebisa, bevri ram jer kidev rCeba gasarkvevi da dasadgeni. pirvel rigSi, aq igulisxmeba sparsulidan momdinare ZeglTa wyaros dadgena, Targmanis xasiaTis garkveva, teqstis filologiuri da mxatvruli analizi, misi mecnieruli gamocema da a. S. jer kidev niko mari aRniSnavda iseTi qarTuli Zeglebis
arsebobas, romelTa sparsuli warmomavloba aSkaraaa, magram
romelTa wyaro dRemde daZebnili ar aris. cxadia, aq garkveuli
sifrTxile gvmarTebs, radgan qarTvelebi erTnairi ostatobiT
axerxebdnen rogorc zust, ise Tavisufal Targmans, gadmokeTebasa
Tu mibaZvas. amdenad, Znelia, rame zogadi kanonis dadgena, yovel
Zegls konkretuli midgoma da ganxilva esaWiroeba. gansakuTrebiT
iTqmis es XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi momravlebul aRmosavluri saTavgadasavlo Janris (dasTanebis) tipur nimuSTa Sesaxeb (,,baxTiarname“,
baramgulandamiani“, `yaramaniani“, `varSayiani“, `firmaliani“, `sirinoziani“ da sxv.)“
XX saukunis didma qarTvelma iranistma es sityvebi `mirianis“
Sesaxeb brZana, romelsac calke, misTvis Cveuli Rrma da mravalmxriv sayuradRebo werili miuZRvna.
`miriani“ anu `anbavi CineTis xelmwifisa da Zisa misisa mirisa,
romel misca RmerTman feris asulTan RvTis vedrebiT Wabuki kargi
da Svenieri“ warmoadgens zRaprul fonze gaSlil samijnuro Tavgadasavals CineTis mefis xosraovSas Zis mirisa da maRribis xelmwifis ilailis asulis nomiavTabisa.
am ZegliT, Tavis droze, dainteresda mari brose. 1834 wels
Teimuraz bagrationi werda mas: `kvalad mogeweraT CemTvis miriani
vsTargmne franciculaTao. me ar vici, es miriani romeli da ra wigni
aris. miriani ueWvelad an mirian mefis cxovreba unda iyos... sxva
wignic aris qarTuls enazed miriani, saero wigni aris, zRapari aris
da momwereT romeli aris, Tu axali ram sxva iSovneT, romelic jer
me ar vici“.
226
parizSi daculi nusxis mixedviT, romelic 1760 wliT TariRdeba,
mari brosem frangulad Targmna miriani, rogorc qarTuli zRapari
da waumZRvara zogadi mimoxilva. leningradis sajaro biblioTekaSi dacul xelnawerTan dakavSirebiT i. a. grenma da n. marma kategoriuli formiT gamoTqves moulodneli azri Txzulebis avtorobis Sesaxeb: `miriani _ mefe vaxtang VI-is romani“. rac Seexeba
Zeglis sadaurobas, konkretuli wyaros miTiTeba pirvelad korneli kekeliZem scada: `ra enidanaa Txzuleba gadmokeTebuli? cxadia,
zRapari ekuTvnis sparsul niadagze aRmocenebul TxzulebaTa
cikls. SesaZlebelia is gadmokeTebuli iyos sparseli poetis esar
tebrazelis (gard. 1382) poemis `mihr-o-moSTeris“ safuZvelze, sadac laparakia, mihr-mirianisa (mze) da muSTaris (iupiteri) megobrobaze, magram erT-erT nusxaSi, romelic gadawerilia 1857 wels,
luka asaTianis mier, naTqvamia: `es zRapari aris TaTrulidan gadmoTargmnilio“. Tu am SeniSvnaSi sityva `TaTruli“ naxmaria ara
konfesiuri mniSvvnelobiT, romelic sparsulsac gulisxmobs
xalxur TqmulebaSi, SesaZlebelia, vifiqroT, rom zRapari CenSi
Turqulis gziT Semovida“ (kekeliZe 1980: 376).
XIV saukunis sparsulenovani azerbaijaneli poeti muhamad asar
Tabrizi umTavresad cnobilia, rogorc vrceli mesnevis `mehr o
muSTaris~ avtori. poemam maRali Sefaseba daimsaxura aRmosavleTSi. TviT abd or-rahman jamis uTqvams `baharesTanSi“, yvela ver dawers aseT mSvenier Txzulebaso. ukve XVI saukuneSi Cndeba poemis
Turquli versiebi (alis versias `mehr-mahi“ ewodeboda, defTerisas
_ `mehr-vafa“). asarma Tavisi poema miuZRvna ori Wabukis _
ufliswulis mehrisa da veziris Svilis muStaris platonuri siyvarulis ambavs. aRsaniSnavia, rom zog mkvlevars (m. TarbiaTi) muSTari
asulad hyavda warmodgenili, magram jer kidev a. krimskim aRniSna,
rom aq orive gmiri vaJebia (krimski 1914: 100).
aleqsandre gvaxairiam Tavis werilSi (gvaxaria 1996: 173) warmoaCina masa da qarTul `mirians“ Soris arsebuli sxvaoba. marTlac,
rogorc es azerbaijanelma mkvlevarma m. sulTanovmac aRniSna, asaris poema, pirvelyovlisa, megobrobis simReraa, samijnuro istoria ki meore planzea gadatanili. marTalia, nahidis xelis maZiebel
mehrs mocile yaraxanis damarcxeba dasWirda, magram ZiriTadi Tavgadasavali mainc muSTaris ZebnasTan aris dakavSirebuli. amave
dros, mirianis mTeli paTosi suraTiT gamijnurebuli miris mier
satrfos ZiebaSia gamoxatuli. Tanac, muSTari aq zRvis piras SemTxveviT Seyrili vaWaria. erTi sityviT, naTelia, rom asaris poema
mirianis wyarod ver CaiTvleba da, amrigad, k. kekeliZis varaudi
unda moixsnas (gvaxaria 1996: 175).
aleqsandre gvaxarias savsebiT marTebuli mtkicebiT, mirianis
qarTuli versia momdinareobs sparsuli leqsnarevi xalxur dastanidan. mkvlevari dawvrilebiT udarebs qarTul versias sparsuls
227
da aseT daskvnamde midis. sabolood ki aRniSnavs: `miriani~ XVIII
saukunis qarTuli prozis sayuradebo Zeglia. misi mxatvruli Rirseba naklebia, vidre `baxTiarnamesi“ an Tundac `baramgulandamianisa“, Tu `yaramanianisa“, magram mizani mTargmnelisa mainc miRweulad SiZleba CaiTvalos“ (gvaxaria 1996: 185).
`mirianis“ yaidis TxzulebaTa rigSi dgas e. w. `firmalianic“,
romlis sruli saTauria: `morWma-didebiT cxovreba da moqalaqeoba xelmwifisa firmalisa da Zisa misisa abul ishayisa“, an sxvanairad ambavi difnis qalaqisa“.
amave zRaparTa rigSi unda ganvixiloT „zalumjaniani“, romelSiac moTxrobilia ambavi xelmwifisa didis da amaRlebulisa, saxelkeTilisa gulazarisa da Zisa misisa axovanisa zalumjanisa.“
kidev erTi zRapri, „varSayiani“, organulad enaTesaveba am yaidis aRmosavluri Tqmulebebis Sinaarss da stilistikas, Tumca
yvelaze siRrmiseul naTesaobas aRmosavluri zRaprebis (kerZod
arabuli `aTaserTRamianis“ garkveul motivebTan) amJRavnebs e. w.
`spilenZis qalaqiani“, romlis leqsiTi versia, k. kekeliZis SeniSvniT, dRes dReobiT, erTaderTi nusxiT aris cnobili~ (kekeliZe
1981: 447).
didaqtikuri eposi
eposis SigniT kidev erTi mravalferovani rkalia didaqtikuri
masala da is stilisturad organul naTesaobas amJRavnebs igavis
JanrTan, romelic aseve wamyvani Janria CvenTvis saintereso epoqis
msoflio da kerZod, qarTul literaturaSi. sparsulidan (zogadad, aRmosavluridan momdinare) didaqtikuri poemebi qarTulad
warmodgenilia `baxTiarnames“ TargmanTa saxiT.
literaturis istoriiisaTvis cnobili faqtia, rom 1828 wels
aleqsandre sulxaniSvilis vinme mirza sadeyis SemweobiT Seuswavlia sparsuli ena da proziT uTargmnia XV saukunis poetis fanahis
poema `baxTiarname~. es aris erTi CarCoTi Sekruli arakebis krebuli. arsebobs arabul, sparsuli da Turquli rogorc prozauli, ise
poeturi versiebi.
qarTulad pirvelad vaxtang meeqvsis dros iTargmna am krebulis prozauli sparsuli versia.
`baxTiarnames“ qarTuli versiebiT, garda imisa, rom am Targmanebs TavisTavadi Rirebulebac aqvT, didad aris davalebuli
originaluri qarTuli mwerlobis ganviTarebac, kerZod, sulxansaba orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisa“, romlis araerTi arakis fabula
da siuJeti swored aRniSnuli krebulidan Cans nasesxebi da Semdeg
maRalmxatvrulad damuSavebuli.
literaturis istorikosebi didaqtikur eposis Janrs miakuTvneben sulxan saba orbelianis „sibrZne-sicruisas“, aseve XVII sauku-
228
nis dasasrulisa da XVIII saukunis erT Txzulebas, romlisTvisac
korneli kekeliZes moxdebilad uwodebia `mefeTa salaro~, vaxtang
meeqvsis mier Targmnil `qilia da ladanas~.
apofTegmebi
didaqtikur-moraluri nawarmoebebis gansakuTrebul dargs
qarTul literaturaSi ki Seadgens e. w. apofTegmebi, romelnic
warmoadgenen brZenTa da cnobil pirTa, upiratesad Zveli aRmosavleTisa da saberZneTis mefeTa sentencia-aforizmebis, nakvesebanekdotebisa da Tqmulebebis krebulebs. aRorZinebis xanis mwerlobaSi, ramdenime aseTi krebuli gvaqvs: a) `amirnasariani“, romelic
`Tqmulia sparsTa enisagan qarTulad batoniSvilis ganmgeblis vaxtangisagan“, maSasadame 1703-1711 ww-Si; b) `sibrZneni filosofosTani“ pirobiTi saxelwodebiT gaerTianebuli sami krebuli, romlebic korneli kekeliZis definiciiT, apofTegmebis meore dargs
ayalibeben da 3) swavlani axikar brZenisani, moTxroba axikar brZenis Sesaxeb, romelic TiTqmis yvela enazea Targmnili da gasuli
saukunis dasawyisSi aRmoCnda misi erT qarTuli xelnaweric.
daskvna
eposis Janri, rogorc aRiniSna, XV_XVIII saukuneTa qarTuli
literaturis wamyvani Janria. am dros Cveni erovnuli mwerloba
internsiur urTierTobaSia aRmosavlur literaturasTan (arabul
da ufro metad sparsul mwerlobasTan), saidanac iTargmneba araerTi im droisaTvis gavrcelebuli mxatvruli nimuSi, da iqmneba am
Zeglebis originaluri adaptaciebi. winamdebare werilSi vcadeT
Tavi mogveyara qarTul samecniero literaturaSi Seswavlili am
periodis epikuri ZeglebisaTvis, agvesaxa maT Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli
ase Tu ise yvela mniSvnelovani Tvalsazrisi da es Zeglebi dagvejgufebina garkveuli sistemis farglebSi.
aseTma midgomam ki saSualeba mogvca mogveniSna XVI-XVIII saukuneTa qarTul-aRmosavluri mxatvruli gemovnebisa da zogadliteraturuli universaliebis ZiriTadi aqcentebi.
damowmebani:
abulaZe 1986: abulaZe i. rusTvelologiuri Sromebi. t. I, Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1986.
al-faxuri 1953: Ханна Ад-Фахур. История арабской литературы. М.: 1953.
baramiZe 1945: baramiZe al. narkvevebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis
istoriidan“. t. I, Tb.: 1945.
baramiZe 1948: baramiZe al. narkvevebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis
istoriidan“. t. II, Tb.: 1948.
229
baramiZe 1959: baramiZe a. `SeniSvnebi `Sahnames“ qarTuli versiebis Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos arqivi, II, 1959.
bertelsi 1948: Бертельс. Навой. М.: 1948.
bertelsi 1985: Бертельс. История персидской литературы. М.: Издательство Наука, 1985.
gvaxaria1996: gvaxaria al. narkvevebi qarTul sparsuli literaturuli
urTierTobebis istoriidan. t. I. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba,
1996.
eko 2010: eko u. `vardis saxeli“ (`rogor iwereboda vardis saxeli“)
(italiuridan Targmna xaTuna cxadaZem). Tb.: `diogene“, 2010.
zandi 1964: Занд М. 6 веков славы. М.: 1964.
zandi 1996: ‫ ﺗﻬ ﺮان رانﯼا اتﯼادب خﯼﺗ ﺎر وﯼزﻧ ﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬, 1996.
ingoroyva 1924: ingoroyva p. omar xaiamis robaiebis qarTuli Targmanis
winasityvaoba. `kavkasioni~, № 2, 1924.
ioane batoniSvili 1986: ioane betoniSvili. kalmasoba. t, II. Tb.: `merani~, 1986.
kekeliZe 1985: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. II, Tb.:
`mecniereba“, 1985.
kobiZe1969: kobiZe d. qarTul-sparsuli literaturuli urTierTobani. t.
II. Tb.: 1969.
kobiZe1975: kobiZe d. sparsuli literaturis istoria. t. I, Tb.:
`mecniereba~, 1975.
moli 1921: Mohl J. Le livre de rois, V, 1-13, Paris: 1921.
Jirmunski 1962: Жирмунский В. Народный героический эпос, сравнительноисторические очерки. М.: 1962.
JorJoliani 2003: JorJoliani l. zaaqianis, qarTuli versiebi. Tb.:
Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2003.
ripka 1914: Ripka Y. Geschichte die Persische Literatura. Leipzig: 1914.
ripka 1956: sparsuli literaturis istoria (sparsuli Targmani). Teirani: 1993.
`Sah-name“ 1996: ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ و بﯼﻗ ﺮ ﯼﻣﻬﺪ راﺳ ﺘﻪﯼو ﻧﺎﻣﻪ واژﻩ و ﻣﻘﺪﻣ ﻪ ﺑ ﺎ هﻤﺮاﻩ ﯼﻓ ﺮدوس ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺷ ﺎﻩ‬
‫ ﺗﻬ ﺮان ﯼﺑﻬﺒ ﻮد‬, 1996.
xalili 1996: ‫ د‬. ‫ م‬. ‫ ﯼﻋــــرب ات ﯼ ادب خ ﯼﺗــــــــﺎر ﯼ ل ﯼﺧـــﻞ‬, 1996.
javaxiSvili 1982: javaxiSvili i. Txzulebani XII tomad. t. III, Tb.:
`mecniereba“, 1982.
230
sulxan-saba orbeliani.
qarTuli ganmanaTleblobis karibWesTan
ivane amirxanaSvili
sulxan-saba orbeliani
(biografiuli narkvevi )
`Cems ukan RmerTma qnas, Cems qveyanaSi ukeTesoba Seiqnas!~ _
werda sulxan-saba orbeliani 1715 wels italiaSi mogzaurobis
dros. romaeli kardinalis sasaxleSi TiTqos SemTxveviT warmoTqmuli es fraza zedmiwevniT zustad axasiaTebs mas da misi moRvaweobis arss. am didma moRvawem yvelaferi gaakeTa imisaTvis, raTa
mis Semdeg ukeTesoba yofiliyo da mizansac miaRwia _ qarTuli
kulturuli sivrce xarisxobrivad axali SinaarsiT Seivso.
sulxan-saba orbeliani unikaluri movlenaa qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi.
igi, rogorc mwerali, leqsikografi, enaTmecnieri, mTargmneli, RvTismetyveli, bibliologi, filosofosi, diplomati,
mogzauri, kartografisti, enciklopedisti, sazogado moRvawe,
qmnis inteleqtualuri da praqtikuli saqmianobis axal stils,
skolas, tradicias.
cxovrobda ise, rogorc yvela, erTi SexedviT, arafriT gansxvavdeboda Tavisi Tanamedrove qarTvelebisagan, magram Sinaganad sul sxva siRrmeebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, sxva TvaliT
xedavda samyaros, sxvanairad afasebda movlenebs, sxvanairad
SeigrZnobda yofierebis konteqsts.
sicocxleSive moipova TanamemamuleTa siyvaruli da pativiscema. xalxi sulier da inteleqtualur liderad aRiarebda.
swored xalxurma leqsma gamoxata qarTvelTa gansakuTrebuli
damokidebuleba didi moRvawisadmi:
sulxan-saba orbelis-Ze
sibrZniT aRxda orbebis ze.
mTel saqarTvelos mamad miaCnia, _ werda misioneri Jan riSari safrangeTis samefo karze gagzavnil werilSi.
es ar iyo gadaWarbeba, vinaidan sulxan-saba orbelianma marTlac mTeli Tavisi cxovreba, Tavisi sulieri da fizikuri Zalebi Seswira samSoblos. Tavis Tavze gadaitana yvela is ubedureba, rac Cvens qveyanas daatyda im rTulsa da gansacdelebiT aRsavse epoqaSi.
231
***
sulxan-saba orbeliani daibada 1658 wlis 24 oqtombers
(axali stiliT 4 noembers) qvemo qarTlis sofel tanZiaSi. amis
Sesaxeb `qarTuli leqsikonis~ zogierTi xelnaweris bolosityva gvauwyebs: `dabadebula sulxan-saba orbeliani qarTulsa qoranikons tmv (1658), okdombers kd (24), rom laTinurad oTxi noemberi iqneba, dResa kviriakesa, Jamsa SuaRamisasa~.
bavSvoba mSobliur sofelSi gaatara, Semdeg gadavida dmanisSi, romelic orbelianTa sagvareulo centrad iTvleboda.
orbelianebi anu `baraTaSvil-orbeliSvilebi~ gavleniani
feodalebi iyvnen, maT xelSi iyo `mowinave sadroSos~, qvemo
qarTlis, didi nawili.
baraTaSvilTa sagvareulos mamamTavrad miCneulia baraTa qaCibaZe, igive `didi baraTa~, romelic aleqsandre I-is mefobis dros
(1412-1443) moRvaweobda da romelsac sveticxovlisTvis mdinare
maSavris xeobaSi mdebare sofeli yoranTa Seuwiravs (menabde 1953:5).
rac Seexeba `baraTaSvil-orbeliSvilebs”, maTi erT-erTi
pirveli warmomadgenelia yaflan orbeliSvi~i, rostom mefis
(1634-1658) saxlTuxucesi da mdivanbegi. rostomi mas ase axasiaTebs: `erTguli, mravalferad TavdadebiT namsaxuri, didad
momWirne da Zalis mimcemi” (saistorio moambe 1924:174).
swored yaflanis Svili iyo sulxan-saba orbelianis mama vaxtangi — qvemo qarTlis mdivanbegi, romelsac `did orbels~ eZaxdnen. sulxanis deda iyo zaal aragvis erisTavis asuli Tamari.
yaflani samefo kars enaTesaveboda. misi Svili rodami
vaxtang mexuTis, Sahnavazis coli iyo. ase rom, qarTlis mefeebi
giorgi XI, arCili da levani sulxanis mamidaSvilebi iyvnen.
vaxtangsa da Tamars TerTmeti Svili hyavdaT, sami asuli da
rva Ze. 1683 wels maT `sadRegrZelod~ augia vaxtangs karis eklesia.
vaxtang yaflaniSvil-orbeliani mwignobrobiTa da mecenatobiTac yofila cnobili. qvemo qarTlSi asomTavruli damwerloba mis garda aravis scodnia. mrglovani Semdeg SvilebisTvisac uswavlebia.
sulxanma adridanve gamoavlina swavlisadmi midrekileba.
brwyinvale niWis wyalobiT male aiTvisa sasuliero da saero disciplinebi. aRmzrdelad miCenili hyavda beruka zedginiZe, galobis
maswavleblad _ giorgi iaSvili. amis Sesaxeb TviTonve wers:
`mwvrTida mcxeTeli zedginiZeT saxlis Ze beruka da simReris srulobas mwvrTida iaSvili giorgi. mzdida saTuTad da nebierad,
viTar Svenis TavadTa ZeTa... rameTu viyav swavlisa friad moyvare da
Cemis ostatis diakvnebi majavrebdnen~ (leoniZe 1959: 133).
diakvnebis xumroba, ra Tqma unda, verc enTuziazms Cauqrobda da verc winsvlaSi SeuSlida xels. WabukobaSi Sesul sulxans
Seswavlili hqonda yvelaferi, rac im dros ganaTlebul adami-
232
ans moeTxoveboda. kargad erkveoda filosofiaSi, RvTismetyvelebasa da filologiaSi. Semdeg Seiswavla Turquli, somxuri,
berZnuli, laTinuri, italiuri da rusuli enebi. mis farTo inteleqtualur Tvalsawierze metyvelebs Tundac leqsikonis
Sesavlis erTi SeniSvna: `romelica werilTa Sina vnaxe, gadmoviRe, saRTo werilTa da RmrTismetyvelebaTa Sina, romelime
RrmaTa filosofosTa wignebTagan da RmrTismetyvelebaTa,
kavSirTa, prokles platonurTa diodoxosTa, aristotelisa da
forfiris kaTiRoriaTagan gamoviRe. nemesios da ioane damaskelis platonuri sityvis saqcevebi aRvwere...~ (orbeliani 1991:28).
sulxanis aRzrda-ganaTlebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili daides
misma mamidaSvilebma. maTve SeukveTes leqsikonis Sedgena.
arCili, giorgi da levani aqtiurad monawileobdnen politikur intrigebsa da dinastiur brZolebSi da sulxansa da mis saxlikacebsac neba-uneblieT uwevdaT am brZolebSi CarTva. levan
batoniSvili sulxansa da mis Zmebs axasiaTebs rogorc `erTgulTa da mravalferad namsaxurTa~.
sulxanis Tanadgomas arc vaxtang meeqvse iviwyebda. `biZa Cveni
sulxan-yofili saba orbeliSvili, _ wers igi 1726 wels gacemul
siTarxnis wignSi, _ kurTxeviT xsenebulT xelmwifeT, CvenTa mamabiZaTa zeda didad namsaxuri da garjili iyo~ (menabde 1953:27).
mamidaSvilebisadmi gamoCenili erTguleba sulxans Zvirad
daujda.
mas Semdeg, rac iranis Sahma qarTlis taxti Teimuraz pirvelis SviliSvils erekle pirvels (nazaralixans) Caabara, qveyanaSi viTareba daiZaba. nazaralixanma proiranuli politikis gatareba daiwyo. ukmayofilo qarTvelebi giorgi meTerTmetis
garSemo gaerTiandnen da wamoiwyes brZola marionetuli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg, rasac samefo karis mxridan mZafri reaqcia mohyva. represiebisagan Tavis aridebis mizniT giorgi meTerTmete imereTSi gaixizna. sulxanma Tavi axalcixes Seafara
da iqidan cdilobda reabilitaciis miRebas. erTwliani molaparakebebis Semdeg, 1696 wlis gazafxulze, qarTlSi dabrunebis
ufleba misces. saqmeSi naTesavebis Carevis Sedegad nazaralixanma sulxani ipatia da CamorTmeuli samflobeloebic daubruna.
sulxani CamoSorda politikur saqmianobas, rac, erTi mxriv,
gamowveuli iyo politikuri idealebis marcxiT, meore mxriv, es
iyo Cumi protesti erekles proiranuli reaqciis winaaRmdeg.
mamulebi Zmebs dautova, TviTon ki daviT garejis udabnos
mravalmTis ioane naTlismcemlis saxelobis monasters miaSura.
sabas biografiis mkvlevarebi gansxvavebul versiebs gvTavazoben imis Taobaze, Tu ram gamoiwvia misi berad Sedgoma. aleqsandre xaxanaSvili fiqrobda, rom mizezi daqvriveba unda yofi-
233
liyo: `roca moukvda coli Tamari, aTabag xalifaSisa, Sesdga da
aRikveca sabas saxeliT~ (xaxanaSvili 1904:542).
aq Secdomaa, vinaidan cnobilia, rom sulxanis meore coli,
samcxis aTabagis asuli Tamari gacilebiT gvian, daaxloebiT
1712 wels gardaicvala. rac Seexeba pirvel cols, muxraneli
bagrationis asuls darejans, igi 1683 wels qmris berad aRkvecamde TxuTmeti wliT adre aResrula. ase rom, ojaxuri tragedia ar unda yofiliyo monasterSi wasvlis sababi. es arc raime
gareSe iZulebiT an ZaldatanebiT SeiZleboda momxdariyo. ufro realuria giorgi leoniZis mosazreba, rom am nabijs politikuri safuZveli unda hqonoda (leoniZe 1959:142).
1698 wlis 18 marts sulxani berad aRikveca da ewoda saba.
monasterSi daiwyo wera Txzulebisa `swavla-moZRvrebani~. es
aris qadagebaTa krebuli, romlis ganxilva adasturebs, rom erovnul-politikur Temebze fiqri mas berobaSic ar Seuwyvetia. moralistur SegonebebTan erTad krebulSi Sedis qadagebebi, romlebSic mxilebulia erovnuli skepticizmisa da samSoblos moRalateobis tendenciebi. rCeba iseTi STabeWdileba, TiTqos sulxan-saba
saero saqmeTagan suls iTqvams da elodeba Sesaferis dros, raTa
ganaxlebuli ZalebiT Seudges saqveyno moRvaweobas.
es droc dadga.
1703 wels Sahma sulTan-huseinma qarTlis samefo levans (vaxtang mexuTis Svils) Caabara. sulxan-saba maSinve tovebs monasters da levanis gverdiT Cndeba. male levani sparseTs gaiwvies
da qarTlis janiSinoba mis Zes vaxtang meeqvses uboZes.
swored aseTi ganaTlebuli, niWieri da pragmatulad moazrovne mmarTveli sWirdeboda darbeulsa da gapartaxebul qarTls.
vaxtangma CamoiSora erekle nazaralixanis momxre didebulebi da uflebebi aRudgina giorgi XI-is momxreebs; SeakeTa gzebi da xidebi; aaSena sasaxleebi da qarvaslebi; gaiyvana sarwyavi
arxebi; daaarsa stamba da daiwyo qarTuli wignebis beWdva; Seqmna `swavlul kacTa komisia~, romelmac sistemaSi moiyvana `qarTlis cxovrebis~ wignebi.
aRmSeneblobiT saqmeSi vaxtangs gverdiT udgas biZa da gamzrdeli sulxan-saba orbeliani.
qarTlis erovnul-kulturuli aRorZineba iranis gegmebSi
ar Sedioda, amitom 1711 wels Sahma vaxtangi yandaars daibara da
islamze gadasvla mosTxova. vaxtangma sastiki uari ganucxada.
ganawyenebulma Sahma daapatimra da qirmanSi gagzavna, qarTli
ki mis gamahmadianebul Zmas ieses Caabara.
vaxtangma dapatimrebamde moaswro da safrangeTis mefesTan
saidumlo davalebiT gagzavna sulxan-saba orbeliani, romelic
im dros masTan erTad, ispahanSi imyofeboda.
234
sulxan-saba qarTlSi brundeba da aqedan mihyveba wminda
lazares ordenis monazons Jan riSars, romelic sparseTidan
Tbilisis gavliT parizs miemgzavreba.
sulxan-saba guldagul malavs gamgzavrebis mizans, Tavi ise
uWiravs, viTom Sav zRvamde miacilebs frang misioners. samegrelodan maT daemgzavreba daviT monazoni, romelsac evaleba misionerebis Camoyvana dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
1713 wlis noemberSi isini konstantinepolSi arian, 1714 wlis
TebervalSi _ marselSi, 1714 wlis aprilis damdegs ki ukve parizSi,
sadac saba didi pativiT miiRes. igi orjer Sexvda ludoviko XIV-s.
ras iTxovda saba safrangeTis mefisgan?
pirveli, gamoeyo 300.000 ekiu saqarTvelosTvis iranis valebis dasafarad, raTa vaxtang meeqvses saSualeba miscemoda Tavi
daexsna Sahis tyveobisagan; meore, oficialurad gamoexata
mxardaWera vaxtang meeqvsisadmi; mesame, gaegzavna 8-10 misioneri dasavleT saqarTveloSi kaTolikobis saqadageblad.
imave wlis 5 ivliss saba romSi Cavida da Sexvda paps,
klemente XI-s.
es iyo didebuli da uaRresad Tavaziani Sexvedrebi. adamianuri siTbo da gulisxmiereba arc erT Sexvedras ar mohklebia.
sulxan-saba Tavs sakmaod komfortulad grZnobda da arc diplomatiuri alRo Ralatobda. istorias SemorCa misi moswrebuli fraza. naavadmyofar lui XIV-s SeuCivlia, sibere Semomepara,
xumroba saqme xom ar aris, samocs gadavabijeo (arada, im dros
samocdaTeqvsmetisa iyo). sulxan-sabas uTqvams, `xelmwifeo,
Tqveni udidebulesoba am wlovanebas iseTi mSvenebiT atarebs,
rom yvela isurvebda Tqvens asakSi yofnas~-o.
niSandoblivia sityvebi, riTac klemente XI mimarTavs stumars: `Cemi sisxli rom mTxovo vaxtangisa da Senis qveynis sasargeblod, imasac dasaqcevad mogcem~ (orbeliani 1940:20). eWvgareSea romis papis Tavazianoba, magram ufro sagulisxmoa is, rasac saubris bolos eubneba stumars: `SeniT mravali saqme minda
gavakeTo~-o (orbeliani 1940:20). Cans, papis kurias marTlac
hqonda Tavisi gegmebi saqarTvelosTan da saerTod kavkasiasTan
mimarTebiT, magram maTi ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro Zala da
saSualebebi ar gaaCnda.
saqme is aris, rom kavkasiasTan damokidebulebis Taobaze evropelebs saerTo Tvalsazrisi ar hqondaT SemuSavebuli. metic, am sakiTxze seriozulad arc fiqrobdnen. TviT sulxansabas vizitebic garkveuli politikuri wreebis mier iyo organizebuli da winaswar ar SeTanxmebula arc parizTan da arc
romTan. saerTod, es mogzauroba spontanuri iyo, ar iTvaliswinebda evropis politikur realobas da amitomac yovelmxriv
cxadi iyo, rom uSedegod damTavrdeboda.
235
rogorc irkveva, frangebma winaswar icodnen, rom sparseTi
aqtiurad Caereoda saqmeSi da ecdeboda molaparakebis CaSlas.
safrangeTis ministrebi da kaTolike misionerebi yvelanairad
malavdnen sulxan-sabas vizitebs, magram verafers xdebodnen,
vinaidan iranelebma yvelaferi icodnen. am dros marselSi ukve
imyofebodnen iranis saelCos warmomadgenlebi mdidari somexi
vaWris agob Janis meTaurobiT da dRe-dReze elodnen iranis
elCis mohamed reza begis Camosvlas (tabaRua 1966:141).
safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros parizis arqivSi
aRmoCnda 1714 wlis ivnisiT daTariRebuli werili, romlis avtori unda iyos CvenTvis cnobili misioneri Jan riSari. werilis
avtori yovelgvari mikib-mokibvis gareSe wers, rom sulxan-saba
orbelianis Txovna ar Sesruldeba:
`es Rirseuli moxuci didad damwuxrdeba, roca Seityobs,
rom mas aramc Tu ar ugzavnian misionerebs, aramed sulac ar gaugzavnian, Tu maTi gagzavna aRmoCnda (sparseTis) elCis Camosvlasa da misi elCobis warmatebaze damokidebuli.
vicnob ra qarTvelebis niWierebas, SemiZlia dagarwmunoT, rom
gacilebiT ufro xelsayreli iqneboda sarwmunoebisaTvis, rom mas
(sulxan-sabas) ar aRvuTqvaT is, rasac ver SevasrulebT. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, sulxan-sabas rom ar eTqva da ar miewera yvelgan, rogori gulkeTilobiT miiRo is misma udidebulesobam da aRuTqva
yvela Txovnis Sesruleba. me vTqvi, rom ver SevasrulebT dapirebas, radganac Tu misionerebis gasagzavnad saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebisaTvis elodebian sparseTis elCs, maT an sruliad ar
gagzavnian an gagzavnian Zalian gvian~ (tabaRua 1966:141).
giorgi leoniZe zustad miuTiTebs im detalebs, ris gamoc
safrangeTi realurs verafers gaakeTebda saqarTvelosTvis. kerZod, asaxelebs xelisSemSlel pirobebs. esenia: lui meToTxmetis
mier holandiasTan da inglisTan dadebuli zavebi, zRvaze inglisis gabatonebis safrTxe, espaneTis samemkvidrosTvis atexili
uSedego omebi, araefeqturi sagareo politika, biujetis kolosaluri xarjebi da saxelmwifo valebi (leoniZe 2004:83).
sulxan-saba orbelianis evropul misias ufro mkacrad afasebda konstantine gamsaxurdia. misi azriT, iluziebis tyveobaSi iyvnen vaxtang meeqvsec da sulxan-sabac, roca daxmarebas dasavleTs sTxovdnen. vaxtang meeqvsem daaxloebiTac ar icoda,
Tu ra viTareba iyo dasavleT evropaSi. arc safrangeTi, arc
romis kuria Tavs ar aitkivebdnen islamuri agresiis winaaRmdeg
mebrZoli saqarTvelosTvis (gamsaxurdia 1985: 175).
marTlac, safrangeTi gamudmebuli omebisagan sakmaod iyo
dasustebuli, misi hegemonoba evropaSi dasasruls uaxlovdeboda, iwyeboda absolutizmis kraxi. ludoviko XIV-is araswori
sagareo politikis Sedegad safrangeTs daexoca mosaxleobis
236
20 procenti _ sami milioni adamiani, valad daedo 2,6 miliardi
franki, maSin, roca saxelmwifos wliuri Semosavali mxolod
117 milioni franki iyo (safrangeTis istoria 1972: 272).
amas isic daerTo, rom 1715 wlis 1 seqtembers ludoviko XIV
gardaicvala. evropasTan dakavSirebuli qarTvelTa politikuri iluziebi daimsxvra. rogorc Cans, ganwiruloba Cveni maSindeli istoriuli bedis marTlac aucilebeli nawili iyo
(firaliSvili 2009:28).
xangrZlivi da faTerakebiT aRsavse mgzavrobis Semdeg 1716 wlis
ivlisSi sulxan-saba orbeliani saqarTveloSi brundeba. qarTli
isev areulia. samefo taxti ieses upyria. Zmebi afrTxileben sulxansabas, qarTlSi Casvlisgan Tavi Seikavos, magram mas sxva gza aRar
darCenia. mowinaaRmdegeebi dasaxvedrad mzad arian.
`qilila da damanas~ aderZ-minawerSi `didad SeWirvebulSeRonebuli~ sulxan-saba Tavis Tavze wers:
`es sulxan-saba orbeliani giorgi mefis dedis Zmiswuli iyo
da misganve Svilurad gazrdili da gaswavlebuli, da vaxtang
mefisa biZad da gamzrdelad wodebuli da didad sayvareli. am
soflis simuxTlem erTmaneTs moaSorva da Cxubianma kacebma
maT Sua didi daxeTqileba Camoagdo. mefe mas da mis Zmaze ubralod mwyromeli Seqnes~ (`qilila da damana~ 1975:186).
`Cxubianma kacebma~ yvelaferi gaakeTes imisaTvis, rom vaxtang mefe da sulxan-saba erTmaneTs daSorebodnen. `qilila da
damanas~ SesavalSi sulxan-sabas mohyavs sami igav-araki: `vardi
da moSurneni~, `Suris msxverpli delfini~ da `mefe da meZebari~, romlebSic miniSnebulia, Tu ra sabediswero roli iTamaSes
intriganma da avena axloblebma mefesTan mis urTierTobaSi.
gulistkiviliT wers sulxan-saba:
mterman lodi momaxvedra, moyvareman vardis kona,
egre mterma ver matkina, moyvareman SemaRona.
sabas devnis mizezi, ra Tqma unda, kaTolicizmi iyo. mcxeTaSi
Catarebul saeklesio krebaze mosTxoves kaTolikuri rwmenisa
da romis papis dagmoba, magram es ar gaakeTa. garkveul xans Serisxulad iTvleboda, Tumca Semdeg isev dauaxlovda samefo
kars, vaxtangTanac aRadgina Zveli urTierToba.
azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis da
ratom miiRo sabam kaTolikoba.
rogorc zemoT iTqva, mizezi misi gakaTolikebisa erovnulpolitikuri miznebi unda yofiliyo, vinaidan aSkarad prodasavluri ganwyobilebis moRvawe iyo da, rogorc Cans, miaCnda,
rom kaTolicizmTan daaxloeba saqarTvelosTvis mravali mniSvnelovani problemis mogvarebis winapiroba unda gamxdariyo.
savsebiT marTebulia konstantine gamsaxurdias mosazreba, rom
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`ara dogmaturma ambebma, aramed mamulis gadarCenis imedma moiTxova saba orbelianisgan mamapapeuli sarwmunoebisaTvis zurgis Seqceva da kaTolikuri kredos aRiareba~ (gamsaxurdia 1985:175).
zustad ar viciT, Tu rodis moxda es faqti, amis Taobaze
sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs, magram mainc sagulisxmoa
mixeil TamaraSvilis mier mikvleuli werili, romelic 1687
wlis 7 noembers gaugzavnia romSi livornoel patr iosebs. werilSi CamoTvlilia 1687 wels kaTolikobaze moqceuli qarTvelebis gvarebi. erT adgilas vkiTxulobT: `batoni sulxan, Svili
didi ministrisa, biZaSvili mefisa, romelic aris ukeTilSobilesi qarTveli yaflaniani... aman miiRo kaTolikoba 15 agvistos
1687 w.~ (TamaraSvili 1902: 262-263).
arsebobs azri, rom sulxan-saba orbeliani evropaSi gamgzavrebis win ikurTxa kaToliked da ara adreul wlebSi. argumenti:
1713 wlamde daweril arc erT nawarmoebSi kaTolikobis kvali
ar Cans. papisturi dogmatebi pirvelad gvxvdeba `samoTxis karSi~, romelic 1713 wels aris redaqtirebuli (kekeliZe 1968:123).
sagulisxmoa, rom sulxan-saba gaxda im kaTolikuri ordenis
wevri, romelic ritualurad yvelaze axlos idga marTlmadideblobasTan. kerZod, basilianelTa ordeni. basilianelebi
cdilobdnen aRmosavluri da dasavluri eklesiebis daaxloebas da am mizniT yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen im dogmebze, romlebic saerTo iyo orive eklesiisaTvis (baramiZe 1988:121).
1724 wlis maisSi qarTlis taxti kidev erTxel Seirya. vaxtang
meeqvse yvelam gawira, Sinaurmac da gareSemac, amitom iZulebuli
gaxda Svidaskaciani amaliT ruseTs gamgzavrebuliyo da iq eZebna
Zala da saSualeba taxtis dasabruneblad. vaxtangs Tan axlda sulxan-saba da misi Zmebi: demetre, nikoloz da zosime orbelianebi.
vaxtang VI-is amala Tbilisidan gavida 1724 wlis 15 ivliss da
mamisonis uRletexiliT gadavida ruseTSi. amalis wevris gabriel gelovanis aRweriT, iseTi Zneli gzebiT uvliaT, rom `ukeTu STavardniliyo qvesknelsa mas Sina ufskrulsa yinulisasa
orbi, gina arwivi, masca veRara eZlo muniT aRmosvlad~
(yubaneiSvili 1958: 67).
qarTvelebi sofel digoridan gadavidnen CerqezeTSi, gaiares daRestani, mividnen solaRs, saidanac sulxan-saba gamoeyo
amalas da ramdenime kacis TanxlebiT gaemgzavra moskovs diplomatiuri davalebiT, raTa Seesrulebina Suamavlis roli
vaxtang meeqvsesa da ruseTis imperators Soris. 1724 wlis 6
noembers sulxan-saba marTlac gamocxadebula sagareo saqmeTa
kolegiis moskovis kantoraSi (yubaneiSvili 1958:68).
sulxan-saba orbelianma sami Tve icxovra moskovSi, vsexsviatskoeSi, arCil mefis sasaxleSi, Tavis mamidaSvilis SvilTan
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darejan batoniSvilTan. iqve gardaicvala 1725 wlis 26 ianvars.
dakrZales vsexsviatskoes eklesiaSi.
sulxan-saba orbelianis kalams ekuTvnis xuTi mniSvnelovani
wigni:
`sibrZne sicruisa~ _ dawerili `Jamsa siWabukisa misisa~,
1680-ian wlebSi;
`leqsikoni qarTuli~ _ 30-wliani Sromis nayofi. dasrulebulia 1710 wlebSi;
`mogzauroba evropaSi~ _ dRiurebi, Sedgenili safrangeTsa
da italiaSi mogzaurobis dros 1713-1716 wlebSi;
`swavlani~ _ 46 mravalTematuri qadageba. Seqmnilia avtoris daviT garejis monasterSi moRvaweobis dros, me-17-18 saukuneebis gasayarze;
`qilila da damana~ _ Targmani sparsulidan, Sesrulebulia
1717-1720 wlebSi vaxtang meeqvsesTan erTad.
damowmebani :
baramiZe 1988: baramiZe r. literaturuli Studiebi. Tb.: Tsu
gamomcemloba, 1988.
gamsaxurdia 1985: gamsaxurdia k. Yn memoriam Saba Orbeliani. TxzulebaTa
aTtomeuli. t. IX, Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,. 1985.
TamaraSvili 1902: TamaraSvili m. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa
Soris. tfilisi: 1902.
kekeliZe 1968: kekeliZe k. qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. II, Tb.:
`sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1968.
leoniZe 1959: leoniZe g. gamokvlevebi da werilebi. Tb.: `sabWoTa mwerali~, 1959.
leoniZe 2004: leoniZe g. sulxan-saba orbeliani. Tb.: qristianuli
Teologiisa da kulturis centris gamocema, 2004.
menabde 1953: menabde l. sulxan-saba orbeliani. Tb.: `sablitgami~, 1953.
orbeliani 1940: orbeliani s.s. `mogzauroba evropaSi~. solomon iordaniSvilis redaqciiT. Tb.: `federacia~, 1940.
orbeliani 1991: orbeliani s.s. leqsikoni qarTuli. I, avtografiuli
nusxebis mixedviT moamzada ilia abulaZem. Tb.: `merani~, 1991.
saistorio moambe 1924: saistorio moambe. № 1, 1924.
safrangeTis istoria 1972: История Франции в трех томах. Т.1, М.: «Наука», 1972.
tabaRua 1966: tabaRua i. evropaSi sulxan-saba orbelianis diplomatiuri
misiis Sedegebi. `macne~, № 6, 1966.
firaliSvili 2009: firaliSvili z. saba da qarTuli kosmosi. // sulxansaba orbeliani _ 350. Tb.: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2009.
`qilila da damana~ 1975: `qilila da damana~. teqsti daadgina, Sesavali,
komentarebi da leqsikoni daurTo magali Toduam. Tb.: `merani~, 1975.
yubaneiSvili 1958: yubaneiSvili s. sulxan-saba orbelianis gamgzavreba
moskovSi. // literaturuli Ziebani, t. XI, Tb.: 1958.
xaxanaSvili 1904: xaxanaSvili a. qarTuli sityvierebis istoria uZvelesi
droidgan XVIII saukunis gasulamde. tfilisi: 1904.
239
ivane amirxanaSvili
`sibrZne sicruisa~
teqsti da konteqsti
Sesavali. sulxan-saba orbelians, rogorc Semoqmedsa da moazrovnes, Tavidanve gansazRvruli aqvs moralur-esTetikuri
programa da literaturul moRvaweobas iwyebs swored am programis mxatvruli xorcSesxmiT. `sibrZne sicruisa~ aris pirveli
nawarmoebi da, amave dros, yvelaze srulyofili wigni, romelSic warmoadgenilia mTliani mxatvruli sistema Tavisi
kanonebiTa da principebiT.
aq erovnuli suli iwyebs TviTSemecnebas, ganaxlebis suliskveTeba arRvevs stereotipebs, racionalisturi struqtura
mkvidrdeba esTetikuri formebis meSveobiT.
mwerali xedavs ara marto sxvagvarad, aramed sxvasac, aRmoaCens yofierebis sxva arss, romlis reprezentacia da azrobriv
CarCoebSi moqceva mis mTavar motivad iqceva.
erTi SexedviT, Tu mxolod siuJetur qargas gaviTvaliswinebT, nawarmoebis ontologiuri horizonti ar aris vrceli,
magram adamianuri sulis yofierebis TvalsazrisiT, `sibrZne
sicruisa~ metismetad farTo da mravalmxriv sivrced warmogvidgeba. azris dialeqtikuri TviTganviTareba moicavs cxovrebis yvela sferos. yvelaferi imdenad cocxalia, rom rCeba STabeWdileba, TiTqos cxovreba Seimecnebs cxovrebas. personaJebi
moqmedeben TviTcnobierebis kanonis Sesabamisad, yvelafers,
yvela movlenas codnisa da analizis sagnad aqceven. Tumca es ar
aris avtoris saboloo mizani. cxovrebis arsisa da adamianis
TviTcnobierebis Serwymam unda aamoqmedos adamianis Sinagani
energia, warmoSvas azriswarmomqmneli Zala, Camoayalibos sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis saerTo wyaro, romelic xels Seuwyobs
axali ideebis warmoCenasa da dadginebas.
teqstis semantika mkafio da lakoniuria. is kritikuli
TviTSegnebis gziT qmnis jansaRi azris ideas, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, racionalizms gulisxmobs.
racionalizmis ideas sulxan-saba orbeliani gonebamaxvilobisa da iumoris meSveobiT warmoadgens, rac mas me-18 saukunis
moazrovneebTan aaxlovebs.
zneobriobisa da racionalizmis gverdiT TavisTavad Cndeba
pragmatizmis Temac. kacma rom Tqvas, es sami idea cal-calke
arc arsebobs. nawarmoebma axalgazrdebs unda gauRviZos WeSmaritebisa da sazogadoebrivi sikeTis SegrZneba, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, unda Camoayalibos faseulobaTa kriteriumebi, sulier-materialuri yofierebis orientirebi.
240
`sityva saqmiani, saqme sityviani~ _ am formuliT gamoixateba aRniSnuli samerTianoba _ eTosi, racio, pragma.
saTauri. wignis koncefcias garkveulwilad ukavSirdeba saTauris gaazrebis sakiTxi.
danamdvilebiT ar viciT, saTauri uSualod avtoris darqmeulia Tu ara, magram xelnawerebisa da gadamwerTa anderZebis
Seswavla gvafiqrebinebs, rom is sulxan-sabas mxridan unda iyos
nakarnaxevi, anu idea misgan unda modiodes.
mTavari sxva ram aris. gasarkvevia, romelia swori varianti:
`sibrZne sicruisa~ Tu `wigni sibrZnisa da sicruisa~ anu ,,wigni
sibrZne-sicruisa~? amis Sesaxeb erTiani azri ar arsebobs. winaaRmdegobrioba sakiTxis kvlevas Tavidanve axasiaTebda. niSandoblivia, rom aleqsandre cagareli, romelic pirvelad Seexo
am Temas, Tavidan mxars uWerda erT wakiTxvas _ `sibrZne sicruisa” (cagareli 1873:100), Semdeg ki meore wakiTxvas _ `wigni
sibrZne-sicruisa~ _ dauWira mxari (cagareli 1878:120).
korneli kekeliZem miuReblad miiCnia aleqsandre cagarelis
mier SemoTavazebuli `wigni sibrZnisa da sicruisa~ da aRniSna, rom
saTauri unda gavigoT rogorc sicruis anu mogonili ambis, igavarakis sibrZne (kekeliZe 1924:301). amave Tvalsazriss iziarebdnen
aleqsandre baramiZe (baramiZe 1940: 257), levan menabde (menabde 1980:
14) da giorgi leoniZe, romlis mier 1957 wels gamocemul krebuls
swored es varianti aweria _ `sibrZne sicruisa~.
gaioz imedaSvili miiCnevda, rom unda vweroT `wigni sibrZnesicruisa~, ese igi, wigni sibrZnisa da sicruisa, radgan igav-arakebis
erT nawilSi gamoxatulia sibrZne, xolo meoreSi _ sicrue
(imedaSvili 1954:309). mogvianebiT es Tvalsazrisi ganavrco revaz
TvaraZem: `qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis Tanaxmad, sicrue mxolod da mxolod satanis saufloa. marTlmorwmune qristianisTvis
sicrueSi arasgziT ar SeiZleba ipovebodes Tundac natamali sibrZnisa... forma `wigni sibrZne-sicruisa~ warsulisagan, yvela niSnis
mixedviT _ nawarmoebis avtorisagan naanderZevi erTaderTi saTauria da swored rom araviTar cvlilebas ar saWiroebs~ (TvaraZe
1985:3). sxvaTa Soris, revaz TvaraZis es sityvebi daiwera pasuxad
ioseb megreliZisa, romelic amtkicebda: unda vweroT `sibrZne
sicruisa~, radgan aq igulisxmeba mogonili ambavi, sicrue, romelSic Caqsovilia sibrZne~ (megreliZe 1985:4).
levan bregaZem saTauris gaazreba mimeturi da antimimeturi
principebis Teorias daukavSira. mimeturia nawarmoebi, Tu masSi gadmocemulia ambavi, romelic sinamdvileSic SeiZleboda
momxdariyo; antimimeturia nawarmoebi, Tu masSi moTxrobilia
ambavi, romelic sinamdvileSi ar SeiZleboda momxdariyo. sulxan-saba orbelianis igav-arakebi antimimeturi Txzulebebia.
maTSi gamoyenebulia maxvilgonivruli, brZnuli mistifikaci-
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ebi, mogonili ambebi anu brZnulad mofiqrebuli sicrue da,
aqedan gamomdinare, wignis saTauri gulisxmobs sicruis sibrZnes
(bregaZe 1991:90).
amave konteqstSi ganixilavs saTauris koncefcias Teimuraz
doiaSvilic. misi azriT, sulxan-saba orbeliani platonis Teoriul
koncefcias eyrdnoba da saTauris semantikas ase gaiazrebs: `sibrZne sicruisa~ gamonagonSi, `sicrueSi~ zneobrivi azris, `sibrZnis~
Cadebis platonur normas gulisxmobs (doiaSvili 2010: 26).
Salva nucubiZe amtkicebda, rom `sibrZne sicruisa~ gulisxmobs Secnobil sicrues anu sicruis sicruobis Secnobas, rac
TavisTavad aris sibrZne. ZvelberZnul azrovnebaSi, kerZod,
sokratul dialeqtikaSi, sibrZnis sawyisad iTvleba sicruis,
rogorc sicruis, codna. es sulxan-sabam icis da iyenebs kidec.
maSasadame, `sibrZne sicruisa~ niSnavs sibrZnes, mocemuls sicrueSi, romelic ukve Secnobilia da amitom swor Tvalsazrisad,
WeSmaritebad aris gadaqceuli (nucubiZe 1985:255).
erTi SexedviT, ubralo, magram arsebiTad zusti interpretacia aqvs mocemuli ilia WavWavaZes: `saba orbelians amis Tqma
undoda: me zRapars geubnebi da sibrZnes ki gamcnebo. zRapari
mogonili ambavia, aramarTali, maSasadame, sicruea... zRapari,
araki, igavi sibrZnec aris da sicruec. sicrue TviTon ambavia,
sibrZne _ Sig Casaxuli azria~ (WavWavaZe 2007:177-178).
am definiciaSi gaTvaliswinebulia principi, romelic sulxansaba orbelianis mxatvruli azrovnebis safuZvels warmoadgens.
es aris alegorizmi da warmosaxva. sulxan-sabas alegorizmi,
rogorc mxatvruli forma, gamoricxavs dualistur Sepirispirebas: sibrZne _ sicrue. mis warmosaxvaSi sibrZne da sicrue
erT sibrtyeze ar moiazreba. misTvis, eTikuri TvalsazrisiT,
substanciuri kategoriaa mxolod sibrZne, sicrue arasubstanciuria, araarsia, romlis gaTvaliswinebis, Segnebisa da gaazrebis Sedegad miiReba sibrZne.
sulxan-sabas alegorizmi uTuod ukavSirdeba ganmanaTleblobis koncefcias, romelic amtkicebs, rom igavi, igav-araki
anu gamogonili ambavi aris saukeTeso, yvelaze ioli da efeqturi gza sibrZnis gadasacemad.
neba-uneblieT daismis kiTxva: ra azri aqvs saTauris sakiTxis kvlevas, Tuki pasuxi yovelTvis alternatiuli iqneba?
vfiqrob, is azri aqvs, rom kvleviTi diskursi cxadyofs erT rames: saTauri _ `sibrZne sicruisa~ _ es aris gamocana, romelic
mudmivi amoxsna-gamocnobis reJimSi `muSaobs~, iseve, rogorc
TiToeuli igav-araki, romlis morali sublimirdeba SekiTxvad
imisaTvis, raTa mas upasuxos mkiTxvelis gonebam.
igav-arakis mkiTxveli xdeba interpretatori, romelic hermenevtikul dialogs awarmoebs teqstTan. morali gansakuTre-
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buli kompoziciuri erTeulia, is akontrolebs, erTi mxriv,
igavis Sinaarss, meore mxriv, aRqmis, wakiTxvis, gaazrebis process. moralis gareSe igavi kargavs mimzidvelobas, egzotikurobas, yovelive imas, risTvisac es Janri arsebobs.
Janri. Janris sakiTxi koncefciuri TvalsazrisiT aranakleb
mniSvnelovania, vidre saTauris problema.
antikuri avtorebi igav-araks Tavidan ase ganmartavdnen:
`igav-araki aris gamogonili moTxroba, romelic gviCvenebs WeSmaritebis saxes~. sityva `gamogonili~ gulisxmobda or plasts:
1. arsebiT anu bunebiT fiqcias, ese igi, rac ar momxdara da arc
SeiZleboda momxdariyo; 2. sinamdvilis fiqcias anu rac ar momxdara, magram SeiZleboda momxdariyo (gasparovi 1971:32).
SemdgomSi definicia ufro daixvewa da aseTi saxe miiRo:
`igavi aris ritorikuli moTxroba, romelic Seqmnilia imis mixedviT, rac sinamdvileSi xdeba da iZleva raime rCevas adamianebisTvis~ (gasparovi 1971:33).
igav-arakis funqcia aris magaliTis Cveneba, argumentaciis,
ilustraciis saSualebis gamoZebna. igi, erTi mxriv, axdens zogadi ideis gasagnebas, meore mxriv, iZleva am ideis Secnobis, gaazrebis, amoxsnis saSualebas.
igav-araki, rogorc forma, warmoadgens mtkicebis formulas. didaqtikuri morali, daskvna Tu egreT wodebuli huqumaTi, rac mohyveba siuJetur struqturas, aris mtkiceba, praqtikuli gonebis gamovlineba. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom lesingi
lafontenamde arsebul igavs filosofiisa da ritorikis
miiCnevda. ar arsebobs didaqtika moralizmis gareSe da didaqtika mxatvruli STagonebis gareSe. igavis ideur-fsiqologiuri Sinaarsi am STagonebis daxmarebiTac amoixsneba.
igav-araki prozis klasikur formebs Soris yvelaze axlos
dgas poeziasTan. SesaZloa es iyos kidec misi Janruli Tavisebureba. amave dros, masSi uTuod aris publicisturi safanelic.
m. gasparovis azriT, igavis klasikur formulas gansazRvravs emociuri da ideuri sawyisebi. emociur safuZvlad unda
miviCnioT komizmi, ideurad ki yofiT-praqtikuli sibrZne
(gasparovi 1971:139).
aucilebeli ar aris, rom igav-araki usaTuod Seicavdes komikur elements, magram Janris specifika TavisTavad moiTxovs
am elementis gamoyenebas. komizmis mTavari faqtoria moulodneloba, daZabuli molodinis uecari, anazdeuli Semobruneba.
swored aseTia sulxan-saba orbelianis igavebis sqema, romelSic
mTavar rols asrulebs orwevriani wyoba _ Canafiqri da gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegi. moralizmi da komizmi bunebrivad erwymis erTmaneTs.
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Janris klasikur formad miCneulia `cxovelTa igavebi~ da
amas aqvs istoriuli safuZveli. antikuri Teoretikosebis
TvalSi igavi, romelSic cxovelebi ar monawileoben, meorexarisxovnad iTvleboda (gasparovi 1971:116).
ratom urCevnia meigaves ideis gamosaxatavad cxoveli da ara
adamiani? fsiqologiurad zusti pasuxi moiZebneba ganmanaTleblobis esTetikaSi:
pirveli, cxoveli gamoirCeva mkafiod gamokveTili da mdgradi
xasiaTiT. iq, sadac personaJad `meliaa~, igulisxmeba, rom saqme
gvaqvs eSmakobasTan; `mgeli~ adamianTa warmosaxvaSi upirobod
ganasaxierebs mtaceblur Zalas; `daTvi~ sibriyvesTan asocirdeba da a.S.
meore, personaJad cxovelis gamoyvana gamoricxavs mkiTxvelze emociur zemoqmedebas. igavma unda STaunergos mkiTxvels naTeli da advilad gasagebi moraluri wesi da ara emocia.
magaliTad, roca gaviazrebT igav-araks `mgeli da kravi`, bunebrivia, vuTanagrZnobT kravs, magram Cveni emocia ar aris mZafri,
radgan mTavari yuradReba gadadis imaze, Tu ra xdeba zogadi,
cxovrebiseuli TvalsazrisiT.
`cxovelTa igavebi~ sulxan-sabasTanac popularulia, magram
maT mainc sWarbobs sxva tipis igavebi, romlebic formebisa da
Temebis mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. formebisa da Temebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, `cxovelTa igavebis~ garda, SegviZlia gamovyoT qveJanrebi:
igavi-anekdoti (`xarbi glaxaki~, `ugunuri mcuravi~, `ormoSi
Cagdebuli mefe~, `maoxrebeli mkvdari~);
igavi-parodia (`mefe da avsityva~, `mRmerTobeli mefe da misi
vaziri~);
igavi-xumroba (`mTiuli da kaklis xe~, `qurdi mkervali~);
igavi-zRapari (`sparsi da indo~, `yazan-Sah da misi coli~);
igavi-gamocana (`mgeli, Txa da Tiva”, `sami col-qmari da mdinare~, `momCivanni samni Zmani~).
igavTa erTi cikli warmodgenilia jadosnuri zRapris formiT. es igavebia: `grZneuli aqimi~, `cocxlad damarxuli da usaxod didi adamianebi~, `abdul-azim davriSi~, `bneleTis pirs
msaxlobeli qaji`. aRniSnuli igav-arakebi avtors gamoyenebuli
aqvs imisTvis, rom gviCvenos leonis inteleqtualuri upiratesoba ruqasTan dapirispirebaSi da amgvarad daaCqaros gardatexa maT paeqrobaSi.
kompozicia. wignis Sinaarsobrivi qarga _ mefe finezis
karis ambebi da Semdeg iq dawyebuli kamaTi _ erTi SexedviT,
banaluri literaturuli xerxia. didebul, keTil xelmwifes
gvian eyola Svili da gadawyvita sanimuSod aRezarda. miabara
sizmrad nanax Wabuk leons, romlis aRmzrdelobiTi meTodebi
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ar moewoneba mefis saWuriss ruqas, kacs gulCqarsa da ficxels;
leons gamoeqomageba vaziri sedraqi, kaci Wkviani da ganaTlebuli. kamaTSi erTveba mama-Svilic da iwyeba diskusia, romelSic erTaderTi argumentis rols asrulebs igav-araki. marTalia, kamaTSi xuTi personaJi monawileobs, magram mTavari xazi
mihyavT sedraqsa da ruqas, rogorc ori yofiT-filosofiuri
sawyisis _ keTilisa da borotis adeptebs. es aris winaaRmdegobaTa dialeqtikuri erTianoba. ruqa leonis winaaRmdeg anu
leoni rogorc Teza da ruqa rogorc antiTeza.
sikeTisa da borotebis dualisturi Widili wignis kompoziciuri RerZia rogorc arqiteqtonikuri, ise emociuri da ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT.
calke unda aRiniSnos iseTi kompoziciuri elementi, rogoric
aris avtoriseuli toni. magaliTad, aviRoT `moZRvari meli~. teqstis pirvelive fraza efeqturi signalia. igi Tavis TavSi itevs, erTi mxriv, Txrobis dinamizms, meore mxriv, afiqsirebs avtoriseul
tons, romelSic TavSekavebuli ironia gamosWvivis.
ironia Tavidan bolomde fonad gahyveba igav-araks da es
aris motivi, Txrobis ZiriTadi elementi, anu `maorganizebeli
sawyisi` (eixenbaumi 1986:45).
`dacancarebda~ _ konotaciuri sityvaa. `aqa-iq slva daudgromeli~, _ ase ganmartavs avtori Tavis leqsikonSi. `cancari~
marto siaruls ar aRniSnavs, informaciasac iZleva im subieqtis Sesaxeb, vinc `cancarebs~. es aris araseriozuli, uprincipo, magram eSmaki, TiTlibazi, fariseveli. ironia amis warmoCenasa da motivirebas emsaxureba.
sagulisxmoa isic, rom roca samRebros qvevrSi SeiReba, mas
Semdeg `daiwyo siaruli~. umizno cancaridan siarulze gadavida. mizani gauCnda. aq avtoris toni rbildeba, magram mizandasaxulobas ar kargavs, piriqiT, emzadeba Semdgomi etapisaTvis,
romelic mamalTan SexvedriT iwyeba. aq meli warmoTqvams sakvanZo frazas: `Cemni dReni codvis qmniT davaRame, axla Wkua
movixmare, es sofeli gavuSvi, berad Sevdeg, ierusalims minda
wavide~. frazis mniSvneloba ufro gamoikveTeba, roca mamals,
Zerasa da ofofs soroSi Seiyvans da etyvis, samoZRvro saxliao.
am sityvebTan erTad ironiuli aqcenti Tavis zeda zRvarze
`iyineba~ da adgils uTmobs komikur efeqtebs, romlebic kaskadad Caivlis Cven Tvalwin mamlisgan da Zerasgan aRsarebis miRebis dros. ironiuli toni ofofis epizodSi `lRveba~, mZafrdeba da gadaiqceva gamanadgurebel maxvilad, romelsac melisave sityvebi agvirgvinebs: `rasac moZRvars aRsareba samowmod
gauxdia, uaresimc daemarTebao!~
siuJeturi qarga, rogorc forma, wignis aqtualuri elementia.
saerTo sqemis garda, romelzec zemoT visaubreT, gamoyenebulia
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Siga sqemac. kerZod, leonis igavebis erTi cikli, romelic ocdaaTze met igavs Seicavs, dayofilia qvesqemebad principiT `igavi igavSi~. mTavar sqemaSi Casmulia ormagi Txroba, ris Sedegadac vRebulobT sammag CarCos: 1. wignis mTavari qarga; 2. leonis mogzauroba; 3. igavebi, moTxrobili Semxvedri adamianebis mier.
saerTod, `sami~ rogorc aseTi sulxan-sabasTan konceptualuri figuris rols asrulebs. es aris stili rogorc azrovnebis, ise gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT.
stili. marTalia, siuJeturi qarga, CarCo da sammagi figurebi teqnikis sferos ganekuTvneba, magram, unda iTqvas, rom
teqnikur kanonsac aqvs esTetikuri Sinaarsi. es aris xerxi, mxatvrul-teleologiuri mniSvnelobis sqema, poetikis erTi detali. sulxan-sabas igavebis stili ar aris iseTi mSrali, rogorc esopes igavebs axasiaTebs, magram sqema masTanac dominantur rols asrulebs. sqematuroba igavis is Sinagani Tvisebaa,
saidanac momdinareobs Txrobis lakoniuri, ekonomiuri stili.
sulxan-saba orbelianis igav-arakebSi kultivirebulia iumori
xalxuri aqcentiT. misi safuZvelia ubraloeba, uSualoba da
gonebamaxviloba. alal, uboroto xumrobaSi erTiandeba fantazia da goneba, rac, Tavis mxriv, warmoaCens avtoris esTetikur
da humanistur idealebs. `sibrZne sicruisa~ gamoirCeva daxvewili iumoriT, romelSic dinamikuri Sinaarsi erwymis situaciur formas. magaliTad, `umecar dalaqSi~ ise waewyoba erTmaneTs xumrobebi, rom Txroba karnavalur iumorSi gadaizrdeba.
moulodnelobisa da simkveTris efeqti sulxan-sabas poetikis erTi detalia, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi ironiis formiT
aris gadmocemuli. `yaryatTa samarTalSi~ gamarTuli jumberisa da ruqas dialogi, ufro sworad, ruqas frazebi da jumberis
replikebi _ `mteroba samTa hmarTebs... samTa hmarTeben sitkboni... samni Svrebian cudad... samTa hmarTeben enaTa mravloba... samTa hmarTeben gardaxvewa~ da a.S. _ ironiis klasikur
gamovlinebad unda CaiTvalos.
ironia uSualo kavSirSia dialogis TemasTan. `sibrZne sicruisa~ dialoguri stilis nawarmoebia. Tumca, es ar aris sokratuli dialogis mibaZva da, aqedan gamomdinare, arc ironia
warmoiSoba dialeqtikuri stilis safuZvelze. sulxan-sabaseuli dialogi ufro sqemaa, polemisturi dapirispirebis sqema
da ara WeSmaritebis dadgenis sokratuli forma. marTebulia
mosazreba, rom `igi axlosaa sqolastikur dialogTan mza Tvalsazrisebis dapirspirebiT, magram Tavisufalia sqolastikuri
azrovnebis avtoritarizmisagan... kamaTis procesSi ar xdeba
romelime erTi sazrisis moxsna, gauqmeba meoris sasargeblod.
am StrixiT es `dialogebi~ Camohgavs renesansul dialogs, sa-
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dac, kamaTis miuxedavad, gatarebulia gansxvavebul poziciaTa
Tanaarsebobis principi~ (doiaSvili 2009:73).
sulxan-saba, ra Tqma unda, realisti ar aris, magram bunebiT,
Sinagani ganwyobiT, realisturi asaxvis momxrea. cdilobs, xasiaTebis, moralur-zneobrivi Tu socialuri Temebis gadmocemisas zedmiwevniT dauaxlovdes sinamdviles. niSandoblivi magaliTia `italieli mxatvrebi~, romelSic aRwerilia oTxi SemTxveva, roca mxatvrebi imdenad bunebrivad xataven sagnebs, rom
namdvilisagan ar gairCeva. `dia momewona maTi xelovneba~, _
leonis daskvnaSi ikveTeba avtoris pozicia: xelovnebis warmatebis saidumlo sinamdvilis adekvatur asaxvaSia.
aRniSnuli stiluri elementebi mianiSnebs avtoris Sinagan
kulturas, moralur-zneobriv sazriss, filosofiur Sexedulebebs, rac mTlianobaSi ayalibebs saerTo mxatvrul stils,
romlis formismier gamovlinebad gvevlineba igav-arakebis ena.
`ena _ es aris sivrce, romelSic erTiandeba mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi `me~ da samyaro~ (gadameri 1988:548).
mxatvruli ena. Tu sulxan-saba Tavis saukeTeso igavebSi
gamoxatvis sisrulesa da egreT wodebul sferul srulyofilebas aRwevs, es didwilad enis damsaxurebaa. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom `misi igav-arakebi wminda teqstualuri samyaroa,
aq mxolod ena da narativi batonobs~ (xarbedia 2009:34).
igav-arakebis sametyvelo sistema lakoniuri da dawurulia,
Sinagani wyobiT _ metismetad ekonomiuri, logikuri TvalsazrisiT ki _ zusti. sametyvelo sistemaSi mTavar rols sintaqsi
asrulebs. ambis Txroba martivi gavrcobili an rTuli Tanwyobili winadadebiT iwyeba da pirveli winadadeba xdeba, ase
vTqvaT, kamertoni, romlis xmaze ewyoba danarCeni teqsti.
teqsti moqmedebis suliskveTebazea agebuli, mTeli simZime
zmnaze gadadis. zmna aniWebs sityvas semantikur sicocxles. sityva advilad inarCunebs Tavis neitralur vels, rac mis racionalur xasiaTze mianiSnebs.
Janris didaqtikuri Sinaarsis miuxedavad, zneobriv-eTikuri
Sinaarsis leqsikas ar eniWeba dominirebuli mdgomareoba.
teqstis struqturaSi sami enobrivi plasti gadaikveTeba: saliteraturo, salaparako, arqaul-stilizebuli.
saliteraturo ena Txrobis mTavari xazis ganmtkicebas emsaxureba. es aris neitraluri, Sualeduri zoli, romelic SeiZleba zogjer sxva plastma gadakveTos, magram formas ar kargavs. rogorc
wesi, gamoiyeneba igavis Tavsa da boloSi da gamoirCeva xazgasmulad
mSvidi tonalobiT. magaliTad: `kaci erTi iyo, zeganTa alagTa
myofi, romelsa walkoti ara enaxa. Camovida barTa adgilTa, walkoti naxa. Sevida Sigan da yovelive naxa: xexili, mwvanvili. dia moewona da RmerTs madloba misca~ (`mTiuli da kaklis xe~).
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salaparako ena, cxadia, dialogebSi gamoiyeneba. sintaqsurad martiv winadadebebs axasiaTebs sizuste, azris simkveTre
da, saWiroebisamebr, sxvaTa sityvis `o~.
`vazirman hkiTxa: _ kacmawyinaro, mefis goSia rasa iqmso? _
man uTxra: _ mefis TeTri aqlemi mokvda, imisi mZori Wama da miT
mokvdao. _ aqlemi ram moklao? _ man uTxra: _ mefis deda am
sofliT gardaicvala da igi avkideT da man moklao. _ mefes
gulTa cecxli moedva da hkiTxa: _ igi ram moklao, ra daesenao?..~ (orbeliani 1957:29-30).
arqaul-stilizebuli ena gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, raTa Seiqmnas amaRlebulobis gancda da klasicisturi stilis imitacia:
`iyo xelmwife erTi, romlisa saqmeni aravisgan moixsenebian,
romelsa sikeTisa da siqvelisagan egodeni mowyalebani Seekribna gulsa Tvissa, Tavad ar aRiracxoda...~ (orbeliani 1957:3).
saliteraturo, salaparako da arqaul-stilizebuli enis nazavi
qmnis avtoris individualur xelweras, stils, romelsac emyareba
enis mTlianoba rogorc nawarmoebis gagebis mTavari piroba.
motivebi. `sibrZne sicruisa~ gamoxatvis erT-erT formad
motivs iyenebs. motivebi moralisturi ideologiis baziss warmoadgens, Tumca zogjer tropis funqciasac iTavsebs.
motivi rogorc idea xSir SemTxvevaSi dualizmis principiT
aris mocemuli: sibrZne _ sicrue, sikeTe _ boroteba, siyvaruli _ siZulvili, erTguleba _ Ralati, goniereba _ ugunuroba, sibriyve _ moxerxebuloba, siZunwe _ guluxvoba, ampartavnoba _ Tavmdabloba, Suri _ uSurveloba, tirili _ sicili da a.S. cnebaTa dialeqtikur dapirispirebaSi ikveTeba didaqtikuri Tvalsazrisi. es aris mxatvruli dualizmi, romelSic ideis warmomqmnel Zalad Teza da antiTeza gvevlineba.
dualizmi vlindeba alegoriul saxeebSic, rac, rogorc wesi, saTaurebSi iCens Tavs. magaliTad: `aqlemi da viri~, `ku da morieli~,
`viri da mgeli~, `qori da ixvi~, `ixvi da myvari~, `meli da wero~.
dualizmi adamianTa saxeebSic aris personificirebuli: `,mefe da
mxatvari~, `duka da aznauri~, `saWurisi da mona~, `mefe da mebaRe~,
`beri da yrma~; Sepirispirebulia adamiani da cxoveli: `mkalavi da
viri~, `daTvi da monadire~, `kaci da gveli~, `mola da Rori~; adamiani
da cneba: `mefe da sikvdili~, `muSa da bedi~ da a.S.
oris ideuri motivis analogiuria samis motivic, romelic
saTaurebSic vlindeba da teqstebSic. magaliTad, `yaryatTa samarTali~, romelic faqtobrivad jumberis monologs warmoadgens, msjeloba samis principiT aris warmarTuli. igive principia gamoyenebuli igavSi `mefe da sami misi Ze~.
motivis saxed unda iqnes ganxiluli iseTi stereotipebi, rogorebicaa zRva _ rogorc sabediswero gza ( `jizi gurgen~,
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`bneleTis pirs msaxlobeli qaji~, `magistrosi da SiSveli mkvdari~)
da Cin-maCini _ rogorc simdidris mxare (`brZeni da mdidari~).
saxeebi da xasiaTebi. alegoriul azrovnebaSi individualuri da tipuri ise ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs, rogorc konkretuli
da zogadi logikaSi. mxatvruli induqciis meTodi ganzogadebis fsiqologiur motivebs eyrdnoba. calkeulisa da zogadis
erTianoba Tavs iCens saxeebisa da xasiaTebis xatvisas.
am WrilSi sagulisxmoa sazogadoebrivisa da pirovnulis
roli. sulxan-saba orbeliani wers konkretulad moxelis usamarTlobaze, xelisuflis despotizmze, glaxakis sibriyveze,
sasuliero piris farisevlobaze an vaWrebis gaiZverobaze, magram misTvis mTavaria ara ama Tu im socialuri fenis kritika,
aramed zogadad adamianis xasiaTis, misi Sinagani bunebis, misi
moralur-zneobrivi naklovanebebis kritika (javeliZe 2009:279).
amitom aris, rom, magaliTad, sixarbe axasiaTebs rogorc glaxaks, ise mdidars. avtoris mizani ar aris, arkvios, vin aris kargi da
vin _ cudi, mas zneobriv-moraluri kategoriebi ainteresebs. misi
azriT, bolomde keTili adamiani ar arsebobs. kargi kacis qmedebas,
sikeTis garda, SeiZleba garkveul SemTxvevaSi borotebac mohyves.
samyaro ar aris imgvarad dasazRvruli, rom boroti mxolod
borots sCadiodes, keTili ki mxolod keTils. piriqiTac xdeba da
es amtkicebs imas, rom aRniSnul eTikur kategoriebs substanciuri
xasiaTi aqvs da ara anTropologiuri.
sikeTisa da borotebis urTierTmimarTeba wignSi deklaraciulad ar aris gacxadebuli, piriqiT, deklaraciulad sawinaaRmdego Teza mtkicdeba: `keTili xe keTils moibams...~ an `qori
qorsa sCeks da Zera _ Zerukasao~ (orbeliani 1957:65). Tumca
iqve daSvebulia kargisagan avis qmnis precedentic. jumberi
eubneba ruqas: `kargisagan kargi gamova da mas iqms, da Tu avs
gizams... mogereva~ (orbeliani 1957:68).
sazogadod personaJi iqceva mxolod ise, rogorc mis semantikur Sinaarss Seesabameba (freidenbergi 1935:10).
igavebis personaJebi pirobiTi figurebis rols asruleben. magaliTad, ruqa borotebas ganasaxierebs da am rols bolomde inarCunebs, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom radgan borotia, amiT misi logika
yvela SemTxvevaSi mcdaria. piriqiT, ruqa zogjer gacilebiT ufro
realisturad msjelobs, vidre misi romelime oponenti.
avtori obieqturobas icavs, Tuki amas principi moiTxovs. Sesabamisad, personaJis mxatvruli saxe damatebiT maxasiaTebels iZens.
TviT mefe finezi, romelic samarTlianobiTa da simSvidiT
aris cnobili, erTxel ise ganrisxdeba. leons kinaRam moklavs.
Tumca maleve dawynardeba da bodiSs mouxdis.
finezi, rogorc idealuri mefe, absolutizmis, SeuzRudavi
Zalauflebis ideas ganasaxierebs. esec aris Zala, romelic bo-
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rotebas sikeTed gardaqmnis. mis winaSe boroti ruqac erTguli,
keTilmsaxuri kariskacia. mefis faqtori fsiqologiur balanss
icavs. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom wigni finezis brZanebiT, ufro
sworad, Semrigebeli fraziT mTavrdeba.
wignSi personaJTa ori wrea warmodgenili: pirveli, protagonistebi anu mTxrobeli personaJebi: finezi, jumberi, ruqa, sedraqi,
leoni da meore, maT mier moTxrobili igav-arakebis personaJebi.
finezi samarTlismoyvarea, jumberi _ rezoniori, ruqa _ realisti, sedraqi _ idealisti, leoni _ mistikosi. igav-arakebis personaJTa xasiaTebi aRniSnuli xuTeulis `karnaxiT~ viTardeba, bunebrivia, mravalferobisa da mravalgvarobis niSniT.
igav-arakebis ideologiuri da eTikuri problemebi praqtikuli zneobriobis WrilSi gardatydeba, rac sulierebis primats, sulieri sawyisis win wamowevas gulisxmobs. es aris igive
principi, rasac manierizmis mkvlevarebi `fsiqocentrizms~
uwodeben (dvorJaki 1978:388).
xasiaTebisa da fsiqologiuri detalebis simkveTre qmnis im efeqts,
romelic aucilebelia didaqtikuri precedentis Sesaqmnelad.
SeuZlebelia adamianis gonebisa da vnebebis marTva daZalebiT. is unda warimarTos magaliTis, precedentis, TvalsaCinoebis meSveobiT. amiT ~sibrZne sicruisa~ Tanxvdeba ganmanaTleblobis esTetikas.
kulturul-istoriuli konteqsti. `sibrZne sicruisa~
krizisuli periodis literaturas ganekuTvneba. wigni iwereba
im dros, roca qveyana ganicdis sazogadoebriv-politikur da
kulturul kriziss. literaturis istoriis am monakveTs `aRorZinebis xana~ ki uwodes, magram sinamdvileSi es iyo krizisis bolo etapi, saidanac gardatexa iwyeboda.
didaqtika krizisuli sulis gamomxatvelia, magram imavdroulad es aris krizisis daZlevis cda, procesi, romelsac ganviTareba unda mohyves.
didaqtika gulisxmobs sulier evolucias, adamianis Sinagani
SesaZleblobebis, niWisa da unaris ganviTarebas, romelic pirdapir kavSirSia kulturis aRorZinebasTan.
sulxan-sabas didaqtikuri diskursis mizani naTelia _ dabruneba sakuTar TavTan, aRmoCena sakuTari sawyisebisa. sazogadoebas, romelSic umTavresad axalgazrda Taoba igulisxmeba,
aZlevs mxatvrul precedentebs imisaTvis, rom individSi ganviTardes eTikuri motivaciebi, fantazia, mexsiereba, goneba, raTa adamianma TviTon miagnos zneobriv pirvelelements, rogorc
sazogadoebrivi Tanacxovrebis wesis anu moralis safuZvels.
eTikur-zneobrivi mimarTuleba xels uwyobs Janris intensiur ganviTarebas. igav-araki, literaturis es yvelaze demokratiuli Janri, cxovrebas asaxavs axlodan da ubralod.
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igav-arakisTvis cxovreba aris mizanic da mizezic. mizani,
rogorc gamoxatvis ideologiuri forma da mizezi, rogorc masala aRniSnuli formis Sesaqmnelad.
igavs Tavisi kanonebi aqvs. ra mizezis anu ra faqtis safuZvelzec unda iyos warmoSobili, Tavis poetikas, siuJeturi ganviTarebis sakuTar xazs mihyveba da konkretuli ambidan Tu faqtidan amoaqvs mxolod ideuri, emociuri da moralisturi Sinaarsi.
igav-arakebis analizisas gasaTvaliswinebelia qarTlis istoriis tipologia, ra xdeboda im dros iseTi, risi ganzogadebac mxatvrul aucileblobad iyo qceuli, an rac aiZulebda
mwerals, mWidro kavSiri hqonoda epoqis sulier cxovrebasTan.
upirveles yovlisa, es aris krizisuli suliskveTeba, rac zemoTac aRiniSna.
giorgi gaCeCilaZis azriT, es aris periodi, rodesac Seirya
adamianis sidiadisa da RvTaebriobis rwmena da wina planze wamovida `knini~, bedisweras damorCilebuli individi, romelic
sawuTros iracionaluri kanonebis tyveobaSia. samyaros qaossa
da absurdulobaSi adamianis qmedebas gansazRvravs ara misi
goniereba da energia, aramed SemTxveviTobani. yovelive aman ganapiroba is, rom sulxan-saba orbelianis wignis paTosi `tragikuli humanizmia~ (gaCeCilaZe 1984:187).
amave Tvalsazriss iziarebs Teimuraz doiaSvili, romelic
wers: `sulxan-saba igav-arakTa wignSi erTdroulad warmoaCens
Tavisi droisaTvis niSandobliv koncefciebs. mwerali axal individualistur eTikas religiuri skepticizmis, moraluri relativizmisa da egoizmis gamo gansjis da xsnas renesansuli Teologiur-filosofiuri sazrisis restavraciaSi, mis modernizebaSi xedavs. amgvari xedva mas barokos kulturasTan aaxloebs, rac aRniSnulia kidec qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi~
(doiaSvili 2009:73).
literatura Tavis epoqaSi isea Cazrdili, rogorc mcenare
niadagSi. hans georg gadameris azriT, istoriuli faqtebis gaTvaliswineba gvexmareba nawarmoebis wakiTxvaSi, magram imis gamo,
rom istoriis rekonstruqcia anu aRdgena im samyarosi, romelsac ekuTvnis es nawarmoebi, bolomde SeuZlebelia, amitom upriani iqneboda aRgvedgina ara istoriuli sinamdvile, aramed
istoriuli TviTSemecneba anu, ubralod, idea (gadameri 1988:220).
idea rogorc aseTi qarTul yofierebas ukavSirdeba, Tumca
es ar niSnavs, rom idea gamoricxavs sesxebis an ucxouri gavlenebis faqtebs.
komparativistuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, yovelgvari literaturuli gavlena socialurad aris gapirobebuli, rasac gansazRvravs erovnuli ganviTarebis kanonzomiereba. imisaTvis, rom
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gavlenis faqti Seiqmnas, saWiroa gaCndes moTxovnileba aseT
ideologiur importze (Jirmunski 1979:74).
sulxan-sabas inteleqtualur-SemoqmedebiTi interesebi TavisTavad gulisxmobda aRmosavlur-dasavlur imports. Tumca
aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTul filologiaSi ramdenadac legitimurad aris miCneuli am importis aRmosavluri nakadebi, imdenad
Wirs dasavluri Sexvedrebis aRiareba. amas aqvs obieqturi mizezebi, rasac ver uarvyofT, iseve, rogorc ver uarvyofT dasavluri motivebis arsebobas sulxan-saba orbelianis igav-arakebSi. baroko, rogorc epoqis stili, aq uTuod igrZnoba. es stili
monawileobs Txrobis struqtuirebaSi. magaliTad, leonis monaTxrobi `umecari dalaqidan~ _ `grZneul aqimamde~ swored barokouli suliskveTebiT, komikurisa da tragikulis, paradoqsulisa da jadosnuris, metaforulisa da gonebamaxviluris
Serwyma-SeerTebiT aris gadmocemuli.
aRniSnuli ciklis Txrobis eqspresiuli manera garkveul siaxloves iCens servantesis samoZRvrebo novelebTan, xolo `cocxlad damarxuli da usaxod didi adamianebi~, romelSic moTxrobilia, Tu rogor malaven cxens kacis motexil kbilSi, imeorebs hiperbolizaciis rablezianur motivs.
wignSi aris rogorc istoriul-genetikuri, ise istoriultipologiuri xasiaTis sxva Sexvedrebic, magram idea, rogorc
aseTi, qarTulia, qarTul yofierebas aris morgebuli.
igav-arakebis sivrce ZiriTadad zRaprul-apercefciuli an
Stampur-aRmosavluria, magram moralur-fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, garemo uTuod qarTul realiebs gulisxmobs. qarTuli erovnuli Sreebi ufro TvalsaCinod aris gamovlenili xalxur eposTan mWidro kavSiriTa da `vefxistyaosnis~ zogierTi
motivis gameorebiT.
sulxan-sabas aqvs igavi `filosofosni~, romlis Sinaarsi aseTia: erTi didi filosofosi udabnoSi gava anaqoretad. masTan
rCevisTvis miva eqvsi filosofosi, romlebic raRac sakiTxze
ver SeTanxmebulan. ekiTxebian, ar pasuxobs. kidev ekiTxebian da,
rogorc iqneba, upasuxebs, Tqven mTeli qoneba imisTvis dagixarjavT, rom bevri laparaki geswavlaT, me ki qoneba da es sofeli imisTvis davtove, rom dumili davicva da ar vilaparakoo.
ese igi, sibrZne rogorc sityva, filosofosoba, ganyenebuli
msjeloba, TavisTavad araferia. mTavaria qmediTi, mizanmimarTuli, praqtikuli sibrZne. sulxan-sabas azriT, adamianis umaRlesi mizania moqmedeba da ara fiqri. amiT igi exmianeba ganmanaTleblobis ideas, romlis mixedviT, arsebobis azrs warmoadgens
praqtikuli qmedebisa da moralis erTianoba.
praqtikisa da moralis erTianoba epoqis mier iyo nakarnaxevi
da zustad Seesabameboda vaxtang meeqvsis reformistul sulis-
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kveTebas, rac misi mefobis dasawyisidanve gacxadda da rasac
sulxan-saba aqtiurad uWerda mxars rogorc racionalisturad
moazrovne praqtikosi.
`sibrZne sicruisa~ praqtikuli viTarebidan gamomdinare da
praqtikuli miznebiT Seqmnili wignia. es iyo axali forma, romelic
axal saTqmels Seicavda, iyo, ase vTqvaT, `axali Rvino axal TxierSi~
da moralur-politikuri realobis mxatvruli konstatacia.
damowmebani:
baramiZe 1940: baramiZe a. narkvevebi qarTuli literaturis istoriidan. t.
II, XV-XVIII s. Tb.: 1940.
gadameri 1988: Гадаме Г. Г.р Истина и метод. М.: «Прогресс»,1988.
gasparovi 1971: Гаспаров М. Л. Античная литературная басня, (Федр и Бабрий). М.:
«Наука», 1971.
gaCeCilaZe 1984: gaCeCilaZe g. sulxan-saba orbeliani. // qarTuli
mwerloba. leqsikoni-cnobari, wigni I, Tb.: `ganaTleba”, 1984.
bregaZe 1991: bregaZe l. `sibrZne sicruis~ mistifikaciebi. `laSari~, № 2, 1991.
dvorJaki 1978: Дворжак М. История итальянского искусства в эпоху Возрождения,
т. III, М.: «Искусство», 1978.
doiaSvili 2009: doiaSvili T. sulxan-sabas `dialogebi~. //sulxan-saba
orbeliani _ 350, saiubileo krebuli. Tb.: literaturis instituti, 2009.
doiaSvili 2010: doiaSvili T. `sibrZne sicruisa~ da `sibrZne sicruisa~.
sjani, 11, 2010.
eixenbaumi 1986: Эйхенбаум Б. О прозе. О поэзии, «Художественная литература». Л.: 1986.
TvaraZe 1985: TvaraZe r. gaz. `axalgazrda komunisti~, 28 Tebervali, 1985.
imedaSvili 1954: imedaSvili g. `wigni sibrZne-sicruisa~-s saTauris gagebisaTvis, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. XV, № 5, 1954.
kekeliZe 1924: kekeliZe k. qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. 2. Tb.:
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 1924.
megreliZe 1985: megreliZe i. `qarTuli prozis~ seriaSi zogi Secdomis
gamo~. gaz. `axalgazrda komunisti~, 12 Tebervali, 1985.
menabde 1980: menabde l. sulxan-saba orbeliani. Tb.: 1980.
nucubiZe 1985: nucubiZe S. Sromebi. t. IX, Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1985.
orbeliani 1957: orbeliani s.s. `sibrZne sicruisa~. Tb.: `sabWoTa mwerali~, 1957.
Jirmunski 1979: Жирмунский В. М. Сравнительное литературоведение. Л.: «Наука», 1979.
freidenbergi 1935: Фрейденберг О. М. Поэтика сюжета и жанра. Л.: 1935.
cagareli 1873: А. Цагарели, О грамматической литературе грузинского языка, С.Петербург: 1873.
cagareli 1878: Книга мудрости и лжи Саввы-Сулхана Орбелиани, перевод и объяснения Ал. Цагарели, С.- Петербург: 1878.
WavWavaZe 2007: WavWavaZe i. `Cveni exlandeli sibrZne-sicrue~. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. XIII. literaturis instituti _ `ilias fondi~, Tb.: 2007.
xarbedia 2009: xarbedia m. 20 mokle mogoneba. // sulxan-saba orbeliani _
350, saiubileo krebuli, Tb.: literaturis instituti, 2009.
javeliZe 2009: javeliZe e. sulxan-sabas zneobrivi mrwamsis gagebisaTvis.
maswavleblis biblioTeka. // qarTuli ena da literatura. tomi III, gamocdebis erovnuli centri. Tb.: 2009.
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rusudan canava
qaragmis hermenevtika
sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisa”
erTi sxarti da sada ganmartebiT, yoveli mxatvruli teqsti
didi qaragmaa. es `didi qaragma~ mxatvrulobis ganmapirobebel
uamrav sxvadasxva qaragmas (metaforebi, simboloebi, alegoriebi, metonimiebi da a.S) moicavs. ormagad, da SeiZleba metadac,
sainteresoa mxatvruli teqsti, romelic qaragmuli azrovnebis iseT unikalur fenomenebs efuZneba, rogorebicaa araki da
igavi. `sibrZne sicruisas~ rogorc teqsti-qaragmis kvleva saTauridanve iwyeba. marTlac, cota mwerals Tu rgebia imxela
yuradReba mecnierTa da TanamokalmeTa mxridan, rac sulxansaba orbelians xvda wilad. `sibrZne sicruisas~ msgavsi Txzulebebi swored imitom arian `didi teqstebi`, rom isini gamoxataven epoqis suls. sulxan-sabasdroindeli saqarTvelos mTavari problema iyo qveynis orientaciis sakiTxi. evropa Tu azia?
_ kvlav da meramdened kiTxulobda ZaladaSretili qarTveli;
aqeT-iqiT awydeboda, meryeobda, SiSobda. sulxan-saba orbeliani iyo erT-erTi maTgani, romelmac mtkiced gadadga nabiji
evropisaken. Cans Tu ara mwerlis moqalaqeobrivi pozicia mis
`sibrZne sicruisaSi~? es statia swored am kiTxvaze pasuxs isaxavs miznad. pasuxi teqstSi Rrmadaa `damaluli~ da mis povnaSi,
vfiqrob, yvelaze ukeT kvlevis hermenevtikuli meTodi dagvexmareba.
miuxedavad mravalmxrivi da Rrma kvlevebisa, ver vityviT,
rom dReisaTvis srulyofilad aris Camoyalibebuli ra ganasxvavebs an ra amsgavsebs evropasa da azias. viTarebas arTulebs
isic, rom am bolo periodSi aSkarad gamoikveTa evropaSi integraciisken iseTi aziuri qveynebis swrafva, rogorebicaa yofil
ssrk-Si Semavali Sua aziis respublikebi. ase rom, evropa-aziis
msgavseba-gansxvavebaze saubrisas TandaTan ufro da ufro
popularuli xdeba mosazreba, rom evropa adgili ki ara ideaa.
es idea daibada, gaformda da gaifurCqna antikur saberZneTSi.
antikur saberZneTSive daiwyes opoziciis _ evropa-aziis kvleva. am opoziciis dominantur centrebad imTaviTve gamoikveTa
saberZneTi da sparseTi.
cxadia, Cven ver SevalT politikuri da fsiqologiuri peripetiebis gansjaSi. Cem winaSe dasmuli problemis miznebidan
gamomdinare, upirveles yovlisa, moviZie is samecniero literatura, romelSic ganxilulia aRmosavluri da dasavluri literaturuli procesebis aRmocenebis, maTi ganviTarebis da
msgavseba-gansxvavebis aspeqtebi. kvlevis dawyeba ase Soridan
saWirod miviCnie imitom, rom Cemi saanalizo sakiTxi _ araki,
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igavi _ Janruladac da siZvelis mixedviTac orive samyaros _
aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis folkloris, literaturebis
kuTvnilebaa. Sesabamisad, mkvlevars unda hqondes mkafio orientirebi aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis ara mxolod literaturuli procesebis, aramed fsiqikuri da kulturul-istoriuli
fonis Sesaxeb. amasTan, rogorc cnobilia, axali msoflmxedveloba carieli adgilidan ar aRmocendeba, is yovelTvis atarebs
Zvelis damRas.
Tu evropuli literaturis aTvlis wertilad berZnul-romauli mwerloba miaCniaT, aRmosavlurSi gacilebiT meti qveyana moiazreba. Zveli axlo aRmosavleTis literaturebi da antikuri saberZneTis literatura, rogorc erTi mTlianoba, arsebiTad, principulad sxvadasxva rigis movlenebia da erTmaneTis
mimarT ara Tanazomadi. maTi ganviTarebis procesi erTi gzis
sxvadasxva stadia ki ar aris, aramed, ori sxvadasxva gza. berZnebma ki ar gauswres TavianT axloaRmosavlel mezoblebs, ki
ar gaagrZeles maTi gza, aramed wavidnen savsebiT sxva mxares da
yoveli nabijiT Sordebodnen maT mizans, raTa Tavisas miaxloebodnen. saberZneTSi moxda is, rac principulad ar SeiZleba
momxdariyo `bibliur~ samyaroSi _ literaturam pirvelad gaacnobiera Tavi, rogorc literaturam.
berZnuli literaturis avtonomizacis ukanSemoubrunebeli procesis mizezad miiCneven literaturis specialuri Teoriis _ poetikis _ warmoSobas, literaturis Teoriis, filologiis dabadebas. literatura, romelic uSvebs refleqsias
Tavis sakuTar Sedegebze, savsebiT sxva rigis movlenaa, vidre
is, romelic amas ar uSvebs. aqve aRvniSnavT: literatura, romelSic ar ganxorcielebula aseTi TviTgamorkveva da TviTSemecneba, sulac ar unda miviCnioT ufro `dablad~, ufro `Raribad~ an `primitiulad~, vidre is, romelmac gaicnobiera Tavisi
Tavi. igi ufro dabali ki ar aris, aramed Tavisi arsiT gansxvavebuli da Tavad termini `literatura~ masTan mimarTebiT sul
sxva mniSvnelobas iZens (averincevi 1971. grinceri 1971).
yvelaze `msuye~ masalas ori tipis literaturis _ aRmosavlurisa da dasavluris _ SedarebiTi analizisTvis iZleva eposi. aRmosavluri da dasavluri arqauli epikuri teqstebis analizisas gamovlinda bevri ganmasxvavebeli da msgavsi niSnebi
(averincevi 1971; grinceri 1971). am konteqstSi CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania qaragmis (arakis, igavis) funqcia epikur teqstebSi.
Cemi azriT, sulxan-saba `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ garkveulwi-
lad iyenebs eposis kompoziciis gamartivebul (inovaciur)
struqturas. es Tvalsazrisi sulac ar upirispirdeba tradiciul Sexedulebas imis Taobaze, rom `sibrZne sicruisa~ CarCo-
255
fabuluri teqstia.1 eposis kompoziciaSi Sedis garkveuli Temebisa da movlenebis erToblioba. epikur Temebs miekuTvneba: Sekrebebis aRwera zecasa da miwaze (TaTbirebi). gmirebis mosvla
da wasvla. stumarTa miReba, nadimebi, Sejibrebebi, dResaswaulebi, Cacma da aRWurva, sizmrebi, mogzauroba da a.S. didi mniSvneloba eniWeba gmirTa sityvebs, CarTul istoriebs, romelTac
ara aqvT (an naklebi Sexeba aqvT) mTavar siuJetTan. erTi eposis
mier meoridan nasesxebi epizodebis CamonaTvali SeiZleba Zalian gafarTovdes, magram rogorc ar unda gafarTovdes, nakleb
safuZvliania is Tvalsazrisi, rom `mahabharata~, `ramaiana~,
`gilgameSi~, `eposi keretis Sesaxeb~, `eposi aqatis Sesaxeb~, `iliada~ da `odisea~ adian raRac erTian epikur prateqstamde. amitom, zemoT CamoTvlili eposebis kompoziciisa da Sinaarsis arsebiTi elementebis saocari siaxlove auxsneli rCeba manam, sanam ar vaRiarebT, rom maT erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad gamoiyenes siuJetis agebis msgavsi principebi (grinceri 1971).
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT erT arsebiT faqtorzec: mecnierTa dakvirvebiT, aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs ganasxvavebs
universumis sxvadasxvanairi gageba _ berZnuli samyaro aris
`kosmosi~, romlis Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobaa `ganweseba~ (mokazmuloba), es igivea, rac `rigi” da `wesrigi~. Zvelebrauli samyaro aris `olami~, romlis Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobaa `saukune~. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, drois mdinareba, romelic Tavis
TavSi moicavs yvelafers. `kosmosis~ antikuri principia `xeli
CasWide dRes, yvelaze naklebad ende Semdgoms (dRes)~ (horaciusi, Carm. 1, XI, 8). amis sapirispirod bibliis gamWoli motivia
aRTqma, romlis sasargeblod aucileblad usityvod, uyoymanod unda gaicvalos arsebuli keTildReoba. momavali _ ai, risi sjeraT bibliis gmirebs. bibliuri `olami~ moZraobs droSi
da iswrafvis azrisken (sazrisisken), romelic gamodis misi sazRvrebidan. swored amitom bibliis poetika aris igavis poetika,
romelic gamoricxavs plastikurobas (averincevi 1971:229-232).
sainteresoa erT momentic, kerZod, teqstis avtoris koncefcia elinursa da axloaRmosavlur literaturebSi. s. averincevis dakvirvebiT, axloaRmosavluri literaturuli teqstebis avtoria brZeni _ friad gamocdili wignieri adamiani,
romelic mefis samsaxurSia da mocaleobisas erToba maxvilgonivruli sentenciebiT, gamocanebiTa da arakebiT (igavebiT).
swored amgvar brZenTa xelidan gamovida: `ptaxotepis swavleba~, `solomonis igavTa wigni~, `imedgacruebulis saubari sakuTar sulTanv, `eklesiaste~ da sxva Sedevrebi. palestina icnobda agreTve sxva tipis avtors _ winaswarmetyvels. winaswarmetyvelebi naklebad konformistebi iyvnen, vidre mefis kars
mibmuli brZenni, magram literaturis Teoriis TvalTaxedviT
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Znelia, romelime maTgans uwodo literatori, maT naRvaws ufro sityviereba miesadageba. literatoris profili ukve ZvelberZnul teqstebSi ikveTeba, magaliTad: brma momRerlis demodokosis saxe `odiseadan~, romelic RmerTebis (muzebis) nebis
mauwyebelia, cocxlobs mxolod xelovnebisaTvis da araferi
piraduli ar amoZravebs (averincevi 1971:214-222). dRevandeli
gadasaxedidan SesaZloa am mosazrebaTagan zogi sakamaToc
iyos, magram axla yuradRebas SevaCerebT Cveni kvlevisaTvis
saintereso aspeqtze _ brZenze, romelic, udavod, centraluri figuraa aRmosavlur literaturebSi. aRmosavleli brZeni
aris gamocdili, wignieri, darbaiseli adamiani, aucileblad
xnieri. sulxan-saba orbeliani, romelic `sibrZne sicruisas~
werisas Tavadac axalgazrda iyo, ufliswulis damkvalianeblad da brZnuli azrebis gamomTqmelad brZen asakovan sedraqTan erTad warmogvidgens (principul upiratesobas akuTvnebs)
axalgazrda aRmzrdels _ leons. es sulxan-saba orbelianis
novatoruli TvalTaxedvaa.
*`sibrZne sicruisas~ teqstze muSaobisas gansakuTrebul
upiratesobas vaniWeb hermenevtikul meTods.
hermenevtika zogadad, aris garkveuli sazrisis Semcveli
mocemulobebis, `azriTi warmonaqmnebis” ganmarteba-gagebis xelovneba; konkretulad _ teqstebis ganmarteba-gagebis (interpretaciis) xelovneba. ganmarteba-gageba grZeldeba manam, vid-
re ar moxdeba teqstis Sinagani dafaruli pirvelsazrisis (Sinagani logosis) saboloo wvdoma. hermenevtika anu teqstis gagebisa da interpretaciis Teoria da praqtika moiazreba rogorc
literaturuli nawarmoebis axsnisa da ganmartebis universaluri meTodi (bregaZe 2009. ratiani 2008).
teqstis Sinagani sazrisis wvdoma dasabams iRebs antikurobidan
(stoelTa skola).2 stoelebma daiwyes berZnuli miTebis, homerosisa
da hesiodes poemebis alegoriuli ganmarteba. stoelebi ganasxvavebdnen warmoTqmul da Sinagan logoss. stoelebis es meTodi Semdgom gamoiyenes bibliis teqstebis ganmartebisas (grondini 1991:3133, damowmebulia k. bregaZis dasax. naSromidan).
teqstebis ganmartebis antikur da adreqristianul tradicias eyrdnoba fr. Slaiermaxeri, romelmac Seqmna mecnierulad
gaazrebuli hermenevtikuli koncefcia (XIXs-is dasawyisSi). man
gamoyo teqstis gramatikuli da fsiqologiuri interpretacia.
gramatikuli interpretaciisas yalibdeba teqstis garegani
logosi _ pirdapiri azri. meore donea teqnikur-fsiqologiuri, romelic uaxlovdeba stoelTa alegoriuli interpretaciis meTods. Slaiermaxeris mixedviT, teqstis gramatikuli interpretacia efuZneba komparativul meTods, teqnikur-fsiqologiuri ki divinatorul (amocnobis) meTods. es ori meTodi _
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divinatoruli da komparativuli _ implicidurad gulisxmoben hermenevtikul wres anu interpretaciis process mTelidan
nawilisaken da piriqiT. Slaiermaxeris azriT, interpretatori,
anu kvlavSemqmneli avtoriseuli teqstis rekonstruqciisas
xSirad ufro sworad xsnis teqstis dafarul da gaugebar Sreebs, vidre Tavad avtori. Slaiermaxeris Teoria ganaviTares
vilhelm dilTaim da martin haidegerma. hermenevtikis Teoria
ganaviTares hans georg gadamerma, e.d hirSma, pol rikiorma
(ratiani 2008:116-122. hermenevtika 2000).
mxatvrul teqstSi kodirebulia rogorc pirvelsazrisi, ise
qvesazrisebi; mocemulia mTavari simbolo da qvesimboloebi. pirvelsimbolo da qvesimboloebi mxatvrul teqstSi urTierTgamomdinareoben da maTi ganmarteba moqceulia hermenevtikul wreSi.
hermenevtikuli wris meTodis mTavari problemaa teqstis
WeSmariti pirvelsazrisis dadgena. amaSi mkvlevars exmareba: 1.
saxismetyvelebis pirveladi elementebis codna _ anu arqetipebis codna, 2. konkretuli teqstis kritikuli analizi (teqstTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnili samecniero literatura), 3. hermenevtikuli kvlevis gamocdileba. h. g. gadameri am yovelives
uwodebs winaregansjas. k. bragaZe am pirobebs amatebs teqstis
Seqmnis istoriuli fonis (epoqa, rodesac Seiqmna esa Tu is
teqsti) gansazRvras.
ra xerxebi da saSualebebi gamoiyeneba aucilebeli winarecodnis gansasazRvrad:
1. saxismetyvelebiTi simbolikis _ arqetipuli simboloebis enis codna.
2. mxatvrul teqstze arsebuli kritikul-mecnieruli literaturis gacnoba.
3. avtoris komentarebi sakuTar teqstze.
4. avtoris piradi werilebi, dRiurebi.
5. avtoris leqciebi an saubrebi.
6. mxatvruli teqstis sxvadasxva variantebi.
7. mxatvruli teqstis gegma.
8. mxatvruli teqstis mainspirirebeli wyaroebi.
9. avtoris avtobiografiuli Txzuleba.
10. avtoris Tanamedroveebis gamonaTqvamebi avtoris pirovnebasa da mis Txzulebaze (bregaZe 2009: 169-170).
am CamonTvals davamateb erT, Cemi azriT, Zalian mniSvnelovan aspeqts: saqme is aris, rom avtori teqstSi gacnobierebulad Tu gaucnobiereblad debs `gasaRebs” sakvanZo ideis, misi
Canafiqris gasagebad. vrcel teqstebSi aseTi `gasaRebi~ SeiZleba ramdenimec iyos. teqstis hermenevtikuli kvleva swored am
gasaRebis povnasac gulisxmobs.
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hermenevtikuli meTodis gamoyenebisas iqmneba safrTxe, rom
ukeT gagebis (siRrmiseulad gagebis) msurvelma mkvlevarma
gamoiCinos TviTneboba da avtoris teqsts zedmeti (an ararsebuli) sazrisi miaweros. aq aucilebelia didi dakvirveba da
mecnieruli akribia. ukeT gageba upirveles yovlisa gulisxmobs avtoris mier teqstSi gaucnobiereblad Tqmulis amocnobas da ganmarteba-gagebas. avtori imiT gansxvavdeba interpretatorisgan, rom igi Txzvis procesSi ar ganmartavs sakuTari
teqstis sazriss.
swored gamocnobis intriga aniWebs mxatvrul teqsts gansakuTrebul xibls, razec jer kidev aristotele werda `poetikaSi~. gamocnoba-gagebis sakiTxi gacilebiT aqtualuria iseT teqstSi, rogoricaa sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisa~, aq
Cven unda gavarkvioT:
1. CarCo-fabulis sazrisi, 2. qaragmuli Txrobis (arakebis da
igavebis) sazrisi, 3. maTi erTmaneTTan mimarTebis sakiTxi, 4. da
rac Cveni kvlevis mTavari amocanaa _ avtoris mentaluri veqtoris mimarTuloba _ aRmosavluri Tu dasavluri?
araki da igavi
pirvelyofil adamians ori kiTxva gauCnda: rogor aris mowyobili samyaro? rogor unda moiqces adamiani am samyaroSi?
pirvel kiTxvas pasuxi gasca miTiT, meores _ arakiT. miTTan
erTad araki aris sityvieri xelovnebis erT-erTi uZvelesi saazrovno forma (gasparovi 1971:7).
sanam Janris specifikis sakiTxs SevexebiT, aucilebelia amTaviTve movxazoT terminebis _ araki da igavi _ gamoyenebis
konteqstebi. qvemoT am problemas ufro detalurad ganvixilavT, amJamad ki vityviT mxolod imas, rom am terminebisa da
maTi ucxoenovani ekvivalentebis gamoyenebisas xSiria uzustobani. Cveulebriv, nebismieri seriozuli gamokvleva terminebis
dadgeniT iwyeba (mxedvelobaSi maqvs sakvanZo terminebis semantikuri velis Semofargvla). es gasagebia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom TiTqmis yvela mkvlevari axali niuansiT `amdidrebs~ ama Tu
im termins (magaliTad, cnobilia termin `miTis~ 500-ze meti
ganmarteba). fr. nicSe werda: definicia saerTod ar aqvs imas,
rasac istoria aqvso. araki da igavi ki is Janrebia, romlebsac
yvelaze arqauli da xangrZlivi `istoria~ aqvT; isini jerac
inarCuneben aqtualobas, metic, axal konteqstebs iZenen da
afarToeben Janris CarCoebs. dReisaTvis qarTul (da evropul)
samecniero sivrceSi gamoikveTa tendencia arakad miviCnioT
mcire zomis alegoriuli teqstebi, romelTa personaJebi cxovelebi an cxovelebi da adamianebi (an adamianebi) arian; teqsti
259
ki damrigeblobiTi an moralisturi SegonebiT gvirgvindeba.
igavad miiCneva simboluri mniSvnelobis teqstebi, romlebic
umetesad sasuliero literaturaSi gvxvdeba (mag.: saxarebis,
yuranis igavebi). igavma axali terminologiuri konteqsti warmarTobis Semdgom epoqaSi SeiZina. Tumca sasaubro enasa da
mxatvrul Tu samecniero literaturaSi am terminebs ZiriTadad mxolod dargis specialistebi mijnaven. isic unda iTqvas,
rom am definiciasac hyavs mowinaaRmdegeni.3 amJamad Cveni mizani
ar aris Janris specifikis siRrmeebis kvleva, mxolod davazustebT _ termin araks gamoviyenebT antikuri epoqis folkloruli Tu literaturuli teqstebis mimarT, qarTuli folkloruli masalis mimarT, sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ Semavali teqstebis mimarT, miT umetes, rom Tavad avtori
am teqstebs arakebs uwodebs.
araki Caisaxa, rogorc argumentaciis erT-erTi saSualeba _
erTi eubneba meores: es ase rom gaakeTo, SeiZleba ise moxdes,
rogorc mavans mouvida da moTxrobilia mavanis ambavi. Canasaxovan etapze jer kidev ar iyo gamokveTili arakis Tema da forma, pirvel planze wamoweulia mxolod misi funqcia. ganzogadebis unaris ganviTarebasTan erTad konkretuli (kerZo) SemTxvevebis erTmaneTTan Sedarebas cvlis tendencia: kerZodan _>
zogadisaken da zogadidan _> kerZosken. `ganzogadeba~ gulisxmobs ara realur SemTxvevas, aramed _ gamogonils. amasTan, es
gamonagoni warmodgeba, rogorc namdvili. swored es _ tipuris gaCena individualurSi _ gadaaqcevs araks yofiTi movlenidan mxatvruli metyvelebis faqtad. ganzogadeba, upirveles
yovlisa, vlindeba imaSi, rom arakis moqmed personaJebad warmogvidgebian cxovelebi, frinvelebi, reptiliebi, romlebic
adamianebs ganasaxiereben (gasparovi 1971:8).4
arakSi gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa naraciis gamoyenebiTi
funqcia. aq aris orwevriani konstruqcia: Txroba (moTxroba) +
darigeba. rogorc SedarebaSi, arakSic aris ori TiTqos damoukidebeli rigi: erT wevrSia naracia, meoreSi _ misi ganzogadeba.5 antikuri araki aris magaliTi ganyenebulisa konkretulSi, e.i. cnebisa, romelic gamoxatulia saxiT. es aris metafora naratiuli formiT. yovelgvari parabola qaragmulia.
arakis gviandel formebSi misi gadataniToba gadadis alegorizmSi (freidenbergi 1978:216-217).
cnobili mkvlevari neigori araks ase ganmartavs: `araki aris
gamogonebuli Txroba (monaTxrobi), romlis personaJebi alegoriulni arian, maTi moqmedeba ki eqvemdebareba moralur Sefasebas~ (es citata moxmobilia naSromidan: muleri 1875:86).
misi azriT, swored `gamogonebuloba” ganasxvavebs araks anek-
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dotisgan, TxrobiToba _ alegoriuli scenisgan, Txrobis erTjeradoba _ parabolisgan, alegoriuloba _ zRaprisa da novelisgan.
arakis warmoSobis ramdenime Teoria arsebobs: araki warmoiSva cxovelTa zRapridan, cxovelTa zRapari _ miTidan. araki
gaCnda im uZveles safexurze, rodesac adamiani jer kidev ar
iyo gamoyofili bunebisgan (b. peri, neigori). araki miTidan da
zRapridan ki ar warmoiSva, aramed _ andazidan, Sedarebidan.
Sesabamisad, araki ganviTarebuli sazogadoebis pirmSoa (kruziusi, tile). zog mecniers araki metaforidan da gamocanidan
gamohyavs (m. goliasi).
arakis Janris ganviTarebaSi gamoyofen 4 etaps: 1. folkloruli periodi, rodesac araki jer ar iyo gamoyofili magaliTisgan. 2. zepiri araki, romelsac ukve aqvs mxatvruli forma,
magram jer mxolod gabmul metyvelebaSi arsebobs da asrulebs
magaliTis, argumetis funqcias ambis Txrobisas. 3. zepiri metyvelebidan araki gadadis werilobiT teqstSi, magram jer ar
aris literaturulad damuSavebuli 4. literaturuli araki,
romelsac igive statusi aqvs, rac sxva Janrebs (gasparovi1971:
233).6 es oTxi punqti SeiZleba 2-ze daviyvanoT _ winaliteraturuli da literaturuli araki (igavi). zepirsityvieri arakis
qaragmuloba yovelTvis erTmniSvnelovania, literaturulisa
_ mravalmniSvnelovani. pirvels SeiZleba davarqvaT alegoriuli, meores _ simboluri (gasparovi 1971:10). imdenad, ramdenadac igavuri (da arakuli) Janris sawyisebi fesvgadgmulia sityvieri urTierTobis umartives formebSi, romlebic erTnairia
msoflios xalxebisTvis, cxadia, rom am Janris Camoyalibebis
SesaZlebloba yvela xalxis kulturaSia SesaZlebeli. oRond,
is, Tu rogor ganviTardeba es SesaZleblobebi, damokidebulia
TiToeuli kulturis formirebis konkretul istoriul SesaZleblobebze. axlo aRmosavleTSi arakebi (igavebi) Zalian popularuli iyo. igavebs vxvdebiT Sumerul da babilonur lursmnul firfitebze, vxvdebiT bibliaSi; bibliaSi igavi ar aris
gamoyofili konteqstidan (misi gaazreba xdeba konteqstSi),
Sumersa da babilonSi _ araki, igavi Sereulia andazebTan da
darigebebTan, amitom aRmosavleTSi ar moxda arakis gamoyofa
damoukidebel Janrad. es gamoyofa moxda saberZneTSi.
sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisas~ analizisas
upirvelesi amocanaa ganvsazRvroT igavisa da arakis statusi.
`sibrZne sicruisas~ mixedviT aSkarad Cans, rom igavi simboluri
teqstia, araki _ alegoriuli. is, rasac `sibrZne sicruisaSi”
SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT igavis statusi, aris mefe mwyemsi. marTalia, avtori ar mogviTxrobs igavs mefe mwyemsze, magram mTeli
teqsti Tavisi arakebiT, ambebiT, SegonebebiT, faqtobrivad, am
igavis ganmartebebia. is, rom avtori Tavis sakvanZo ideas mox-
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denilad `malavs~ teqstSi da sxvadasxva aqsesuaris gamoyenebiT
mkiTxvels fiqrisa da gansjisTvis ganawyobs, azrovnebis barokos stilze7 unda miuTiTebdes (qarTuli barokos Sesaxeb ix.:
gaCeCilaZe2009: 80-92. naWyebia 2009). Cemi azriT, sulxan-saba orbeliani mefe mwyemsis igavs epoqis Tanadroul konteqstSi gaiazrebs; swored es aspeqti aniWebs am igavs gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas. qvemoT SevecdebiT davasabuToT es Tvalsazrisi.
rogorc aRiniSna, gansxvaveba igavsa da araks Soris arsebiTia. sulxan-sabas moRvaweobis periodSi ukve mkafiod iyo gamijnuli qristianuli literaturis margalitebi _ saxarebiseuli igavebi da folklorul-literaturuli arakebi.
antikurobaSi araks ase ganmartavdnen: `araki aris gamogonili moTxroba, romelic gamoavlens WeSmaritebis saxes~ (ritorebi 1832-1835:172). araki ver miaRwevda Tavis mizans, rom ar Seicavdes msgavsebas WeSmaritebasTan. amgvarad, araki, arsebiTad,
ori cnebisgan Sedgeba: `gamonagoni~ (pseudes) da `damajerebeli~
(pithanon). cnebaSi `gamonagoni~ ganarCevdnen orgvar gagebas:
1.`is rac ar yofila da arc SeiZleba yofiliyo~ 2.`rac ar yofila, magram SeiZleba yofiliyo~. araki, Tavisi molaparake cxovel-frinvelebiT I ketegorias miekuTvneba.
erTi ganmartebiT `araki aris gamogonili nawarmoebi (plasma),
damajereblad Seqmnili im nimuSis mixedviT, rac sinamdvileSi
xdeba da gamoxatavs (Seicavs) ramenair rCevas xalxisTvis, an maT
qmedebaTa suraTs “ (Teonis sqoliasti, I,259, 6-10). sxva ganmartebiT: `araki aris gamogonili, Tavisi arsiT ritorikuli moTxroba, igi damajereblad gamoavlens WeSmaritebis saxes da Seqmnilia darigebisa (Segonebisa) xeiris (sargeblis) miRebisaTvis~.
klasikur periodSi berZnebis SemecnebaSi araki ukve mkafiod
Camoyalibda damoukidebel zepirsityvier Janrad, ganisazRvra
arakebis siuJetebis ZiriTadi wre. am siuJetebs icnobda yvela da
nebismieri argumentaciisas saerTo arsenalis funqcia hqonda.
Seicvala terminic, romliTac berZnebi `araks” aRniSnavdnen: Tu
adre mas erqva aij`no~-i, rac xazs usvamda arakSi darigebis, damoZRvris elements, Semdeg mas daerqva mu`qo~, lovgo~, romlebSic wamoweulia gamonagonis, prozauli Txrobis faqtori.8 ZvelberZnul
leqsikonebSi miTiTebulia termini par-oimiva, romelic aRniSnavs:
1. andazas. 2. igavs (притча) NT. para-bolhv (erT-erTi mniSvnelobiT)
alegoriuli moTxroba, igavi Arst., NT (dvorecki 1958).
rogorc vxedavT, ukve berZnulSive Cndeba aij`no~-is, mu`qo~-is,
lovgo~-is sapirwone terminebi par-oimiva, para-bolhv, romlebic
gamoiyeneba axal aRTqmaSi saxarebiseuli igavebis aRsaniSnad.
laTinurSi: parabole-s ori mniSvneloba aqvs: 1.Sedareba. 2. damrigeblobiTi qaragma, igavi (притча). Fabula-s sxvadasxva mniSvne-
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lobebs Soris erT-erTia `Txroba, Tqmuleba, gadmocema, zRapari, araki (басня), gamonagoni~ (dvorecki 1976).
evropul enebSi arakisa da igavis aRmniSvneli terminebi gamijnulia, Tumca zogjer es mijna irRveva:
rusulSi: Басня _ dasturdeba saerToslavurSi. nawarmoebia zmnidan бати «говорить», (Sead. Cexur bati-s «говорить, рассказывать»). Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba: «сказка», «рассказ». Притча _
saerToslavuria; nawarmoebia sityvidan _ притъка – «нежданный
случай», «происшествие» (etimologiuri 1961).
Басня _ 1. mokle alegoriuli moTxroba (Cveulebriv) zneobiv-damrigeblobiTi daskvniT (krilovis, demian bednis arakebi) 2. gamonagoni, monagoni, sicrue (sasaubro). Притча – 1. moTxroba (Txroba) gadataniTi formiT, romelic Seicavs darigebas:
evangeles igavebi, solomonis igavebi. 2. gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba Zaxilisa da kiTxviT winadadebebSi gaugebari an
Znelad asaxsneli movlenis aRsaniSnad (ganmartebiTi 1935).
Басня – см. Небылица _ sityva, moTxroba, da a.S. romelic ar
Seesabameba sinamdviles. xalxur metyvelebaSi _ sicrue (sinonimTa leqsikoni 1975).
inglisurSi: Fable, Parable, Cock-and-bull story _ Seesabameba
araks. igavis aRmniSvnelia Parable, allegory, Fable. saxarebis igavebis aRsaniSnad gamoiyeneba Proverb “Proverbs of Solomon” (qarTulinglisuri 2006). sxva leqsikonSi terminebi ufro mkafiod aris
gamijnuli: Fable _1. araki (ezopes da a.S. arakebi). 2. gamonagoni,
sicrue. Parable _ igavi, qaragma, parabola (inglisur-rusuli 1979).
frangulSi: la fable — (laT. fibula-dan. fari=parler) 1.warmosaxviT
Seqmnili moTxroba=zRapars, fiqcias, legendas. 2.miTologiuri moTxrobebis erToblioba. 3. patara moTxroba leqsad an
prozad, romlis mizania Segonebis ilustracia. 4. lit.: anekdoti an tyuili ambavi, gamonagoni, fantazia. La parabole — Semodis
saeklesio laTinuridan 1265w. = Sedarebas. berZn. parabole 1. wminda wignebis alegoriuli moTxroba, romelSic dafaruli swavlebaa. mag.: solomonis igavebi, saxarebis igavebi. 2. farTo mniSvnelobiT _ alegoriuli moTxroba, zneobrivi Rirebulebis
mqone (peti roberi 2008).
igavi (germ. die Parabel) _ (berZn.) gverdigverd dasma (germ.
Nebeneinanderstellen), Sedareba (germ. Vregleichung). mokle fiqcuri
ambavi (rzählung) prozad an leqsad, romelSic transferuli signalebiT miniSnebulia, rom igavSi mocemuli pirdapiri azris
miRma analogiis principis safuZvelze unda CavwvdeT sxva, kerZod, egzistenciur, cxovrebiseul Rrma azrs. gansxvavebiT arakisagan (die Fabel), romelic masalas cxovelTa, mcenareTa samya-
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rodan, an miTosidan iRebs, igavi amodis adamianTa yoveldRiuri yofa-cxovrebidan (Sdr. g. e. lesingis dramaSi _ `naTan
brZeni~ _ CarTuli igavi beWdebis Sesaxeb (“Ringparabel”), an fr.
kafkas roman `procesSi~ CarTuli igavi `kanonis winaSe~ (“Vor
dem Gesetz”), aseve saxarebiseuli igavebi uZRebi Svilis, an keTili samaritelis Sesaxeb.
araki (germ. die Fabel) _ (berZn.) sityviT gamosvla (germ. Rede),
moTxroba (germ. Erzählung). erTjeradi epizodis Semcveli, damoZRvriTi/didaqtikuri ambavi (germ. Erzählung) leqsad an prozad,
romelSic moqmedi pirebi ara_adamianebi (rogorc wesi, cxovelebi, mcenareebi, an sulac usulo sagnebi) ise iqcevian, TiTqosda isini adamianuri Tvisebebis (saazrovno an qceviTi) matarebelni iyvnen (mecleri 2007:567;226).
Притча-s Seesabameba Zvelebrauli `maSal~-i (машал). maSal-i
niSnavs sityvaTa yovelgvar `eSmakur~ Sewyobas, romlis SeTxzvisa da aRqmisaTvis saWiroa gonebis filigranuli `muSaoba~;
es aris aforizmi, sentencia, styvaTa TamaSi da bolos, gamocana
da igavi (qaragma) (averincevi 1977:152).
TurqulSi: masal Seesabameba zRapars, araks, miTs (Turqulrusuli1977). sxva termini arakis an igavis aRsaniSnad ar iZebneba.
sparsulSi: araks (басня) Seesatyviseba afsane, igavs _ masal
(rusul-sparsuli leqsikoni 1986).
arabulSi: mathal aRniSnavs araksac, igavsac, andazasac. girgasis `yuranisa da arabuli qrestomaTiis leqsikonSi~ weria:
`‫ _ ﻣﺜﻞ_ اﻣﺜﺎل‬msgavseba, xati, saxeoba, Sedareba, igavi~. g. lobJaniZe adasturebs, rom `masali~ yuranSi sxvadasxva azriT gamoiyeneba, magram am teqstis Targmnisas `masali~ mas `igavad” gadmoaqvs da ara arakad, radgan yuranis masals imgvarive datvirTva
aqvs, rac saxarebis igavs (ix. g. lobJaniZis statia amave krebulSi).
qarTul samecniero literaturaSi igavi da araki asea
ganmartebuli:
araki: 1. zRapruli Sinaarsis igavi, igav-zRapari. 2. gadat.
tyuili, mogonili ambavi (ganmartebiTi 1950:539).
igavi: 1. mokle alegoriuli moTxroba, romelic, Cveulebriv,
zneobriv-damrigebluri daskvniT mTavrdeba. 2. gadat. dafaruli
azri (zRaprisa, sityvisa da misT.).
igav-araki: Cveulebriv mravlobiTSi igivea, rac igavi (mniSv.1)
(ganmartebiTi 1955:564.).
qarTveli literaturis Teoretikosebi ase gansazRvraven
igavisa da arakis Janrul maxasiaTeblebs: igav-araki alegoriuli formisa da didaqtikuri xasiaTis patara siuJetiani nawarmoebia. uZveles igav-arakebSi gamoyvanili arian cxovelebi, bunebis sxvadasxva Zalebi; maTi moqmedeba da xasiaTi TviT adami-
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anis bunebasa da xasiaTs gvixatavs. Semdegi drois igav-arakebSi
TviT adamianebic moqmedeben (gaCeCilaZe 1955:488).
igav-araki epikur-lirikuli Janris nawarmoebi, zneobrivdamrigeblobiTi xasiaTis Txzuleba, romlis gmirebia cxovelebi, mcenareebi, magram igulisxmebian adamianebi. am JanrisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia narTauli, gadakruli Tqma, alegoriuloba.
(Wilaia 1971:166. Wilaia... 1957:100).
igavi arakisgan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom misi Sinaarsi xSirad
realuria da SesaZlebeli (Wilaia 1971:166). araki ganmartebuli
ar aris. `literaturis Teoriis safuZvlebSi~ vkiTxulobT: igavaraki umciresi formis TxrobiTi Janria. igi xasiaTdeba Wkuisdamrigebluri, dammoZRvrebeli SinaarsiT, rac vlindeba romelime moraluri sentenciis an saerTod, praqtikuli sibrZnis
(cxovrebis praqtikuli filosofiis) warmosaxvis saxiT.
igav-arakSi moTxrobili ambavi Sinaarsobrivad mniSvnelovania, moculobis mixedviT ki maqsimalurad SekumSuli. moqmedi
pirebi SeiZleba adamianebi iyvnen, SeiZleba _ cxovelebi an frinvelebi. igav-araki, romelSic cxovelTa da frinvelTa warmomadgenlebia gamoyvanili, alegoriuli xasiaTisaa (safuZvlebi 1972).
sulxan-sabas `sityvis kona qarTuli~: `araki somxurad igavsa
hqvian~ (orbeliani 1991). am ganmartebis mixedviT, sulxan-saba
araksa da igavs sinonimebad miiCnevs, mxolod termin arakis somxur warmomavlobas usvams xazs. amave leqsikonSi vkiTxulobT:
`igavi (13.24 maTe) ese ars sityviT magaliTi, gina saCuenebeli,
gina mosaniSnavi~ (orbeliani 1991). faqtia, sulxan-saba igavisa da
arakis funqciad miiCnevs, rom mkiTxvels uCvenos magaliTi.
sayuradReboa, rom Zvel qarTul sasuliero mwerlobaSi
termini araki ar figurirebs (kekeliZe l. 1977:45-46). igavis,
arakis, saxarebis igavis mimarTebis sakiTxebze vrceli samecniero literatura arsebobs (kekeliZe l. 1977, trenCi 1888,
silvestri 1822, lopuxini 1911-1913 da sxva).
*rogorc vxedavT, arakisa da igavis (da maTi Sesabamisi
evropuli ekvivalentebis) arsobrivi terminologiuri gamijvna
moxda gvian _ qristianuli kanonikuri teqstebisa sasuliero
Txzulebebis komentirebis Sedegad. rogorc aRvniSneT,
literaturismcodneobis saxelmZRvaneloebsa da Cveulebriv
metyvelebaSi dResac igavi da araki ar aris saTanadod gamijnuli, xSirad am or termins defisiT weren, rogorc, faqtobrivad, erTmaneTis fard cnebebs, rac, Cveni azriT, arazustia.
marTalia, qarTul samecniero sivrceSi miaCniaT, rom sulxansabasTan araki igavis sinonimia, magram Tu teqsts kargad CavukvirdebiT (aq kidev erTxel iCens Tavs hermenevtikuli kvlevis
mniSvneloba), vnaxavT, rom avtori intuiciurad an iqneb codniT (savaraudod, sulxan-saba sasuliero teqstebs im asakSic
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kargad icnobda, rodesac `sibrZne sicruisa” iwereboda) alaparakebs Tavis personaJebs arakebiT. aseve seriozul ganmartebas
moiTxovs mosazreba, rom sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisa~ igav-arakTa krebulia. es teqsti arakebis krebulia (igavis komponents Cven davubrundebiT).
igavisa da arakis arsebiTi gansxvaveba (Tanamedrove gagebiT)
efuZneba imas, rom igavi simboluri Sinaarsis teqstia, araki _
alegoriuli. swored es fundamenturi aspeqti gamijnavs maT
erTmaneTisgan. saqme isaa, rom igavi specialur terminad gadaiqca mas Semdeg, rac igavuri moTxrobebi saxarebis teqstSi Sevida.9 saxarebiseuli igavebi simboloebia, romelTa mniSvnelobebi erTxel da samudamod aris ganmartebuli da dadgenili. raki es
principulad mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, ganvixiloT ufro detalurad.
simbolo da alegoria
rogorc aRvniSneT, Tavad sulxan-saba `sibrZne sicruisaSi~
moxmobil mcire zomis SegonebiT teqstebs arakebs uwodebs.
cnobilia, rom `sibrZne sicruisas~ xelnawerebSi arakebis dasaTaureba ar aris. zog gadamwers saTaurebis nacvlad dasawyisSi
numeraciis dasma ucdia. dasaTaureba ki pirvelad gvxvdeba xelnawerSi, romelic gadawerilia 1861w. mose yorRanaSvilis mier.
(yubaneiSvili1959:259).
sulxan-sabas arakebi Cven garkveuli principiT davalageT
da aseTi suraTi miviReT:
1. arakebi, romelTa personaJebi mxolod cxovelebia:
`moZRvari meli~ (16), `soflis maSenebelni~ (19), `nalbandi
mgeli~ (36), `sadafi da kirCxibi” (39), `aqlemi da viri~ (46), `viri,
vefxi, meli da mgeli~ (53), `mgeli, Txa da Tiva~ (56), `ku da morieli” (60), `meli da wero~ (68), `yaryatis Tavgadasavali~ (72),
`TaTvali” (119), `salamandra~ (120), `Txa da meli~ (129), `katis
gazrdili lomi~ (132), `meli da mwevarni” (135), `viri, kaWkaWi da
mgeli~ (137), `ZaRlebi da mgeli~ (146), `qori, ixvi da kakabi~ (149),
`ixvi da myvari” (150). _ 19 araki.
melia gvxvdeba 6 arakSi, aqedan arakSi `meli da wero~ melis
aranairi konkretuli Tviseba ar Cans. teqstSi melis nacvlad
Tavisuflad SeiZleba moviazroT nebismieri oTxfexa cxoveli,
romelic, werosgan gansxvavebulad ikvebeba. Tu Zalian movindomebT, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom am arakSi Cans melis msunagoba
(iZunwa stumarTan), an miuxvedreloba gamoiCina. werom samagiero gadauxada da am mizeziT meli da wero erTmaneTs waekidnen.
am araks yveba jumberi, arakis bolos igi parallels avlebs
mela-werosa (orbeliani 1959:75) da leonsa da ruqas Soris: rogori sxvaobac aris melsa da weros Soris, iseTivea leonsa da
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ruqas Soris: `Sen saWurisi xar, mefis erTguloba da dRe da Ramis samsaxurisa cda gmarTebs. igi Wabukia, me maxlavs; mefis
monoba da Cemi wvrTa hmarTebs. an Sen masTan ra sabrZolavi
gaqvs da an mas SenTan ra saSuRlari? ~
danarCen 5 araks, romlebSic meli monawileobs, yveba ruqa.
`moZRvar melSi~ meli eSmaki, Wkviani da xarbia. bolos mas
ofofi atyuebs. xarbi meli ZaRlebma daCeCqves da `Zvali da
rbili gauerTes~. es araki imiT aris saintereso, rom ruqam leoni mels Seadara: `eg kaci meli aris da bevrgan navali. aseTs
saqmesa iqms, Senve Tavsa Semoikra da aRara geSvelos ra! ~ (orbeliani 1959:27) e.i. ruqasTvis meli leonis alegoriuli saxea.
`soflis maSenebelnSi~ meli xarbia da eSmaki, magram mas
ZaRli daCeCqvavs da kuds moawyvets. es araksac leonis sawinaaRmdegod aris mimarTuli.
arakSi `viri, vefxi, meli da mgeli~ meli Wkviania, mixvedrili
da maamebeli, magram iRupeba mSiSara vefxvis ugunurebis gamo.
`Txa da melSi~ meli eSmaki da xarbia; aqac mas ZaRli sjobnis.
araks `meli da mwevarni~ ruqa TiTqmis teqstis bolos yveba,
rodesac misi damarcxeba leonTan paeqrobaSi ukve cxadia. es
erTaderTi arakia, romelSic eSmaki mela imarjvebs da gacucurakebulebi gamodian mwevrebi. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom amiT
ruqam alegoriis enazec aRiara leonis gamarjveba.
gveli gvxvdeba 3 arakSi. am arakebs konceptualuri mniSvneloba aqvT.
araks `kaci da gveli~ yveba ruqa. am arakiT ruqa Tavis kredos
gamoxatavs _ sikeTisTvis sikeTiT aravis gadauxdia.
ruqas araks upirispirdeba leoni 2 arakiT: `keTili gveli”
da `glexi da sami gveli~.
am arakebis mixedviT, gveli ar aris mxolod borotebis simbolo.
is SeiZleba daundobeli da umaduric iyos da keTili da erTgulic.
viri gvxvdeba 5 arakSi: `nalband mgelSi~ viri Wkviania, `aqlemsa da virSi~ _ briyvi. arakSi `viri, vefxi, meli da mgeli~ viri moxerxebulia.
zog e.w Sereul arakSi viri ki monawileobs, magram misi Tviseba gamokveTili ar aris, iq aqcenti sxva personaJze keTdeba,
mag.: `viri, kaWkaWi da mgeli~, `virad cnobili yadi~.
e.i 2 arakSi viri gonieria, erTSi _ suleli.
mgeli 4 arakSia: `nalband mgelSi~ mgeli sulelia. igi virma
moatyua. `viri, vefxi, meli da mgelSi~ mgeli melTan erTad iRupeba SeSinebuli vefxis wyalobiT. am arakSi mgels meorexarisxovani funqcia ekisreba. melis mokavSirea mgeli arakSi `Txa da
meli~, aqac is damxmare personaJia. `ZaRlebi da mgelSi” mgels
ufrTxian moSuRari ZaRlebi.
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mgeli, romelic, ZiriTadad, ZaRlis opoziciad moiazreba
da melis mokavSirea, arakebSi xan briyvulad iqceva, xan misi eSiniaT.
sxva cxoveli personaJebi (daTvi, lomi, vefxvi, kata, ku, morieli, aqlemi, mamali, Zera, ofofi, yvavi, Woti, myvari, ixvi da
sxva) erTi-orjer arian warmodgenilni da amgvari klasifikaciisTvis sakmaris masalas ver mogvcemen.
rogorc vxedavT, sulxan-sabas arakebSi meli, gveli, viri,
mgeli, sxvadasxva rakursiT warmodgebian: matyuara _ motyuebuli; keTili _ boroti, suleli _ Wkviani. miuxedavad imisa,
rom `cxoveluri~ arakebis raodenoba sulxan-sabasTan bevri ar
aris, maTze dakvirveba saintereso varaudis gamoTqmis saSualebas gvaZlevs. ras unda niSnavdes tradiciuli modelebis (viri
jiutia; mels veravin moatyuebs; gveli borotia) alternatiuli saxeebis (viri Wkviania, mels atyueben, gveli keTilia) warmodgena? imas xom ara, rom adamianSi (romlis alegoriebi cxovelebia) ori sawyisi _ kargi da cudi _ ebrZvis erTmaneTs? adamianma jer Tavis TavSi unda sZlios ukeTur Tvisebebs? es zneobriv-eTikuri problema xom ar wamoswia sulxan-sabam? am sakiTxis gasarkvevad isev antikurobas mivubrundeT.
antikurobasa da adrebizantiur epoqaSi Zalian popularuli iyo fiziognomika _ swavleba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor ganvsazRvroT adamianis xasiaTi misi garegnobis mixedviT. antikuri fiziognomika (romelic iwyeba Zv. w. Vs-dan), yovelTvis orientirebuli iyo xasiaTis Tvisebebis gansazRvraze. fiziognomikaSi Sevida Teoriebi, romlebic ganaviTares medicinam da eTnografiam (mag.: garemos zemoqmedeba adamianis xasiaTis Camoyalibebaze; klimaturi sartylebis Teoria). fiziognomika `sazrdoobda~ istoriuli biografiebTan da `saxasiaTo~ literaturidanac. antikurobaSi diskusiis obieqti iyo im fiziognomikis samecniero Rirebuleba, romelic aRiarebda garegnuli
saxisa da sulieri arsis harmonias. Cvenamde moRweuli yvelaze
mniSvnelovani fiziognomikuri teqstebi ukavSirdeba fsevdoaristoteles da elinisturi xanis ritors _ polemons.
averincevis azriT, araki `SeiWra~ fiziognomikaSi _ mecnierebas mimsgavsebul filosofiur literaturaSi. magaliTad, moTxrobebi gonier, moralur cxovelebze arcxvenen adamianebs. am sakiTxze gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa klavdius elianusis wigni
`cxovelTa Sesaxeb~ (II-IIIs.) es ar aris mecnieruli Rirebulebis naSromi, magram arsebiTia moralisturi daskvnebi: uyure, rogor iqcevian utyvi cxovelebi, maSin rodesac Sen, gonierebiT aRsavse
kacs, gWirdeba Segoneba da akrZalva, raTa Tavi Seikavo borotisgan (mag.: sparteli likurgosi ufrosebisadmi pativiscemas unergavda lekedemonelebs, maSin rodesac spiloebi yovelgvari Segonebebis gareSe akeTeben amas. an: adamiani sikvdils ver xedavs, mag-
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ram misi eSinia; gedi grZnobs sikvdilis moaxloebas da simReriT
egebeba mas). arakuli Txrobis tradiciam, udavod, imoqmeda fiziognomikazec. magaliTad: vinme adametesi werda: didi TvalisWrili uwignurobas amxels, patara _ siverages. cocxal arsebebs Soris viwro TvalisWrili aqvT qvewarmavlebs, maimunebs, meliebs da
sxva verag qmnilebebs; cxvrebs, Zroxebs da msgavs mSvid cxovelebs
farTo Wrili aqvT. adamianis moxerxebuloba meliisa da iqnevmonis moxerxebulobasTan erTbunebovnebas avlens, saTnoeba ki _
cxvrisa da Zroxis saTnoebis msgavsia.
fiziognomikuri swavlebis mixedviT, `eTosi _ zne~ iseve
TvalsaCinod da ucvlelad vlindeba, rogorc `eidosi _ saxe~.
arakis mela ver moiSlis cbierebas, gveli ki veragobas. am fiziognomikur swavlebaSi koreqtivis Setana scada filosofiurma
moralizmma _ adamians SeuZlia Secvalos sakuTari Tavi. meore
koreqtivi: qristianuli dogmatikis mixedviT adamianuri neba
Tavisufalia (aujt-exouvsio~). adamians pirutyvi cxovelisgan swored nebis Tavisufleba ganasxvavebs. cxoveli ver Secvlis Tavis
bunebiT Cvevebs, adamians ki es SeuZlia. `gonis Secvla~ aris
metav-noia-s _ `monaniebis~ pirdapiri mniSvneloba. kliment
aleqsandrielis mixedviT: `RvTaebrivi adamianTmoyvareoba imaSi gamomJRavnda, rom nebis Tavisuflebis gziT suls mieniWa monaniebis SesaZlebloba~. Tavisufali neba, romelic adamians
cxovelisgan ganasxvavebs, SeiZleba isev igavuri saxeebiT warmodges: mag.: pavle cxvrad qceuli mgelia; iuda _ mglad qceuli cxvari. e.i. adamiani imiT gansxvavdeba cxovelisgan, rom Tavad irCevs, romel cxovelad iqces: cxvrad Tu mglad da a.S. Tavisufali nebis aqts, romelic adamians ukeTesobisken an uaresobisken mimarTavs, bizantieli avtorebi aRniSnavdnen sityviT
meta-bolhv, romelic Seesabameba `gadawyobas~, `gadaqcevas~, evqaristias purisa da Rvinisa qristes xorcad da sisxlad. metanoia
aris metabole, monanieba aris `daujereblis~ anu `paradoqsulis~ gadaqceva (averincevi 1977:166). qristianuli swavlebis mixedviT, adamianis gardasaxva (metamorfoza) da sulTa reinkarnacia mxolod metaforaa da am aqtSi igulisxmeba adamianis
`sulis gamxeceba~ (origene). adamians SeuZlia Seicvalos, radgan `Cven raRacnairad Tavad varT sakuTari Tavis mamebi _
iseTebi viqnebiT, rogorebadac visurvebT Cveni Tavis Sobas~
(grigol noseli, De Vita Moysis, GNO VII/1 34,11ff.).10
ver vityviT, rom fiziognomikuri warmodgena Cvevis absoluturi statikurobis Sesaxeb da RvTismetyvelebiTi warmodgena nebis absoluturi dinamikis Sesaxeb mTlianad gamoricxavs
erTmaneTs. isini Tanaarsebobdnen epoqis SemecnebaSi da TiToeuli igavuri formiT Segonebis Tavis xerxs gvTavazobs: adamianma Tavad unda moZebnos msgavsi Tanasaxieri (msgavsi bunebis
269
mqone), raTa amgvar sarkeSi dainaxos Tavisi ucvleli zne _
gvaswavlis fiziognomika. RvTismetyvelebiTi moralizmis mixedviT ki, adamianma unda gaiTvaliswinos keTilisa da borotis
cxoveluri heraldika, raTa gaigos, rad surs yofna, rad yofna
evaleba, raTa Tavisufali nebiT uaryos erTi da meoriT Seimosos (averincevi 1977:167).
qristianulma didaqtikam kidev erTi motivi wamoswia; motivi, romelic ar gvxvdeba arc warmarTul, arc axloaRmosavleTis didaqtikaSi: laparakia Sxamian cxovelebze. erTi mxriv,
maTze fiqrisas adamiani imsWvaleba zizRiT `Sxamiani znisadmi~,
meore mxriv, rcxvenia Tavisi mciredmorwmuneobis gamo, radgan
qriste adamianebs hpirdeboda: `Tu morwmuneni gvels aiyvandnen, an sasikvdilo rames dalevdnen, araferi dauSavdebodaT~
(Evangelium secundum Marcum XVI,18). am saswaulebrivi miniSnebiT
(niSniT), Seicnoba is, vinc WeSmaritad irwmuna (morwmunea). saxarebiseuli eTika adamianisgan iTxovs imas, rac jer aravis mouTxovia _ cxovrebas saswaulis kanonoT da basili didi, romelic Sxamiani qvewarmavlebis daniSnulebaze wers, mkafiod gamoyofs am imperativs (averincevi 1977:170).
amrigad, sxvadasxva sulieris _ cxovelis, mweris, frinvelis _ misadageba adamianTan arqauli periodidan iRebs dasabams. es procesi miTosuri gardasaxvebiT _ metamorfozebiT
iwyeba, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, sxvadasxva mecnieruli axsna
aqvs.11 Semdegi etapia fiziognomika. faqtobrivad, am swavlebaSi
moxda kliSeebis Camoyalibeba cxovelTa samyaros boroti, keTili, cbieri, briyvi da a.S. warmomadgenlebisa Sesabamisi Tvisebebis adamianebis gaigivebis Sesaxeb. cxadia, am process xels
uwyobda folkloruli tradicia (arakisa). qristianul epoqaSi
principulad icvleba adamianisa da cxovelis gaigivebis alegoriis arsi. aucileblobas cvlis _ neba, arCevani, arsobrivi
cvlilebis SesaZlebloba. qristianobaSi arakis alegorias
cvlis igavis qristianuli simbolizmi. es ukve saxismetyvelebis
sxva donea (CantlaZe 2002:51-52).12 sulxan-saba swored am gadasaxedidan Txzavs Tavis arakebs da swored amitomac ar aris
mgeli, viri an meli `gaSeSebuli~ saxe, iseTi rogorc is iqneboda
fiziognomikur krebulebSi _ mxolod `cudi~ an mxolod `kargi~, erTmniSvnelovani. esa Tu is cxoveli sabasTan, adamianis
msgavsad, SeiZleba iyos xan daundobeli, xan _ keTili; gabriyvebulic da gambriyvebelic da a.S.
2. arakebi, romelTa personaJebi arian cxovelebi da adamianebi:
`usamarTlo Sirvan-Sah~ (20), `eniT dakodili~ (21), `yadi da
eSmaki~ (61), `kaci da gveli~ (110), `keTili gveli~ (111), `glexi da
sami gveli~ (124). _ 6 araki.
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3. arakebi, romelTa personaJebi arian adamianebi:
1. `mefe xorasanisa~, 2. `xarbi glaxaki~, 3 `Zunwi vaWari~, 4 `cxriliani kaci~, 5 `ugunuri mcuravi~, 6 `ubeduri didvaWari~, 7`saWurisi alabidam~, 8 `indoT mefe da vazirni~, 9`jojoxeTSi dautevnelni~, 10 `beri da yrma”, 11 `utkbesi da umwaresi~, 12 `duka
da aznauri”, 13 `mefe da mxatvari~, 14 `qurdi da mkervali~,
15`ori mola~,16 `oTxi yru~, 17 `mTiuli da kaklis xe~, 18 `mefe
da avsityva kaci~, 19 `xalifa da arabi~,20 `unaRvloTa mZebneli~, 21 `qosa da yadi~, 22 `Zala erTobisa~, 23 `qurdis memkvidre”, 24 `maoxrebeli mkvdari~, 25 `mexile da mwyemsi~, 26 `Zunwi da
oqro~, 27 `didvaWari da misi Ze”, 28 `mefe da sami misi Ze~, 29`orni Zmani~, 30`ormoSi Cagdebuli mefe~, 31 `mefe da sikvdili~,
32`Rvinis Zala~, 33 `uneblie mkiTxavi~, 34 `cru da umecari~,
35`samni amxanagni~, 36 `Tvalxiluli da usinaTlo~,37 `mefe da
dalaqi”, 38 `mxvneli, feiqari da mkervali~, 39 `samni col-qmarni
da mdinare~,40 `momCivarni Zmani~, 41 `mRmerTobeli mefe da misi
vaziri~, 42 `brZeni da mdidari~, 43 `mepatrone da memarne”,
44`mkalavi da viri~, 45 `qristiani da uria~, 46 `darbandelni
mTibavni~, 47 `gilaneli mola~, 48 `ori mdidari~, 49 `mWedeli da
eSmakebi~, 50 `sparsi da indo~, 51 `filosofosni~, 52 `daTvi da
monadireni~, 53 `oboli da misi deda”, 54 `mefe da mWedeli~,
55`glaxaki da fluri~, 56 `orni momtereni~, 57 `usaqmo kaci~,
58`glaxa da mdidari~, 59 `moxerxebuli arabi~, 60 `Wabuki da
mekobreni~, 61 `didvaWari da mefunduke~, 62 `samni brmani”,
63`magistrosi keisrisa~, 64 `mefe anakofiisa~, 65 `samni amxanagni~, 66 `glaxaki da qila erbo~, 67 `ori davriSi da Sahi~,68 `samni
Zmani~, 69 `grZneuli colis patroni~, 70 `mecnieri aqimi~, 71 `anCxli colis patroni~,72 `muSa kaci da bedi”, 73`mefe da mebaRe”,
74 `ganSorebuli da martvili”, 75 `motirali da mocinari~ 76, 77
`virad cnobili yadi~, 78 `ori amxanagi da daTvi~, 79 `yazan-Sah
da misi coli~, 80 `mefis anderZi~,81 `broweulis wveni”, 82`yasabi da myidveli~, 83 `qajTa Sempyrobeli~, 84 `mavali glaxaki~,
85`sanTliT saZebari mouravi~, 86 `didvaWari da mtredi~, 87 `mefe da misi Svili~, 88 `aqimi da ori sneuli~, 89 `moyvarulni
col-qmarni~ _ 89 araki.
`sibrZne sicruisaSi~ CarTuli ambebi:
I CarTuli ambavi: arakSi `unaRvloTa mZebneli~ (romelic
qmnis erT-erT konceptualur RerZs), CarTulia 9 ambavi: `mefe
arabeTisa~, `qobuleTis mefis Ze~, `romaeli kaci”, `grandukas
Svili~, `keisris spaspeti~, `qvis mTleli~, `didvaWari sparsi~,
`vlaxeTis mefis Ze~, `buRdaneli didebuli~.
II CarTuli ambavia (30 ambavi) leonis Tavgadasavali.
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`sibrZne sicruisas~ Segonebebi:
im Segonebebis garda, romlebic TiTqmis yvela araks axlavs,
gamoiyofa SegonebaTa garkveuli blokebi:
I.
rogori unda iyos xelmwifesTan myofi adamiani: 5 Segoneba
(ruqas teqsti). es Segonebebi CarTulia CarCo ambavSi.
II. rogori unda iqceodes saWurisi: 3 Segoneba. (sedraqis
teqsti). CarTulia CarCo ambavSi.
III. mefesTan axlos myofi kacis Tvisebebi: 5 Tviseba (leonis
teqsti). CarTulia arakebiT paeqrobis nawilSi.
IV. rogori unda iyos mefe: TvisebaTa CamonaTvali erT
punqtad (leonis teqsti). CarTulia CarCo ambavSi.
V. rogori unda iyos mefe: CarTulia arakebis blokSi
`unaRvloTa mZebneli~ (leonis teqsti). CamoTvlilia 13 samwevriani moTxovna da survili mefisadmi.
VI. rogori unda iyos veziri: (finezis teqsti). 7 rCeva. CarTulia arakebSi.
VII. mterTan urTierToba: (jumberis teqsti). mosdevs araks
`qristiani da uria~. warmodgenilia 8 gansazRvreba.
VIII. vis unda umtro da ar unda umtro: (jumberis teqsti).
mosdevs araks `yaryatis Tavgadasavali~.
IX. Segonebebi leonis TavgadasavalSi (ucxo kacis 5 Segoneba).
X. amxanagis da amxanagobis Sesaxeb: (leonis teqsti). 9 punqti.
garda amisa, teqstSi aris dalocva (viri, ZaRli, WinWveli) da
winaswarmetyveluri sizmari.
daskvnisTvis:
aris Tu ara sabas arakebi simboloebi? ara! imitom rom viri
sulelicaa da Wkvianic; mgeli _ gamarjvebulic da damarcxebulic, meli _ moxerxebulic da gacucurakebulic, lomi (vefxvi) _ cxovelTa mefec da virisgan SeSinebulic da a.S. mxatvruli saxe ki simbolod mxolod maSin gadaiqceva, Tu mas myari
`stasusi~ aqvs. ar SeiZleba simbolos azri icvlebodes situaciis mixedviT. aqedan gamomdinare, vaskvniT, rom sabas arakebi
alegoriebia. igavi ki aris `dafarulad ganmcxadebeli~ (wminda
basili didi). komentatorebi miuTiTeben uflisgan Txrobili
igavebis umTavres Tvisebaze: gonier arsebas is igavebi saocari
cnobiswadiliT da dafarulis wvdomis surviliT avseben, ugunurisTvis ki es sibrZne amoucnobi da gaugebari rCeba. l. bregaZem gamoTqva sayuradRebo mosazreba Janris specifikis Taobaze: termin `igavis~ axsnisas sabas miTiTebuli aqvs maTes saxarebis mecamete Tavi. swored am TavSi ganmartavs macxovari, ratom
elaparakeba igi xalxs igavurad: imitom, rom isini (adamianebi)
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uyureben da ver xedaven, usmenen da ar esmiT. `da sruldeba maTze esaias winaswarmetyveleba, romelic ambobs: smeniT moismenT
da ver gaigebT, TvaliT uyurebT da ver dainaxavT~ (bregaZe
1991:91), `movlenis arsis gageba yvelas rodi xelewifeba, arsis
amocnobas Zlieri analitikuri goneba unda, movlenisadmi mecnieruli midgoma esaWiroeba. arsi grZnobis organoebisTvis dafarulia, igi movleniT aris gaSualebuli. sxva sityvebiT: arssa
da grZnobis organoebs Soris movlena dgas, romelSic arsi
srulyofilad verasdros ver gamovlindeba. Tu gvsurs movlenis arss CavwvdeT, movlenisagan abstrahireba unda movaxdinoT.
amgvari abstrahirebis (oRond xatovani abstrahirebis!) Sedegi
aris swored igavi (bregaZe 1991:91).
axla ase davsvaT kiTxva: Tu ikveTeba simbolo `sibrZne sicruisas~ zogad koncefciaSi? diax! am Txzulebis mTavari simboloa
mwyemsi keTili (ioane, 10). es simbolo sulxan-sabasTan mefe-mwyemsis simbolur xatad warmogvidgeba. swored am simbolos garSemo
`lagdeba~ mTeli teqsti. am simbolos axsna-komentirebas emsaxureba CarCo ambavic, arakebis bloki, ambebi da Segonebebi (ix.
Segonebebi: IV,V). yvelaferi mefe-mwyemsis simbolos garSemo `trialebs~. movixmobT pasaJs teqstidan: ganrisxebulma mefe finezma
leonis sikvdiliT dasja ganizraxa. leonma mefes fici moagona,
dasamSvideblad dro misca da hkiTxa: `Ze Seni samefod ginda, Tuca13 mwyemsad? mravalni mwyemsni umjobes arian ugvanTa mefeTa.
mwyemsi xams cxovarTaTvis iWirvodes, keTilTa balaxTa aZoos,
amod ataros, dakodili Seuxvios da mparavs aridos. ese Tuca vera
yos, samwyso Seumcirdes. egreve mefe eseTi xams: glaxakTa, monaTa,
glexTa, msaxurTa, aznaurTa, TavadTa, didebulTa, mefeTa da xelmwifeTa wesi, rigi, Sroma, Wiri, muSakoba, saqme, vaWroba, sma-Wama
da micema icodes... aw yovelTa glaxakTa, uRonoTa da mdabalTa
Wirni miswavebia da amisa Semdgomad naxeT Tqvenca, ra aris saswavlod misa?~ am pasaJSi lakonurad da yovlismomcveladaa Camoyalibebuli mefe-mwyemsis universaluri simbolos arsi. es simbolo universaluria imitom, rom is Tanabrad misaRebia yvela droisa da sarwmunoebis adamianisTvis. arc is aris SemTxveviTi, rom
samefo xelisuflebis mTavari simbolo _ kverTxi mwyemsis komblisgan iRebs dasabams.
swored Rirseuli mefe-mwyemsis aRzrda daisaxa miznad leonma.
mefe (Tu calkeul gamonaklisebs ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi)
Wkviania, magram sakiTxavia, rogoria es Wkua, ra `amoZravebs~ mas
_ sikeTe (mimtevebloba, mowyaleba da a.S.) Tu boroteba (SurisZieba, momxveWeloba, sixarbe da a.S)? mefeze saubrisas jer gamoikveTeba Rirseuli adamianis tipi da misi mTavari Tviseba _
siqvele, romelic `sikeTeebis~ yvelaze momcveli definiciaa.
qveli unda iyos mefec da misi garemocvac (ix. Segoneba II da VI).
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cnobilia, rom yvelaze kargi mefeebic ki droTa ganmavlobaSi
swored TavianTi garemocvis wyalobiTac kacTmoZule nihilistebi xdebian, amitom amxanags didi mniSvneloba aqvs (ix. Segoneba
X). ruqa jumberisTvis miuRebelia ara imitom, rom is saWurisia
da qosa (es SeiZleba iyos mxolod erT-erTi mizezi imisa, ris
gamoc ruqa gaborotebulia), aramed imitom, rom mas ar sjera
kacTa modgmis momavlis (ruqas konceptualuri arakia _ `kaci
da gveli~), is pesimistia, xeli aqvs Caqneuli. uimedo kaci ki ver
CaerTveba im gegmebis ganxorcielebaSi, rac jumbers aqvs. ruqa
Wkviania, man adamianebis bevri nakli icis, magram es naklovanebebi jumberma da leonmac ician. ra unda qnas mefem _ xeli
Caiqnios da mihyves dinebas? Tavad imefos da xvalem izrunos
xvalisa? ar Seecados gamosworebas. vin unda aiRos Tavis Tavze
sarevelis amoZirkva? vin unda moatrialos faras Camocilebuli cxovari? vin unda izrunos sazogadoebis TiToeul wevrze?
jumberi Tavis Tavze iRebs am pasuxismgeblobas. aseTad aRzarda igi leonma. idealuri mmarTvelis tipis daxatviT sulxansaba gamoexmaura cnobil diskusias, romelic uZvelesi droidan
aRelvebda cnobil moazrovneebs: platons, aristoteles, cicerons. am TvalsazrisiTac mwerali evropuli orientaciisaa.
sulxan-saba orbelianis arakebis mimarTeba saxarebiseul
igavTan sainteresodaa warmodgenili m. Rlontis naSromSi. avtori teqstSi gamoyofs 3 ideur-kompoziciur kvanZs, birTvarakebs Tanmxlebi arakebiT. am kvanZebis pirobiTi saxelebia:
gamyareba, Ze mefisa, sityva. samive kvanZSi ZiriTad saTqmels
amboben finezi, leoni, jumberi (Rlonti 2009:4-10). I kvanZis
(`gamyareba~) birTvi arakia `Zala erTobisa~, romelsac yveba mefe. arakis garemomcvel kompoziciur sivrces qmnis mefe-ymaTa
qcevebis ganmsazRvreli ramdenime siuJeturi segmenti: erTerTia leonis Segonebebi _ `wesi mefeTa~, romliTac gansazRvrulia mefis movaleobebi (`mefeTagan samni uyvaran RmerTsa~...
da a.S). es teqsti mTavrdeba sityvebiT: `ese ars wesi mefeTa, ese
ars saboZvari TemTa, ese ars godoli spaTa, ese ars zRude qalaqTa! romelman hyos, igi da qveyana misi daemyaros~; meorea
mefe finezis Segonebani `vazirTa wesi~, mesame _ leonis `mefeTa Tana myofTa wesi~. aqvea ganxiluli _ bedi, cda, arCevani,
romlis sakvanZo arakia `xalifa da arabi~ (Rlonti 2009:13-28).
Cemi azriT, m. Rlonti marTebulad da Tanmimdevrulad warmoaCens veqtors arakidan da Segonebidan _> igavamde. `sibrZne
sicruisaSi~ saxarebiseuli (bibliuri) brZeni mefis igavuri
(simboluri) saxe teqstis siRrmeSia `Camarxuli~, is uxilavad
qmnis teqstis Semkvrel bades da am fonze alegoriuli arakebic
sagangebo funqcias iZenen. amisi nimuSia Tundac araki `Zala
erTobisa~. am arakis warmomavloba, gavrcelebis areali da sava-
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raudo arqetipis ritualuri versia gamoikvlia i. liseviCma
(liseviCi 1971). es siuJeti `tompsonis indeqsSi~ registrirebulia nomriT _ J.1021. mkvlevarma gamoavlina da Seiswavla 20-ze
meti teqsti, romlebic ar aris miTiTebuli tompsonis indeqsSi.
maTi umetesoba Seiqmna aRmosavleTSi _ CineTSi, tibetSi, monRoleTSi, yalmuxeTSi, saqarTveloSi, uzbekeTSi da sxva. igi
ganixilavs arakis sabaseul versiasac. vrceli mecnieruli analizis safuZvelze liseviCi askvnis: arakis siuJeti, daibada samxreT ruseTis stepebSi da ori aTasi wlis Semdeg isev dabrunda
ruseTSi sami gziT. aRmosavleTidan is moitanes yalmuxebma,
dasavleTidan Semovida naTargmni literaturiT; wina saukunis
dasasruls ki mesame varianti Semovida saqarTvelodan (liseviCi 1871:300). es siuJeti dasturdeba mxolod evraziis xalxebSi, amasTan, ZiriTadad, mis centralur nawilSi didi abreSumis
gzis gaswvriv. am regionis birTvs warmoadgenda teritoriebi,
romlebic odesRac skviTebiT iyo dasaxlebuli (SavizRvispireTi, Sua azia) an xalxi, romelic ganicdida skviTebis xangrZliv
Tavdasxmebs (kavkasia, wina azia).
Semdgom mkvlevari svams kiTxvas: ratom gaCnda moSuRari vaJiSvilebisa da wnelebis konis igavi swored skviTebSi da ara
sxva xalxSi? analizma mkvlevari skviTebis yofasa da rwmenawarmodgenebamde miiyvana. wnelebis konas mniSvnelovani adgili
ekava skviTebis cxovrebaSi: wnelis kona iyo wminda simbolo, mas
eniWeboda sakraluri mniSvneloba, mistikuri azri. swored amitomac gamoiyeneboda mkiTxaobisas. wnelebis konas hqonda sakraluri mniSvneloba ara mxolod SavizRvispireTis skviTebSi,
aramed maT monaTesave xalxebs Sorisac. amitom gasakviri ar aris, rom skviTebSi daibada araki, romelSic wnelebis konas aqvs
damrigeblobiTi funqciac. am konebis daSliT da awyobiT mefe,
faqtobrivad, Svilebs momavals uwinaswarmetyvelebs. avtoris
azriT, yvelaze Zvelia is versia, romelSic TviT mama Slis wnelis konas. konis sakraluri mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, yvelas ar SeeZlo misi daSla. qarTul versiaSi wnelis kona Canacvlebulia isrebiT; am SemTxvevaSic maT mxolod mefe hkidebs
xels. aseTia am sakvanZo arakis winaqristianuli axsna. Cven SeiZleba gaviziaroT es axsna, an _ ara. mTavaria rogor axsnis
teqsts dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli. mefis Zis (Zeebis), isris (isarTa konis) _ urTierTmimarTeba qarTul arakSi ikvreba mTavari
postulatiT, romelsac erToba (erTianoba, erTsulovneba) hqvia.
vin aris mefe-mwyemsis aRmzrdeli leoni?
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leonis Tavgadasavali
leonis Tavgadasavali `sibrZne sicruisas~ TiTqmis Sua nawilSia moqceuli da arc Tu umniSvnelo monakveTi eTmoba (daaxloebiT 28 gverdi). aqve aRvniSnav, rom teqstis am monakveTSi ar
gvxvdeba arakebi; aq moTxrobilia ambebi; es ambebi umetesad
fantastikuri da daujerebelia. erTxel paeqrobisas finezi miubrunda leons da uTxra: `uwinaresve meneba me kiTxva ambisa
Senisa: sadauri xar? anu visi Ze? anu rogor wamoxvel? anu gzaTa
ra hnaxe? yvelaya miTxar~ (orbeliani 1959:83). am kiTxvas mefe
svams mas Semdeg, rac jumberis aRzrda ukve dasrulebulia. leonma upasuxa: Cemi Sobisa da `mama-dedaTa ucnobobisa~ adreve
giTxariT; axla imas giambobT, rac gzad gadamxda, sanam Tqvenamde movidodio. igi ramdenime ambavs yveba, romelTagan zogi
martivsiuJetiania (erT epizods gadmogvcems), zogi _ rTuli
(erT Temaze ramdenime ambavia moTxrobili). leoni monacvleobiT yveba `cud~ da `karg~ ambebs.
I `umecari dalaqis~ paTosia is, rom briyvze briyvi ar daileva. umecarma dalaqma eqvsi kaci erTmaneTis miyolebiT daasaxiCra, samarTebliT Tavebi ise dausera, rom sisxli adina.
yvela xedavda, ra SeemTxva mis winamorbeds, magram mainc `alamazebinebda~ Tavs dalaqs.
II `italieli mxatvris” paTosia _ mjobnis mjobni ar daileva. Semdegi teqstebi, ZiriTadad, am ori mTavari principis mixedviT jgufdeba. rTulkompoziciania colebis mier gacucurakebuli qmrebis ambavi (III ambavi). aq sami qmari sam Tavgadasavals yveba, rogor daungries colebma bednieri ojaxebi da wahkides Zmebs. es sami ambavi erTi da imave situaciis sam gansxvavebul versias warmogvidgens, magram daskvna erTia _ adamians
yvelaze met vnebas Tavisi sibriyve moutans da qalis Wkuaze ar
unda iaro. IV epizods pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT `eqimebis
ambavi~. eqimebi ixseneben yvelaze mniSvnelovan SemTxvevebs TavianTi praqtikidan. es aTi ambavi aSkarad fantastikuri an hiperbolizebulia. maTi paTosic SeiZleba gamoixatos fraziT _
mjobnis mjobni ar daileva.
V `lodis damgorebeli~ Zalian hgavs berZnul miTs, romelic
sizifosis tanjvaze mogviTxrobs. xolo VI _ (leoni sul 13 ambavs yveba, amitom meeqvse simetriuli kveTis SuaSi eqceva) `ori
puriT maspinZloba~ mTavrdeba SegonebiT. leoni wyaros piras
or kacs gadaeyara. saWmelad rom dasxdnen, erTma Tavisi puris
naxevari moutexa, meorem _ Tavisi. Wamis dasrulebis Semdeg
mixvdnen, rom mSivrebi darCnen da leons gaubrazdnen: `gvacdunao! erTi puri orTav vWameT da erTi marto aman Wamao~ (orbeliani 1959:93). daiWires `macdunebeli` daabes da as-asi joxi
276
dahkres. erTma mowyale gamvlelma leoni Seibrala, gaaTavisufla, mousmina da uTxra: `Zmao, xuT swavlas gamcneb da daimarxeo:
umecars kacsa guliT nu miendobi;
Seumcnebels ususurad nu eCvenebi;
yovel Jam frTxilad iyav, Seni saxlic rom iyos;
mSiers stumrad nu ewvevi;
glaxakisgan Cuqeba nu ginda!~ (orbeliani 1959:93).
es aris erTaderTi Segoneba, romelic leonma sityvierad miiRo keTili gamvlelisagan. sxva situaciebSi yvelafris gaazreba da daskvnebis gamotana mas Tavad uxdeboda. ratom Cndeba es
`keTili gamvleli~ Sua gzaze? (rogorc vTqviT, VI ambavi leonis
Tavgadasavlis SuaSia). rogorc Cans, imitom, rom leoni swored
maSinaa mzad, Cawvdes am Segonebis arss. sibrZnis aRqmas aRqmisaTvis mzaoba sWirdeba. tradiciuli pedagogikis erT-erTi
mTavari nakli xSirad isaa, rom aucilebeli codna (Segonebebi)
aRsazrdels misTvis Seusabamo drosa da viTarebaSi miewodeba.
leoni ymawvili kacia. sizmarSi igi aseTad eCvena mefes: `Wabuki vinme Svenieri, msgavsi lomisa, mxne, axovani, pirmwyazari,
tansaro. axlad sumbuli amosvloda da mcired qufri mohxveoda sayvarlad saxilveli~ (orbeliani 1959:11). avtori garkveviT miuTiTebs, rom leons es-esaa, amouvida wveri; igi kacobaSi
axalfexSedmuli ymawvilia. axalgazrdis buneba ki iseTia, sanam
Tavad ar gamocdis, sxvaTa rCevebs naklebad ugdebs yurs.
leonma im droisaTvis (e.i. sanam keTil gamvlels Sexvdeboda),
bevri ram naxa da gadaitana, igi ukve mzadaa mousminos sxvas; ara
mxolod mousminos, naTqvami gaiazros da daumadlos.
Tu aqamde leoni met-naklebad realur samyaroSi `trialebda~, VII ambidan viTareba icvleba. `jizi-gurgenSi~ protagonisti mogviTxrobs, rom mas naviT zRvis gadalaxva mouxda. qarma
navi daamsxvria, yvela daiRupa, leoni erT ficars CaeWida;
zRvam igi Svidi dRe da Rame aburTava.14 napirze gariyulma Zala
moikriba da gzas gaudga. zamTari iyo, muxlamde Tovli ido. win
erTi axovani, mxne, mSvenieri Wabuki Semoxvda, romelsac mxolod tilos TeTri samosi ecva. igi fexSiSveli da TavSiSveli
iyo; perangze oqros sartyeli Semoertya. es axalgazrda leons
gulTbilad Sexvda da vinaoba gamohkiTxa; Tavadac gaecno _
jizi-gurgeni15 mqviao, _ uTxra: Cems gakvalul gzas gayevi,
sofelSi mixval da Cemi saxeliT uTxari, rom mogxedono. leoni
asec moiqca. mSvenier qalaqs miadga. jizi-gurgenis saxeli rom
axsena, kargad miiRes. saRamos patronic movida da ori msgefsi
daasvena, Semdeg Tavisi saxl-kari daaTvalierebina: erT derefanSi Seiyvana, SuaSi civi wyliT savse didi auzi iyo, romelSic
yinulebi eyara. am auzSi bavSvebi isxdnen. leonma maspinZels
hkiTxa: bavSvebi ar daixocebiano? razec jizi-gurgenma upasuxa:
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`sikvdili RvTis xelT aris, Tuca mokvdavia, abanoTa Sigan mokvdebian. Cveni agebuleba esreT mama-papaT uCveviaT da esre
viqmT. vin mokvdeba, mokvdes da romelic darCeba, me ZoRan rom
mnaxe, misTana Wabuki gamovao~ (orbeliani 1959:94). jizi-gurgenma sxva rameebic anaxa: oqros grZeli jaWviT dabmuli moxuci
mama, romlis oTaxSi erT mxares sawoli ido, meore mxares _
sanovagiT savse tabla, Wadraki da nardi. mamis amgvari yofa
maspinZelma ase axsna: `Zmao, ra kaci daberdeba, Wkua dausustdeba, kacsa awyens. es avi Temia. aravin dauTmobs, me mas ar davuTmob. mas SuRli mosdevs da SuRls kacis kvla. aw nebier aris,
karT ver gava da, rac iamebodes, igi qmnaso~ (orbeliani 1959:95).
Semdeg stumari sxva saxlSi Seiyvana. iq leonma erTi ulamazesi
qali naxa, romelsac oqros mavTuliT kacis Tavi gamoeba. es
Tavi Tval-margalitiT iyo Semkuli. rogorc gairkva, es jizigurgenis coli iyo, Tavi ki _ qalis sayvarlisa. dasasrul, maspinZelma leons uTxra: `amaze nu gamkicxav, rom Cemi augi giTxar. Tuca ar meTqva, uxco kaci, ucxo Tems, ucxos ambavs veRar
ityodio~ (orbeliani 1959:95).16
`jizi-gurgens~ mohyveba ambavi, romelsac ara aqvs damoukidebeli saTauri. Cven es monakveTi SeiZleba davasaTauroT, rogorc `matyuarebis qveyana~: `mivel qveyanasa, romelsa hqvian
dia keTili da kargi Temi, mara mas Temsa simarTle da marTali
sityva ar iTqmis. yvelani, didni da mcireni, matyuarebi arian~
(orbeliani 1959:95).17 mefem nadimi gadaixada. am nadimze erTi
meoreze ufro daujerebel ambebs yvebodnen mefe-didebulebi
(7 ambavi: `Savardeni da wero~, `brma avazi~, `bzikis mwvrTneli~,
`maTraxiani xoxobi~, `Tavtafiani~, `bneleTisa pirsa msaxlobeli kaci~, `abdul-azim davriSi~). leoni ambobs, rom amaTma tyuilebma gaakvirva. sxva mravali iseTi tyuili iTqva, `verc daviswavle da arc mefeT winaSe ikadreba~. e. i. am monakveTis paTosia:
cruze cru ar daileva.
IX ambavia `misani yvavi`, romelic leonis moxerxebulobas
asaxavs (bokaCos stilSia).
leonis moTxrobebs Soris gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa `cocxlad damarxuli da usaxod didi adamianebi~. es ambavic or damoukidebel epozods moicavs. mSieri leoni erT qveyanaSi Sevida, sadac 5
bistis xorcis yidva surda. iqaurebma uTxres, Sen, rogorc Cans,
ucxo Temis kaci xar, amdeni xorci miminos Tu eyofao. am kacebma
leoni TavianT uxucesTan miiyvanes da `es syidva acnobes~ (SenaZenis
formiT mixvdnen, rom es kaci `sxva~ iyo). uxucesma sadauroba hkiTxa, leonma upasuxa: `ucxo var-meTqi~ (orbeliani 1959:102). uxucess
moewona ucxo da Tavisi asuli SerTo.18 aT dReSi axalSerTuli patarZali dasneulda da 4 dReSi gardaicvala. cxedari mdidrulad
Semoses, leonic Sesabamisad mokazmes da TavianTi wesisamebr, Rrma
278
akldamaSi moaTavses. Tan 7 dRis samyofi sanovage Caayoles. es im
qalaqis sasaflao yofila. male sxva mkvdaric miasvenes, romelsac
mSvenieri axalgazrda coli Caayoles erTi kviris sanovagiT. qalTan SeamxanagebiT cocxlad damarxulma leonma Tavi gaitana. bolos
xerxi ixmara da zRarbis saSualebiT Tavi daixsna am akldamidan.19
leonma da saflavidan gamoyolilma qalma sistanis qveyanas
miaRwies. gzad erTi uzomod didi kaci SemoxvdaT, romelmac maTi vinaoba ikiTxa. leons SiSiT xma Cauwyda. goliaTma daamSvida
da uTxra: Tu am qals momcem, SviliviT miviReb, Tu ara, qalsac
wagarTmev da rac mogiva, Tavs daabraleo. leonma qali misca.
gaxarebulma goliaTma leoni da qali ubeSi Caisva. gzad ori
moSuRari SemoxvdaT: erTs meoris RviniT savse rumbi erTi
moTqmiT (erTi xlapiT) Seesva da meore edaveboda, ase ratom
moiqecio. goliaTma isinic CeqmebSi Caisva. Sin misul goliaTs
coli miegeba. mas Tavis mowoneba mounda (Ceqmebidan da ubidan
oTxive adamiani amoiyvana) da qals hkiTxa: CemisTana kaci Tu
ginaxavso? qalma uTxra: mamaCems ver Seedrebio. goliaTs ewyina,
leoni isev ubeSi Caisva da wavida simamris sanaxavad. sidedrsimamri siZe goliaTze bevrad aRmatebulni aRmoCndnen. leonis
TqmiT, me `maTis qveynis Tagvis odeni Tu viyav~ (orbeliani
1959:104). sidedr-simamrze ufro didi ki iyo erTi mTesveli kaci, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, goliaTsa da leons uambo, ratom
hqonda motexili erTi kbili: erTxel es mTesveli da misi TerTmeti amxanagi, romlebic mTesvelze ufro axovnebi iyvnen, samekobrod wavidnen. saSineli qarbuqi amovarda da Tormetivem
Tavi Seafara adamianis gamxmar Tavis qalas. sad iyo da sad ara,
erTi mwyemsi gamoCnda, romlisTvisac mgels batkani waerTmia.
igi mtacebels xan joxs esroda, xan _ qvas, bolos es Tavis qala
aiRo da mgels mouqnia, `mgeli, raRa kiTxva unda, iqav danaya.
TerTmeti Cemi amxanagi mokvda da me es kbili maSin momtydao~
(orbeliani 1959:105). goliaTsac ki gaukvirda maTi sidide da
Zala, me rom gamkvirveboda, ra saTqmeliao, _ ganacxada leonma.20
goliaTebis ambis paTosi erTmniSvnelovania: mjobnis mjob-
ni ar daileva.
XI ambavia `indoeli jambazebi~. indoeTSi bevri ucxo ram
vnaxeo: xe, pirutyvi, xili, frinveli, magram yvelaze didi
saocreba, rac indoeTSi vnaxe, jambazebi iyvneno. leoni yveba,
rogor Sedga ormoci adamiani erTmaneTze ise, rom arcerTi ar
Camovardnila, arc qvemoT myofs Setyobia 39 kacis simZime. es
qvemoTa xan dadioda, xan dajda, xan adga, bolos gairbina, Sexta
da kacebi gadmoyara, arc erTi zurgze ar daeca, yvela fexze
idga. meorem, romelsac xisgan frTebi daemzadebina, es frTebi
daimagra da frinveliviT gafrinda.21 mesamem kanafis gorgali
moitana. erTi wveri xelSi daiWira da gorgali haerSi Seagdo.
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gorgali srulad rom gaiSala da haerSi avida. moTamaSe kanafs
ahyva. male igi Tvals miefara. qvemoT atyda erTi yiJina da
kivili, zogma Tofi isrola. uceb haeridan kacis Tavi da xelfexi Camocvivda. movida jambazis col-Svili, cecxlSi Sevidnen
da daiwvnen. cota xanSi haeridan es jambazi gamoCnda. xalxma
yvelaferi uambo. man ki Tqva: arc srola gamigia, arc yiJinao. im
qveynis mefem mas taxti dauTmo. jambazma kalTebi daiferTxa da
cocxali col-Svili gadmoyara.
es ambebi, da gansakuTrebiT, bolo epizodi warmodgenilia,
rogorc yvelaze sakvirveli.22
XII `Tunjareli metilismenis~ mixedviT, Tunjaris qveyanaSi
mravali Tilisma da grZneuleba icodnen. odesRac viRacas erTi
klde gamouxvretia, rkinis karebi Seubams da dauwesebia, rom es
kari weliwadSi erTxel gaiRos, eqvs dReSi daiketos. `mas Sigan
tyavis qartebis wignebi Seukravs da zed arabulad tilismani da
grZnebani dauweria. visac misi swavla unda, erTis wlis nuzls
da mis sanTels mzas iqms da mas karze dadgeba. ra gaiReba, Seva.
wlamdis Sig unda iyos, monaxos. rac Zneli tilisma unda, hpoebs
da gardaswers. rac grZneba unda, mun Seignebs da ra weliwadze
kari gaeReba, gamova, da rac unda, iqms. aw me mun viyav~, _ Tqva
leonma (orbeliani 1959:107).23 es epizodi gvamcnobs, rom leoni
saidumlo codnasac eziara.
XIII `grZneuli aqimis~24 paTosic isev isaa, rom mjobnis mjobni
ar daileva. mencar eqims misma gamozrdilma Segirdma ajoba.
isini erTmaneTs Seejibrnen jadosnobaSi. am ambavSi gamovarCev
or moments, romelTagan erTi tiresiasis25 ambavs mogvagonebs,
meore _ sayovelTaod gavrcelebul metamorfozebis Temas
exmianeba: I. mefe da misi veziri eqimis grZneulebiT Seqmnil
baRSi isxdnen. mefe am baRis atams Seeqceoda; `vinem mefe erT
atams gafcqvnida, vazirman pirze wyali Seisxa, diacad Seicvala, viTom kacisa visme coli iyo movida misi qmari, agina da waiyvana. diaci daorsulda, vaJi eyola, man yrmaman fexi aidga. diacs isev vaziris buneba hqonda. wamovida sapatimrosa, vaJi Tan
mohyva, egreve kacad Seicvala. mefes jer atami ar gaefcqvna...
vaziri sityvas Seecila Tavisi diacoba da yrmis Soba uambo~
(orbeliani 1959:110). II. Segirdze ganawyenebuli ostati aRzrdilis mosaklavad gaemarTa. Segirdi gaafrTxiles. igi SeSinda da
mtredad gardaisaxa; ostati Sevardnad iqca da gamoekida. is
iyo unda daweoda, rom mtredad qceuli Segirdi gvirgvinad iqca da sanadirod gamosul CineTis mefes Tavze Camoecva. ostati
meWianured gadaiqca da mefis garTobas Seudga. meWianure yvelas Zalian moewona da hkiTxes, sadauri xaro. man upasuxa: saidanac gvirgvini movida, mec iqidan varo da gvirgvinis Tavze
kocnis nebarTva iTxova. rodesac akoca, gvirgvini broweulad
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gadaiqca, Camovarda da gaskda. ostati mamlad gardaisaxa da
marcvlebs kenkva dauwyo. amasobaSi broweulis qerqidan kaci
amoZvra, mefes muxlze moexvia da sTxova: miSvele, es Cemi ostatia da mklavso. mamalic isev kacad gadaiqca. mefem yvelaferi
gaigo da samarTalic ganaCina. rogorc vxedavT, oTxmagi metamorfoza ganxorcielda: mtredi _ Sevardeni _ > gvirgvini _>
meWianure _> broweuli _ >mamali _> Segirdi _> ostati.
rodesac ruqam leonis ambavi moismina, Tqva: `dRes aqamomde
avad miqmnia qiSpoba leonisa, radgan esreT mcodinarea da amdenis kargis saqmis swavlulia da amdenis Temis mnaxavi, es Sesanaxavia da nurc moiSorebT. raca Tqva, qmnac ZaluZs. aq gamoaCina leon Tavisi grZnebis xelovneba~ (orbeliani1959:111).
*leonis Tavgadasavlidan, pirvel yovlisa, gamovyoT is ambebi, romlebic Sejibrebas asaxavs. Sejibri adamianebis aqtivobis
uZvelesi da sayovelTaod cnobili formaa. Sejibris suli
amoZravebs kacobriobas gaCenis dRidan dRemde. Sejibri progresis erT-erT ZiriTad mamoZraveblad iTvleba. Sejibris Tema
popularuli iyo rogorc evropul, ise aRmosavlur literaturasa da folklorSi. es sakiTxi Zalian kargadaa warmoCenili
naSromSi (oinebi 1977), romelSic ganxilulia zRapruli matyuaris igive brZenis _ e.w. triqsteris tipi aRmosavleTis xalxebis folklorSi. wignSi warmodgenili masala moicavs okeaniis,
centraluri indoeTis, arabeTis, avRaneTis, Turqulenovani
xalxebis, kavkasielebis da sxvaTa folklors, daaxloebiT
msoflios 120 sxvadasxva xalxis 500 teqsts. am teqstebs aqvT
paradigmis funqcia da yoveli maTgani mTeli jgufis arsebiT
niSan-Tvisebebs gamoxatavs. naSromis Semdgenlebis TqmiT,
`aucilebeli araa mTeli zRva dalio imis misaxvedrad, rom
zRva mariliania~ (aRmosavluri andaza) (oinebi 1977:6-7). naSromSi calke Tavadaa gamoyofili teqstebi (zRaprebi, igavebi)
Sejibrebebze: 1. TavSi laparakia Sejibrebebze sirbilSi. analizi cxadyofs, rom yvela teqsti, romlebSic laparakia sustis,
magram Wkvianis Sejibrebaze ZlierTan, magram sulelTan, mTel
msoflioSi gavrcelebuli zRapria; Tumca yvelas aqvs nacionaluri, geografiuli, socialuri da sxva tipis individualuri
Seferiloba. 2. Sejibri sasamarTloSi (simarTlis dasadgenad).
3. e.w. `kulturuli gmiris~ Serkineba mTel samyarosTan (borot
ZalebTan) kacobriobisTvis sikeTis mosatanad. 4. Sejibri tyuilebis mogonebaSi. 5. Sejibri: vin ukeTesi xelovania, an
mxatvari (oinebi 1977:10, 14,15, 77,78-79).
zemoT CamoTvlili da sxva SesaZlo qveTemebi erTi saerTo
principis nairsaxeobebia. Sejibri gamoavlens: 1.ufro Zliers
(aq mTavaria Wkua, goniereba, moxerxebuloba _ praqtikuli
unar-Cvevebi); 2. vin aris ukeTesi Tavis profesiaSi (am teqstebis
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raodenoba dasaxelebul wignSi mcirea). 3. vis aqvs ukeTesi
gamomgoneblobisa da fantaziis unari (arc es teqstebia bevri).
`sibrZne sicruisas~ mTeli teqsti mTavari protagonistebis
(leonis, jumberis, sedraqis, ruqas) sityvier paeqrobas asaxavs,
Sesabamisad, Sejibris principzea agebuli, magram am SemTxvevaSi
yuradRebas mivaqcevT or epizods _ mxatvrebis Sejibrs, romelic leonma italiaSi ixila da monadireTa Sejibrs tyuilebis TqmaSi. Cemi azriT, es ambebi e.w. `Sejibris Temis~ erT-erTi
makoordinirebeli _ RerZuli epizodebia.
italiis erT qalaqSi leoni erTma adgilobrivma mxatvarTuxucesma istumra, romelTanac erTi Tve dahyo. maspinZels
leoni sxva mxatvrebTanac dahyavda. leoni Seeswro italieli
mxatvrebis msubuqi iumoriT gajerebul Sejibrebebs: erTma
mxatvarma ise ostaturad daxata saweri kalam-qaRaldi, rom meore mxatvars namdvili egona, daxatul tilos xeli aZgera da
kedeli daxvda. Semdgom am `Sercxvenilma` mxatvarma miiwvia sawer-qaRaldis damxatavi. stumrad miwveul mxatvars daxatuli
kari namdvili egona da kedels TaviT daetaka. sxva mxatvarma ise
daxata wyali, rom yvelas namdvili egona, erTma WiqiT wylis
amoReba moindoma. erTma brZenma mxatvarma ki wylis avzs ZaRlis
myrali mZori ise miaxata, rom avzSi Cavardnils hgavda. wylis
asaRebad Sesuli mxatvari ukan gamobrunda da megobar mxatvrebs uTxra: eg wyali ar daileva, avzSi mZori gdiao. erTma
mxatvarma megobari mxatvris coli daxata da naxati moqeife
mxatvarTa Soris dado. rodesac daxatuli qalis qmari Semovida, qals xeli Semohkra da colis nacvlad kedeli daxvda.
italia _ evropuli renesansis akvani _ evropuli ferwerisa da skulpturis mTavari centri iyo. sulxan-saba orbeliani didostati mxatvrebis Sejibris asparezad swored italias
(italiis erT qalaqs) irCevs. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
xelovanTa Sejibris tradicia italiaSi antikuri romidan, romSi ki antikuri saberZneTidan Sedis. romaelebma (italielebma)
berZnebisgan gadaiRes ara mxolod RmerTebis panTeoni da mzamzareuli literaturuli Janrebi, aramed agonisturi suliskveTeba, rogorc cxovrebiseuli principi. saqme is aris, rom
berZnuli xasiaTis da sulis erT-erT ganmsazRvrel Taviseburebad miCneulia saocari swrafva Sejibrisken, romelsac berZnebi agons uwodeben (gordeziani 1988:14-19. frankforti...
2001: 7-17). berZnebi erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen: sportis saxeobebSi, xelovnebis dargebSi, sasamarTloSi, politikur arenaze.
SejibriT iyo moculi yvelaferi. marto is rad Rirs, rom
pirvel farTomasStabian sportul asparezobebs saberZneTSi
Caeyara safuZveli (olimpiuri, delfuri, piTiuri da sxv.). berZenTa warmodgeniT, Sejibrisas mniSvnelovania ara marto is,
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rom gamovlindeba saukeTeso, aramed swrafva pirvelobisken nebismier adamians aZlevs Sanss, daxvewos da ganaviTaros Tavisi
SesaZleblobebi, gaxdes saukeTeso. berZnuli kulturis mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, rom swored berZenTa agonisturi suliskveTeba iyo erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani im faqtorTagan, ramac xeli Seuwyo am civilizaciis aseT ganviTarebas. Sejibri TamaSis komponentia, TamaSi ki, rogorc amtkicebs haizinga, aris
is, saidanac (ufro sworad, romelSic) aRmocenda civilizacia.
amave naSromSi Camoyalibebulia berZnuli `agonuri sulis~ fenomenis analizi: zogi evropeli mecnieris azriT, termini agoni
(agonuri) aris paTosi, romelsac arc erTi sxva xalxi ar icnobs
berZnebis garda (burkhardti; erenbergi). dRes am mosazrebis
kategoriulobas bevri mecnieri akritikebs, magram yvela Tanxmdeba, rom agons berZenTaTvis marTlac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda. saqme is aris, rom berZnebi iyvnen pirvelebi,
romlebmac sportuli TamaSebi omsa da dapirispirebebze maRla
daayenes: olimpiuri, isTmuri, nemeuri asparezobebis periodSi
wydeboda omebi Sin Tu gareT _ asparezoba yvelaferze maRla
idga. berZnuli identobis ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs Soris (ena,
religiuri panTeoni, adaT-wesebi) sportuli asparezobebi iyo
is, rac mTel saberZneTs aerTianebda _ agoni berZnuli sazogadoebis zogadi sasicocxlo principi iyo. es ar iyo mxolod
erovnuli sportuli dResaswaulebi, am asparezobebs mWidro
kavSiri hqonda religiasTan, risi TvalsaCino dasturia pindares poezia (am sakiTxSi CaRrmaveba Sors wagviyvans). berZnebi
erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen yvela sferoSi, silamazis konkursebic pirvelad maT Caatares; ejibrebodnen nadimis drosac: simReraSi, gamocanebSi, sifxizlis SenarCunebasa da smaSi. saintereso analizis safuZvelze haizinga askvnis, rom kultura iwyeba ara rogorc TamaSi da ara TamaSi-dan, aramed TamaS-Si
(haizinga 2004:69-106).
rogorc iTqva, antikur saberZneTSi erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen
ara mxolod sportsmenebi, aramed poetebi, oratorebi, musikosebi
da mxatvrebi. cnobilia, rom Zv.w. 470 wels piTiuri da isTmuri asparezobebis programaSi Seitanes mxatvarTa Sejibrebebic. cnobilia gadmocemebi calkeul mxatvarTa Serkinebebis Sesaxeb.
`italiel mxatvrebze~ saintereso mosazreba gamoTqva T. doiaSvilma. misi azriT, sulxan-saba orbeliani SemTxveviT ar irCevs
moqmedebis adgilad humanizmis, renesansisa da didi mxatvrebis
qveyanas _ italias. `italieli mxatvrebi~, erTi mxriv, renesansuli
cxovrebis wesisa da atmosferos codnas gvidasturebs, meore mxriv
ki cxadyofs, raoden did mniSvnelobas aniWebda mwerali cru,
gamogonil ambebSi mxatvruli motivirebis damajereblobis efeqts.
aSkarad Cans, rom esTetika, romlis CarCoSic qmnian italieli
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mxatvrebi, `mimesisis” esTetikaa. sulxan-saba orbeliani, rogorc
antikuri da renesansuli tradiciebis memkvidre, araerTxel iyenebs msgavsebis kriteriums xelovnebis nimuSTa Sefasebisas. am mxriv
uxv masalas iZleva `mogzauroba evropaSi”. sulxan-sabas esTetika
iyo aristoteluri esTetika SeTavsebuli stoikosTa Semecnebis
TeoriasTan. sulxan-sabasTvis ucxo araa barokouli ganwyobilebani, rogorc `renesansuli modifikaciebis~ konkretuli gamovlena
(doiaSvili 2010:15-25).
Sejibri aisaxa berZnul miTosSic, magaliTad: aTenasa da
araqnes Sejibreba; cnobilia momRerlebis Sejibri apolonTan,
muzebTan da sxv. arsebobs uamravi gadmocema musikosebisa da
poetebis Sejibrebebis Sesaxeb. mokled, faqtia, rom agoni _
Sejibri berZenTa cxovrebis wesis, maTi msoflmxedvelobis arsebiTad ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. Tu davakvirdebiT, leonis
TavgadasavalSi, romelic ambebisgan Sedgeba da ara arakebisgan,
swored es tendenciaa win wamoweuli. erTmaneTs ejibrebian
italieli mxatvrebi, eqimebi, maqciebi, matyuarebi, romlebsac
TavianTi qveyana aqvT. matyuarebis qveynis ambavi `Jizi gurgens`
mosdevs. matyuarebis qveyana sadRac zRvis gadmoRma aziis romeliRac mxarea. iq leoni mefes estumra; nadimze monadire didebulebma da mefem erTi meoreze daujerebeli gamogonili
cru Tavgadasavlebi uambes erTmaneTs (`Savardeni da wero~,
`brma avazi~, `bzikis mwvrTneli~, `maTraxiani xoxobi~, `Tavtafiani~, `bneleTis pirsa msaxlobeli kaci~, `abdul-azim davriSi~).
leoni sxvadasxva qveyanaSi (aRmosavleT-dasavleTSi) xetialiT tyuil-marTalSi gaerkva, mixvda, rom cruTa qveynis
mkvidrTa `mamali~ tyuilebisganac SeiZleba simarTlis marcvlis gamotana. mainc ra sargebloba moaqvs crupentela monadireTa repertuaris gacnobas? pasuxi: adamianis ukidegano fantaziisa da warmosaxvis SesaZleblobebis Cveneba. ocnebas veravis dauSli. yvela diad teqnikur aRmoCenas fantaziiT Seqmnili
zRapruli Tu literaturuli prototipi uZRoda.
Cven ganvixileT Sejibris 2 modeli: italieli mxatvrebis da
aRmosavleli crupentela monadireebis. pirvelSi prevalirebs
fantazia da realuri ostatoba, meoreSi _ fantazia. vis unda
mibaZos qmediTma adamianma? ra Tqma unda, pirvels. swored aq
ikveTeba avtoris mTavari saTqmeli, romelic mTeli teqstis
kvintisenciaa _ mjobnis mjobi ar daileva.
avtori upirispirdeba aRmosavlur pasiuri mWvretelobis
princips. jumberi, leoni, sedraqi da bolos mefec irCeven axal
gzas _ swrafi progresis, sirTuleebis daZleviT axali simaRleebis miRwevis, jansaRi konkurenciis, axali ekonomikuri politikis gzas. am gzaze ruqa jumberis gundSi ver moxvdeba, is
bunebiT urwmuno da pesimistia, miaCnia, rom am qveyanas (igu-
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lisxmeba, zogadad, qveynierebas da zogadad, adamians) araferi
Secvlis, araferi eSveleba, brZola ramis Sesacvlelad fuWia
da ar Rirs, jobs yvelaferi ise darCes, rogorc aris. es pozicia ki jumberis gundisTvis miuRebelia. jumbers ar sWirdeba
ruqas tipis mrCevlebi. marto erTguleba da Wkua sakmarisi ar
aris, saWiroa Tanamoazreoba. ruqa pesimistia, misi azriT, mTavari adamianuri naklovanebebi verasdros daiZleva _ ase iyo,
ase iqneba. jumberi da leoni sxvagvarad fiqroben. maTi xedva
evropuli xedvaa da swored amitom aris sulxan-saba evropuli
orientaciis moazrovne.
ra daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas gvaZlevs leonis Tavgadasavlis analizi?
I. is, rom leonma finezis qveyanaSi mosvlamde gaiara iniciacia,
misi Tavgadasavlidan kargad Cans. iniciaciis (xeldasxmis) rituali erT-erTi uZvelesia; es adaTi yvela xalxis kulturaSi dasturdeba (ix. eliade 2000. eliade 2002). aRniSnuli rituali antikurobam werilobiTi teqstebis wyalobiT ukeT Semoinaxa. iniciaciebis amsaxveli epizodebi gvxvdeba qarTul folklorsa da literaturaSic, magram leoniviT detalurad arc erTi personaJi ar
yveba, ra gza gaiara da rogor eziara srulyofil codnas. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa leonis Sedareba `odiseas~ gmirebTan.26
saqme isaa, rom `odiseaSi~ ori iniciaciaa: erTi odisevsis Svilis
_ telemaqosis, romelic ymawvilobidan kacobaSi gadavida (amas
homerosi poemis pirvel oTx simReraSi aRwers. amitomac, teqstis
am monakveTs `telemaqiada~ ewodeba) da meore _ odisevsis mier
samyaros Secnoba (rasac odisevsis aTwliani xetiali dasWirda).
leonis ambavSi aris telemaqiadis elementebic da odisevsis Tavgadasavlisac. es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom `sibrZne sicruisaSi~
homerosis gavlena igrZnoba. gamoricxuli araa, rom sulxan-sabas
homerosi wakiTxuli hqonoda, arc is, rom _ ar hqonoda. laparakia
saerTo wyaroze, romliTac sargeblobs yvela didi mwerali, raTa
saTanado zemoqmedeba moaxdinos mkiTxvelze; es wyaroa tradiciuli ambavi (miTi), an desakralizebuli miTi _ zRapari da rituali, anu, sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli folkloruli modelebi. es
modelebi Cndebian adamianis socialur arsebad CamoyalibebisTanave. isini arc droiT arc teritoriuli sazRvrebiT ar ifarglebian. verc veravin daiCemebs pirvelobas am sferoSi, amitom Tu ori
mwerlis xedvis erTgvarobaze vilaparakebT, upirvelesad unda
aRvniSnoT erTgvari kompoziciuri da mxatvruli xerxebis gamoyeneba da ara siuJeturi msgavseba27 (yovel SemTxvevaSi, ara mxolod
siuJeturi msgavseba).
aqve unda ganvixiloT, erTi, Cemi azriT, saintereso momenti,
romelic leonis warmomavlobas da mis marSruts exeba. mkiTxvelma
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ar icis, rogor moxvda leoni indoeTidan finezis samefoSi, magram
faqtia, rom Tavad leoni aq amTavrebs pirad `biografias~.
leonis mogzaurobis marSruti. vfiqrob, saintereso iqneba
gavarkvioT, ra gzebiT iara leonma. finezis SekiTxvas: vin xar
da saidan modixaro, leoni pasuxobs:
1.`ra aqaT wamovel, sofelsa erTsa movel~ (`umecari dalaqi~). rogorc vxedavT, aq arc gamosvlis punqtia miTiTebuli,
arc im soflisa, saidanac leoni iwyebs Tavisi gzis aRweras. (adgili ar aris miTiTebuli).
2. meore punqtia_ italiis qalaqi (`italieli mxatvari~).
3. iqidan modis da gzad xvdeba 3 kacs, romlebic yvebian
ZmebTan gayris ambebs. (adgili ar aris miTiTebuli).
4. Semdgom wavida qalaq muyamSi (iq ismens eqimebis saswaulebriv ambebs _10 ambavi).
muyamis adgilmdebareoba ar aris miTiTebuli arc `sityvis
konaSi~, arc `sibrZne sicruisas~ darTul leqsikonSi, arc ganmartebiT leqsikonSi, arc sabas `leqsikoni qarTulSi~.
5. modis iqidan. miadga adgils, romlis adgilmdebareobas ar
asaxelebs; mxolod aRwers: `mindvriani da cxeli~ adgili iyoo
(`lodis damgorebeli”). am teqstSi aRwerili ambavi Zalian hgavs
sizifosis miTs.
6. leoni mivida wyarosTan (`ori puriT maspinZloba~). (adgili ar aris miTiTebuli).
7. leoni naviT cdilobs zRvis gadalaxvas. qarma navi daumsxvria, `yovelni monagebiTurT dainTqnen~. leoni erT napirze
gairiya qveyanaSi, sadac zamTari iyo. iqidan leoni naviT wamovida (`jizi gurgen~). (adgili ar aris miTiTebuli).
8. leoni mivida `qveyanasa, romelsa hqvian dia keTili da kargi Temi~. am TemSi leoni saocar tyuilebs ismens. (adgili ar aris miTiTebuli). sayuradReboa erTi detali: am qveynis mefe ambobs, rom mamaCemi abul-azimi davriSi iyoo.
9. aqedan leoni wavida Temsa evlaTisasa (`misani yvavi~).
SeiZleba es iyos evlaxi _ qalaqi dRevandel azerbaijanSi
(enciklopedia 1979).
10. Semdgom leoni mivida `qveyanasa erTsa~ (`cocxlad damarxuli da usaxod didi adamianebi~). ambis pirvel nawilSi avtori
adgilmdebareobas ar asaxelebs, meore nawilSi wers, rom sistanis qveyanaSi moxvda. sistani _ (Zvelad drangiane) mxare iransa
da avRaneTSi. ukavia iranis mTianeTis centraluri nawili
(enciklopedia 1985).
11. sistanis qveynidan goliaTma leoni indoeTamde miiyvana
(`indoeli jambazebi~).
12. iqidan leoni moxvda Tunjaris qveyanaSi (`Tunjareli
metilismeni~). Tunjari mdebareobs indoeTSi, samxreTSi.
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rogorc vxedavT, cnobili qveynebidan dasaxelebulia italiis qalaqi, sistani, qalaqi muyami, evlaTis Temi, Tunjaris
qveyana. adgilmdebareobas ar asaxelebs 7 SemTxvevaSi.
leonis marSruti cnobili punqtebis mixedviT daaxloebiT
ase warmogvidgeba: italia _> azerbaijani(?) _>iran-avRaneTi
_>indoeTi.
aqve aRvniSnav erT, Cemi azriT, sayuradRebo moments. Tavisi
Tavgadasavlis moyolamde ruqasTan paeqrobisas leoni yveba
araks: `indoT mefe da vazirni~. araks leoni ase iwyebs: `mamisa
mamaCemi, masmia, indoT mefisa xuTTa vazirTa uxucesi yofila~
(orbeliani 1959:18). rogor gavigoT es? rogorc ambavi, romelic leonis realur papas gadaxda Tavs, Tu meti damajereblobisaTvis araks wamZRvarebuli preambula? Tu leonis papa
indoeTis mefis karze vezirobda, didi albaTobaa, rom igi warmoSobiT indoeli iyo. Sesabamisad, leonic (papis xaziT) indoelia.
leoni, savaraudod, indoeTidan iwyebs qveynierebis moxilvas _ SeiZleba is indoelia da isev indoeTSi brundeba; es tradiciuli kvlavdabrunebis miTis modelia.
*teqstis topografiis ukeT gaazrebisaTvis, vfiqrob, saintereso iqneba mdinarisa da zRvis konteqstebze dakvirvebac.
saqme is aris, rom sivrculi orientirebi _ CrdiloeTi, aRmosavleTi, dasavleTi, samxreTi da maTken savali gzebi mwerlis
enaSi Sesabamisi zmnuri formebiT da aqeTa an iqiTa mimarTulebis zmnizedebiT gamoixateba. moqmedebis aTvla xdeba im wertilidan, sadac mweralia. am sivrcul orientaciaSi mniSvnelovania wylebis (zRvebis, mdinareebis, tbebis) faqtoris gaTvaliswinebac. `sibrZne sicruisas~ mTliani struqtura da qvestruqturebic avtoris mniSvnelovan Setyobinebebs Seicavs.28
mdinare: `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ mdinare sul 12-jer aris moxseniebuli, arakebSi: 1. `Zunwi da vaWari~, 2. `cxriliani kaci~, 3.`ugunuri mcuravi~, 4. `viri, vefxi, meli da mgeli~, 5.`sami col-qmarni da mdinare~, 6. `ku da morieli~, 7. SegonebebSi: vis ar hmarTebs mtroba: erTs navSi mjdomsa menavisa; nakadulTa zeda bolos msaxlobels _ saTaveze msaxlobelisa, 8.`oboli da misi
deda~, 9.`ori puriT maspinZloba~,10. `cocxlad damarxuli da usaxod didi adamianebi~, 11.`samni brmani~, 12.`anCxli colis patroni~.
mdinare gvxvdeba leonis Tavgadasavlis ramdenime epizodSic.
sxvadasxva araksa (da ambavSi) moxseniebulia agreTve gube,
xevi, wyaro. Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac savsebiT naTelia, rom
mdinare aranair funqcias ar asrulebs sivrcul orientaciaSi.
Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, mdinareebi axlo manZilebis `markerebi~ arian. isini an imave qveyanaSi moedinebian, romelSic mimoiqceva arakis an ambis personaJi, an `mezobel~ qveyanaSi. es teritoriebi erTiani miwis (sivrcis) nawilebia. axla sxva konteq-
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stebic ganvixiloT: a) mdinare _ safrTxe (ix. 3,4,6,7,8,10. es
numeracia zemoT moxmobili rigis mixedviT aris warmodgenili). am arakebis mixedviT, mdinareSi iolad SeiZleba daxrCoba:
ixrCoba codvili da ugunuri _ `ku da morieli~ (aq mdinare kus
samarTlis aRsrulebaSi uwyobs xels). b). mdinare RvTaebrivi
nebis aRsrulebas uwyobs xels (`Zunwi da didvaWari~, `cxriliani kaci~, `ugunuri mcuravi~). am konteqstSi mdinare bedis
srbolis simboluri gansaxierebaa. g).mdinareze gadasvla sirTulis daZlevis (gamocanis axsnis) an ganaxlebis (siaxlis) mauwyebelia (`sami col-qmarni da mdinare~, `samni brmani~). d). mdinares aranairi funqcia ar aqvs (`ori puriT maspinZloba~).
zRva. teqstSi zRva moxseniebulia 6-jer. `sibrZne sicruisas” TxrobiT nawilSi sedraqis daxasiaTebisas naTqvamia, rom
igi `mecnierebiTa zRvaTa ufskrulTa miwevnil iyo~. `ubeduri
didvaWari~: urwmuno didvaWari savaWrod midis safrangeTSi.
`mefe da mWedeli~: moTxrobilia langaruTis mefis ambavi, romelmac gamdidrebuli mWedlis qaliSvili moiyvana rZlad.
mWedelma qaliSvils mziTvad gaatana jadosnuri qva, romelic
ugunurma mefem zRvaSi gadaagdo. `jizi-gurgeni~: jizi-gurgenis qveyanas vidre miaRwevda, leonma zRva gadalaxa; qarma misi
xomaldi daamsxvria. yvela daiRupa. leoni erT ficars CaeWida,
talRebma 7 dRe-Rame aburTava, bolos napirze gairiya. iqidan
wamosvlisas maspinZelma leons 500 fluri misca, kaci gaayola,
navSi Casva da zRviT gaistumra. `bneleTis pirsa msaxlobeli~:
erTi glaxaki kaci `bneleTis pirze~ cxovrobda. erTxel mgels
piridan gamostaca qajis Svili. bavSvma daariga: mamaCems jildod marnis klite gamoarTvio. am maranSi viri iyo dabmuli,
romelic oqros isaqmebda. gaampartavnebul kacs viri mopares.
imave maranSi kacma sxva jadosnuri nivTebic ipova: xelsafqvavi
da gogra. kacma viric daibruna da naviT sxva qveyanaSi gaemarTa,
magram zRvaSi navi daimsxvra. yvela daiRupa. kaci ficars CaeWida da napirze gairiya. `magistrosi keisrisa~: keisars erTi
Rirseuli magistrosi hyavda _ kargi da saxelovani Wabuki.
keisarma igi mociqulad gagzavna safrangeTSi. gzad magistrosma ramdenime keTili saqme gaakeTa. safrangeTSi rom midioda,
zRva auRelda, navi daemsxvra da sikvdilisagan im micvalebulma ixsna, romelsac Tavisi perangi gadaafara.
sivrculi maxasiaTeblis gansazRvris TvalsazrisiT, zemoT
warmodgenili masalidan zRvis xsenebis I SemTxveva saerTodac
SegviZlia gamovricxoT. erT arakSi zRva ar ukavSirdeba mogzaurobas (me-3 araki). am arakSi moqmedeba gaurkvevel adgilas
_ langaruTSi xdeba; mefe zRvaSi agdebs jadosnur nivTs,
romelsac mere veRar poulobs. danarCen 4 SemTxvevaSi ki zRva
Soreul da saxifaTo mogzaurobas ukavSirdeba, aqedan 2-jer
288
pirdapir aris miTiTebuli, rom movlenebi evropaSi (safrangeTSi) xdeba (me-2 da me-6). me-5 ambis personaJi `bneleTis pirze~
cxovrobda. `bneleTis piri~ ori samyaros mijnas (saiqio-saaqaos) gulisxmobs. sivrculi orientaciis TvalsazrisiT, V ambavi
yvelaze sumburulia. gasarkvevia me-4 ambis sivrculi orientaciis sakiTxi. aq aranairi miniSneba ar aris, daaxloebiT sad SeiZleba xdebodes teqstSi aRwerili ambavi. rac Seexeba `jizi-gurgens~, rogorc ukve vTqviT, es ambavi _ leonis Tavgadasavlis
nawilia. Tavgadasavali ki, ramdenad fantastikuric ar unda
iyos, garkveul traeqtorias gulisxmobss, Tundac fantastikurs. CvenTvis swored es aris saintereso.
zemoT Cven varaudi gamovTqviT, rom leoni jizi-gurgenis
mxareSi evropis romeliRac qveynidan unda moxvedriliyo. am
SexvedriT iwyeba leonis xetialis II nawili. leonma gadalaxa
zRva. zRvaze mas igive gansacdeli daatyda, rac II, V da VI arakebis personaJebs _ zRva aRelda, navi daimsxvra, leoni erT
ficars CaeWida da 7 dRe-Rame burTaobis Semdeg napirze gairiya. personaJis gadaadgileba zRviT sulxan-sabasTan yovelTvis
did xifaTs, sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvarze yofnas asaxavs. es
motivi Zalian popularulia ZvelberZnul-romaul eposSi, lirikasa da elinistur romanSi. ver vityviT, rom sazRvao mogzaurobebis da xifaTis daZlevis Tema mxolod berZnul-romauli mwerlobis prerogativaa, magram cxadia, rom es motivi mTeli mravalferovnebiT swored am literaturaSi warmoCnda. Cemi
azriT, leonis sazRvao incidenti Zalian hgavs `odiseas~ ramdenime epizods, romlebSic moTxrobilia odisevsis saswaulebrivi gadarCenis Sesaxeb.
ase rom, `sibrZne sicruisas~ CarCo fabulis qronotopi Zalian
statikuria. mkiTxveli igebs mxolod aucilebel minimums
warmosaxviTi samefos mTavari protagonistebis Sesaxeb. mwerlis
aseTi pozicia SeiZleba aixsnas, erTi mxriv, Janris principebis dacvis tendenciiT; meore mxriv, Tavad avtoris surviliT _ qronotopis faqtoris minimumamde dayvaniT miaRwios srul gaucxoebas.
ase rom, mdinarisgan gansxvavebiT, zRva sulxan-sabasTan namdvilad miuTiTebs sivrcul orientaciaze. or teqstSi aSkarad
aris dasaxelebuli evropis qveynebi: safrangeTi, da keisris
samkvidro. danarCeni oridan erTSi (`bneleTis pirsa msaxlobeli kaci~) SeiZleba igulisxmebodes evropuli qveyanac, `jizi
gurgenis~ qveyana ki liminaruli kunZuli unda iyos. Tu amas
leonis savaraudo marSrutsac davamatebT, SeiZleba vTqvaT,
rom `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ xerxdeba teqstSi `Rrmad damaluli~
sivrculi orientaciis gamovlena.
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amrigad
I. `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ mTavari personaJis Tavgadasavals
vecnobiT ara misi gamoCenisTanave, aramed garkveuli drois
Semdeg, rasac, rogorc Cans, konkretuli mizani aqvs. leonis
Tavgadasavali moTxrobilia teqstis SuaSi, maSin, rodesac
mkiTxvelisTvis ukve cnobilia, rogor aRzarda leonma jumberi, ra sirTuleebis gadatana mouxda mas da isic viciT, rom
aRzrdis leoniseulma meTodma gaamarTla. `odiseaSic~ odisevsis Tavgadasavali moTxrobilia IX-XII simRerebSi. mkiTxvelma
ukve icis, vin iyo odisevsi; faqtobrivad, `telemaqiadasa~ da
momdevno simRerebSi aisaxa, ra SeemTxva da ra unda SeemTxves
odisevss. odisevsma Tavisi ambavi romc ar mouTxros msmenelebs, teqstis mTlianoba ar dairRveva da Sinaarsic gasagebi iqneba, iseve, rogorc leonis Tavgadasavlis SemTxvevaSi. miuxedavad avtonomiurobisa, orive TxzulebaSi gmirTa Tavgadasavlebi simetriis RerZis funqcias asruleben da mniSvnelovani azrobrivi datvirTva aqvT. `odiseas~ SemTxvevaSi mkiTxveli unda
gaerkves, Rirda Tu ara odisevsis dabruneba im msxverplad,
romelic gaiRo patara kunZulma iTakam, rodesac troas omSi
Tavisi saukeTeso vaJkacebi gagzavna. ra sibrZnes daeufla mravalWirnaxuli odisevsi, romelmac sxvadsxva sknelSi imogzaura da mSobliur kuTxes daubrunda. leonis Tavgadasavalma ki
yvela daarwmuna, ramdenad seriozul cxovrebiseul gamocdilebasa da gansjas efuZneboda misi meTodi, rom aRmzrdelis sityva da saqme erTi iyo, rac ase iSviaTad xdeba cxovrebaSi. ruqamac aRiara, rom leoni `mowodebulia~.
II. orive TxzulebaSi gvxvdeba fantastikuri ambebi. aravin
icis sjerodaT Tu ara amgvari ambebi homerosis Tanamedroveebs, magram homerosidan ramdenime saukunis Semdeg aristotele
Seecada ganemarta, ratom unda moeTxro mwerals daujerebeli
ambavi. igi wers, rom gamonagoni SeiZleba iyos rogorc `SesaZlebeli mosalodneli~, ise `SesaZlebeli aucilebeli~ (aristotele 2005:26). mweralma Tavad unda airCios, romeli maTgani
moaxdens met zemoqmedebas mkiTxvelze. aristotele upiratesobas aniWebda `SesaZlebel mosalodnels~. `SesaZlebeli mosalodneli~ SeiZleba irealuri sferodanac yofiliyo. Cven ver
vityviT iziarebda Tu ara am princips sulxan-saba orbeliani,
romelmac leonis TavgadasavalSi ramdenime fantastikuri epizodi CarTo. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia goliaTebis ambavi.
`odiseasTan~ misadagebiT Tu ganvixilavT, am epizods Seefardeba odisevsis stumrobani kikonebTan, lotofagebTan, kiklopTan da a. S. yoveli momdevno `maspinZeli~ winaze saSiSia (home-
290
rosi 1961). igive principia gatarebuli `goliaTebis epizodSi~.
yoveli momdevno goliaTi winaze didi da saSiSia.29
III. leonis Tavgadasavlis teqstze dakvirvebisas Cven gamovyaviT principebi: `kargze kargi ar daileva~ da `cudze cudi ar
daileva~ (sxvadasxva konotaciiT). Cemi azriT, rogorc homerosis
teqstSive devs gasaRebi yvela TavsatexisaTvis, aseve SeiZleba moviZioT pasuxebi calkeul kiTxvebze `sibrZne sicruisaSi~. swored
am mizniT movigonoT teqstis dasawyisi: mefe finezma uricxvi
saganZuri gasca da yvelas sTxova, rom elocaT, raTa mefes Ze SesZenoda. sefeTuxucesma ruqam mefes SeniSvna misca: `romelsa mefesa gardaugia salaro ese odeni?~ (orbeliani 1959:8). vezirma sedraqma mas upasuxa igaviT `mefe xorasanisa~ (es aris pirveli araki).
Txrobis dasrulebis Semdeg sedraqi ambobs: `es araki amisTvis mogaxsene: verc aseTs gascems kaci, rom sxvas ar eqmnas da arc kargsa
saqmesa RmerTi daukargavs~ (orbeliani1959: 10). Tu leonis mier
moyolili ambebis paToss SevudarebT sedraqis pozicias, maTi
msgavseba aSkaraa. ase rom, mxatvrebis SemTxvevaSic (mjobnis mjobi) da goliaTebis SemTxvevaSic (saSiSze saSiSi) laparakia metaforaze da ara ambavze, romelic vinmem SeiZleba namdvilad daijeros.
kargze kargis an cudze cudis warmosadgenad ki yvelaze marjve
swored fantastikuri saxea, radganac warmosaxvas sazRvari ara
aqvs. leoni kargi aRmzrdelia, magram SeiZleba ukeTesic gamoCndes (kargze kargi xom ar daileva?!). iseve rogorc finezze ukeTesi mefe iqneba jumberi, magram jumberze ukeTesic SeiZleba gaCndes. rogorc vxedavT, sulxan-sabam Camoayaliba Tavisi mTavari
saTqmeli: adamianebs unda surdeT, mudmivad ukeTesisken iswrafon, ar SeiZleba miRweuliT dakmayofileba.30 raki xSirad ukeTesi
mxolod warmosaxvaSi arsebobs (iseve, rogorc uaresi), mwerali
uxvad iyenebs fantastikur saxeebs (erTmaneTis mjobi mxatvrebi
`italieli mxatvrebi~, an saocari mkurnalebi, romelTa mourCeneli sneuleba ar arsebobs, IV ambavi). swored es mTavari siaxle Semoaqvs leons dinastiur TviTkmayofilebaSi. `uflisgan cxebulic~ SeiZleba xSirad Secdes, raRac ar icodes, amitom gansja, fiqri da analizi adamians cxovrebis dasasrulamde ar unda tovebdes.
axla kidev erT msgavsebaze SevCerdebi. rogorc vTqvi, ramdenime StrixiT leonis xeldasxma telemaqosis iniciaciasac exmianeba. mxedvelobaSi maqvs tyuilebisa da Worebisadmi damokidebuleba. `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ leoni yveba matyuarebis mxareSi stumrobis ambavs (VIII). aq bevri adamiani, maT Soris mefe, ecileba erTmaneTs, vin ukeTes tyuils ityvis. leoni ambobs, Svidze meti ver davimaxsovreo. Tu es epizodi mxolod imitomaa CarTuli, rom mTavari principi kidev erTxel dadasturdes _
tyuilze tyuili ar dailevao _ man Tavisi funqcia mSvenivrad
Seasrula. magram Cemi azriT, aq sxva aspeqtic igulisxmeba. isev
291
`odiseas~ mivmarToT. rodesac ymawvil telemaqoss aTena
xeldasxmisaTvis amzadebda, ramdenime davalebas misca. am
davalebaTa Soris erT-erTia odisevsze Worebis (osa) Sekreba.
berZnul miTosSi cnobilia RvTaeba osa, romelic Woris, moaruli xmebis personifikaciaa. am sityvis Ziri ukavSirdeba sanskritul vavk-s da laTinur vox-s. osa aris mauwyebeli zevsisgan
da am RvTaebis nebiT moqmedebs. igive funqcia aqvs `famas~. kacma
rom Tqvas, miTosSi imdeni simarTlea, ramdenic sicrue _ osaSi.
ase rom, isini avseben erTmaneTs da literaturaSi saTqmelisTvis ama Tu im mimarTulebis misacemad gamoiyenebian. tyuilsa
da WorebSi garkevva, daskvnebis gamotana ymawvilis iniciaciis
aucilebeli elementebia. matyuarebis qveyanaSi moxvedra da
iqidan mSvidobiT gamoRweva erT-erT seriozul gamocdad iTvleba jadosnur zRaparSic (magaliTad, qosatyuilas zRapari;31
zRapruli saxe-simboloebi (devebi, goliaTebi, polifemebi,
maqciebi, jujebi) momxiblavni iyvnen ara mxolod antikuri epoqis mweralTaTvis, aramed Semdgom saukuneebSic. sulxan-saba
saTauridanve gvafrTxilebs, sicrues giyvebiT, ar daibneT, am
sicrueSi sibrZne ipoveTo `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ sicrue (`odiseas~ msgavsad) farTo speqtriTaa warmodgenili. `sicrueTa~ klasifikacia SeiZleba daviwyoT hiperboliT (qvemodan _>zeviT).
hiperbolizacia gulisxmobs `simarTlidan gasvlas~. yvelaze
martivi definiciiT, is, rac simarTle ar aris, sicruea. am `martiv~ sicrues agvirgvinebs Txzulebis fabula, romelic zRapris models efuZneba. `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ moqmedeba xdeba x saxelmwifoSi, bunebrivia, Txzulebis gmirebic gamogonilni arian. met-naklebad srulad mxolod ori protagonistis Tavgadasavali viciT (leonisa da jumberis), amaTgan leonis Tavgadasavlis TiTqmis naxevari fiqciis klasikuri nimuSia. fiqciebia
zRapruli CarCo fabulis Semavsebeli ambebic. igav-arakis alegoriuloba TavisTavad gulisxmobs mistifikacias. zogjer ki
avtori `sicruis karnavals~ warmogvidgens (matyuarebis ambavi,
VIII). `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ vxvdebiT ara mxolod ametyvelebul
cxovelebsa da frinvelebs, aramed metamorfozebs. ase rom, yvela tipis `sicrues~ Tavisi niSa da daniSnuleba aqvs. axla isev
leons davubrundeT: usaxlkaro da upatrono leoni mistikuri
samyarodan movida, aRzevebac gamoscada (14 dRe mefe iyo) da
sikvdilic (kviraze meti micvalebulTa akldamaSi gaatara, sikvdils TvalebSi Caxeda), SiSic (goliaTebTan yofna), aRtaceba
(mxatvrebis ambavi), sibrZnes mistikur gamoqvabulSi eziara (man
erTi weli gaatara mRvimeSi da tyavis `qartebze~ arabulad
dawerili sibrZne Seiswavla). ase rom, es axalgazrda kaci mravalWirnaxulia, tyuil-marTlis garCevaSi gawafuli. cxovrebam
mas swored es aswavla.
292
`sicrueTa~ mravalferovnebaSi (ama Tu im problemis gansjis
logikuri dasasrulisas) sulxan-saba orbeliani urTavs Segonebebs, romlebic lapidaruli postulatebis saxiTaa warmodgenili. avtori maT xSirad samobiTi an xuTobiTi principiT alagebs. ase `gamoyavs~ mwerals sicruidan sibrZne. dapirispirebulTa erTianobis, brZolisa da erTmaneTSi gadasvlis kanonebi
antikuri epoqis azrovnebis erT-erTi mTavari monapovaria. miTi, zRapari, araki (da saerTod, mxatvruli nawarmoebi) rom
gamonagonia (sicruea), Zvelma berZnebma Zalian kargad icodnen,
magram gamogonili fabulebis gulisgulSi Cadebuli maradiuli WeSmaritebani (romlebic SeiZleba calkeuli sityvebiT an
frazebiTac gamoixatos), am fabulebis mudmivi `trialis~ saSualebas iZleoda da dResac iZleva. sulxan-sabam Tavis TxzulebaSi sicrueSi simarTlis mikvlevis sakuTari TvalTaxedva
Camoayaliba, romelic, erTi mxriv, tradicias efuZneba (folkloruls da literaturuls), meore mxriv, mwerlis originalur xedvasa da daxvewil gemovnebaze miuTiTebs.
* Cven ganvixileT leonis iniciacia da Sin dabruneba. indoeTidan leoni axal gzas Seudgeba axla ukve konkretuli misiiT
_ ufliswuli unda aRzardos. aRmosavleTis qveynebSi ufliswulis aRzrdas brZen xandazmul adamianebs andobdnen xolme,
leoni ki Wabukia.32 Wabuki aRmzrdelis Semoyvana teqstSi sul-
xan-sabas konceptualuri xedvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtia. leonis mier aRzrdili jumberi ki _ axali tipis evropuli
orientaciis monarqi; absoluturi monarqiis momxre.33 ufliswuli samefo karze pirveli oficialuri vizitisTanave akeTebs
Tavis mTavar ganacxads axali ekonomikuri kursis Taobaze. es
pozicia teqstis sxva pasaJebSic Cans: rodesac igi mefes uxsnis
qvisa da miwis simbolur mniSvnelobas: `qva da miwa rad miZRven?~_ hkiTxa finezma jumbers. `miwa es aris: ra gind didebuli
da Zlieri mefe iyo, scan ese: miwa xar da miwad miiqcevi. RvTis
saTno gijobs kacTa saTnosa. da qva ese aris: rac salaro gaqvs,
Tu ar ixmareb, qva da oqro sworia kacTaTvis~. jumbers, rogorc
Cans, ukve aqvs ekonomikuri koncefcia, romlis gatarebasac
apirebs: fuli salaroSi ki ara _ moZraobaSi (`ukan midevnebuli
lampari~).
aRzrdis meTodi
qarTul samecniero literaturaSi araerTgzis gamoiTqva
mosazreba, rom leonma jumberi spartuli meTodiT aRzarda,
rasac Cven (ramdenime qarTveli mkvlevaris darad) ar viziarebT.
aRzrda, gansakuTrebiT, ymawvilis aRzrda, xSirad gamoixateba gamowrTobis, wrTobis terminebiT.34 spartaSi dabadebis-
293
Tanave bavSvi mihyavdaT uxucesebTan, romlebic Cvils sinjavdnen: Tu janmrTeli iyo, mamas ubrunebdnen aRsazrdelad. sustebsa da fizikuri naklis mqoneT xevSi yridnen. dedebi axaldabadebul Svilebs RvinoSi bandnen. epilefsiiT daavadebulni da
sustebi Rvinis abazanebs ver uZlebdnen da iRupebodnen, janmrTelebi ki ufro Zlierdebodnen (plutarqe 1987:108).
sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ warmodgenili
sami epizodis mixedviT (qancgawyvetamde sirbili, mwdeoba, usamarTlod cema) ver vityviT, rom leonma jumberi spartuli wesiT aRzarda. saqme is aris, rom spartuli meTodi mamaci mebrZolis aRzrdas isaxavda miznad, amitom yuradReba, ZiriTadad,
fizikur mxareze iyo gamaxvilebuli. spartel mebrZols ar moeTxoveboda arc fizikuri Sroma, arc rame xelobis codna, Sroma da meurneobis gaZRola (fizikuri Sroma saTakilodac iTvleboda).spartelebi arc gonebas itvirTavdnen zedmeti codniT. leonma ki jumbers `glaxakTa, monaTa, glexTa, msaxurTa,
aznaurTa, TavadTa, didebulTa, mefeTa da xelmwifeTa wesi, rigi, Sroma, Wiri, muSakoba, saqme, vaWroba, sma-Wama da micema~ aswavla. rac Seexeba azrovnebas, amaze jumberis mier amoxsnili
`araki-gamocanebi~, sityva-pasuxi da arakebi metyveleben, romlebic uxvadaa teqstSi. ase rom, leonis aRzrdis meTodi aerTianebs spartul simkacres da inteleqtualur ganviTarebas,
praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebas. am mxrivac sulxansaba axal versias gvTavazobs. is sxvadasxva koncefcias erT
meTodad ayalibebs da am meTodSi spartuli kvalic ikveTeba.
sulxan-sabas aRzrdis sistemis Taviseburebad miaCniaT Semdegi momentebi:
1. garkveuli mosazrebiT finezi Tavisi Svilis aRmzrdels
sasaxlis gareT eZebs.
2. amas akeTebs imitom, rom mas surs iseTi aRmzrdeli monaxos, romelic SeuboWavia sasaxlis zne-CveulebebiT da moraliT. Tavisufalia Tavis SemoqmedebaSi. kaci, romelic mowodebiT aris aRmzrdeli da xalxis wiaRidanaa gamosuli, ugvartomoa da uCinari.
3.ufliswuli izrdeba sasaxlis gareT mkacr pirobebSi, dedmamis yoveldRiur mzrunvelobas moklebuli. is izrdeba spartanuli meTodiT.
mSoblebis meTvalyureobis gareSe aRzrda ar aris rame gansakuTrebuli da uCveulo. aRzrdis aseTi instituti odgiTgan-
ve arsebobda rogorc dasavleTSi, aseve aRmosavleTSi da
gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli iyo kavkasiaSi (javeliZe 1985:158159). samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom kavkasiaSi gavrcelebuli iyo aRzrdis sistema aTalikis saxeliT cnobili:
kavkasiel mTielTa Soris, gansakuTrebiT ki maRal fenaSi, Semo-
294
Rebuli iyo bavSvis gaZiZavebis wesi. bavSvi 15 wlamde sxvagan
izrdeboda ise, rom mSoblebi mas ar naxulobdnen. es wesi Zalze
Zveli Cans. zogierTi mecnieris azriT, misi saTave gvarovnul
sazogadoebaSi unda veZeboT. gaZiZavebis wesi arsebobda saukuneebis manZilze saqarTveloSi. maze aSkarad metyvelebs qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi (juanSeris Txzuleba, qarTlis cxovreba) Tu literaturuli Zeglebi (vefxistyaosani). ase rom, am instituts saba kargad icnobda. amitom nawarmoebSi asaxuli
aRzrdis es sistema savsebiT bunebrivi Cans Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelosTvis da ar miuTiTebs sabas aRzrdis meTodis raime
Taviseburebaze. amasTan nawarmoebSi arsad ar aris naTqvami,
rom leoni xalxis wiaRidan aris gamosuli da ugvartomoa (es
kargad gamoCnda leonis Tavgadasavlis analizisas).
piriqiT, leonis warmoSobis gabundovanebiT mwerals surs
warmoaCinos, rom leoni gangebiT movlenili pirovnebaa. maze
metyvelebs sizmrisa da naxatis gadacemis epizodi. saerTod
aseTi gasaidumloebuli pirovnebis movlineba aRmzrdelisa Tu
sxva rangis rolSi gavrcelebuli motivia folklorsa da Sua
saukuneebis literaturul samyaroSi.
e. javeliZis azriT, `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ aRwerili aRzrdis
wesi ar aris spartanuli, magram is ar hgavs arc aRzrdis im wess
(e.i. sparsuls), romelic Seqebuli aqvT qsenofonts, herodotes, platons, montens, hegelsa da sxvebs. Sedarebis safuZvelze vaskvniT: sulxan-sabas aRzrdis meTodi ar hgavs arc sparsuls, arc _ spartuls, mkveTrad gansxvavdeba maTgan. arsebiTad gansxvavdeba sabas aRzrdis mizani da saerTod, misi Sexeduleba adamianis daniSnulebaze zemoxsenebulTagan (javeliZe
1985:160-164). me srulad viziareb am mosazrebas.
g. TavziSvilis azriT. sulxan-sabas Tavisi qveynis damoukideblobis Senaxvis mTavar pirobad miaCnda dasavleT evropis
orientacia (TavziSvili 1954:93). sulxan-sabas idealia `kacuri
kaci~. kacuri kacis cneba sulxan-sabas aRebuli aqvs qarTuli
xalxuri metyvelebidan da pirvelad gamoyenebulia `qilila da
damanas” leqsebSi. kacuri kacis erTi SesaniSnavi Tvisebaa `sityva saqmiani da saqme sityviani~. kacuri kacis daniSnulebaa miswrafeba maRali idealebisken (`maRalsa saqmesa eZiebde~)
(TavziSvili 1959:98-99).
sulxan-saba sagangebod gamoyofs Sromas da wvrTnas. leonma
jumberis aRzrdisas gansakuTrebuli simkacre gamoiCina 3 mTavari faseulobis Segonebisas; tkivils, SimSils da usamarTlobas adamiani mxolod maSin gaiTavisebs, rodesac Tavad gamocdis
(sxva yvelafris swavleba SeiZleba).amas leonic asabuTebs mefis
winaSe Tavis marTlebisas). ase rom, es sami SemTxveva spartul
aRzrdaze ki ar miuTiTebs, aramed imaze, rom leonma kargad
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icis _ risi swavleba SeiZleba wigniT (SegonebiT) da risi _
mxolod piradi gamocdilebiT.
sulxan-saba icnobda ZvelberZnul formulas `Seican Tavi
Seni~. sakuTari Tavis Secnoba SeeZlo mxolod gansjis unaris
mqone adamianebs. gansjis erT-erTi niSani `sityvis konis~ mixedviT aris `TaviT TvisiT WeSmariti zedcnobai. ese aris Tavisa Tavis cnobai~.
aRzrdis mTavari Sedegia maRali zneoba: `avsa da cudsa saqmes bolo mokle da sawyeni aqvs da kargsa da samadlosa daulevneli saukunomdes~.
sulxan-saba did mniSvnelobas aniWebs memkvidreobisa da garemos sakiTxs. keTili xe keTils moisxams, qori qors Ceks, Zera
_ Zerukas. jumberis ganviTarebaSi Tanabrad monawileobs memkvidreoba da aRzrda: `pirvelad kargis nergis xili var, meored: xelovanis mebaRis SewvrTili, mesamed: frTxilis Semnaxavis barebuli~. nergad aRiarebulia mama, mebaRed _ sedraqi,
Semnaxavad _ leoni.
aRzrdis ZvelberZnul tradiciaSi kargad ikveTeba 2 modeli: mentoruli da paradigmuli. mentoruli meTodi gulisxmobs ama Tu im qmedebis ganxorcielebas imperatiulad _ axsnaganmartebebisa da magaliTebis moxmobis gareSe (am models iyenebs mentorad gardasaxuli qalRmerTi aTena, rodesac odisevsis vaJs _ telemaqoss miuTiTebs, rogor moiqces). meore meTodia ama Tu im SemTxvevis msgavsi viTarebis amsaxveli magaliTebis (paradigmebis) moxmobiT adamianis swor gzaze dayeneba. am
SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva magaliTis gaanalizebis Semdeg gonieri
kaci Tavad Rebulobs marTebul gadawyvetilebas (am meTods
iyenebs nestori `iliadidan~). zogadi mniSvnelobis mqone `maga-
liTi~, rac gaxda safuZveli filosofiuri `keTilis~ (keTildReobis), ufro swored `agaTosis~ (ajgaqovn) ideisa, uSualo gagrZelebaa sulier-istoriuli ganviTarebisa, romelic momdinareobs magaliTis cnebisgan Zvel aristokratiul `aretes~
eTikaSi (iegeri 2001).35
miTi da sagmiro Tqmulebebi iyo amouwuravi salaro magaliTebisa, es aris eris monapovari, romlisganac azrovneba iRebs
idealebs da cxovrebiseul normebs. imas, rom homerosis damokidebuleba miTisadmi swored amgvaria, adasturebs miTosuri
paradigmebis gamoyeneba yvela cxovrebiseuli situaciis mimarT, rodesac erTi adamiani cdilobs meores misces rCeva, daicvas igi, daarigos, STaagonos, aukrZalos rame an ubrZanos.
aRsaniSnavia, rom miTebis amgvari gamoyeneba damaxasiaTebelia
ara TxrobisaTvis, aramed eposis personaJebis sityvebisaTvis.
am SemTxvevebSi miTi warmoadgens avtoritetul instancias, romelzec apelirebs molaparake. ufro gviandel epoqaSi miTolo-
296
giuri magaliTi xdeba stilis dekoratiuli elementi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac igi gamioyeneba epideiqtikur ritorikaSi. azrovnebaSi racionaluri elementis zrdasTan erTad
(Semdgom epoqebSi) miTosuri magaliTi umetesad icvleba istoriuli magaliTiT, anu idealuri magaliTi adgils uTmobs empiriuls TandaTan miTs Caenacvla araki.
hermenevtikuli wris Sesakravad
kvlevis hermenevtikul meTodze saubrisas aRvniSneT, rom
sakvlev sakiTxze sruli suraTis Sesaqmnelad saWiroa: mxatvrul teqstze arsebuli kritikul-mecnieruli literaturis
gacnoba; avtoris komentarebis gaTvaliswineba sakuTar teqstze; avtoris piradi werilebi; dRiurebi; mxatvruli teqstis
sxvadasxva variantebis codna; mxatvruli teqstis mainspirirebeli wyaroebis moZieba; avtoris biografia. gadameris azriT,
teqstualuri dialogis safuZvels warmoadgens ena. rogorc
interpretatorisTvis, ise avtorisTvis gageba niSnavs am gagebis Sesatyvisi enobriv-gamomsaxvelobiTi formis dadgenas. ena,
rogorc nebismieri individisaTvis niSandoblivi faseuli
struqtura uzrunvelyofs Dasein-is (yofierebis) gamorCevasa
da gamoxatvas (ratiani 2008:118-119 ).
*i. gigineiSvilis daskvniT, `sibrZne sicruis wignis~ enaze
dakvirveba sabas enis erT yvelaze damaxasiaTebel niSans amJRavnebs. es aris is faqti, rom saba mkveTrad imijneba misi winamorbedi XVI-XVIIss-is mweralTagan enobrivi TvalsazrisiT.
Zveli qarTuli sabas nawerebSi arsebiTad daZleuli da ukugdebulia da sabas dasaxelebul TxzulebaTa ena axali qarTulis
ganviTarebis etaps warmogvidgens, magram warmogvidgens ganviTarebis axal etaps, sadac Taviseburi saSualebebiT daZleuli
da Tavidan acilebulia is naklovanebebi, romlebic sabas winamorbedTa enas axasiaTebda (gigineiSvili 1959:37).
*uZvelesi droidan aris cnobili, rom stili mwerlis Sinagani bunebis, xasiaTis, temperamentis, azrovnebis struqturirebis amsaxveli sarkea. stilis analizma SeiZleba gacilebiT
ukeT `gaxsnas~ saTqmeli, vidre teqstis fabulisa da siuJetis
sakvanZo komponentebis gamovlenam. stilze saubrisas mkvlevari iTvaliswinebs mwerlis pirovnebas mTlianad _ misi cxovrebis wess, qmediTobas, damokidebulebas mimdinare procesebisadmi, Sefasebs da a.S. rogorc cnobilia, sityvisa da saqmis
ganuyofeli kavSiri erT adgilas _ gonebaSi (tvinSi) igegmeba.
sulxan-saba orbelianis stilis analizi sayuradRebo daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas aZlevs. qarTvelma mecnierebma sworad
297
SeniSnes, rom sulxan-saba sxvadasxva Txzulebas sxvadasxva stiliT wers. amJamad Cveni dakvirvebis obieqtia `sibrZne sicruisa~. am teqstis stiluri analizis erT-erTi specifikuri elementis gamosakveTad garkveuli biZgi mogvca mixail fon albrextis statiam (albrexti 2009:30-48). am statiaSi mkvlevari
gaius iulius keisris stils aanalizebs. keisari, romelsac e.w.
`oqros` laTinuris damamkvidreblad da brwyinvale oratorad
iTvleba, axal stils amkvidrebs. keisris stili efuZneba aseT
princips: grZel winadadebas (an winadadebebs), romelSic
vrcladaa daxasiaTebuli esa Tu is movlena (sadac mwerali iyenebs zedsarTavebis aRmatebiT formebsac, Sedarebebsac da
sxvadasxva ritorikul saSualebebsac) mosdevs mokle sakvanZo
winadadeba. fon albrextma statiaSi safuZvlianad daasabuTa,
rom keisris es manera adekvaturad asaxavs misi, rogorc mxedarTmTavrisa da politikosis saqmianobis stils _ keisris yoveli
qmedeba efuZneba Rrma gansjas, romelsac mosdevs uswrafesi qmedeba.
Tu am konteqstSi ganvixilavT `sibrZne sicruisas~ ZiriTadi
CarCos teqsts, Txzulebis mTavari personaJebis daxasiaTebis
saintereso suraTi warmogvidgeba: mwerali finezs gvacnobs
oTxi vrceli (epiTetebiTa da SedarebebiT gajerebuli) winadadebiT, romelic mTavrdeba fraziT: `da iyo saxeli didisa mis
da maRlisa mefisa finez~. ori vrceli winadadeba (Sesaferisi
epiTetebiTa da SedarebebiT) eZRvneba vezirs. teqstis es monakveTi mTavrdeba fraziT: `da iyo saxeli vezirisa mis sedraq~.
jumberis daxasiaTebas erTi Zalian vrceli winadadeba eZRvneba, romelic aseve mTavrdeba mokle winadadebiT: `saxelad jumber uwodes~. leonis daxasiaTebas erTi SedarebiT mokle, magram epiTetebiT uxvad gajerebuli winadadeba eTmoba (personaJis saxeli iq miTiTebuli ar aris im martivi mizezis gamo, rom
igi mefem sizmarSi ixila da misi vinaoba ucnobia). ruqa teqstSi
asea aRwerili: `da iyo saWurisi mefisa kaci gulCqari da ficxeli. sefeTuxucesi iyo da guliTadi mefisa, romelsa erqva
ruqa~. am daxasiaTebebSi, Cemi azriT, aSkarad ikveTeba avtoris
pozicia: 4 gmirisadmi _ dadebiTi, ruqasadmi _ uaryofiTi.
mTavari ki, Cemi azriT, aris is, rom am epizodebis analiziT unda davaskvnaT: sulxan-saba gmirebis daxasiaTebisas iyenebs ara
aRmosavlur stils, aramed stils, romelsac SeiZleba pirobiTad `saqmisa da sityvis sruli Sesabamisoba~ vuwodoT da rac
aprobirebuli iyo ukve gaius iulius keisrisa da katonis prozaSi.
* saba ar iziarebs providencializmis koncefcias, romelic
popularuli iyo XVII-XVIIIss-Si. sabas aseTi protestantuli ganwyobileba feodaluri istoriografiis am uZiriTadesi principis mimarT bevrgan aris gamomJRavnebuli mis nawerebSi. upirvelesad yovlisa, amas vxedavT mis leqsikonSi, sadac sityva `bed-
298
Tan~ dakavSirebiT naTqvamia: `nu vin hgonebT bedisaTvis, viTar-
med arsebiT rame iyos, romelsa umecarni ityvian da mas miaweren niWsa RmrTisasa. bedi saxeli ars mefeTa simaRlisa da glaxakTa simokodavisa da ege viTarni. kualad kaci vinme borotisa
Rirsi ra RmerTman Seiwyalos da Seucvalos boroti keTilad,
eseviTarTa saxelad bedi ewodebis~. `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ am
mxriv sagulisxmoa ori araki: `cxriliani kaci~ da `ugunuri
mcuravi~. sabas azriT, bedi ar aris raRac obieqturad arsebuli ram, romelic winaswar dadgenil-gansazRvrulia RvTaebis
mier da romelic, TiTqos, TviTon miuva yvelas `Tavisi fexiT~.
piriqiT, sabas miTiTebiT, bedi aris TiToeuli adamianis Tu
mTeli sazogadoebis cdis nayofi, maTi mondomebisa (`xelis gaqnevis~) da garjis Sedegi. ra Tqma unda, warmatebisTvis mniSvnelovania RvTis Sewevnac. aseTi qadageba TvalsaCino siaxles warmoadgenda XVII s-is miwurulis qarTul istoriografiaSi
(grigolia 1959:43-45).
finezi ambobs: `bedi momec da nexvsa damfalo~ (`mefe da avsityva kaci~). leonis azriT: `bedi yovels kacsa aqvs, Tuca patroni ara risxavs~ (`xalifa da arabi~). arakSi `xalifa da arabi~
sainteresodaa wamoweuli bedis, cdisa da RmerTisadmi damokidebulebis sakiTxi. am arakSi ierarqiulad Cans RmerTi, romlis
winaSec loculobs xalifa da Semweobas iTxovs misgan; glaxaki
arabi, romelic, ase vTqvaT, `xalifas gavliT (mibaZviT)~ RmerTisgan iTxovs daxmarebas. saboloo jamSi, glaxakis bedi (romelmac RmerTisgan miiRo ganZi) xalifas xelSia. leoni am arakiT mefes eubneba, rom qveSevrdomis (qvemdgomis) bedi damokidebulia zemdgomze. zemdgomisa _ mefisa Tu xalifas bedi ki
Tavad mis xelSia da bedis avkargianoba mxolod RmerTis nebas
ukavSirdeba. mefe unda iyos samarTliani da misma ganwyobam ar
unda daarRvios RmerTis samarTali. qvemdgoms bedi maSin gaumarTlebs, roca misi zemdgomi iqneba RvTismosavi, brZeni, samarTliani da mowyale. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es aris qarTuli
renesansuli estetikis erT-erTi principis _ kacis bedisa da
RvTaebrivi gangebulebis sulxan-sabaseuli igavuri gaazreba
(siraZe 1982:170-171). amgvarad: adamianis bedi TviT mis xelSia,
kacs aqvs Tavisufali neba arCevanisa _ an unda scados, an moicados. gamarjveba mas RmerTis kurTxeviT eZleva. RmerTi mxolod
marTebulad gakeTebul arCevans moiwonebs (Rlonti 2009:20-28).
garda zemoaRniSnulisa, sabas Semoqmedebas sxva niSanic axasiaTebda. es iyo mkveTrad gamaxvilebuli mizanswrafva qveynis
msaxurebisa (grigolia 1959: 45). amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa, Cemi azriT, paraleli ciceronis traqtatTan `saxelmwifos
Sesaxeb~, romelSic romaeli politikosi vrclad msjelobs, Tu
299
ratom aris qveynis msaxureba Rirseuli moqalaqisTvis umaRlesi siqvele da movaleoba.
* sulxan-sabas, rogorc siaxlisadmi `gaxsnili~ pirovnebis
saxis ufro srulyofilad warmoCenisaTvis, vfiqrob, mniSvnelovania erTi Strixis xazgasmac misi biografiidan: sicocxlis
meore naxevarSi sulxanma kaTolikoba miiRo. es gamowveuli iyo
ara kaTolikobis, rogorc garkveuli religiuri sistemis,
upiratesobis SegnebiT, aramed mxolod da mxolod politikuri
mosazrebiT: sulxans undoda am aqtiT Tavis saqmisadmi (an,
ukeT, qarTuli saqmisaTvis) ufro metad miepyro papisa da aRmosavleTSi kaTolikeTa mfarvelis safrangeTis yuradReba. rodesac is darwmunda, rom kaTolikobam ver gaamarTla is miswrafebani da idealebi, romelTa gulisTvis man romis primatoba
aRiara, ukanve daubrunda mamapapeul aRsarebas (kekeliZe
1959:140-141).
*da bolos
radiard kiplingi werda: `dasavleTi dasavleTia, aRmosavleTi _ aRmosavleTi da isini verasdros SeeTvisebian erTmaneTs... magram dadgeba dro, isini erTurTis pirispir dadgebian
da gaugeben erTmaneTs~ (magiuri 1994:526). es winaswarmetyveleba, rogorc Cans, kiplingamde didi xniT adre aRsrulda saqarTveloSi. swored aq _ ori samyaros gzaSesayarze Caxeda
erTmaneTs TvalebSi orma mentalurma sistemam da Zalian saintereso simbiozi Seqmna. saqarTveloSi dasavluri orientaciis
ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi stimuli iyo religiuri aRmsarebloba
_ qristianoba. istoriuli viTareba (sxvadasxva mahmadiani
dampyroblis uRelqveS yofna) ki _ aRmosavleTTan nebsiT Tu
uneblie kavSirs ganapirobebda. ase Tanaarsebobs qarTul mwerlobaSi, erTi mxriv, qristianuli kanonikuri (Targmnili, originaluri) da apokrifuli literatura da aRmosavluri tkbilxmovani poezia (aRmosavluri siuJetebi da sibrZne). es ori
tendencia erTmaneTs saero literaturaSi `Sexvda~. am Sexvedris kvali kargad Cans `vefxistyaosanSi~ da aRorZinebis (anu
rogorc axla uwodeben _ barokos) periodis mwerlobaSi. aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis `Sexvedra~ ufro TvalsaCinoa, rodesac saqme exeba igavs, araks, romelic orive samyaros kuTvnilebaa. dRes veravin ityvis konkretulad sad da rodis gaCnda araki.
risTvis ganawyobs araki mkiTxvels _ sicilisTvis Tu tirilisTvis? sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom sicili aTavisuflebs, tirili _ Trgunavs. araki erTmniSvnelovnad komikuriskenaa midrekili.36 komikuri ki tragikulze aranakleb axerxebs
adamianis ganwmendas ukeTurobisgan. SeiZleba iTqvas, sicili
tirilze Zlieri iaraRia. fedrusis arakTa krebuls aseTi preambula hqonda wamZRvarebuli:
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`am wigns 2 xeiri aqvs: iwvevs sicils
da cxovrebas aswavlis gonivruli rCevebiT~.
arakis popularobas sworedac komikuroba, simsubuqe, fantastikuroba (mistifikacia) ganapirobebs. es ukvdavi Janri
sulxan-sabam Tavisi `msubuqi xeliT~ maradiuli da Tavisi Tanadrouli problemebis gadaWris samsaxurSi Caayena, axali evropuli xedvis gadmosacemad gamoiyena. rac Seexeba arakSi Cadebul TamaSisa da gamocnobis faqtors, _ es xom, aristoteles
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, _ mxatvruli teqstis arsebiTi komponentebia, swored es aniWebs mkiTxvels siamovnebas.
SeniSvnebi:
1. aq aRar ganvixilavT sakiTxebs, romlebic davas ar iwvevs: dadgenilia,
rom `sibrZne sicruisas~ siuJeturi qarga sulxan-sabaseulia da ara Targmnili. rac Seexeba fabulas _ amgvari qargis teqstebi gavrcelebuli iyo
Sua saukuneebis aRmosavlur folklorsa da literaturaSi. aseTi teqstebi
`CarCosebri kompoziciis~ princips efuZneboda: magaliTad, `sindbad-name~,
`yabus-name`, `dekameroni~. msgavsi krebulebis avtorebis mizani iyo ara Janris specifikidan gasvla da TamaSis axali wesebis gamogoneba, aramed `Wadrakis ukve cnobili figurebiT originaluri poziciis Seqmna~. mkvlevarTa
dakvirvebiT, sulxan-saba orbeliani irCevs tradiciul models, Tumca misi
xelwera Tavs iCens detalebSi _ `swored es detalebi uqmnis mkiTxvels
originalobis efeqts~ (kekeliZe 1981; kekeliZe 1959;baramiZe a. 1964; gawerelia 1962; menabde 1997; javeliZe 1979; gamsaxurdia 1985:181; gvaxaria 1995:
79-80; 227-228; alibegaSvili 1992:233; baramiZe r. 1986:77-78.).
2. termini hermenevtika da hermenevtikuli swavleba ufro arqaulia, vidre stoelTa moZRvreba. wignSi (hermes trismegistosi 2001) ganxilulia hermenevtikuli swavlebis uZvelesi aRmosavlur-dasavluri tradicia swavlebis `fuZemdeblis~_ hermesis _ mistikuri personisa da arqauli mistikuri
teqstebis hermenevtikuli analizis fonze.
3. Tundac: alegoriisa da simbolos mimarTebis sakiTxi _ zogi mecnieri
alegoriis `siRrmeSi~ simbolos xedavs da Janris dasabamad miTosuri azrovnebis (miTi ki, rogorc cnobilia, simboloa) specifikur formas asaxelebs (am mosazrebis mixedviT alegoria teqnikaa da ara gamoxatvis arsobrivi forma). zogi mosazrebiT, ar aris aucilebeli igavi iyos mxolod uflis sityvis faruli gancxadeba (sainteresoa, rom `yuransa~ da sxva aRmosavlur sasuliero teqstebSi gvxvdeba igavebi, romlebsac imave terminiT
gamoxataven, romelic evropul da qarTul enaSi araks Seesabameba.). igavis
damoukideblobis nimuSad moixmoben sxvadasxva avtorebis (maT Soris Tanamedrove) literaturul igavebs, romlebsac simboluri mniSvnelobebi aqvT,
magram ar `jdebian~sasuliero konteqstSi da adamianuri arsebobis zogad
universalur (an calkeul yofiT) aspeqtebs asaxaven.
4. Cveni mxriv davZenT: adamianma rom mgelSi, virSi melSi da a.S. Tavisi Tavi
an Tavisi esa Tu is Tviseba dainaxos, amisTvis mas unda hqondes garkveuli
mzaoba. unda grZnobdes da icodes metamorfozis ara mxolod garegnuli
mxare, aramed Sinagani, siRrmiseuli arsi. saqme is aris, rom metamorfoza ar
aris, ubralod, aqsesuari; es aris yvelaze arqauli religiur-miTosuri
koncefcia, romelsac mivyavarT epoqamde, rodesac mTeli samyaro erTian
cocxal organizmad moiazreboda, sadac yvela da yvelaferi naTesauri
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ZafebiT ukavSirdeboda erTmaneTs da erTmaneTSi gadadioda (gardaisaxeboda). ase rom, arakSi asaxuli sulieri arsebebi, romlebic adamianebs Caenacvlnen, sinamdvileSi adamianis qvecnobieri metamorfozebis matricebia da
amitomac aqvT maT zogadi xasiaTi da universaluri buneba. ase rom, erTi
mxriv, metamorfoza arakSi Tavisi pirvelyofili formiT (miTosur-religiuri gardasaxvis praqtika) warmogvidgeba, meore mxriv, is mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT funqcias iZens. daxelovnebuli mwerlis xelSi metamorfoza
SeiZleba metaforad gardaisaxos. (ix. canava 2008).
5. araki Sedareba iqneboda, rom ara am ori wevris damakavSirebeli kavSiri
`rogorc~. magaliTad aviRoT homerosis romelime Sedareba: `(viT) SeSinebul SoSiebis, Wkebis Rrubeli
mihqris ganwirul JriamuliT, ros Tvals mohkraven
qors, saSineli sikvdiliT rom damuqrebia,
ase eneass da gmir heqtors yrma aqavelni... (gaurbodnen)~ (`iliada~, XVII,
755-758. Targmani r. miminoSvilisa). amoviRoT am Sedarebidan `viT~ (rogorc), SevcvaloT igi ganzogadebiT _ miviRebT parabolas _ araks: `sustebs saso warekveTebaT maSinac ki, rodesac Zlierebs ixilaven~. rodesac
igive suraTi aqavelebis qmedebas (gaqcevas) axasiaTebs, is Sedarebaa. orive
SemTxvevaSi erTi da imave Txrobis mTavari azri icvleba imis mixedviT, Tu
ra azrobriv funqcias atarebs ara Tavad moTxroba, aramed saerTo azri,
romelic misi saSualebiT gadmoicema. damoukidebeli roli mas ara aqvs.
6. gasparovis azriT, rusul enaSi SeiZleba terminebis donezec iolad
gairCes zepirsityvieri da literaturuli igavi. folkloruli igavis
aRsaniSnad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT «притча» (от «приткнуть», «притачать», rac miuTiTebs zepirsityvieri igavis kavSirze konteqstTan), «басня» (от нейтрального «баять» с оттенком «говорить попусту, для забавы»). Tumca iqve aRniSnavs, rom
rusul enaSi притча-s da басня-s terminologiuri gamijvnis tradicia ar
aris. aqve aRvniSnavT, rusuli enis etimologiuri da ganmartebiTi leqsikonebis
mixedviT, sxva suraTi warmogvidgaeba: басня arakis Sesatyvisia, притча _igavisa.
7. renesansidan romantizmamdel periods dasavleT evropeli mecnierebi
barokos epoqad miiCneven (renesansi _>baroko _>romantizmi). barokos
damaxasiaTebel niSnebs Soris gamovyofT: mogzaurobas, rac miuTiTebs, rom
adamiani gaxsnilia samyaros Sesacnobad. interesi codnisa da mecnierebisadmi. aRzrdis axali meTodebis Zieba; alegorizmis siWarbe. barokos axasiaTebs: moulodnelobis efeqti; ekleqtizmi. barokos adamiani aris gaCleCili pirovneba, romelic ubrundeba rwmenas.
8. antikurobaSi termin `igavis~ Sesaxeb ix.: (hofmani 1922. noigaardi
1964:122-129).
9. am tendenciis kvalobaze mxatvrul literaturaSi Cndeba simboluri
datvirTvis matarebeli literaturuli igavi. literaturuli igavis sapirwonea folkloruli araki. es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom literatorebi
ar qmnian arakebs an folklorSi ar SeiZleba igavis moZieba.
10. prof. Teo kobuSis leqcia `nebis Tavisufleba~, wakiTxuli Tsu klasikuri filologiis, bizantinistikisa da neogrecistikis institutSi, Tbilisi 2012.08.X.
11. reinkarnaciis idea indoeTsa da egvipteSi iyo gavrcelebuli. Semdgom
garkveuli modifikaciiT es swavleba Zv. berZnul misterialur kultebSi
(samoTrakes misteriebi, elevsinisa da dionisur misteriebSi) gadavida da
damkvidrda. reinkarnaciaSi moiazreba sqesis Secvlac, Tumca es motivi damoukidebladac gvxvdeba.
12. l. CantlaZis azriT, esTetikur sibrtyeSi igavmetyveleba TiTqmis emTxveva saxismetyvelebas, sadac metaforuli xedvaa mTavari. aq `xedvis~
302
nacvlad `azrovneba~ SegveZlo gvexmara. poeturi igavmetyvelebis klasikuri magaliTia `daviTiani~ (CantlaZe 2002:51-52).
13. pirveli STabeWdilebiT, kavSiri `Tuca~ TiTqos apirispirebs mefes da
mwyemss, magram Tu teqstis mTel monakveTs kargad gaviazrebT, cxadi xdeba,
rom es dapirispireba mxolod mxatvruli xerxia ZiriTadi azris gamosakveTad. `me var mwyemsi keTili, da vicnob Cemebs, da Cemebi micnoben me~ (ioane
10,14), _ ambobs ufali, da ra Tqma unda, aravin SeiZleba iyos am `mwyemsze”
aRmatebuli. Tu am frazas profanul doneze ganvixilavT _ mwyemsSi Cveulebriv mwyemss vigulisxmebT, romlis funqcia faris dacvaa, am SemTxvevaSi
mefe, ra Tqma unda, aRemateba mwyemss; Tumca sulxan-saba msjelobas ise `atrialebs~, rom ubralo mwyemsic SeiZleba iyos ugvan mefeze aRmatebuli. Cveulebriv
mwyemsSic Zevs simboluri arqetipi. mzrunveli da gonieri (ganswavluli) mefe ki
idealuri mwyemsia _keTil mwyemsTan miaxloebuli saxe-simbolo.
14. sainteresoa msgavseba `odiseasTan~. saqme isaa, rom mkvlevarebi odisevsis mogzaurobas orad yofen: realur da irealur samyaroebSi xetialad.
fiqroben, rom kikonebTan stumrobis Semdeg odisevsi irealur samyaroSi
gadadis da realobas mxolod feakebis gemiT ubrundeba (11,17-36). VII ambidan leonic sxva samyaroSi xvdeba. zRvis gadalaxva, gemis (navis) daRupva da
mxolod erTi adamianis gadarCena cnobili folkloruli motivia. odisevssac orjer mouwia zRvis stiqiasTan Sebma. pirvelad heliosis kunZulidan
momavali gemi daulewa qariSxalma; swored am dros daiRupa misi yvela
amxanagi. igi damsxvreuli gemis ficars CaeWida, ramdenime dRe atriala stiqiam da
bolos k. ogigiaze gairiya nimfa kalifsosTan, sadac 7 weli dahyo iZulebiT.
meored odisevsis tivi daimsxvra k. sqeriasTan. aq igi feakebma Seifares.
15. gurgeni _ saS. sparsuli `gurgeni~ modis Zv. sparsuli saxelidan Wrkaina `mgela~. es saxeli cnobili iyo avesturSi, berZnulSi, somxurSi. qarTulSi es saxeli Semosulia sasanuri falauridan (andronikaSvili 1966:
461). sakuTari saxeli gurgeni gvxvdeba `abos wamebaSi~ (VIII s.), sadac naTqvamia, rom qarTlis erismTavrad daniSnes stefanoz gurgenis Ze. sxva qarTul wyaroebSi xSiria am saxelis mqone pirTa moxsenieba.
jizi _ es sityva ar daiZebna arc erT qarTul leqsikonSi: arc Tavad
sulxan-sabasTan, arc ganmartebiTSi; moviZieT arabul, sparsuli da Turqul leqsikonebSi (am masalaze muSaobisas didi daxmareba gamiwies q-nma m.
Soniam, T. mesxma. leqsikonebi: Turqul-rusuli 1977. Turqul-qarTuli
2001. sparsul-rusuli 1976. gurgeniZe 1973:100)). `jiz~ Ziris Semcveli sityvebi arc am enebSi aRmoCnda. erTaderTi, rasac mivakvlieT, aris `jaz” forma
(bolokiduri `i~, cxadia, saxelobiTi brunvis niSania). `jaz` arabuli warmomavlobis satyvaa, romelsac ramdenime mniSvneloba aqvs: `mimzidveli~,
`momajadoebeli~. `Cinebuli~, `macdunebeli~. jaza _ `dakmayofileba~, `anazRaureba~, `dajildoeba~, `dasja~. am sityvis arsebiTis forma (arabuli
warmomavlobisaa) da iTargmneba, rogorc `eqstazi~, `egzaltacia~. iranulSi [`jazb~] arabulidan Sevida da niSnavs: `mizidvas~, `gatacebas~. Turquli
enis dialeqtebSi `jazi~ niSnavs `grZneulobas~, `jadoqrobas~. aWarul dialeqtSi dasturdeba forma `mo-jaz-a~ (jaz-idan), rac niSnavs `moajadova~,
sawyisi formaa `jazi~ (sparsulidan) `jadoqari~. samwuxarod, ver movaxerxeT a — i xmovnebis monacvleobis dadgena arabulidan (an sxva aRmosavluri
enebidan) qarTuli sityvebis gadmoRebisas. `a~-s gadasvla `e~-Si dasturdeba aRmosavleT anatoliis dialeqtebSi, iseve Turquli warmoSobis sityvaTa inlautSi da Turqul saliteraturo enaSi. Tu jizi jazi-dan momdinareobs, maSin jizi gurgeni an mSvenier gurgens, an momajadoebel (momnusxvel) gurgens, an jadoqar gurgens unda niSnavdes.
303
16. qs. sixaruliZe ganixilavs `jizi gurgens~. misi azriT, qarTul sazRapro eposSi gvxvdeba am ambis yvela ZiriTadi motivi. mas mohyavs zRapari
`RmerTma Seni Tavi nu damikargos~. analizis safuZvelze mkvlevari askvnis,
rom moRalate colisTvis sayvarlis Tavis yelze Tu welze mobmis motivi
damaxasiaTebelia qarTuli zepirsityvierebisTvis. qs. sixaruliZis azriT,
bavSvebis Cayra yinulebian wyalSi da berikacis dabmac sulxan-sabam qarTuli folkloridan aiRo (sixaruliZe 1959:187-201).
17. matyuarebis qveyana da tyuilis TqmaSi gajibreba folkloruli motivia.
18. ucxo qveynidan mosuli kacisa da mefis asulis qorwineba cnobili
folkloruli motivia da Zalian popularulia berZnul miTosSi (amaze ix.
canava 2005:265-273).
19. es epizodi SeiZleba CaiTvalos micvalebulTa samyaros moxilvis
ekvivalenturad (ix.eliade 2002).
20. am teqstis analogiuria qarTuli zRapari `sakvirnelebani~. ix. folkl.
arq. k 174 .23. (sxvebicaa).
21. // dedalosis miTi.
22. rogorc irkveva, indoeli jambazebi realurad Cadiodnen saocrebebs. es
sakiTxi gamokvleulia m. eliades naSromSi (eliade 1998:440-460). eliade am da
sxva triukebis saTaves xedavs gadmocemaSi, romelic budas ukavSirdeba: gadmocemiT, mimdevrebi Tavis sulier ZalebSi rom daerwmunebina, buda zecaSi amaRlda, Tavad dainawevra Tavi. misi nawilebi xmeleTze Camocvivda, Semdeg es nawilebi SeerTda da buda kvlav wardga xalxis winaSe. Semdgom budas am saqciels
baZavdnen indoeli fakirebi. triuki TokiT indoeTSi cnobilia VIII-IXss-dan da
mas aRwers uamravi TviTmxilveli mogzauri. m. eliades naSromSi moZiebulia
sxva masalac: triukebi TokebiT gavrcelebuli yofila sxva qveynebSic: irlandiaSi, evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, meqsikaSic. Tokze gasvla cnobili yofila
qarTvelTa iniciaciis ritualebSic (canava2009:130-137).
23. misteriebSi ziarebis ritualSi Sedis gamoqvabulSi mdumared yofna da
ritualuri wignebis kiTxva. sxvadasxva misteriaSi xeldasxmisaTvis sxvadasxva droa daTqmuli (1-dan 3 wlamde) (ix.burkerti 1987).
24. n. CaCikaSvilis azriT, avtori am SemTxvevaSi wyarod qarTul folklorul masalas iyenebs. `grZneuli aqimi~ qarTul folklorSi farTodaa cnobili. erT-erTi misi varianti gadmogvcems: rogor Seamwyvdia ostatma Tavisi Segirdi bnel oTaxSi. Segirdi Tagvad gadaiqca da iqidan gamoZvra.
ostati katad gadaiqca da daedevna. unda daweoda, rom Segirdi Tevzad
iqca da wyalSi Securda. ostati baded iqca. Semdeg Segirdi xoxbad iqca, ostati _ qorad; Segirdi _ wiTel vaSlad, ostati _ danad. Segirdi _ fetvad, ostati _ krux-wiwilad. Segirdi _ nemsad, ostati Zafad (zRaprebi
1949:162-163. virsalaZe 1949:162-163. sityviereba1956:161-164).
`grZneuli aqimis~ folklorul wyaroebze ix. agreTve (sixaruliZe 1959:
187-201). igi `grZneul aqimSi” gamoyofs ramdenime siuJetur sqemas: 1.sqesis
Secvlas, romelic universaluri motivia da dafiqsirebulia aarne-andreevis katalogSi, maqciobaSi Sejibrs, romelic aseve dadasturebulia aarneandreevis katalogSi. 2. mamis an babuas mier Svilis// SviliSvilis mibareba
ostatTan (es sulxan-sabas ar gamouyenebia). 3.mefis asulisa da Wabukis urTierToba. qs. sixaruliZem daZebna `grZneuli aqimis~ calkeuli motivebis
paralelebi qarTul folklorSi da miuTiTa gansxvavebebzec.
sulxan-sabas `grZneuli aqimis” mixedviT, aqimi da misi Segirdi indoelebi arian.
25. berZnul miTSi sqesi orjer Seicvala misanma tiresiasma (amaze ix.
canava 2003: 67-70).
26. `odiseasTan~ Sedareba ar aris SemTxveviTi, an rame axirebis Sedegi. saqme is aris, rom samecniero literaturaSi sayovelTaod aRiarebulia `odi-
304
seas~ udidesi gavlena mTel evropul azrovnebaze, cnobili gamoTqmaa: mTeli evropuli mwerloba `odiseadan~ amovida. miT umetes es mosazreba aqtualuria, rodesac saqme exeba samogzauro, saTavgadasavlo, fantastikur
Janrs. amitom, Cemi azriT, Tu `sibrZne-sicruisaSi~ aRmoCndeba mniSvnelovani msgavsebebi (iqneba es struqturul-kompoziciuri, Tu personaJis damaxasiaTebeli an avtoris mentalur orientaciaze mimaniSnebeli) `odiseasTan~, vfiqrob,
yvelaferi erTianobaSi saintereso varaudebis gamoTqmis saSualebas mogvcems.
27. `sibrZne sicruisas~ zepirsityvier da werilobiT wyaroebze (ix.
baramiZe 1959:59-60).
28. teqstSi 3 struqturuli donea: I siuJeturi RerZi (finezis samefo kari
da ufliswulis aRzrda). II. arakebi, romlebiTac personaJebi erTmaneTs
epaeqrebian. III ambebi (realuri, fantastikuri Tavgadasavlebi). am mTavar
struqturul naxazSi sxva mcire struqturuli erTeulebic gamoiyofa.
29. faTerakis maZiebelTa siuJets, sxva siuJetebis msgavsad, mravali paraleli daeZebneba; magram raki axla esaa Cveni yuradRebis centrSi, aRvniSnav,
rom goliaTebis ambis msgavsi Zalian saintereso gadmocemaa `narTebis
eposSi~. qarTul TargmanSi qveTavadaa gamoyofili `soslani eZebs Tavisze
Zliers~. aq moTxrobilia, rogor gaemarTa soslani Tavisze Zlieris saZebrad da erTimeoris miyolebiT ixila sami meTevze, romlebsac ankesze satyuarebad, Sesabamisad, cxvari, Zroxa da xari wamoecvaT. meTevze Zmebis dedam soslani sacerqveS damala da sikvdils gadaarCina. gzad mimaval Wabuks
ki calxela da calTvala mgzavri Semoxvda, romelmac soslani enisqveS damala. calxela samive Zmas gausworda da soslans Tavisi Tavgadasavali uambo, romelic wylis wveTiviT hgavs `sibrZne sicruisas” mTesveli goliaTis
ambavs. soslanis epizods Segonebac axlavs: `nurasodes ifiqreb, Cemze Zlieri aravin iqnebao~ (narTebi 1977:41-44).
30. leons ar hgonia, rom man ukve yvelaferi icis da axla SeuZlia codnis
nayofiT datkbes. mas ar surda mefis karze darCena. mxolod finezisTvis
sizmarSi boZebuli portretis naxvam daarwmuna, rom ufliswulis aRzrda
misi movaleoba iyo. `mowodebuli~ valdebulia, Seasrulos misia da Semdeg
axal misiaze ifiqros.
31. ix. folkl. arq. k. 174, gv. 20. iqve, 145. iqve 154.
32. sulxaniseuli asakobrivi ganviTarebis periodizacia:
1. Cvili _dabadebidan 5 wlamde.
2. usuari _ 5-dan 10 wlamde.
3. ninveli _ 10-dan 15 wlamde.
4. yrma _ 15 wlidan 20-mde.
5.
Wabuki _ 20-dan 30 wlamde.
Ees aris sicocxlis I periodi, II periodi: 1.sruli kaci 30-50. 2. moxucebuli (siberemowevnuli), 3. beri (xanmravali), 4. mixrwnili (ix. sityva `kaci~, sityvis kona 1949:110-1).
33. am sakiTxze ix.: surgulaZe 1959:211.
34. rogorc cnobilia, wrToba teqnologiuri procesis aRmniSvneli terminia, romelic metalis damuSavebas ukavSirdeba. berZnul miTologiaSi
cnobilia ramdenime siuJeti, romelic Cvilis gamowrTobas aRwers: Tetisis
mier aqilevsis gamowrToba quraSi (qalRmerTi Svils jer quraSi Sedebda,
mere civ wyalSi amoavlebda), demetres mier demofonis wrToba quraSi. aseTi wrTobiT Cvilebi mouwyvlelebi xdebodnen, iaraRi maT verafers daaklebda. realur cxovrebaSi wrTobisTvis civ wyals iyenebdnen (mag. germanelebi).
35.platoniseul ideaze `agaTosis~ Sesaxeb, rogorc paradigmaze mefe-filosofosis sulSi ix. lat. Resp. 472 C, 484 C,500 E, 540 A. da (iegeri 2001:279-280).
305
36. ap. canavas azriT, `sibrZne sicruisa”umTavresad emyareba qarTul xalxur maxvilsityvaobas. igi gamoyofs msgavsebis sam jgufs: I. maxvilsityvaobaze damyarebuli satirul-iumoristuli xasiaTis novelebs, II. zRaprebs,
III. anekdotebs. wignSi ganxilulia sulxan-sabas 35 teqsti Sesabamisi qarTuli paralelebiT (canava 1959).
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309
giorgi lobJaniZe
igaviს transformacia aRmosavlur literaturaSi da
misi mxatvruli funqciebi `qililasa da damanas~ teqstSi
igavis mxatvrul funqciaTaTvis saxarebasa da yuranSi
religiur teqstTa stilistikis mkvlevrebi xSirad miuTiTeben am teqstebis alegoriul xasiaTze, rac TiTqmis yvela
wminda wignis saerTo damaxasiaTebeli niSania. alegoriuloba
ganpirobebulia saTqmelis mniSvnelobiT, romlis Sesaxebac
pirdapiri laparaki gaaubraloebda saRvTo azrs da mas amqveynuri samarTlis kanonTa CarCoSi moaqcevda. amitomac alegorias wminda teqstis stilistikaSi TiTqmis erTi funqciuri
datvirTva aqvs _ naTqvams amaRlebuli, zeaweuli elferi mianiWos da auditorias azris ramdenimedoniani interpretaciis
SesaZlebloba dautovos.
abraamistul religiaTa tradiciaSi RvTis adamianTan urTierTobis modelic ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, ukve garkveul alegorias
efuZneba. sinas mTaze cecxliT mobriale mayvlovani aris xati,
romelic ufalma miwaze, fizikur ganzomilebaSi, Tavis gasacxadeblad airCia. faqtobrivad, es aris simbolo, sadac mocemulia
garsi, romlis meSveobiTac SegviZlia arsze mxolod miaxloebiTi warmodgena viqonioT. am TvalsazrisiT, mayvlovanis cneba uaxlovdeba igavis im ganmartebas, rasac sulxan saba orbeliani Tavis `sityvis konaSi~ gvTavazobs: `igavi _ ese ars sityviT magaliTi, gina saCvenebeli, gina mosaniSnavi~ (orbeliani
1990: 322).
tipologiurad, amave rigis movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme RvTis
gankacebis qristianuli ideis SemTxvevaSi. ieso qristes sityvebic: `romelman mixila me, ixila mamai Cemi zecaTai~ gansxvavebul ideur-Teologiur safuZvelze mayvlovanis iudaistur
(bibliur) arqetips imeorebs. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa
`xorcSesxmuli logosis~ (gankacebuli sityvis) cnebac, rogorc arsisa da garsis mTlianobis alegoria.
sityvaSi RvTis gacxadebis ideis varirebas vxedavT islamSic, sadac, miuxedavad imisa, rom iesos erT-erT saxels `qalimaT al-lah~ _ alahis sityva _ warmoadgens, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris gaziarebuli logosis qristanuli idea. islamSi
RvTis saxe, WeSmariti arsi adamianisaTvis dafarulia. mis Sesaxeb warmodgenas, ZiriTadad, gviqmnis gamocxadeba, romelic
muhamad mociquls gabriel mTavarangelozis meSveobiT mieca
da romelic teqstis _ yuranis saxiT iqna fiqsirebuli.
310
teqsti ki SeiZleba SeviswavloT im meTodologiiT, rac SemuSavebulia literaturismcodneobis mier, anu miviRoT igi, rogorc
mxatvruli mTlianoba da TiToeuli mxatvrul-literaturuli
xerxis ganxilvis safuZvelze vawarmooT misi erTiani analizi.
am TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba iTqvs, rom igavi, romlis klasikuri
ganmartebac aseTia: _ `mokle alegoriuli moTxroba an leqsi
zneobriv-damrigebluri Sinaarsisa~ (qegl 1991: 384) _ saxarebisa
da yuranis mxatvruli azrovnebis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens. swored
igavis safuZvelze erTiandeba yvela is mxatvruli xerxi, romelic
am saRvTo wignebsa da, gansakuTrebiT yuranSi, aris mocemuli.
yuranSi imitom, rom aq narativs erTaderTi funqcia akisria: ambavi
moTxrobilia, rogorc garkveuli azrisa da ideis ilustracia,
rogorc magaliTi, romelSic kacma sakuTari Tavi unda amoicnos da
Sesabamisi daskvnebi gaakeTos.
amdenad, sainteresoa TviTon termini, romelic yuranSi sxvadasxva azriT gamoiyeneba da romelic am SemTxvevaSi Cven
`igavad~ gadmogvaqvs.
girgasis `yuranisa da arabuli qrestomaTiis leqsikonSi~ vkiTxulobT: `‫ _ ﻣﺜﻞ_ اﻣﺜﺎل‬msgavseba, xati, saxeoba, Sedareba, igavi~
(girgasi 1881: 746).
ganmartebaTa da mniSvnelobaTa es speqtri, praqtikulad,
imeorebs im definicias, rasac sulxan-saba igavTan dakavSirebiT gvTavazobs. igavi es aris magaliTi, romlis meSveobiTac
kacs, msgavs movlenaTa SedarebiT, maT arsSi Cawvdomis saSualeba eZleva. am mxriv, saxarebisa da bibliuri istoriebisagan
gansxvavebiT, sadac Txroba gabmulad mimdinareobs, yuranis narativi SeiZleba gaviazroT, rogorc `masali~, rogorc igavi.
yuranSi TiToeuli ambavi moyolilia adamianTa Segonebis, ganswavlis, gafrTxilebis mizniT da amitomac es ambebi bibliis
(Zveli da axali aRTqmis) teqstTa tradiciaze aRzrdili mkiTxvelisTvis aRniSnuli teqstebis moTxrobaTa da calkeul
pasaJTa usistemo nazavis STabeWdilebas axdens. Tumca es garegnuli usistemoba im mxatvruli funqciis Sedegia, rac yuranSi narativis igavur-alegoriul formas eniWeba.
muslimi RvTismetyvelebi, wminda wignis alegoriulobaze
saubrisas, xSirad miuTiTeben motivaciaze, riTac gapirobebulia am teqstebisa da konkretulad _ yuranis alegoriuli xasiaTi. kerZod, `jalal ‘aiinisa~ da baidavis komentarTa mixedviT, `masali~ _ igavi saRvTo wignSi gamoyenebulia imitom, rom
RmerTs adamianur enaze eTargmna kacTa gonebisaTvis Znelad
misawvdomi cnebebi da Rirebulebebi (jalalaini 1961: 259).
am Tezas muslimi komentatorebi isev garkveuli alegoriis
meSveobiT asabuTeben. qaSefis komentarSi vkiTxulobT: `Tuki
movindomebT uwlovan bavSvs seqsualuri aqtiT miRebul si-
311
amovnebaze vesaubroT, iZulebuli viqnebiT mas iseTi Sedareba
movuyvanoT, rac bavSvis gonebisaTvis garkveul siamovnebasTan
iqneba dakavSirebuli. kerZod, albaT unda vuTxraT, rom
seqsualuri siamovneba hgavs tkbileulis Wamas. amasTan, es Sedareba mxolod Soreuli anarekli iqneba im sinamdvilisa, razedac vsaubrobT. zustad asevea RvTis mier adamianisaTvis moyvanil magaliTTa (amsal) SemTxvevaSic. samwuxarod, Cveni miwieri
goneba imdenad SezRudulia, rom Znelia, xSirad ki SeuZlebelia
RvTiuri azri mTeli siRrmiTa da ZalmosilebiT aRiqvas. amitomac religiuri teqstis ena Cvens dasamoZRvrad metaforas, Sedarebasa da gansakuTrebiT igavs iyenebs, raTa naTqvamis WeSmarit sazrisTan ase mainc migvaaxlovos~ (qaSefi 1997:157).
aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia is udidesi mniSvneloba, rac
wminda teqstis stilistikaSi igavis gamoyenebas eniWeba. amitomac, am teqstTa mxatvruli qsovilis Seswavla swored igavis
funqciaTa garkveviT unda daiwyos.
igavi da alegoria termin `sufizmTan~ da
sufiuri tradiciis CamoyalibebasTan mimarTebiT
igavsa da alegorias sruliad gansakuTrebuli funqcia eniWeba aRmosavluri literaturis im specifikur teqstebSi, romelsac aerTianeben sufiuri literaturis saxeliT.
arsebiTad, sufizmis, rogorc terminis genezisic dakavSirebulia garkveul alegoriebTan da amitomac, pirveli problema,
romelic islamuri misticizmis _ sufizmis an ufro zustad
`Tasavvufis~ mkvlevaris winaSe wamoiWreba, aRniSnuli terminis
genezisis sakiTxi gaxlavT.
es problema imdenad Zvelia, rom adreul sufiur traqtatebSivea dasmulica da, SeZlebisdagvarad, ganxilulic. magaliTad SegviZlia davasaxeloT IX saukunis cnobili mistikosis,
abu naser sarajis `al-lamyi~, an ufro Semdgomdroindeli avtorebis iseTi Txzulebebi, rogoricaa, qarim ibn havazun kuSairis `kuSairis epistole~, romelic mkvlevarTa varaudiT,
mTvaris hijris kalendris 437 wels, anu qristianuli welTaRricxvis XII saukuneSi unda iyos dawerili.
abu naser sarajma Tavis wignSi am sakiTxs calke Tavi miuZRvna, romelic ase daasaTaura: `kari sufizmis saxeldebis warmoSobisa da imis Sesaxeb, Tu rad daerqvaT maT es saxeli da ratom
ukavSireben maT matylis uxeSi samoslis Cacmulobas".
sainteresoa, rom saraji pirvelad svams SekiTxvas: ratom
moxda, rom sufiaTa saxeli maTi zneobrivi adaT-wesebidan, an
saqmianobidan ki ar warmomdgara (rogorc, magaliTad, `muhad-
312
disebis~ _ muslim wmindanTa Sesaxeb gadmocemaTa mTxrobelebis, anda muslimuri samarTlis mcodneTa, anu `fakihTa~ SemTxvevaSi), aramed maTi garegnuli iersaxidan, ufro zustad Cacmulobidan gamomdinareobs.
TviTon saraji dasmul SekiTxvas Semdegnairad upasuxebs:
`sufiebi ar iyvnen mecnierebis erTi konkretuli dargis mimdevarni, anda raime gansakuTrebuli adaTis damcvelni. isini
yovelgvar mecnierebas TavisTavSi krebdnen da TaobaTa sulier
gamocdilebas, maT yvela keTil zne_Cveulebas siamovnebiT
iRebdnen. erTaderTi, rac yvela `tarikaTis~, anu ganStoebis
mimdevari sufiebisaTvis ase Tu ise saerTo iyo, maTi Cacmuloba
gaxldaT _ matylis uxeSi samoseli, romelsac ZvelTaganve winaswarmetyvelTa, sulier moZRvarTa Tu RvTis rCeulTa talavrad miiCnevdnen~ (xaraji 1980: 102).
aqve sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom am sityvebiT abu naser
sarajma, praqtikulad, uaryo Tavisi droisaTvis gavrcelebuli
Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac, `sufizmi~ axali termini, neologizmi iyo da igi muhamad mociqulis epoqaSi ar ixmareboda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sparsuli literaturis klasikosi, sufiuri mwerlobis erT-erTi didi warmomadgeneli abd or-rahman
jami amtkicebda _ pirveli kaci, vinc sufis saxels atarebda,
abu haSem qufeli iyoo, romelic hijris welTaRricxvis II saukuneSi anu, qristianuli welTaRricxvis IX saukuneSi cxovrobda da moRvaweobda.
igive kuSeiri ki SeniSnavs, rom termini sufi jer kidev hijris welTaRricxvis II saukunemde (qrist, welTaR. IXs.) farTod
iyo gavrcelebuli da damkvidrebuli (kuSeiri 1997: 39). Tumca,
unda gvaxsovdes, rom es sityvebi ekuTvniT im adamianebs, hijris
II saukunis Semdgom rom cxovrobdnen da moRvaweobdnen. xolo
TviT am periodis erTi avtoritetuli wyaroc ki ar mogvepoveba, romelSiac terminebi `sufi~, anda `Tasavvufi~ iqneboda
naxsenebi.
Cvenamde moRweuli uZvelesi teqsti, sadac aRniSnuli terminebi gvxvdeba, al-jahizis `al-baian va aT-Tabiin~-ia, romelSic igi `asket sufiebs~ (`as-sufiia min an-nussaq~) axsenebs da
maTgan gamorCeul literatorTa Tu Rirseul adamianTa saxelebsac CamoTvlis (al-jahizi 1990: 32).
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom kuSeiri mkacrad
akritikebs abu naser sarajs da amtkicebs, rom sufiaTa tansacmeli
mxolod Salisa ar yofila da isini sxva Casacmelsac xmarobdneno,
unda iTqvas, rom sarajis Tvalsazrisi termin `Tasavvufis~ etimologiasTan dakavSirebiT, mainc ufro sarwmunoa da argumentirebuli, vidre sxva muslim avtorTa Sexedulebebi.
313
rac Seexeba sxva Teoriebs, romlebsac aRniSnul sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT vxvdebiT arabul wyaroebSi, yvela metismetad
sustia da aradamajerebeli. Tumca, qvemoT ramdenime aseT Teoriaze mainc SevCerdebiT:
1. sufiebs ase imitom uwodebdnen, rom maT `sufas xalxs~
eZaxdnen. `sufa~ ki im pirvel muslim upovarTa zogadi saxeli
iyo, romelTac saxl-kari ar ebadaT da medinaSi Tavs muhammad
mociqulis brZanebiT agebul meCeTs afarebdnen.
2. saxeli `sufi~ warmodgeba sityva `safa~-sagan (`siwminde~), radganac sufi wmindaa, sufTa, aumRvreveli da daclili
yvela amqveyniuri borotebisagan.
3. sufiebi namazis dros mlocvelTa pirvel mwkrivSi (arab.
`saff~-Si) idgnen da amitomac, es saxeli daerqvaT.
4. sufiebs Tavdapirvelad `bani sufas~ tomis xalxs eZaxdnen. es tomi erTi momTabare tomi iyo da `jahiliis periodSi~
(winareislamur e. w. `umecrebis xanaSi~) muslimTa mTavari
taZris qaabas msaxureba ekisreboda.
jer kidev kuSeiri SeniSnavda, rom es Teoriebi moklebulni
arian realur safuZvels da, ra Tqma unda, veraviTar kritikas
ver uZleben (kuSeiri 1997: 50).
XX saukunis evropeli orientalistebi cdilobdnen, termin
`Tasavvufis~ araarabuli Zirebi daeZebnaT.
iozef fon hameri (1818 w.) amtkicebda, rom arsebobda kavSiri
sufiebsa da indoel e. w. `SiSvel brZenTa~ anu gimnosofistTa
Soris (hameri 1918: 346).
hameri aseve darwmunebuli iyo, rom terminebi `sufi~ da `safi~ ori berZnuli terminis `sofosa~ da `filos~ mniSvnelobiT
ixmareboda da TiToeuli maTgani `moyvarulsa~ da `RvTismetyvels~ niSnavda (hameri 1918: 347)
miuxedavad imisa, rom jon solukma 1821 wels uaryo es Tvalsazrisi (xoluki 1821: 330), SemdgomSi albert markesma isev
hameris Teoria ganaviTara da termin `sufis~ amosaval
wertilad berZnuli `sofia~ _ `siyvaruli~ miiCnia.
sakiTxi ki Zireulad da fundamenturad didma germanelma
orientalistma Teodor noldekem Seiswavla da specialur monografiaSi gamoarkvia, rom berZnuli termini `sofos~ arameul
enaze gaugebari darCa da amis gamo misi Targmani arameulidan
arabulad mouxerxebeli, mniSvneloba ki bundovani gamovida.
garda amisa, berZnuli aso s (interdentaluri s) arabulSi
`siniT~ gadadis. cnobilia, rom yvela berZnuli sityvis arabizebul variantSi aRniSnuli berZnuli fonemis adgilas ismis
`sini~ da ara _ `sadi~ (rogorc, sufizmSi). amitomac, Teodor
noldekes azriT, gaugebaria, ratom unda gvqondes `sufizmSi~
`sadi~ da ufro metic, saerTodac gaugebaria, ratom unda mom-
314
dinareobdes es termini berZnulidan, roca savsebiT kanonzomieri Cans misi mimarTeba arabul `safa~ ZirTan (noldeke 1891:45).
Semdgom Teodor noldekes moaqvs hijris I da II (qristianuli
welTaRricxvis VII-VIII) saukuneTa werilobiTi wyaroebi, romlebic adastureben, rom uxeSi selis samoslis xmareba farTod iyo
gavrcelebuli aRniSnuli periodis adamianebSi, gansakuTrebiT
ki sufiuri Zmobis wevrTa Soris.
aRsaniSnavia, rom hijris I-II saukuneTa werilobiT ZeglebSi
araerTxel meordeba fraza: `labisa as-savfa~, romlis sityvasityviTi Targmani _ Caicva Salis, matylis samoseli _ figuralurad niSnavda imas, rom amaTu im kacma uari Tqva amqveyniur
cxovrebaze, sawuTros ganudga da meudabnoeoba airCia.
sabolood, noldeke imeorebs sarajisa da sxva mravali
muslimi avtoris Tvalsazriss, romlebic termin `sufis~ `safa~
Ziridan warmomdgarad miiCnevdnen.
noldekes es mosazreba SemdgomSi nikolsonmac gaimeora
1928 wels niu-iorkSi gamocemul `religiisa da eTikis enciklopediaSi dabeWdil erT-erT statiaSi(nikolsoni 1928: 537).
amave Tvalsazriss iziarebs lui masinioni 1934 wels gamocemul
`islamis enciklopediis~ erT-erT TavSic (makinioni 1934:681).
amasTanave, nikolsoni dasZenda, rom sparsulad sufias `faSmine fuSs~ _
matylis samosSi gamowyobilsac eZaxiano
(nikolsoni 1928: 537).
sainteresoa, rom imave statiaSi lui masinioni SeniSnavda,
muslimTa pirveli gandegilebi matylis uxeS samosels icvamdnen da es adaTi maT qristiani berebisagan gadaiReso.
argumenti, romelsac masinioni Tavisi Tvalsazrisis gasamyareblad moixmobs, gaxlavT is, rom basraSi Casuli hammad ibn salama (dabad. 784w.) am qalaqSi farkad sanjis Sexvedria, romelsac, Turme, matylis uxeSi samosi ecva. ibn salamas sanjisaTvis
uTqvams _ ganagde Sengan qristianobis eg niSanio.
garda amisa, muhamad winaswarmetyvels miewereba erTi hadisi, sadac igi ambobs _ isa masihi (ieso qristes muslimur samyaroSi gavrcelebuli saxeli _ g. l.) matylis samosiT imosebodao.
masinioni miiCnevs, rom termini `Tasavvufi~ hijris II saukunis meore naxevarSi (qristianuli welTaRricxvis VIII-IX s.s.) warmoiSva.
igi am terminis gavrcelebas, erTis mxriv, jabir ibn hians
(romelic Turme sufiad iwodeboda da Taviseburi sufiuri
sjulic ki hqonia) da meores mxriv, saqveynod cnobil mistikoss
abu haSem qufels ukavSirebs.
termin `sufis~ mravlobiTi `sufiia~ ki pirvelad hijris
1998 wels aleqsandriaSi momxdar areulobasTan dakavSirebiT
iqna gamoyenebuli (zarinqubi 1996: 55).
315
aqedan gamomdinare, im periodSi `sufiia~ _ `sufiebi~ erqvaT
qufel mistikosTa patara jgufis wevrebs, romelTa ukanaskneli mohikanic gaxldaT abdaq sufi (gardaic. 725w.)
sagulisxmoa, rom im dros terminiT _`sufi~ mxolod qufaSi
mcxovrebi mistikosebi aRiniSnebodnen, ormocdaaTi wlis Semdeg es saxeli mTeli erayis sufiebs daerqva, orasi wlis Semdeg
ki yvela muslimi mistikosis zogad saxelad iqca.
unda aRiniSnos, rom evropeli orientalistebi sufizms religiur seqtad anda mimdinareobad ar miiCneven, radgan TviTon
terminebis `rjulisa~ Tu `seqtis~ semantikuri mniSvnelobisa
Tu maTi zogadad miRebuli Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeuZlebelia, sufizmi sistemur da gansazRvruli CarCoebis mqone religiad, an Tundac, TviT islamis SigniT arsebul mxolod erTerT ganStoebad miviCnioT.
garda amisa, meore mizezi, ris gamoc orientalistebs sufizmi religiur seqtad ar miaCniaT, gaxlavT is, rom Zalze Znelia
sufiaTa rwmena-warmodgenebis myari principebis saxiT Camoyalibeba.
TviTon sufiebi, Tavs rindebsa da TavzexelaRebulebs rom
uwodeben, amboben: `sufizmi halia da ara kalio!~ anu sufizmi
mdgomareoba, viTarebaa, romelic gancdaSi eZleva adamians da ara
laparaki anu iseTi ram, raze laparakic, risi aRwerac SesaZlebelia. amis miuxedavad, mogviano xanis aRmosavlur literaturaSi
araferze imdeni ar ulaparakiaT, ramdenic sufizmis Teoriul sakiTxebze, TumcaRa es saubari mainc specifikuri iyo, rakiRa, sakiTxis sirTulidan gamomdinare, mosaubres Taviseburi metaenis,
erTgvari filosofiur-mxatvruli koines gamoyeneba uwevda, romelic savse iyo magaliTebiT, SedarebebiT, metaforebiT, alegoriebiTa da rac mTavaria, garkveuli mxatvruli paradigmebiT,
romelTa codna da gaazrebac saWiroa, erTis mxriv, aRmosavlur
literaturaTa, meore mxriv, ki imdroindeli qarTuli literaturis (Tundac yvelaze adreuli Sua saukuneebidan `vefxistyaosnis~, mogviano xanis mwerlobidan ki `daviTianis~) sworad gadasagebad. anu sufiuri paradigmatikis axsna saWiroa rogorc
eposis, aseve lirikis Sesaswavlad.
igavis mxatvruli funqciebi `qilila da damanas~ mixedviT
qarTveli mkiTxveli, Suasaukuneebidan moyolebuli, kargad
icnobda `qilila da damanas~. vaxtang VI-sa da sulxan saba
orbelianis mier Targmnili am didaqtikuri Txzulebis sparsuli versia erTxans CvenSi didi popularobiT sargeblobda da
imdroindeli literaturuli gemovnebis Sesabamisad, am Tar-
316
gmanma mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia qarTuli samwerlobo tradiciis ganviTarebaze.
Zeglis is sparsuli versia, saidanac vaxtang meeqvsisa da
sulxan saba orbelianis cnobili Targmani gakeTda, SedarebiT
gviandelia. induri warmomavlobis arakTa krebuli `qilila da
damana~ induridan jer saSualo sparsulze, saSualo sparsulidan ki arabulad uTargmniaT. Zeglis induri dedani da saSualo
sparsuli varianti dakargulia. amis gamo, dednad VIII saukuneSi
ibn al-mukafas mier Sesrulebuli Targmani miiCneva.
cnobili qarTveli iranisti magali Todua, romelmac Seufasebeli Rvawli dasdo `qililasa da damanas~ sparsuli versiebis
kvlevasa da am versiebis qarTul TargmanebTan mimarTebis sakiTxis garkvevas, samarTlianad SeniSnavda:
`civilizebuli msoflio ibn al-muyafaseuli arabuli Targmanis meSveobiT gaecno qilila da damanas wigns. arabulidan
iTargmna igi mraval enaze (maT Soris sparsulze) da gavrcelda
xalxSi, magram am versiam TviT arabul samyaroSi moipova mainc
arnaxuli popularoba. abasianTa xalifa al-ma’muni (813-83)
Turme mowiwebiT inaxavda `qilila da damanas~, xolo mis vezirs,
marTlmorwmune fazl ibn sahls rom hkiTxes, yurani rogor
mogwonso, miugo: `qilila da damanasaviTo~ (Todua 1961:30).
`qilila da damanas~ ibn al-mukafaseuli arabuli Targmani
imdenad maRalmxatvrulia, ise srulad aris am TargmanSi aTvisebuli da gamoyenebuli arabuli enis ganuzomeli SesaZleblobebi, rom Znelia es unikaluri teqsti mxolod mTargmnelis didi niWis nayofad CaiTvalos.
albaT erT-erTi mizezi esec aris, rom adre bevri (da maT
Soris didi arabi mwerali al-jahizic) fiqrobda, rom `qilila
da damana~ ibn al-mukafam Tavad SeTxza. magram Sig gamoTqmul
mosazrebebze rom pasuxismgebloba Tavidan aecdina, wigni Targmanad gaasaRao. am Tvalsazriss safuZvels umagrebda is garemoeba, rom ibn al-mukafa oden mTargmneli ar yofila da mas
originaluri Txzulebebic hqonia, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia
traqtatebi `didi etiketi~ da `mcire etiketi~.
Tanac, erovnebiT sparseli abu muhamad abd al-lah ruzbeh
ibn dadoe, romelic SemdgomSi ibn al mukafas fsevdonimiT gaxda cnobili, orTodoqsi muslimi arasodes yofila. ufro
metic, man islami sakmaod gvian, abasianTa dinastiis zeobis xanaSi miiRo. manamde ki tradiciul iranul ojaxSi dabadebuli
da gazrdili, iranelTa Zveli erovnuli religiis _ zoroastrizmis anu cecxlTayvanismcemlobis aRmsarebeli gaxldaT.
SesaZloa, swored amitomac, igi islamuri dogmebisa da tradiciebis erTgulebiT didad arasodes gamoirCeoda. piriqiT, imdenad Tavisuflad ekideboda islamis moZRvrebas, rom mravali
317
mwvalebluri Txzulebac Seuqmnia. savaraudod, religiur dogmebTan amgvari laRi damokidebuleba ibn al-mukafas enciklopediuri ganaTlebiTac iyo ganpirobebuli. sparsuli misi mSobliuri ena gaxldaT. amas garda, mas brwyinvaled scodinia berZnuli. enebis codna ki saSualebas aZlevda safuZlianad gacnoboda Tavisi drois mecnierebebs da arsebuli Teoriebi islamuri swavlebebisaTvis Seedarebina.
didi egvipteli mwerali taha huseini (1889-1973) Tavis `arabuli literaturis istoriis~ samtomeulSi aRniSnavda:
`ibn al-mukafa abasianTa zeobis dasawyisSi gamuslimda, magram misi muslimoba religiuri dogmebis erTguleba an, Tundac,
alahis gulwrfeli aRiareba arasdros yofila. dauweria mravali mwvalebluri teqsti, ramac zogierTi muslimi mis winaaRmdeg aamxedra da imasac amboben ibn al-mukafa eretikosobam
gadaiyolao. misi sikvdilis mizezi ki gamxdara is ustari, romelic abd al-lah ibn alisaTvis miuweria da romelmac Turme
sastikad ganarisxa xalifa al-mansuri; radgan am werilSi ibn
al-mukafas xalifaze uTqvams: `valdebulia colebs gaeyaros
da qveSevrdomni gaaazatoso~.
al-mansuri ganrisxebula da basras mmarTvelis sufian ibn
habib al-mulhabisaTvis ubrZanebia ibn al-mukafa sikvdiliT
daesaja. masac ibn al mukafa 759 wels saSineli sikvdiliT mouklavs. amboben, sufians, mukafa basras samarTveloSi daubarebia. igi patara saToneSi Seugdia da damuqrebia: `RmerTmani iseTi sikvdiliT dagsji, rom misi gaxseneba xalxs saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi SeuZravs gulebso!~ mere ibn al-mukafas aso-aso aqnas
Sesdgomia. CamoaTlida raRac nawils, Caagdebda cecxlSi da ase
ayurebina, rogor iwvoda misi sxeuli, vidre suli ar gaacxebina.
situaciis mTeli dramatizmi ufro cxadi gaxdeba, Tu gavixsenebT, rom ibn al-mukafas mier Targmnili `qilila da damanas~ erTi magistraluri xazi qveSevrdomTa da mbrZanebelTa
urTierTobebs eZRvneba da faseul rCevebs iZleva imis Taobaze,
rogor unda gadaurCnen xelqveiTni TavianTi mbrZaneblebis
risxvas samefo karze moZalebul intrigebSi.
rogorc Cans, am sakiTxTa Teoriuli codna TviTon ibn almukafas araferSi gamoadga, radgan igi swored saxalifoSi arsebul intrigebs Seewira. Tumca, es ambavi veras aklebs `qilila
da damanas~ literaturul Rirebulebas, romelic iraneli
mkvlevris, faramarzis SefasebiT, `jerac almasis TvaliviT
brwyinavs arabuli mwerlobis sapatarZlo gvirgvinSi~.
sxvaTa Soris, Tavad arabebi ibn al-mukafas literaturul
SesaZleblobebs ufro Zunwad da TavSekavebulad afaseben.
jamal abd al-jalili `arabuli literaturis istoriaSi~
aRniSnavs: `ibn al-mukafas Tavisi gmirebis metyvelebisaTvis
318
islamuri elferi miuniWebia da wignSi asaxuli sazogadoebrivi
matrialuri Tu sulieri realiebi Tavisi drois koliziebisaTvis Seuxamebia. amgvarad, Zveli arabebis xalxuri sibrZne, romelic xSirad dromoWmuli da gulubryvilo iyo, axali SinaarsiT
dautvirTavs da arabuli enisaTvis manamde uCveulo, _ sxarti,
dawuruli, _ stiliT SedarebiT Rrma sentenciebi da logikuri
mtkicebulebani moucia. mwerlis mTavari Rirseba ki mainc misi
udavo literaturuli niWierebaa. man SeZlo Zalze sada, mkafio
prozis nimuSi moeca da uvrcesi winadadebebic ki ise ostaturad daelagebina, rom teqstis ritms rac SeiZleba naklebad
`ebroZika~. Tumca misi Txzulebis arabuli jer kidev ar aris
srulyofili da adgil-adgil imRvreva, magram zogjer ise mirakrakebs, TiTqms mTis kalTebidan nakadulma gadmoxeTqao. Tan
iseTi ankaraa, am mWvirvalebaSi wylis fskeris Tavisuflad danaxvac SeiZleba~ (aljalali 1997: 210).
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavis droze `qilila da damanas~ ibn almukafaseulma Targmanma umal miiqcia mxatvruli sityvis motrfiale arabTa yuradReba. zogierTma isic ki scada, wigni arabulad xelaxla eTargmna. meleqseobis niWiT dajildoebulebma
ki ibn al-mukafas Targmani tradiciuli arabuli leqswyobis,
arudis sistemis Sesabamisad gariTmes. Tumca, amiT ibn al-mukafas Targmans odnavadac ar daukargavs mxatvruli Rirebuleba da mniSvneloba. piriqiT, axal-axali versiebis fonze, kidev
ufro mkafiod gamoCnda misi didi literaturuli upiratesoba.
am Targmanis riTmanarevi, ritmuli proza bevrad ufro poeturad asaxavs ama Tu im faqiz niuanss, vidre sxvaTa galeqsili
variantebi, romelTa poeturoba xSirad teqstis meqanikuri gariTmvis sazRvrebs ar gascelia, maSin, roca ibn al-mukafasTan
TiToeuli sityva situaciis Sesabamis datvrTvas atarebs da
amis gamo, nawarmoebis yvela pasaJi dRemde inarCunebs pirvandeli brwyinvalebas.
teqstis alegoriuloba ki TiTqmis mTeli aRmosavleTis
mxatvruli sityvis miRwevebs asaxavs am TvalsazrisiT, radganac TviTon `qilila da damanas~ warmomavloba da bediswera
mTlianad aRmosavlur literaturasTan aris gadajaWvuli.
rogorc cnobilia, `araa dazustebuli ra droidan, magram
indoeTSi Cveni welTaRricxvis VI saukuneSi ukve arsebobda
krebuli `panCatantra~ (`xuTi epistole~, `xuTi wigni~). am literaturulma Zeglma, im saxiT, rogoriTac Cven vicnobT, Tavisi
saboloo forma SedarebiT gvian miiRo. es moxda maSin, roca budizmi sabolood iqna indoeTSi Seviwrovebuli da brahmanizmma
iwyo budisturi literaturis gamoyeneba (m.v. riabinini). arsebobs varaudi, rom Zegli palis dialeqtze unda Seqmniliyo da
mere unda eTargmnaT sanskritze indoel berebs (Todua 1962:30).
319
`panCatantra~ Suasaukuneebis didaqtikur literaturaSi
gavrcelebuli didaqtikuri Janris nawarmoebia, romelic igavarakTa meSveobiT mkiTxvelis wvrTnas, misTvis cxovrebiseuli
sibrZnis gaziarebas isaxavs miznad. igavis Janri gasakuTrebiT
popularuli gaxladT aRmosavlur mwerlobaSi da man Tavisi
ganviTarebis mwvervals adreul SuasaukuneebSive miaRwia.
`qilila da damanas~ magaliTzec SegviZlia kargad davinaxoT, rom igavTa personaJebi, umTavresad, cxovelebia da TiToeuli es cxoveli SegviZlia risime alegoriad, anda rTuli
struqturis mqone mxatvrul metaforad gaviazroT. arsebiTad,
amave movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZne
sicruisas~ SemTxvevaSi.
am Temas sagangebod Seexo zviad gamsaxurdia gamokvlevaSi
`vefxistyaonis saxismetyveleba~, sadac sworad SeniSna, rom:
`antikuri da Suasaukunebrivi esTetikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo xelovnebis gageba, rogorc moraluri WeSmaritebebis
grZnobadi asaxvisa, rogorc alegoriisa anu gamoxatvis iseTi
saxeobisa, romlis grZnobad formaSic imaleba filosofiuri
da eTikuri sazrisi~ (gamsaxurdia 1991: 161).
aqedan gamomdinare, albaT ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom
`qilila da damanas~ personaJi cxovelebic materializebul zeideebs warmoadgenen. TiToeuli es personaJi aris garsi, romelic
Tavis TavSi atarebs iseT sakralur saidumlos, rasac adamianur
cnobierebaSi gadatexvisaTvis ueWvelad sWirdeba raRac miwieri,
vitaluri saburveli, raTa, amgvarad, odnavad mainc Seneldes am
saidumloTagan wamosuli TvalismomWreli sikaSkaSe da mcxunvareba. sxvaTa Soris, amiTve SeiZleba aixsnas `qilila da damanas~
fabulisa da siuJeturi qargis mravalplanianoba.
garda fabulebisa, `panCatantram~ `qilila da damanas~ gadmoayola am fabulaTa dalagebis sistema e. w. CarCovani Txroba. `esaa
wigni sadac ambavSi ambavs yvebian, xolo mosalodnelia am moyolili
ambis gmirebi kidev raime ambavs hyvebodnen~ (Todua 1961:30).
siuJetis msgavsi ganviTareba damaxasiaTebeli gaxldaT Sua
saukuneebis mxatvruli literaturisaTvis. am periodis saraindo romanebi da poemebi, arabuli literaturis `aTas erTi Rame~
da kidev mravali Zegli, bolosdabolos SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosanic~ ki _ swored aRniSnuli siuJeturi qargis principiT viTardeba.
sxvadasxva doneze mocemuli mravalplanianoba msoflio literaturis am Sedevrs _ `qilila da damanas~ _ amsgavsebs
kaleiodskops, romelic TiToeuli mkiTxvelis xelSi, am mkiTxvelis codnisa da sulieri siRrmis Sesabamisad, sxvadasxvagvarad gabrwyindeba.
320
damowmebani:
al-jahizi 1991: al-jahiz. `al-baian va aT-Tabiin“. al-kahira: 1990 (arab. enaze).
gamsaxurdia 1991: gamsaxurdia z. `vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba“. Tb.:
`mecniereba“, 1991.
zarinqubi 1996: abdol hosein zarinqub. `josToju dar Tarixe Tasavvofe
iran“. Tehran: 1996 (spars. enaze).
Todua 1961: Todua m. `qilila da damanas sabaseuli versia“. Tb.: 1961.
kuSeiri 1997: `ar-risalaT al- kuSairia“. Tehran: 1997 (arab. enaze).
masinioni 1934: Louis Massignon. ,,Tasawwuf” (in the Enc. Of Islam, vol. IV). Leyden: 1934.
noldeke 1891: Noldeke, ZDMG, #48, Leipzig, 1891
nikolsoni 1928: Reynold A. Nicholson, ,,Sufism“ (in Eec. Of Religion and Ethics, New_
York: 1928.
saraji 1997: `al-lamy“. Cafe niqolson. Tehran: 1997 (arab. enaze).
soluki 1921: Tholuk F.A.G. Sufismus sive Theosofia Persianum Pantheistike, Berlin, 1921.
jalili 1996: al-jalili. Tarixe adabiaTe arab.Tehran, 1996 (spars. enaze).
hameri 1918: Joseph von Hammer, ,, Geschichte der schonen Redekunste persiens“,
Vienna: 1918.
huseini 1996: taha husain, `Ta’rix al-adabi l-arabi~. al-mujallad alavval. al-kahira: 1996 (arab. enaze).
321
malxaz xarbdia
20 mokle mogoneba
`mogzauroba evropaSi~ _ teqstis arqeologiis
mcdeloba
giorgi leoniZem sulxan-saba orbelians `vnebiani moarake~
uwoda. am sityvebSi poeti da filologi 20-30 wlis sulxans
gulisxmobda, ori mefis, giorgi XI-isa da arCilis aRzrdils,
sityvebis SekrebiTa da ambebis TxrobiT gatacebul axalgazrdas, romelic im droisTvis jer arc garejis udabnos gzas
dadgomoda da arc mefis karze misuliyo erTgul msaxurad.
wlebis Semdeg `vnebiani moarake~ vnebian moqadaged iqceva, mere
vnebian moRvawed, bolos ki, saba mogzaurobas daiwyebs. asakSi,
roca sxvebi Sin brundebian xolme, saba 3 wliT datovebs samSoblos da ucxo qveyanaSi `gaipareba~. es iqneba sevdiani mogzauroba vnebiani mogonebebiT.
saba-mogzaurze mozrdili eses dawera SeiZleba, adamianze, vinac pirveli didi mogzauroba 55 wlisam wamoiwyo da romeli mogzaurobac Semdeg mTeli misi darCenili cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi
gagrZelda: eseSi ambavi evropaSi gamgzavrebiT daiwyeboda, ufro
sworad, goridan gaparviT, Semdeg ki, gzad, sanam saba patr riSarTan erTad gelaTamde mividoda, misi Zveli diplomatiuri mogzaurobebis ambavsac movyvebodiT. movyvebodiT Zalian mokled,
radgan mis Sesaxeb bevri araferi viciT, viciT mxolod is, rom
`orianobis~ dros (giorgi XI-sa da erekle I nazaralixanis mefobisas) saba giorgi XI-is sasargeblod molaparakebebs awarmoebda
axalcixis faSasTan (gabaSvili 1959: 72) da rom igi iranSic araerTxel iyo namyofi. gelaTidan igi zRvisken gaemgzavreboda, Semdeg
konstantinepolisken, aqedan marselSi, parizSi da ukan, marselSi.
mere italia, romi, florencia, sicilia, malta, saberZneTi, kunZulebi, isev konstantinepoli da isev saqarTvelo, kvlav SuRliTa
da uimedobiT savse. ramdenime weliwadSi saba kidev erTxel gaemgzavreboda saqarTvelodan, ukve moxucebuli (67 wlisa) amjerad
samudamod datovebda qveyanas da Tavis TanamoazreebTan erTad
Seudgeboda `mTasa didsa kavkasiisasa msgavs jojoxeTisa, sadac
iyo mravali gamomdinare TovlTa da yinulTagan. esred Zniad
gansavlel iyo qvesknelsa mas Sina ufskrulsa yinulisasa, orbi,
ginda arwivi, masca verRa eZlo muniT amosvla, arcaRa Tu eseodenTa uricxvTa dedawulTa~1.
es sabas ukanaskneli mogzauroba iyo da am grZel gzaze mas ukve
albaT aRaraferi akvirvebda. arada 1713-1715 wlebSi, sanam saba
konstantinepolSi dabrundeboda, igi aRtacebiT iyo savse, xnieri
322
kaci ymawviluri gaocebiT aTvalierebda yvelafers, rac axali
Semoxvdeboda gzad da daxasiaTebisas arc sityvebs iSurebda da arc
aRmatebiT xarisxs erideboda. mis teqstSi araerTxel SexvdebiT,
`uangariSo ucxoebs~, `kacis gunebis miuwdomels~, `SvenebulobiT~
gamorCeul, `gasakvirval~, `dauje-rebel~ sagnebs, romelsac vera
ena ver gamoTqvams da risi naxvis Semdegac `kacis guls Wiri ukueyreba~. saba ase cdilobda TanamedroveTa dajerebas: `vinc daijerebT, es Cemi TvaliT minaxavs, vinc ara da Tqven iciT~, `daijereT,
ase iyo. amis meti ra giTxra~, `daijereT marTalia~, “rac sanaxavebi
vnaxo aRiwereba, magram rasac SeviZleb ucxoebs vecdebi davwero.
daijereT, romi aseTia. as wels sul iaros kacma mis sakvirvelobas
verc gauvides, verc daasrulos. magram me rasac SeviZleb, Cems naxuls marTals davwer. egeba gegonosT qebisaTvis nametnavi davwero. usacilod daijereT, rasac vwer naklebia da masac Tavs
gausvlelsa da SeuZlebelsa. daijereT, naxevars maSinac ver mivswvdebi, rom ver SeviZel daswavla da dawera naxevrisa~ [30gv. B35]
(teqsti damowmebulia silomon yubaneiSvilis gamocemis (1940) mixedviT). xSirad didi mesityve TiTqos far-xmals yris da wamocdeba
xolme: `misi msgavsi ar minaxavs. ra ena ityvis...~, `jer im siucxove
ara minaxavs ra, ar daiwereba. ra ganiSno?~, `ekklesiis qebas ver
dagiwer~, `rogor iTqmis~, `ras ityvis kacis ena~, erTgan ki sulac
ambobs: `SigniT SevidodiT, ise gveucxovis, gareT gamovidiT, SigniT
Sesvla aRar mogvindis~-o.
es wigni ucxoobisa da gancvifrebis wignia, axali qarTuli enis
`Sesaqme~, sadac sul ramdenime aTeuli gverdis manZilze SegviZlia
Tvalyuri vadevnoT Tu rogor viTardeba ena, rogor iSveba aRweris
sruliad axali unarebi, xerxebi, ibadeba axali sityvebi, pirvelad
xdeba nivTebis, adgilebisa da qmedebebis saxeldeba. gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani isaa, rom Cveni mogzauri mravalwliani gamocdilebis
mqone leqsikografia, igi imavdroulad Cveni marko polocaa da
semuel jonsonic, igia adamiani, vinac aTwleulebi mounda, raTa
Tavis samSobloSi yvelafrisTvis moeZebna saxeli, Semdeg ki wlebi
imogzaura, raTa am yvelafris gamoxsnisTvis ebrZola. 1713 wlamde
saba cxovrobda saxelTaTvis, Semdeg ki igi mogzaurobda
qveynisaTvis. es iyo urTulesi gza aRmniSvnelidan _ aRsaniSnisken,
teqstidan _ realobisken, sityvebidan _ sagnebisken.
amgvari realurobis Tu sagnobriobis miuxedavad, sabas ukanaskneli teqsti mainc didi literaturaa. `evropaSi mogzauroba~ jer
kidev elis naratologis TvaliT wakiTxvas, jer kidev bolomde
ganusazRvrelia misi adgili samogzauro Janris qarTul da msoflio nimuSebs Soris, kargi iqneboda Tanamedrove leqsikologisa da
geografosis kvlevac gvexila am teqstze2, rom araferi vTqvaT
`mogzaurobis~ xelovnebaTmcodneobiT an istoriul wakiTxvebze.
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Cemi statia nawilobriv am istoriul wakiTxvasac gulisxmobs,
amitom Zalian mokled movxazav imdroindel viTarebas:
1709 wels avRaneTSi ajanyebulebi hklaven giorgi XI-s, 1712 wels
igive bedi eweva giorgi XI-is Zmiswuls, qaixosro mefesac. qaixosros
Zma, janiSini vaxtangi mefobis misaRebad sparseTSi miemgzavreba
(1712 wlis aprilSi) sulxan-sabasTan erTad. sami Tvis Semdeg saba
ukan dabrunda, Tumca vaxtang VI ispahanSi kidev 2 weli darCa, 1714
wlis martamdis, roca islamis aRiarebaze uaris gamo igi qirmans
gadaasaxles. sabam mogzauroba vaxtangis gadasaxlebamde daiwyo da
misi Tavdapirveli mizani aRzrdilis qrTamiT gamoxsna da evropasTan savaWro urTierTobis damyareba iyo. ukve 1712-1713 wlebSi intensiuri mimowera iyo vaxtangsa da ludovikos, sabasa da paps, evropel misionerebsa da evropel saxelmwifo moxeleebs Soris. amaze
detalurad ar SevCerdebiT (gabaSvili 1959: 61-77), ubralod SegaxsenebT, rom mTavar sakiTxad maSin kavkasiis 24 provinciis kaToliked moqceva da safrangeTis savaWro gzis saqarTveloze gavla idga.
1714 wlis zamTarSi marselSi sulxan-sabam, abatma riSarma da
dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosis, grigolis (lorTqifaniZis)
warmomadgenelma, daviT berma (franguli wyaroebis mixedviT, David
Mingrelien) marselSi galerebisa da vaWrobis generaluri intendantis, pier d’arnu-s xelmZRvanelobiT Seadgines memorandumi,3 saidanac cxadad irkveva, rom upirveles sakiTxad savaWro urTierToba
idga. memorandumis sruli saTauri ase JRerda: `memorandumi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu risi gakeTeba SeiZleba, erTi mxriv, romis kaTolikuri
sarwmunoebis dasamkvidreblad, vaWrobis dasamyareblad, rogorc
saqarTvelodan, aseve mis mezobel xalxebTan, meore mxriv, mefis
Zalauflebisa da safrangeTis vaWrobis gaZlierebisTvis levantsa
da aRmosavleTSi, kerZod TurqebTan da sparselebTan~. sulxansabas aseve SeTanxmebis Tavisi proeqti hqonda wardgenili, sadac 6
ZiriTadi muxli iyo:
`pirveli, rom es mefe (vaxtangi) miscems saWiro saxls safrangeTis konsuls Tvis dedaqalaq TbilisSi.
meore, rom is Tavisi xarjiT Seinaxavs konsuls da misi udidebulesobis yvela qveSevrdoms, romlebic gaivlian saqarTveloze
an iq dahyofen.
mesame, rom is uzrunvelhyofs yovelive safrTxisgan saqonels,
romlebsac frangebi Camoitanen safrangeTidan da romelsac isini
gaatareben saqarTveloze sparseTSi wasaRebad da an piriqiT,
romelsac isini Camoitanen sparseTidan saqarTveloSi.
meoTxe, rom is kisrulobs kidec xarjebs yvela saqonlis sparseTidan Sav zRvamde da Savi zRvidan sparseTis zRvamde misatanad.
mexuTe, rom is miscems saWiro sawyobebs, rogorc Savi zRvis
axlos, samegreloSi, aseve Tavis samflobeloSi.
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meeqvse, rom is miscems frang sovdagrebs saSualebas, awarmoon
vaWroba mezobel CerqezebTan, agreTve awarmoon xelsayreli
vaWroba Tavis qveSevrdomebTan da megrelebTan abreSumeulobiT,
matyliT, cviliT da sxva saqonliT~.
rogorc mogvianebiT gairkva (da amis Sesaxeb, rogorc Cans, sulxan-sabam araferi icoda), parizis elCoba sabas vizitis dasawyisidanve safrTxis qveS idga. devid lengi wers, rom sabas elCobis
warmatebiT dasrulebas sparseTis elCis, mohamed riza-xanis im
dros parizSi yofnamac SeuSala xeli. Turme frangi diplomatebi
yvelanairad cdilobdnen, rom mas ar gaego sabas vizitis Sesaxeb
(langi 1950:122).
Zalian mokled ase SeiZleba daxasiaTdes istoriuli konteqsti,
romelic sulxan-sabas mogzaurobas daedo safuZvlad da ris
Sedegadac qarTul literaturas kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Zegli
Seemata. rogorc aRvniSneT, `mogzauroba evropaSi~ jer kidev elis
namdvil wamkiTxvelebs, Cemi statia mxolod erT-erTi aseTi
wakiTxvis nimuSi SeiZleba iyos, romelsac pirobiTad `teqstis arqeologia~ vuwode. igi ZiriTadad avtoris pirad mogonebebs eyrdnoba, ufro sworad ki, am mogonebebis gacocxlebas, ganmartebas,
axsnasa da istoriul-kulturul konteqstSi mis Casmas emsaxureba.
yvela es mogoneba saqarTvelosTana dakavSirebuli, amitomac ganmartebaTa am krebuls `sulxan-saba da misi dro~-c SegviZlia vuwodoT. marTalia sabas Tanadrouli saqarTvelos Sesaxeb bevri sxva
wyaroc arsebobs, magram CemTvis yvelaze saintereso swored sabas
TvaliT da sityviT danaxuli saqarTvelo iqneboda. misi igavarakebi wminda teqstualuri samyaroa, aq mxolod ena da narativi
batonobs, `swavlani~ zneobaze gvesaubreba, Sesabamisad, mxolod
`leqsikoni~ da `evropaSi mogzauroba~ gvrCeba istoriul-privatuli xasiaTis teqstebad, sadac bevri ram SegviZlia amovikiTxoT avtorisa da qveynis Sesaxeb. am mxriv namdvilad gamoirCeva sabas ukanaskneli teqsti, sadac erTi ubralo literaturuli figuris,
Sedarebis wyalobiT 20-mde saintereso abzaci dagrovda. am abzacebSi saba ucxoobis gasaneleblad amaTuim evropul movlenas Tavis qveyanas adarebs. ixsenebs adamianebs, siwmindeebs, saxelebs, faqtebs, adgilebs, nivTebs da am gaxsenebiT Cvenc gvaZlevs uflebas
sul mcirediT mainc SevigrZnoT maSindeli surnelebi, wavikiTxoT
kulturuli niSnebi, movxazoT geografiuli sazRvrebi.
Cveni statiis ZiriTad nawils swored es `mogonebebi~ da masze
`komentarebi~ Seadgens. komentarebs win uZRvis sabas sruli marSruti, romelic teqstis mixedviT SevadgineT da romelic uzustes
Tanamedrove rukebTanaa Sejerebuli.
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sabas marSruti4
gori5 > odiSi (gelaTi an senaki?6) > foTi?7 > konstantinepoli >
marseli > parizi > marseli > antibi (Antibes, s.s. tantib qalaqi) > nica
(Nice, s.s. nisi), savoiis (s.s. sabia) batonis qalaqi > vilfranSi (Villefranche-sur-Mer, s.s. lafranga8) > monakomde oTxi magari cixe gaiares,
zRvispira > monako (Monaco) > mentoni (Menton, s.s. manto qalaqi) > amis
Semdeg ukve genuis (s.s. jenevias) TemSi Sevidnen > san remo (San Remo,
s.s. senerem qalaqi) > porto mauricio (Porto Maurizio, s.s. fiortumori)
> onelia (neglia, s.s. oneli) > diano marina (Diano Marina, s.s. dina) >
alasio (Alasio, s.s. arasio) > albenga (Albenga, s.s. arbewqo) > loano
(oano, s.s. vania qalaqi) > finale ligure (Finale Ligure, s.s. fins qalaqi)
> noli (oli, s.s. nori) > s.s.-s limoniloSi albaT luminela igulisxmeba (Luminella), adgili nolis dasavleTiT9 > savona (Savona, s.s. saona)
> genua (Genova, s.s. jenevia), “sulobiT ase Senoba iyo gabmiT, sasaxle
da walkotebi, rom erTi qalaqi gegoneboda” > portofino (Portofino,
s.s. portufeni) > masa (Massa, s.s. masa) > livorno (Livorno, s.s. alikorni10) > piombino (Piombino, s.s. fombino) > samxreTiT kunZuls, elbas Cauares, aseve longones (Longone, s.s. forto longone, porto azuros
Tavzea) > porto erkole (Porto Ercole, s.s. forte erkole, monte argentarios naxevarkunZulze) > Civitavekia (Civitavecchia, s.s. CivtaevTia) >
romi > otrikoli (Otricoli, s.s. ostriko) > narni (Narni, s.s. narma) > terni (Terni, s.s. Terna) > spoleto (Spoleto, s.s. spoleto) > folinio (Foligno, s.s. folinio) > valCimara (Valcimarra, s.s. valCimara) > tolentino
(Tolentino, s.s. toletino) > maCerata (Macerata, s.s. maCerTo) > rekanati
(Recanati, s.s. raRanato), loreto (Loreto, s.s. lorenta, Semdeg laretasac eZaxis da loteriasac) > folinio (Foligno, s.s. folinio, am SemTxv.
uolinios uwodebs) > asizi (Assisi, s.s. asiis qalaqi) > peruja (Peruggia,
s.s. peruja) > kamuCa (Camucia, s.s. kamuCia) > areco (Arezzo, s.s. areco) >
florencia (Firenze, s.s. florenca) > piza (isa, s.s. fisa) > palermo (Palermo, s.s. palermo) > mesina (Messina, s.s. misina) > rejio di kalabria
(Reggio di Calabria, s.s. rja) > augusta (Augusta, s.s. gusta) > sirakuza (Siracusa, s.s. sirakuza (`CamoviareT miRmad da davinaxeT~)) > malta (Malta,
s.s. malTa) > morea (Morea, s.s. mora, peloponesis naxevarkunZulis
Zveli saxelwodeba) > k. evbea (igive negroponte, Negroponte, s.s. neRra
ponto) > k. qiosi (s.s qio, saxizi) > mitilene, k. lesbosi (s.s. mitilini,
bitilimi, bidlimi) > smirna, izmiri (s.s. zmirinis zRva, qalaqi) >
anatolias Cauares (s.s. marjvniv anadoli, anadolze axlo viarebodiT) > galipoli (Gallipoli, s.s. kali poli, marmarilos zRvasTan: `kali
poli erTi momcro Zveli qalaqia, zRvis pirs, urumelSi~) > konstantinopoli > aTina > xofa > Cxala > gonio > nigalis xevi > artanuji >
artani > aboci > Tbilisi.
326
metexi
sabas pirveli Sedareba-mogoneba swored Tbiliss ukavSirdeba: `movediT monako qalaqsa. zRvaSi erTi klde Sesuliyo Tbilisis metexsaviTa~ [4gv. A28v].
maSin metexis cixes avlabris cixesac uwodebdnen. XVIII
saukuneSi cixe or nawilad iyofoda, maRla da dabla cixeebad
da saerTod, im periodis metexi ar aRiqmeboda mxolod kldovan
monakveTze SemozRudul teritoriad. rogorc vaxuStis
gegmidan Cans, metexis galavani tfilisis cixe-galavnis gagrZelebaa: `Tbilisis cixis ubani da avlabris metexis ubani erTi
mTliani obieqtia, galavniT SemozRuduli, romelsac mtkvari
Suaze hyofs. mtkvarze gadebuli xidic ZiriTadad am or gamagrebul punqtTa SemaerTebelia~ (berZniSvili 1965: 55).
sabas droisTvis metexi bolojer rostom xanis periodSi iyo
ganaxlebuli (1634-1658 wlebs Soris). rostomma am periodSi
datova isnis sasaxle da mtkvris napiras, anCisxatsa da sions
Soris aaSena axali sasaxle (1638 wels). manve aago xidi metexze
da Sig sparsuli garnizoni Caayena.11 vaxtang V Sahnavazma 1661
wels metexi saTofiswamled aqcia (ioseliani 1866: 23). male
taZari mexma daaziana, 1689 wels ki erekle I-ma (nazaralixanma)
cixec da taZaric sparselebs gadasca, romelsac kvlav Tofiswamlis sawyobisTvis iyenebdnen. Teimuraz II-is qarTlSi gamefebisas (XVIII saukunis 40-ian wlebSi) dabla cixe carieli iyo,
cixis karTan ki sanexve yofila (berZniSvili 1965: 57). XVIII saukunis 50-60 wlebSi aq ukve gvarjilisa da Tofiswamlis qarxana
aago mikirtum TayoaSvilma, riyis mxares, metexis karis midamoebSi. avlabris cixes kari darejanis sasaxlis zemoT hqonda,
Tumca sulxan sabas dros am cixes sxva karic unda hqonoda, romelic erekles periodSi ukve nakarevad ixsenieba. 1723 wels,
Turqebis mier Tbilisis aRebis Semdeg iyo mcdeloba metexis kidev ufro kargad gamagrebisa, magram Turqebi metexidan nadirSahma gandevna da es Canafiqri ver aRsrulda (ioseliani 1866: 240).
sainteresoa maSindeli Tbilisis mdgomareobac. vaxtang VI-is
dros Tbiliss aRmavlobis xana daudga. rogorc im periodis
somexi istorikosi, esaia wers: `didi xnidan mtrebs ar SeuZrwunebiaT da mSvidobiT tkbeboda umdidresi da saukeTeso qalaqi Tbilisi; mamakacebi iq Sromismoyvare vaWrebia, xolo maTi
colebi da qaliSvilebi, lamazebi da aRzrdilebi, sargebloben
Seudarebeli cxovrebiT, simdidriTa da fufunebiT. cxovroben
isini saucxoo darbazebSi _ mdidrulad morTuli avejeulobiTa da yovelgvari saojaxo nivTebiT... spilenZis WurWleulobis magier aqvT oqrosa da vercxlis; ra unda vTqva me im didebul eklesiaTa simdidris Sesaxeb, romelnic floben oqrosa da
327
verclis nivTebs, romelnic morTulni iyvnen farCebiT da sxva
mravalgvari SemkulobebiT~ (gvritiSvili... 1952: 162-163). am periodSi, vaxuStis sityviT, vaxtangma `daamdablna TaTarni da
umetes tfilisis cixis mcvelni~ (vaxuSti 1973: 482 — 5-6), Tumca
es periodi, samwuxarod didxans ar gagrZelda. 1723 wels Tbilisi orjer aiRes osmalebma, maisSi da ivlisSi, vaxtang VI ki
iZulebuli gaxda ruseTSi gadaxvewiliyo. Tavad mefe werda:
`mere urumT jari Camovida qarTlSi da Cven aRar dagvindes da
saqarTveloSi veRarsad davdeqiT. wamovediT ruseTis xelmwifesTana da Tan gviaxla sulxan yofili, saba~ (leoniZe 1940: 104).
muguTis msgavsi alagebi
liguriaSi `mravali magari cixe da soflebi CamoviareT, mag-
ram dids adgils venaxovani sul wamxdariyo. kedlebi aeSenaT,
gverdze moesworebinaT, zeda venaxebi aeSenaT, magram srulobiT gaoxrebuliyo. vikiTxe: rato wamxdara meTqi. miTxres: miwa
ar vargebulao. magram Tu miwa ar vargiyo, imdeni auarebeli
venaxi rad aaSenes? muguTis msgavsi alagebi iyo~ [6gv. B2].
aSkaraa, rom saba aq terasul venaxebs gulisxmobs, gansakuTrebiT, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom dResac, mTeli liguriis mxare
terasuli venaxebiTaa ganTqmuli. gakvirvebas iwvevs erTi faqti,
kerZod ki is, rom daxasiaTebisas sabam ar gamoiyena terasuli venaxebis aRmniSvneli ZvelqarTuli termini, orokebi, sityva, romelic
swored sulxan-sabas `sityvis konam~ Semogvinaxa. `oroko~ masTan
ganimarteba rogorc `miwa baqan-baq(a)nad movakebuli. walkotTa da
sayanurTa xarisxni movakebad~. orokebiT ganTqmuli iyo mesxeTis
mxare, Tumca rogorc sabas SeniSvnidan irkveva, qarTlSic iyo gavrcelebuli am tipis xelovnurad amoSenebuli baqan-niadagebi, kerZod ki liaxvis xeobaSi, sof. muguTis garSemo. sxvaTa Soris, sityva
oroki Semoinaxa gurulma kilom, romliTac XIX saukuneSi mSral
Tixnar niadags aRniSnavdnen.
mazmanuri
erT sneulTa msaxurze ambobs: `saWmels uzidavda sneulebs... imi-
si advili samsaxuri es aris da msofliuri cxovreba. ase sneulebs
msaxurebs. sul mTliv fexSiSvela, SiSvels tans msxvili mazmanuri,
qarTveli qvrivebi ro Caicvemdnen, ise Wreli acvia~ [10gv. B8].
sabas `sityvis konaSi~ mazmani ganmartebulia rogorc balnis
msTveli, balnis mgrexeli, xolo mazmanurSi igulisxmeboda matylidan damzadebuli uxeSi qsovili, romlisganac, rogorc irkveva, ikeravdnen tansacmels qarTleli qvrivebi. sxvaTa Soris,
maSindel saqarTveloSi glexis qalis Cacmuloba Tavad-aznaur-
328
Ta wridan gamosuli qalis Cacmulobisgan TiTqmis arafriT ganirCeoda. `gansxvavebuli Tavisebureba ufro kostumis elementTa Rirebulebis met-naklebobaSi gamoixateboda, zogjer ki,
rogorc irkveva, zRvari am xaziTac iSleboda~ (boWoriSvili
1947: 199). glovis periodSi ki qals usaTuod Talxi feris (lurji an Savnarevi) TeTreuli unda cmoda.12
odiSi
`ra alikornis sazRvarSi SevediT, davakeba Seiqmna. odiSis msgavsi adgili, tyiani, brtyeli. Sors maRali mTebi moCanda~ [14gv. B13].
vaxuSti odiSis Sesaxeb wers: `da ars queyana ese mgzavsi vakisa da umetes nayofieri da tyiani. <...> zafxuls zRÂis pirni
vakeni cxeli da ara gauZlisi <...> xolo aw egrisi upyravsT afxazTa, da mas zeiTi samÃris kerZo dadiansa. kualad queyana ese
ars friad tyiani, mTiT baramde, da mcire velovani. mdinareTa
kideni Walovanni da vakeTa adgilni ewerni, bardovan-talaxWanWrobiani da friad wÂmiani. amisgan ars friad notioba, garna
uvnebeli~ (vaxuSti 1973: 777, 21. 782, 8-9, 783, 14-21). sabas dros
odiSis didi nawili afxazebs epyraT, amasTan dakavSirebiT pirvel rigSi unda gavixsenoT Tedo Jordanias „qronikebSi~ damowmebuli XVII-e saukunis meore naxevarSi moRvawe qalis, anika
qorToZis (qorTua) minaweri caiSis saxarebaze: `mermeT afxazis
laSqari movida, taZars mouxda da Cven didsa gaWirvebasa da
SiSsa qveSe SevvardiTo~ (Jordania 1897: 467). mixeil TamaraSvils mohyavs juzepe Zampis werili, sadac vkiTxulobT: `samegrelo samegrelo aRar aris, radgan omis gamo ukanasknel siglaxakeSia Cavardnili... axla kacs ar SeuZlia uSiSrad iyos. mudam
afxazebis dacemis SiSia, radgan aqaurebs xSirad ikleben~ (TamaraSvili 1902: 205). cnobilia, rom XVII saukunis bolos saqarTveloSi imogzaura ierusalimis patriarqma dosiTeosma (16411707). odiSis Sesaxeb igi werda, rom mTeli samegrelo afxazebis
mier iyo ganadgurebuli, cxumidan, vidre cxeniswylamde (tuRuSi 2001: 22). `garna iyo Wiri didi odiSs, viTarca aRvswereT,
da umetes afxazTagan, rameTu movidodian navebiTa da ÃmeliTa
da styuevnidian, daipyres vidre egrisis mdinaredmde, da daeSeneboden TÂT afxazni da arRara iyo drandas da moqus episkoposni~ (vaxuSti 1973: 845, 19-23). XVII-XVIII saukuneebis mijnaze
afxaz feodalebs ukve RaliZgamde hqondaT dakavebuli odiSis
teritoria da odiSis mTavarma giorgi IV dadianma (kacia Ciqovanis vaJma) imereTis mbrZanebels, giorgi malaqia abaSiZes Txova daxmareba. sabas gamgzavrebis periodSi swored giorgi IV dadiani iyo odiSis gamgebeli13 da rogorc vaxuSti wers: giorgi
`srvida uwyalod da hyidda tyued odiSarTa~ (vaxuSti 1973: 846, 1-2).
329
calke aRniSvnis Rirsia dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosi,
grigoli, romelmac sulxan-saba da patri riSari Sav zRvamde
gaacila. riSaris sityviT, mas araerTxel gamouTqvams kaTolike
eklesiasTan SeerTebis survili da iTxovda misionerebis gamogzavnas sam adgilas dasayeneblad, samegreloSi, imereTsa da afxazeTSi, romelic maSin `warmarTuli~ iyo. sabasa da Tu sxvaTa
mimoweraSi es faqti araerTxel gaielvebs, svadasxva interpretaciiT. XVIII saukunis italieli mogzauris, qsaverio glavani
imasac wers, afxazebis garda samegrelos mosaxleobac warmarTebi ariano, da iqve aCikbaSebsac axsenebs da maTac warmarTebad
miiCnevs (glavani 1893: 37)14.
qarTveli moqalaqeebi evropaSi
`alikornaSi oTxiod qarTveli moqalaqe iyvnes. erTi tertera, samni sxvani: erTi somxis saydari miqes, vera vnaxe~ [14gv. B14].
im droSi sul ramdenime qarTveli (an saqarTvelodan wasuli) viciT, romlebmac imogzaures, swavlobdnen an moRvaweobdnen evropaSi. pirvel rigSi unda vaxsenoT ioseb qarTveli,
romelic safrangeTis saelCos Tarjimani iyo sparseTSi. rogorc varaudoben, ioseb qarTveli SeiZleba iyos sabas `Zveli
megobari iosebi~, romelic vaxtang VI-m gaagzavna safrangeTSi
sabasTan. aseve viciT sulxan-sabas kidev erTi Tanamedrove, gaspar qarTveli, romelsac marTalia evropis movla ar dascalda
(gardaicvala 1701 wels), magram mis gakaTolikebas daaxloebiT
iseTive mniSvneloba hqonda, rogorc sabasTvis. gaspari marTlmadidebeli iyo. mas evropuli wyaroebi qarTvels uwodeben
(aseve keTilSobils, Nobleman) da masTan erTad elCobaSi monawile somexi vaWrebisgan ganarCeven (gabaSvili 1959: 65).15
yabaxi
3 ivliss romSi, wminda petres eklesiis sanaxavad misuli,
saba erT “momcro mindorze” aRmoCndeba16. `oTx pirad, mgrgva-
lad ormoc-ormoci qvis svetia amarTuli. TviTo eqvs adls
umaRlea, sam kamarad Sekruli, mosworebuli da zeidam sul wmidaT saxeebi qvisa, gaTlili dganan. mindors Sua erTi oTxkuTxa
qva, yabaxs umaRlea, mTeli da zed jvari amarTuli~ [17gv. B18].
maSindeli yabaxi (saasparezo vake adgili axlandeli aleqsandrovis baRis qveda nawilSi) SedarebiT gviani periodis dokumentebSi moixsenieba rogorc `gareTubnis moedani~ (aseve,
medani, asparezi). Sardenis wignisTvis darTul Tbilisis xedze
yabaxi jer kidev ar Cans da rogorc varaudoben, saasparezo adgilad misi Camoyalibeba XVII saukunis bolos, XVIII-is dasawyisSi
unda momxdariyo, mas Semdeg, rac gareTubanSi mosaxleobis
330
ricxvma imata (beriZe 1977: 47). qalaqidan am moednamde gza Sua
karis qvemoT, avanaanT xevze gadebuli xidiTa da Semdeg vanqis
sasaflaos zemodan (dasavleTidan) movliT midioda (berZniSvili 1965: 49). imdroindel yabaxze sakmaod detaluri warmodgena
SegviZlia SeviqmnaT 1735 wels, vaxuStis mier Sedgenili gegmidan. gegmaze yabaxis siaxloves kargad Cans `yaibulas baRi~, romelic grZel oTxkuTxedadaa aRniSnuli. sainteresoa, rom es
baRi sabuTebSic Cans. magaliTad, sabas gamgzavrebamde 1 wlis
adre daiwera nasyidobis wigni, romliTac yaibulanT qaixosro
hyidis `baRs yabaxs. zeiT~ (berZniSvili 1965: 50). yabaxTan maSindeli wyaroebi axseneben aseve saquros (saagures, agurxanas).
yabaxze dawerili istoriuli Tu literaturuli teqstebidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs aRdgomis dResaswaulis vaxuStiseuli aRwera: “xolo aRdgomis wesi iyo adre
naTlebisad wirva da Semdgomad wirvisa mcirediTa sanovagiTa
xorcTaTa aRixsnidian pirTa mefe da didebulni. Semdgomad
gamovidis mefe da yovelni warCinebulni da mcirebulni asparezsa zeda da dasvian samefo Tasi oqrosi anu vecxlisa yabaxsa
zeda, dauwyian srola mas Tassa isarni moymeTa da WabukTa, da
romeli Camoagdis isriTa, mas miscian Tasi igi. Semdgomad amisa
Seqmnian burToba da romelman mxareman ajobis, iyo mxare-Talarni samefoni, da miscian maT TviToTa TviTo (egreTve qorwilisa, didgamomCvenebisa dResa Sina yvian ese asparezsa zeda).
merme Semovidian mefisa Tana da Seqmnian nadimni da purobani
didni mgosan-saxiobiTa. aramed kaTalikozni da episkopozni
vidremdis iyvnen mun, ara iyo mwyobrTa ZalTa cemani, aramed _
galobani. xolo Semdgomad warslvisa maTisa iyo mgosanTa, momReralTa da yovelTa saxiobTa cemani~ (vaxuSti 1973: 29-30, 1725, 1-5). aseve Teimuraz batoniSvilis `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~:
`rodis iqnebis qorwili an sxva dReoba kargio,
yabaxzed oqros vaSls Sesmen Zvirfasis, iyos vargio,
karga dakazmuls cxens isxden, zed ar ekidos bargio,
kurtakianTa vaJTa Tqvan: “srolaSi, mklavo, margio!~
yabaxze hqonia sasaxle iese batoniSvils (aliyuli-xans), romelic 1714-1716 wlebSi qarTlis mefis taxtze ijda. rogorc
platon ioseliani wers Tavis wignSi, iese batoniSvili aqvea
dakrZaluli (ioseliani 1866: 250)17.
muzeumi?
kardinalTan nanax ucxo nivTebs Soris saba asaxelebs: `bato-
nis salaroSi Roris kbilsaviT rom kbilia, ori misTana, magram
imtoli ver iyo. kacis Tavi gaqvavebuli, soko gaqvavebuli. es
qarTlSiac minaxavs~ [38gv. B46].
331
amaze komentars akeTebs sabas teqstis gamomcemeli, s. iordaniSvili: `saba aq gvawvdis metad saintereso cnobebs saqarTveloSi `muzeumis~ Canasaxisas, batonis salaroSi. sayuradReboa agreTve misi paleontologiuri cnobebi qarTlis gaqvavebul cxovelTa da mcenareTa Sesaxeb~.
vaxtangis karis eklesia
romSi: `iqidam migviyuanes erTs domenikaanT dedaT monas-
terSi. ekklesia momcro iyo, magram sakvirvelad sakvirveli
Semkuli iyo. sul feradi marmarilo. amis meti ra giTxra. vaxtangis karis ekklesiad davnatre: me mimaZRnobina meTqi~ [42gv. B52].
rogorc Cans, saubaria wm. giorgis karis eklesiaze batonis
sasaxlesTan, romelic 1710 wels aago simon batoniSvilma, vaxtangis Zmam. sabas mogzaurobisas eklesia SesaZloa jer kidev ar
iyo bolomde dasrulebuli da albaT amiT aixsneba misi aseTi
zrunva Sesamkobelze. am adgilas adre uZvelesi, mTavarangelozis saxelobis V saukuneSi agebuli eklesia iyo, romelic Temur
lengs daungrevia 1398 wels. mis nangrevebze 1640 wels rostom
xanma sami eklesia aagebina. 1). ioane naTlismcemlis saxelobaze,
rostomis sasaxlis win. 2). batonis moedanze, xarebisa da 3). wm.
giorgis eklesia, romelsac 1747 wels18, erekle II-sTan dapirispirebis dros, ieses Svilis, abdula-begis momxre mecixovneebis
mier metexis cixis zarbaznidan nasroli yumbara moxvda samxreT kedelze da daaziana. am taZarTan bevri saintereso istoria da legendaa dakavSirebuli. aqve inaxeboda wm. giorgis uZvelesi xati da wminda nawilebi.
biblioTeka
24 ivliss saba papis `samwignobroSi~ waiyvanes: `sxva yovlisa
rjulisa da yovlisa enisa wignebi iyo. mravali veZebe qarTuli
wignebi, ver vipove, arsad Cnda~ [52 gv. B55].19
pirveli qarTuli nabeWdi wignebi, rogorc cnobilia, 1629
wliT TariRdeba. sabas evropaSi mogzaurobisTvis qarTul wignis beWdvas 100 wliani istoriac ki ar hqonda da amitom, cxadia,
qarTuli wignebis raodenoba Zalze SezRuduli iyo. 1629 wels,
romSi gamocemuli `qarTuli anbani locvebiT~, stef. paolinisa
da nik. irbaxis `qarTul-italiuri leqsikonis~ da fr. m. majos
`qarTuli gramatikis~ Semdeg 50 welze meti unda gasuliyo,
sanam qarTuli wignis beWdvis sakiTxi kidev erTxel wamoiwevda
win. 1683 wlis 23 seqtembers ierusalimis patriarqi werda mefe
arCil II-s: `sixaruliT minda gacnoboT. qarTulad beWdvis SemoReba gadavwyviteT, dae, qarTuli wignebic ise ibeWdebodes aq,
rogorc berZnuli~ (ioseliani 1866: 134). Tedo Jordanias vara-
332
udiT, 1696-1697 wlebSi Camosul ierusalimis patriarqs stambis
mowyobis Taobaze vaxtang VI-sTan hqonda molaparakebebi. kidev
erTi mniSvnelovani figura qarTuli wignis istoriaSi momavali
kaTalikosi, vaxtang VI-is Zma, domentia20. saqme isaa, rom igi
dosiTeos patriarqs gahyva ierusalimSi da wignis beWdvis saqmec iq Seiswavla. 1704 wels domenti kaTalikosad akurTxes da
1705-Si TbilisSi pirveli stambac daarsda21 (e.w. martivi, mcire
warmadobis stamba), romelic 1709 wels anTimoz iverielis mier
warmogzavnilma iStvanoviCma srulhyo.22 am mcire stambaSi dabeWdili pirveli wigni daviTni iyo (1705).
1708 wels wels TbilisSi Camosulma iStvanoviCma erT weliwadSi dabeWda `saxareba~, `samociqulo~, `daviTni~ (1709), 1710-Si
— `kondaki~, `locvani~, `Jamni~, 1711-Si — `daviTni~ (mesame gamocema),
1712 wels gamovida `daviTnis~ meoTxe gamocema da rac mTavaria,
`vefxistyaosani~. sabas evropaSi gamgzavrebis wels, 1713-Si gamocemuli Cans mxolod erTi wigni, sqeltaniani `kurTxevani~.
saba wignebSi albaT gulisxmobda xelnawerebsac, rac maSin
evropaSi kiara, saqarTveloSic ki Znelad ipoveboda. im wlebSi
qveyanaSi Zveli xelnawerebis Zalze aqtiuri Zieba mimdinareobda. k. kekeliZis sityviT, XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi `gulmodgined daeZebdnen wina periodSi naTargmn Tu daweril Txzulebebs da
dauRalavad iRebdnen maTgan pirebs~. XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi
TbilisSi mdidari biblioTekebi arsebobda, swored am wesiT
Tavmoyrili. gvaqvs cnobebic imis Sesaxeb, rom vaxtangis biZis,
giorgi XI-is biblioTekiT Zalze xSirad sargeblobdnen kaTolike misionerebi (gabaSvili 1959: 65). es biblioTeka 1723 wels,
jer mahmadyulixanis jaris, bolos ki osmalebis Semosvlis Semdeg TiTqmis mTlianad ganadgurda.
sionis RvTismSoblis xati
dominikanur dedaTa monasterSi `marjvena mxris trapezze
luka maxarebelisagan daxatuli iyo. da erTs dids kuboSi esvena. sionTa RvTis mSoblis tolia. Ze marcxniv uzis~ [53gv. B66-67].
ukve 1713-1714 wlebisTvis sionis RvTismSoblis xatTan mravali legenda Tu realuri ambavi iyo dakavSirebuli, Tumca misi
Tavgadasavalis yvelaze mZime periodi jer kidev win iyo. xati
1522 wels Sah-ismails Tbilisis aRebis Semdeg taZridan gamoutania, Zvirfasi qvebisgan ganuZarcvavs da mtkvarSi Caugdia.
kaxeTis mefes, levan II-s xati navTluRSi, Tbilisis samxreTiT,
oTxi versis daSorebiT, marcxena napirze upovia, kvlav Seumkia
da isev sionis taZarSi daubrZanebia.23 arsebobda meore istoriac, romlis Tanaxmadac, Sah-ismails morTulobisgan ganZarcvili xati mtkvris piras, avlabris xidis yuresTan daudgams da
333
tfilisel qristianTaTvis xatis gmoba da fexiT gaTelva ubrZanebia. urCebs sikvdiliT sjidnen. amis Semdeg xati mdinareSi
gadaugdiaT da mogvianebiT igi mtkvris marcxena napirze gamouriyavs, sadac igi erT kaxel glexs aRmouCenia, wauRia kaxeTSi
da mefisTvis miurTmevia. kaxTa batons xati isev Zvirfasad
Seumkia da sionSi daubrunebia, sadac igi 1724 wlamde, Turqebis
Semosevamde esvena. ase iyo albaT 1713 welsac, sabas gamgzavrebis periodSi, Tumca 1723-1729 wlebSi, kaxeTis mefe mahmadyuli xanis Semosevebis Semdeg sionis taZridan RvTismSoblis
xati wauRiaT. xatis bedi ucnobia, zogis azriT igi gadaumalavT
(ioseliani 1866: 118-119). XVIII saukunis 1762 wels sionis RvTismSoblis xatis nacvlad vaxtang VI-is vaJs, giorgis moskovSi
`Seumzadebia~ da tfilisSi gamougzavnia Zvirfasad Semkuli xati24. Tavis mxriv, es xatic, 1795 wels gadaurCenia sparselebisgan ioane oseSvils da igi droebiT kaiSauris mTebSi gadaumalia.
`ganaTlebis reforma~
romSi saba erT monasters astumres, sadac `samadlod berZnis, somxis da arabis Svilebi da sxvaTa izdebian”. sabam am
ucxoeli ymawvilebis (eTiopelis, somxis, berZnis, egviptelis,
asuris, sparsis da sxv.) qadagebebi moismina, bolos ki “maTma
episkoposma kidec mixumra: qarTveli gvaklia ymawvilebi gamogzavneo, ase vaswavlio da iqav gamovgzavnio. magram es arc xumroba iyo. marTla mTxova papis brZanebiTa ~ [75gv. B95-96].
amasTan dakavSirebiT Zalze saintereso winadadebas vxvdebiT ormxriv memorandumSi, romelzec zemoT ukve gvqonda saubari. im monakveTSi, sadac saubaria saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul `dasaZrax Cveulebaze~, romelic sakuTari Svilebis Turqebze miyidvas gulisxmobs, vkiTxulobT: `isini emsaxurebian
sazizRar Cveulebas, amcireben TavianT sakuTari qveynis mosaxleobas da amiT dRiTidRe, sul ufro da ufro isusteben Tavs...
ar iqneboda Zalian Zneli erTdroulad gvesargebla yvela am
mosazrebiT, vaiZuloT isini, Secvalon mizani, vurCioT, rom
bavSvebi 12 wlis Sesrulebis Semdeg [gagzavnon safrangeTSi]...
ufro gaTviTcnobierebulni iqnebian da SeeZlebaT mxari dauWiron Tavisi qveynis sarwmunoebas da samSobloSi dabrunebisas
daexmaron maT cxovrebaSi~. im droSi, safrangeTis mTavrobas
SeeZlo `mieRo yovelwliurad Tavadaznaurul wridan gamosuli, yvelaze ufro Rirseuli, 16 wlis asakis 15 an 20 axalgazrda,
romlebic Camovidodnen safrangeTSi Tavisi surviliT da mSoblebis gankargulebiT. gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac isini
aRizrdebodnen... kolejSi, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleboda daarsebuliyo saqarTveloSi~ (tabaRua 1965: 100-101).
334
es franguli ganaTleba ZiriTadad samxedro saqmes gulisxmobda
da saqarTveloSi kolejis gaxsnis mcdelobac amas ukavSirdeboda.
samwuxarod, es ormxrivi survili qarTuli `ganaTlebis sistemis~
reformirebisa, romelic romidan da lui XIV-is safrangeTidan momdinareobda, ganuxorcielebeli darCa da saqarTveloSi mxolod XIX
saukunis 40-50-iani wlebisTvis Camoyalibda erTi mxriv samxedro
aristokratia, meore mxriv ki pirvelad gaCnda saSualeba sauniversiteto _ marTalia rusuli _ ganaTlebis miRebisa.
asbestis xelsaxoci
romSi, erT-erT kardinalTan: `erTi sxvili tilos xeSi rom
iqneba misaTana iyo... moukides cecxli... is tilo garecxilsaviT
darCa. merme nakvercxali dauyares. patara saberveliT uberes.
aegzno nakvercxali da garecxils gvanda. cecxlma ver daaklo
ra. aTasi marCili eZlia franCisis kardinals da ar mieca. me riT
SeviZlebdi syidvas, Tvara vaxtang mefisaTvis kai ZRveni iyo. is
franCagvisagan aris. amiantos qvian. wignebSi qvad ara sweria.
xed sweria. is qvac minaxavs. yeens gamoegzavna vaxtang mefisaTvis. amisi xelsaxoci egeba miSovno sadmeo~ [79gv. B101].
saubaria boWkovani mineralis, asbestis masalisgan moqsovil
naWerze, romelic im periodSi Zalian Zvirad fasobda da rogorc
vxedavT, iSviaTi nivTebis moyvarul vaxtang VI-s daubarebia sabasTvis. maSin jer kidev aravin icoda janmrTelobisTvis misi mavneblobis Sesaxeb, ufro metic, antikurobidan moyolebuli, asbestis
naqsovTan legendebi iyo dakavSirebuli. sabas leqsikonSi amiantosis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT: `ese bunebiT xe ars msgavsi qvisa da ganuleveli cecxlisagan, rameTu cecxlsa ra Sevides, ganakvercxlebuli
hgonies, da ra gamoiRo, viTarca wyliTa garecxili, uwmides ars.
misis ZafTagan tilo moiqsoeba~25. daaxloebiT aseve ganimarteba
sabasTan `aminatoni~ (mciredi cvlilebebiT, mag. garecxilis nacvlad saba `ganbrkinvalebuls~ ambobs). samive am teqstis leqsikur
erTeulTa Sedareba, aseve yeenisgan gamogzavnili `qvis~ ambavic
gvafiqrebinebs, rom sabas romSi vizitamde nanaxi ar unda hqonoda
es materia, aqedanve SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom Tavis `leqsikonSi~
sabam `amiantosis~ da `aminatonis~ Sesaxeb statiebi muSaobis meore
etapze26, 1713-1716 wlebSi, evropaSi mogzaurobisas unda Seetana da
maT, orives zemoTmoyvanili SeniSvna udevs safuZvlad.
bolo imedebi
`[papma] ase male ar gagiSvebdio, magram vaxtang mefis ukiTxavad wamosulxaro, rom dameWire imas guls daakldebao da wadi
misi saqme moiWirveo~ [85gv. B109].
335
es saubari romSi 1714 wlis 17 agvistos Sedga. maSin jer kidev
arsebobda imedebi, rom sabas elCoba uSedegod ar Caivlida,
Tumca nel-nela saba kargavda am imedebs. pirveli dartyma konstantinepolSi CasvlisTanave, vaxtangisgan miRebuli werili
iyo, sadac igi viTarebis gauaresebis Sesaxeb atyobinebda (rogorc Cans ieses gamefebis ambavic misi werilidan Seityo) da
`sTxovda evropaSi saqmis daCqarebas~ (leoniZe 1940: 97). sabas
bolo imedebi mas Semdeg unda gadawuruliyo, rac safrangeTidan lui XIV-is gardacvalebis ambavi movida. safrangeTis mefe
1715 wlis 1 seqtembers gardaicvala, am dros saba konstantinepolSi imyofeboda da wesiT male unda gaego es ambavi, radgan
mudmivad hqonda urTierToba safrangeTis elCTan stambolSi.
sxalnari
romidan wamosuli saba ramdenime dReSi valCimaraSi aRmoCnda,
sadac `sxal nari didgori rom aris, amgvari adgilebi iyo~ [87gv. B113].
sxalnars vaxuStic axsenebs orjer: `CrdiloT gora kumisisa,
mtkuridam miyoliT koJramde, ganvlis samadlos da sxalnars,
miadgebis didgors”, `Ãevi saRiraSenisa, gamosdis sxalnars da
modis samÃriT~ (vaxuSti 1973: 325, 6, 327, 1).
xaxuli
qalaq loretoSi sabas `wmida saxlis sanaxavad~27 waruZRvnen. saba
loretos RvTismSoblis (Madonna di Loreto) gamosaxulebas axasiaTebs
da Semdeg ambobs: `im xatis siswor maRla kedelSi ori wiTeli iagun-
di zis. xaxulis RvTis mSoblis Tvals ufrosi aris da ukeTesica. da
yviTeli da TeTri iagundi, didrovani, uricxvi~ [90gv. B117].
1713 wels xaxulis xati gelaTis monasterSi iyo dasvenebuli. SemorCenili gvaqvs imereTSi ruseTis elCebis, toloCanovisa da ievlevis aRwera, 1650 wlisa: `yovlad wmidis RvTismSoblis xati, welzeviT gamosaxuli, xelebgawvdenili uflisa mimarT ise, rogorc iwereba vedrebaSi. Zvirfasad Semkuli da gasaocari~ (amiranaSvili 1972: 16). vaxuStic wers, `aqa ars yovlad
wmidis xati xaxulis RvTismSobeli, luka maxareblis daxatuli... da Semkuli ZÂrfasiTa qvebiTa aRmaSenebelisa da Tamar
mefisaTi~ (vaxuSti 1973: 753, 18). sruliad SesaZlebelia, sabas
grigol kaTalikosTan stumrobis drosac enaxa xati. CvenTvis
ucnobia Tu kerZod romeli Tvali igulisxmeba `RvTis mSoblis
TvalSi~. karedi demetre I-is periodSi SeuqmniaT. xati 1859
wels gaiZarcva, daikarga Tavad minanqriT Semkuli RvTismSoblis vedrebis xati. savaraudod Tvali Tavad xatze iyo da ara
karedze (SesaZloa Senawir nivTebs Sorisac iyo). xaxulis mopa-
336
ruli xatis adgili 1865 wels rusuli ferweruli asliT SeuvsiaT, Tumca mogvianebiT, roca minanqris fragmentebi rusi koleqcioneris, m. botkinis koleqciaSi ipoves, naxati isev minanqriT SeucvliaT (XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi RvTismSoblis vedrebis minanqris fragmentebi sabWoTa mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT TbilisSi dabrunebula). mkvlevari r. yenia Tavis monografiaSi wers: `xati rom mTlianad minanqriT yofiliyo Sesrulebuli, maSin axal xats mTlianad ferweriT Seasrulebdnen, Cveni
azriT, xati Tavdapirvelad WeduriT yofila Sesrulebuli, xolo saxe da xelebi — minanqriT~. SesaZloa Zvirfasi Tvali swored xatis Wedur nawilSi iyo CarTuli.
platon ioseliani Tavis ~Путевые записки по Дагестану~-Si detalurad CamoTvlida saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul 20 sxvadasxva Zvirfas qvas (ioseliani 1862: 81-84) da boloSi dasZenda, rom udidesi
nawili am qvebisa xaxulis xats amkobdao (xats da ara kareds).
platon ioselianis sityviT, xalxSi SemorCa mxolod sami qvis dasaxeleba, romelic RvTismSoblis gamosaxulebas amSvenebda: obola,
kedela, Sedega (ioseliani 1862: 84). aqedan, obola — opalia, Sedega —
obsidiani, kedelas warmomavlobas ioseliani ver xsnis, Tumca ambobs, rom garegnulad Zalian hgavda laJvardis qvas (лазоревый камень28). sami qvis ambavs adasturebs g. wereTelic gelaTis monastris
warwerebis srul aRweraSi (wereTeli 1891: 251).
rozalia — vardua
`am qalaqis mefis qals lozola rqmeoda. Cvenis eniT varduad gamoiTargmneba~ [18gv. B118].
saubaria santa rozaliaze (XII s.). es fragmenti Tamamad SeiZleba
leqsikologebma sabas `sityvis konaSi~ Seitanon, kerZod `Targmani
qveyanaTa da kacTa saxelebisa~-Si da lozolas varduad Targmaneba
sqolios saxiT mainc Casvan lobni-sa da loT-s Soris.
atenuri Rvino
siciliaze: `sadilad erT limenaze mivediT. klde iyo Seka-
fuliviT, diaR, didsa da grZlad migrexils mogrexili. meTevzeni nadirobdnen. aseTi Rvino iyo, atenuris Rvinis msgavsi.
sxvagan ar gvenaxa. im adgilebSi sul kai Rvino iyo~ [123gv. B168].
saba ramdenimejer axsenebs ucxour Rvinoebs, Tumca es erTad-erTi SemTxvevaa, roca igi qarTuls adarebs mas.29 igulisxmeba etnis regioni, sadac vulkanuri warmoSobis kalTebze gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis Rvino dgeba dResac. es regioni Zlieri
wiTeli, sasiamovno vardisferi da TeTri RvinoebiT xasiaTdeboda. albaT swored TeTrebs gulisxmobda saba, roca atenurs
337
adarebda mas. sabas dros atenuri saukeTeso qarTul Rvinod miiCneoda. maSin, garkveul mizezTa gamo, qarTlSi ZiriTadad qarTluri Rvino fasobda da erekles gamefebamde kaxuri Rvino
iseTi popularuli ar iyo. vaxtang VI-sac zvrebis didi nawili
qarTlSi hqonda, kerZod bolnisSi, tkbili ki dasaduReblad
kojorSi ahqondaT xolme (javaxiSvili 1986: 668).
vaxuSti batoniSvils qarTlis meRvineobis lamis arcerTi cnobili mikrozona ar dautovebia aRuniSnavi. atenis Sesaxeb igi werda:
`xeoba ese ars venaxovan-xiliani... ars cixe maRals kldeTa zeda,
naSeni didi, da cixis goris samxriT ars sacivi, viTarca myinvari,
sadaca dgeba Rvino warCinebuli... damCxeralodan tfilisamde,
mtkuris kerZo mTamde, ars nayofieri... xili da venaxi mravalni;
Rvino aqauri umjobesi yovlisa qarTlisa, da umetes atenuri
yovelTa saqarTvelos RvinoTa~ (vaxuSti 1073: 345-17-21).
atenuri e.w. klasikur mogudul Rvinod iTvleba (mas bunebriv cqriala Rvinosac uwodeben). zogierTi enologis mixedviT,
atenuris dasamzadeblad yurZens gvian krefdnen, sicivis dadgomis gamo duRili bolomde ar midioda, RvinoSi narCundeboda
cotaodeni Saqari da naxSirorJangiT Rvinis gaJRenTvis gamo
igi cqrialis TvisebebiT xasiaTdeboda (iyo SemTxvevebi, roca
gazafxulze agrZelebda Rvino duRils). Saqrisa da naxSirorJangis SenarCunebis mizniT atenis xeobaSi, maRlob adgilas specialurad iyo mowyobili qvevrebi, sadac bunebriv sicives iyenebdnen (`sacivi, viTarca myinvari, sadaca dgeba Rvino warCinebuli~) da am adgils dRemde sacivi hqvia.
yanduralovisa da 19-e saukunis sxva avtorebis sityviT, atenis xeobaSi ZiriTadad qarTluri (goruli) mwvanes, Tavkverisa
da budeSuris jiSebi modioda da zogierTis Tanaxmad Zveli
atenuri mxolod budeSuridan dgeboda. ufro gavrcelebul variantebSi Cinuri da goruli mwvane figurirebs erTad, romelsac meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi mcireodeni aligotec emateboda.
ufliscixe
maltis pirvel STabeWdilebebSi vkiTxulobT: `zRvis pirs erTi kldea vake. uflis cixis msgavsi, advili saWreli~ [126gv. B172].
sabas mogzaurobidan 30 wlis Semdeg, vaxuSti batoniSvili ase
aRwerda mis Tanadroul ufliscixes: `aSurians zeiT ars ufliscixe, kuernaqis gamokidebulis kldis gorasa zeda, mtkuris kidesa,
romeli aRaSena pirvelad uflos, Zeman qarTlosisaman, da iyo
qalaqi Cingisamde; aw ars Semusrvili. aramed Senoba ucxo, kldisagan gamokueTili; palatni did-didni, qandakebulni kldisaganve;
gÂirabi CaxvretiT Cakafuli mtkuramd[e], didi. dasavliT aqus
qarafi maRali, da mas Sina gamokueTilni quabni mraval-didni, ara-
338
med aw Seual ars, aqa ars buzni. gamosuli ixilvebis spa-laSkarni
SubosanmSvildosanni, cxenosanni, galaSkrebulni, niSvnen misnobad
da uwodeben ufliscixes~. SesaZloa vaxuStis swored am citatis
gamo ivarauda erT-erTma Tanamedrove istorikosma: `Tavdapirveli
misi funqcia [ufliscixis], marTalia, Seicvala, magram raRac qveynidan izolirebuli Temi, `warmarTuli~ Temi iq mainc cxovrobs XVIII
saukuneSic ki~ (yifiani 2002: 23).
tyveebi, afxazebi
saba maltelebis vaJkacobas aRwers da gviambobs TaTrisTvis
warTmeul tyveebTan Sexvedris ambavs: `qarTvelnic vnaxe: zogi
afxazi, zogi imereli, guruli, megreli, rom TaTrisaTvis waerTmiaT. ena isev karga icodnen. afxazma ratom icoda, is gamikvirda, qarTuli!~ [129gv. B177]. da ramdenime dRis Semdeg: `me rom mivel, tyve Tormeti aTasi Tqves. da as da Svidi Cemobas moiyvanes.
rasac qristianebs daaxeleben, ar daatyveeben: Tu unda gauSveben, Tu unda Seinaxven. TaTari tyved hyolodaT. erTi afxazi,
oTxi gurieli, erTi gugunava sexnias Svili iyo. dedakacebic gurieli, megreli darComodaT. kais pativiT inaxevdnen~ [140 gv. B192].
XVIII saukunis dasawyisis erTi italieli mogzauris, qsaverio
glavanis cnobiT (glavani 1893: 37), imereTsac da samegrelosac
xanebi marTavdnen, magram sujukidan (novorosiiski) samegrelomde
25 afxazi bei cxovrobso da isini marTaven mxareso.30 sainteresoa
maSindeli samurzayanos statusic. 1866-1887 wlebs Soris, general
konstantine muxran-batonis mier Sedgenil CanawerebSi naTqvamia,
rom XVII-XVIII saukuneebis mijnaze samurzayano jer kidev samegrelos nawils warmoadgenda da afxazeTis mTavarma, jiquSia SarvaSiZem waarTva igi dadians da samflobelod misca Tavis Zmas, yvapus,
romlisganac, rogorc muxraneli ambobs, momdinareobs samurzayanoSi mcxovrebi yvela SarvaSiZis gvari. meore mxriv, mixeil voroncovisadmi miwerili erTi werilis Tanaxmad, afxazeTis mTavris,
zegnay SarvaSiZis Svilebs, rostom, jiquSia da yvapu SarvaSiZeebs
erTmaneTs Soris daunawevrebiaT bzifsa da engurs Soris moqceuli
miwawyali (tuRuSi 2001: 27).
sabas elCobis erT-erTi mTavari mizani afxazeTis mxaris
warmarTTa moqcevacaa. riSari werda: `afxazeTSi... warmarTebi
arian da mezobladac warmarTi Cerqezebi hyavT~. maSin am mxareSi mogzaurobac Zalze saxifaTo iyo. ukve saqarTvelos sazRvrebs moRweul sabas eubneba megzuri: `afxazi aSlilia,
meSiniano~ [149gv, B203].
rogorc am fragmentSic vkiTxulobT, sulxan saba gakvirvebulia afxazebis31 qarTuliT. Cven mogvepoveba XVII-XVIII saukuneebis mijnaze afxazi Tavadebis mier qarTul enaze Sedgenili
339
araerTi piradi werili da minawerebi, Tumca ZiriTadad, mosaxleobam, rogorc Cans, kargad ar icoda qarTuli.
calke sakiTxia tyveebis syidva, romelic im periodSi mTels
saqarTveloSi iyo gavrcelebuli. marTalia vaxtang VI-m ramdenime wlis manZilze `moSala tyÂs syidva~, magram es RonisZiebebi
droebiTi iyo. problema gansakuTrebiT dasavleT saqarTvelos
exeboda, sadac, rogorc misioneri riSari wers: `saubedurod
Cveulebad aqvT erTmaneTi TaTrebs mihyidon xolme~. am epizodis garda sabas sxva drosac araerTxel Sexvedrian qarTveli
tyveebi. yvelaze bolos aseTi Sexvedra xofasTan moxda: `zRvis
pir cota xani vleT. agviRelda zRva da oriv navi erTmaneTs
mosxlita. imaTi navi xofas gaagdo da Cveni navi imas qveiT. iq metyve TaTrebi iyvnen, imereTidan tyveebi mihyuandaT konstantinopoles dasasyidlad~ [149gv, B203].
abaziani
4 noembers sulxan saba waiyvanes maltis naTlismcemlis eklesiaSi, sadac naxa `yelsakidi iudas aRebulis vercxlisagan.
ori, TiTo abazistoli iqneboda~ [135gv. B-185].
maSindeli qarTuli vercxlis abazi 7,10-7,38 grams iwonida.
sabas leqsikonSi igi ganmartebulia rogorc `oTxi Sauri,
ormoci foli~. yvelaze mcire fuladi erTeuli (TeTri) XVIII
saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, narevi vercxlis 0,035 gr. vercxls
Seicavda, Sauri Seicavda 50 TeTrs, abazi — 200-s (qoiava 1962:
20). saerTod am periodSi qarTlSi gabatonebuli iyo Tvlis e.w.
decimaluri sistema, romelic gamoisaxeba rigiT: 5-10-20-50-100.
arsebobda spilenZis `fuli~, `ori fuli~, vercxlis Sauri,
uzalTuni, abazi, eqvsi Sauri da marCili (qoiava 1962: 22). abazi
maSin yvelaze gavrcelebuli fulis erTeuli yofila da vin
icis, SesaZloa is fuli, romelic sabas valebisTvis misma Tbiliselma `davrdomilma naTlidedam~ kardakar siaruliT agrova [152gv. B207-208], swored abaz-abaz Segrovda. maSin fulis erTeulebis Tvla decimaluri sistemis mixedviT mimdinareobda,
monetebi ki kvartaluri sistemis mixedviT iWreboda (1-2-4-816). saerTod sulxan-saba araerTxel axsenebs fuls, qarTul da
ucxour fulis erTeulebs. xan imis detalur aRwerasac gvTavazobs Tu ramdeni gadaaxdevines Tormetiod kvercxSi, cota
axal lobiosa da erT kiborCxalaSi (`eqvs fluris Txova dagviwyes. Zliv xuTs marCils dagvjerdnen~ [6gv. B1]), zogjer ki
adgilobriv fulis erTeuls udarebs qarTuls (`erTi skuti
oTxi abazia~ [95gv. B125]). xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca saba mgzavrobis Rirebulebas gvacnobs, aseve amaTuim sasuliero piris
mier gaRebuli fuladi wyalobis odenobas an Tavis danaxarjebs.
340
teqstis dasasruls ki detalurad vgebulobT, Tu ramdeni marCili waarTves mas gonioSi, CxalaSi da artanSi. erT-erTi yvelaze
didi Tanxa, rac `mogzaurobaSia~ dasaxelebuli, ra Tqma unda
vaxtang VI-is gamosasyidi sesxia, 20 000 Tumani32 (300 000 ekiu).
SeniSvnebi:
1. es abzaci gabriel gelovans ekuTvnis, am `istoriuli eqspediciis~ erT-erT
monawiles. maSin sabasTan da vaxtang VI-sTan erTad aTas oTxasi Tavad-aznauri da
samRvdelo midioda ruseTSi. citata mogvyavs giorgi leoniZis narkvevidan
(leoniZe 1940: 104-105).
2. XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi geografiuli sakiTxebi detalurad mimoixila d.
donduam, Tumca cxadia Tanamedrove wakiTxva bevri ramiT gansxvavebuli iqneboda
50 wlis winandelze. amas isic adasturebs, rom am statiaze muSaobisas, romelic
ar isaxavda miznad geografiuli kuTxiT teqstis ganxilvas, bevri axali saintereso ram aRmoCnda, rac d.donduas naSromSi gaTvaliswinebuli araa.
3. ponSantrenisadmi miweril werilSi sulxan-saba werda: `batoni iTandan
(intendanti) didebuli marcilias rom aris... saqarTvelos saqmeebi musu riSariT
dagvawerina, da gaaxloT~. samwuxarod, marselSi Sedgenilma memorandumma d’arnus `mouclelobis~ gamo droze ver CaaRwia luvrSi, sabasa da ludovik XIV-is
SexvedrisTvis. sabam d’arnus gadasca aseve saqarTvelos ruka.
4. goridan antibamde marSruti sxvadasxva wyaroebisa da varaudebis mixedviTaa
aRdgenili, antibidan Tbilisamde gzas ki sabas teqstis mixedviT `mivyvebodiT~.
5. saba swored gorSi Sexvda patr riSars da albaT aqve miiRo gadawyvetileba,
evropaSi gahyoloda misioners.
6. konkretulad sad Sexvdnen saba da riSari samegrelos kaTalikoss, grigols,
ucnobia. XVI saukunis II naxevridan dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis
rezidencia biWvinTidan gelaTSi iyo gadmotanili. vaxuStis mixedviT, senakSic
yofila afxazTa kaTalikosis `sayofeli~ (vaxuSti 1973: 777, 9-11). patri don ioseb mari
Zampi, XVII saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi odiSis kaTalikoss gaenaTels uwodebs (Genacelle).
7. misioneri riSaris werilis Tanaxmad, `samegrelosa da sxva provinciebis patriarqi Sav zRvamde wamogvyva~-o (TamaraSvili 1902: 312). odiSSi, imdroindel
foTis garda `navsadgurobisaTÂs~ moiazreboda anakliac da yulevic (kemxeli,
mogv. redut-kale).
8. 1940 wlis gamocemis komentatori, s. iordaniSvili arasworad aigivebs am
adgils franJisTan (Frangy), romelic ronis alpebSi mdebareobs da zemo savoias
miekuTvneba (ix. komentari 1940 wlis gamocemaSi, 180 gv.).
9. am toponimis (limonilo) gaswvriv carielia grafebi d. donduas mier
Sedgenil cxrilSi.
10. giorgi leoniZe s.s.-s alikornSi SecdomiT gulisxmobs lokarnos, qalaqs
SveicariaSi (leoniZe 1940: 95).
11. am periodSi sparseTisken mimavali gza swored metexis cixeze gadioda.
12. TemasTan dakavSirebiT ix. ivane javaxiSvilis, masalebi qarTveli eris
materialuri kulturis istoriisaTvis. Tb. 1962, 3-203 gv.
13. dadianoba mas 1701-1706 wlebs Soris unda mieRo.
14. Sdr. baSi-aCuki. Turqulad TavSiSvels niSnavda da am konkretul SemTxvevaSic imerlebi unda igulisxmebodnen, anu megrelebis mezoblad, rionis napiras
mosaxle xalxi.
15. am TemasTan dakavSirebiT ar SeiZleba ar vaxsenoT nikifore irbaxi (ColoyaSvili), romelmac dawyebiTi ganaTleba romSi miiRo, 1626-1629 wlebSi ki sagan-
341
gebo misiiT moiara dasavleT evropis qveynebi, rogorc Teimurazis elCma. s. iordaniSvili sabas teqstis winasityvaobaSi axsenebs vinme gelovans, romelic XVI
saukuneSi iuridiul mecnierebebs swavlobda neapolis universitetSi. garda
amisa, XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi, romSi, urbanos kolejSi qarTveli axalgazrdebis gagzavnis Sesaxeb wers mixeil TamaraSvilic.
16. wminda petres moedani igulisxmeba.
17. yabaxis Sesaxeb ix. aseve (ioseliani 1866: 266).
18. pl. ioseliani ratomRac 1764 wels asaxelebs am TariRad.
19. wignSi saba araerTxel aRwers biblioTekebs, magaliTad, saba romeliRac
kardinalis biblioTekaze wers: `erTs kardinals erTi sawigno saxli aeSenebina.,
didi da patiosani. da kedlis Ziris Ziridam maRla Tavamdi oTxgniTve wigni ewyo,
uangariSo da mravali, rom vinc magisTana kaci iyos, wignis syidva ar SeeZlos, iq
mivides da rac wigni unda, ikiTxos. miarTmides rasac xans ikiTxevda da gareT ver
gaitanda~ [27gv, B30-31].
20. romelic, sxvaTa Soris, evropidan dabrunebis Semdeg mwvaved daupirispirda
Tavisi Zmis aRmzrdels (leoniZe 1940: 102)
21. Tumca ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrisadmi, golovinisadmi gagzavnil
werilSi arCil II jer kidev 1703 wels adasturebs xazgasmiT, rom TbilisSi ukve
moqmedebda mcire stamba.
22. rogorc zogierTi mecnieri varaudobs, am dros qarTuli stamba unda
yofiliyo konstantinepolSic.
23. Sdr. `Sah-ismail <...> Semovida, Semusrna xatni da jvarni da ganZarcva sionis
RvTismSoblis xati da STaagdo mtkuarsa Sina (romeli Semdgomad hpova batonman
levan, naTluRis Walasa Sina), moswyÂdna qalaqi da tyue yvna~ (vaxuSti 1973: 399, 14). sxvaTa Soris, qarTul istoriografiaSi 1522 wlis Semosevis Sesaxeb erTiani
azri ar arsebobs. n. berZeniSvils es ambavi realur faqtad miaCnda (berZeniSvili,
305), zogis azriT ki, Sah-ismaili saqarTveloSi arasdros yofila (d. kacitaZe, r.
kiknaZe). amaSi eWvi epareboda Tavad vaxuStisac da SesaZlo molaSqred Sah-ismailis spaspets, devals asaxelebda sqolioSi: `me vgoneb devals umetes WeSmarits,
vinadgan Sah-ismail xonTqris brZolas ukan aRar laSkrobda~ (vaxuSti 1973: 397, sq.).
24. xatis detaluri aRwera ix. (ioseliani 1866: 114-117).
25. Sdr. niko CubinaSvilTan, `amiantos _ kldis qua esoden lbili, romel
daisTvis babmbasaviT, xolo nasTi anu naqsovi misi ar daiwvis cecxlTa Sina, горный
или каменный лен~.
26. leqsikonze muSaobis sami etapis Sesaxeb ix. (quTaTelaZe 1959: 236)
27. saubaria Santa Casa di Loreto-ze, dasavluri qristianuli samyaros erT-erT
umniSvnelovanes siwmindeze, qoxze, romelSic mariam RvTismSobels exara macxovris Soba. es qoxi XIII saukuneSi gadmoutaniaT italiaSi, q. loretoSi.
28. ratomRac pl. ioselianTan laJvardis qvas laTinur saxelad Cianus Orientalis
aqvs miwerili, arada cnobilia, rom am qvas Lapis lazuli hqvia.
29. romSi yofnisas saba iqaur maransac gvixasiaTebs. igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, pirveli qarTveli iyo, visac evropul yaidaze daagemovnebines Rvino: `marani vnaxe
didi da mZlavri. erTis buwinis piri waxsnes. erTis piridam sami rigi Rvino
wamoasxes, samferi. samsav sxvadasxva gemo hqonda~ [92gv. B121]. buwini — sabas
sityvis konaSi ganimarteba rogorc Sewyobili xis WurWeli, kasri.
30. Turquli wyaroebis mixedviT, beebis raodenoba 24-ia.
31. imdroindel frangul teqstebSi saubaria abazebze (des Abazas).
32. Tumani udrida 10 minalTuns, 1 minalTuni 5 abazs da a.S. sabas mogzaurobis
Semdgom, 1717-1718 wlebSi abazi 5,41 gramamde Semcirda, 1748-1749 wlebSi ki ukve
4,60 gr. gaxda. (qoiava 1962: 58.)
342
damowmebani:
amiranaSvili 1972: amiranaSvili S. xaxulis karedi. Tb.: 1972.
beriZe 1947: beriZe v. XVIII saukunis Tbilisi vaxuStis gegmis mixedviT. //
analebi, I, 1947.
beriZe 1977: beriZe T. Zveli Tbilisis gareubnebis istoria. Tb.: 1977.
berZniSvili... 1946: berZeniSvili n., javaxiSvili iv., janaSia s. saqarTvelos istoria. Tb.: 1946.
berZniSvili 1965: berZniSvili m. Tbilisis garegani saxe XVIII saukuneSi. Tb.: 1965.
boWoriSvili 1947: boWoriSvili l. kaxuri Cacma-daxurva — qalis
Cacmuloba. // analebi I, 1947.
gabaSvili 1959: gabaSvili v. sulxan-saba orbeliani rogorc diplomati. //
sulxan-saba orbeliani, 1658-1958. saiubileo krebuli. Tb.: 1959.
gvritiSvili... 1952: gvritiSvili d., mesxia S. Tbilisis istoria. Tb.: 1952.
glavani 1893: Главани К. Описание Черкессии 1729 г. Тф. 1893.
dondua 1959: dondua d. sulxan-saba orbelianis evropaSi mogzaurobis
geografiuli mniSvneloba. // sulxan-saba orbeliani. 1658-1958. saiubileo
krebuli. Tb.: 1959.
vaxuSti 1973: vaxuSti batoniSvili. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. Tb.: 1973.
TamaraSvili 1902: TamaraSvili m. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris. namdvilis sabuTebis SemotaniTa da ganmartebiT XIII saukunidgan vidre
XX saukunemde. tf.: 1902.
ioseliani 1990: ioseliani a. qarTuli mwignobrobis, wignisa da stambis
istoriis sakiTxebi (uZvelesi droidan XIX s. 60-ian wlebamde). Tb.: 1990.
ioseliani 1862: Иосселиани Пл. Путевые записки по Дагестану в 1861 году. Тф.: 1862.
ioseliani 1866: Иосселиани Пл. Описание древностей Тифлиса. Тф.: 1866.
kacitaZe 1964: kacitaZe d. iran-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan.
Tsu, Sromebi, t. 108, 1964.
kiknaZe 1966: kiknaZe r. hasan rumlus cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tb.: 1966.
langi 1950: Lang D.M. Georgian relations with France During the Reign of Wakhtang
VI.// Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, ¾, 1950.
leoniZe 1940: leoniZe g. sulxan-saba orbeliani. // Ziebani qarTuli
literaturis istoriidan. 1940.
nakaSiZe 1896: Накашидзе Е. Очерк виноградарства и виноделия В Гурии и Мингрелии//
Сборник сведений по виноградарству и виноделию на Кавказе. Вып. IV. Тф. 1896.
Jordania 1897: Jordania T. qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa da mwerlobisa. tf.: 1897.
tabaRua 1965: tabaRua i. sulxan-saba orbelianis elCoba safrangeTSi. Tb.: 1965.
tuRuSi 2001: tuRuSi a. afxazeTis samTavros warmoSobis drois sakiTxisaTvis. zug.: 2001.
qoiava 1962: qoiava n. fulis mimoqceva, krediti da finansebi XVIII saukunis
qarTl-kaxeTSi. Tb.: 1962.
quTaTelaZe 1959: quTaTelaZe l. sulxan-saba orbelianisa da vaxtang VI-is
leqsikografiuli urTierTobisTvis. // sulxan-saba orbeliani, 1658-1958.
saiubileo krebuli. Tb.: 1959.
yenia 1972: yenia r. xaxulis RvTismSoblis xatis karedis moWediloba. Tb.: 1972.
yifiani 2002: yifiani g. ufliscixe. Tb.: 2002.
wereTeli 1891: Церетели Г. Е. Полное собрание надписей на стенах и камнях и
приписок к рукописям Гелатского монастыря.// "Древности". Труды Восточной
комиссии.Т. 1. Вып. 2. 1891 М.: 1891.
javaxiSvili 1986: javaxiSvili iv. saqarTvelos ekonomiuri istoria//
Txzulebani, t. V. Tb. 1986.
343
ivane amirxanaSvili
sulxan-saba orbeliani _ ganmanaTleblobisa da
enciklopedizmis ideebis mkvlevari
sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonma Tavidanve moipova maRali socialuri statusi. mas gamouCndnen gadamwerebi, redaqtorebi, komentatorebi, kritikosebi da, raRa Tqma unda, Tayvanismcemlebi. magaliTad, arsebobs cnoba, rom poeti besik gabaSvili gansakuTrebuli pietetiT epyroboda qarTul leqsikons.
ioane batoniSvili wers: `mouTxroben amisTvis, romel scodnodes zepirad mTlad leqsikoni qarTuli~ (kekeliZe 1987: 384).
aSkaraa, rom sulxan-sabas leqsikografiul Sromas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. masSi xedaven gacilebiT mets, vidre ubralo leqsikonSi SeiZleba Candes. laparaki ar aris raRac
sakralur Sreebze, ubralod, avtoris farTo Tvalsawieri da
interesTa mravalmxrivoba TavisTavad qmnis gansxvavebulobis
efeqts da es sxva araferia, Tu ara enciklopedisturi xasiaTi.
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom roca daviT reqtorma (aleqsiSvilma) sulxan-sabas leqsikons redaqtireba gaukeTa, ise gadaamuSava es wigni, rom enciklopediuri xasiaTi misca (beriZe
1936: 310).
ori azri ar arsebobs imis Taobaze, rom sityvis kona ar aris
wminda wylis leqsikografiuli Sroma. masSi aSkarad SeiniSneba
enciklopediuri `minarevebi~, rac SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos.
rogorc Cans, avtori Segnebulad irCevs am gzas. xSirad ganmartebiTi principebidan mimoxilviT stilze gadadis, riTac uaxlovdeba enciklopedizmis ideebs.
sulxan-saba orbelianis samecniero Tvalsawieri sakmaod
farToa saimisod, rom mxolod leqsikografiuli an Tundac
leqsikologiuri kvleviT Semoifarglos.
mas muSaobis dros xelT ar hqonia im drois saukeTeso evropuli leqsikonebi. igi aRzrdili iyo Zvel qarTul tradiciul literaturaze, magram, miuxedavad amisa, Tavisi Teoriul-praqtikuli principebiT axlos dgas franguli leqsikografiuli skolis tradiciebTan.
Sromis sawyis etapze ucxo wyaroebidan icnobda mxolod
somxur bargirqs, sakuTar saxelTa sityvars, magram es Teoriul saxelmZRvanelod ar gamodgeboda.
mogvianebiT, sazRvargareT mogzaurobisas, stambolSi, safrangeTis despanTan erTwliani stumrobis dros, upovia da
gamouyenebia laTinuri da berZnuli leqsikonebi.
amis Sesaxeb sulxan-saba leqsikonis SesavalSic wers: `me
uwinares laTinuri da elenuri leqsikoni ver vnaxe, Tvara
344
ukeTesis rigiT aRvwerdi. mas ukan vnaxe da zogi ram imiT
gavmarTe~ (orbeliani 1991: 29). mas Sromis dawyebamde SeumuSavebia mecnieruli meTodologia. lili quTaTelaZis dakvirvebiT, leqsikonSi Caqsovilia avtoris ara marto enaTmecnieruli
codna, aramed fsiqologiur-filosofiuri Sexedulebebic
(quTaTelaZe 1957:16).
sagulisxmoa Salva nucubiZis mosazreba, gamoTqmuli leqsikonis filosofiuri nakadis ganxilvis dros: `wminda filosofiur namuSevars sabas nawarmoebTa Soris warmoadgens udavod
misi leqsikoni, romelic Tavisi xasiaTiTa da SinaarsiT qarTul
filosofiur warsulTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli. es xasiaTi
gamoixata imaSi, rom s.s. orbelianis leqsikoni sityvebis ubralo ganmartebas ar warmoadgens da im droisaTvis misawvdomi
enciklopediis elementebs Seicavs~ (nucubiZe 1985: 243-244).
magaliTad, aviRoT leqsikonis geografiuli mxare. am Sinaarsis terminebi aSkarad enciklopediuri TvalsazrisiT aris
warmodgenili. axsnilia mniSvnelovani geografiuli terminebi
da mocemulia msoflios mravali qveynisa da dasaxlebuli punqtis koordinatebi. mkiTxveli ecnoba reliefis formis gamomxatvel, klimatur, hidrografiul, niadagur da geobotanikur
cnebebs, agreTve wiaRiseuli simdidreebis dasaxelebebs
(zardaliSvili 1966: 34).
geografiuli mecnierebis TvalsazrisiT, saintereso wignia
`mogzauroba evropaSi~, romelSic sulxan-saba warmodgenilia
rogorc geografiis kompetenturi mkvlevari. igi akvirdeba
gavlil adgilebs, aRwers geografiis calkeul elementebs, axasiaTebs bunebriv pirobebs; politikur, socialur, samxedrosatransporto gzebs, kulturis Zeglebs, xalxis zne-Cveulebebs. Cven winaSea enciklopediuri codniT SeiaraRebuli mogzauri, romelic yvelafers analitikosis TvaliT uyurebs.
sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi Sesuli geografiuli
terminologiis ganxilvisas specialistebi aRniSnaven avtoris
farTo TvalTaxedvas da interesTa siRrmes.
`sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonis geografiuli masala, _
wers koba xaraZe, _ TvalnaTliv migvaniSnebs, rom XVII saukunis
saqarTveloSi sakmao pirobebi yofila geografiuli mecnierebis Seswavla-ganviTarebisaTvis, rac axal simaRleze aiyvanes
vaxtang meeqvsem da vaxuSti bagrationma. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
sulxan-saba orbelianis mier Sedgenili leqsikoni Taviseburi
enciklopediacaa, romelSic sakmao nawili geografiul terminologias eTmoba~ (xaraZe 2010: 86-87).
sagulisxmoa leqsikonSi Sesuli ekonomikuri terminologiis analizi. arsebobs mosazreba, rom sulxan-saba orbelianma Ca-
345
uyara safuZveli qarTuli ekonimikuri terminebis saTaveebs
(CantlaZe 1959: 4).
leqsikonSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva soflis meurneobis, kerZod, miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebisTvis saWiro iseT
fizikur-geografiul faqtorebs, rogorebicaa klimati da
wyali. enciklopediuri specifikiT aris mocemuli terminologia mecxoveleobis dargidan. Sinaur cxovelTa ganmartebebi
araCveulebrivi sizustiT, siRrmiTa da saxesxvaobiT aris mocemuli (gurgeniZe 1959: 66).
sulxan-sabas mier ganmartebul terminebs didi mniSvneloba
aqvs saxalxo meurneobisa da ekonomikuri azrovnebis istoriis
SeswavlisaTvis. zogi terminis ganmarteba Seicavs leqsikonis
avtoris azrs sakiTxis Sesaxeb da garkveulwilad mis msoflmxedvelobazec mianiSnebs (qoiava 1959: 228).
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom leqsikonSi Sedis aTasze meti zoologiuri termini, romelTa umravlesoba saqmis Rrma codniTa da
xatovnad aris ganmartebuli.
SesaZloa gasakviri sulac ar iyos is faqti, rom sulxan-saba
Tavis leqsikografiul SromaSi axasiaTebs saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-kulturul da ekonomikur yofa-cxovrebas, magram
uTuod sayuradReboa, rom am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli sityvebi, terminebi, cnebebi da maTi ganmartebebi enciklopedisturi TvalTaxedviT aris warmodgenili.
enciklopediuri xasiaTi sulxan-sabas leqsikons onomastikurma da toponimikurma erTeulebmac SesZina.
aSkarad ikveTeba TargmniTi tendenciebic. qarTul sityvebs
zog SemTxvevaSi ucxo Sesatyvisebic aqvs miwerili, magaliTad,
Turquli, somxuri, italiuri.
ra mizniT Semoaqvs avtors ucxo Sesatyvisebi? ilia abulaZis
azriT, aq mizani erTia _ saswavlo interesebi (abulaZe 1998: 27).
sulxan-saba yvelanairad cdilobs terminTa adaptirebas qarTul kulturul konteqstTan, masalas SeZlebisdagvarad amartivebs, raTa advili aRsaqmeli iyos. wers kidec: `saadviloni
aRvweren, raTa iswaon ena qarTuli, Sesrulebuli da ganvrcelebuli farnavaz qarTvelTa pirvelisa mefisa mier, brZnisa da
gonierisa~ (orbeliani 1991: 28). vgoneb, es sxva ara aris ra, Tu
ara enciklopedisturi msoflmxedveloba.
enciklopedizmi TavisTavad gulisxmobs ganmanaTleblobas.
rogorc cnobilia, ganmanaTleblobis ideologiis CamoyalibebaSi didi roli iTamaSa ,,enciklopediam”, romlis momzadebas
xelmZRvanelobdnen didro da dalamberi. maTTan TanamSromlobdnen volteri, ruso, holbaxi, helveciusi da sxva cnobili
moazrovneebi. maT TavianTi statiebiT ideologiis saxe misces
imas, rac manamde calkeuli mosazrebebis saxiT arsebobda. am
346
moazrovneebs enciklopedistebi uwodes ara marto imitom, rom
franguli enciklopedia Seqmnes, aramed imitomac, rom maTi
saazrovno stili enciklopedisturi iyo, nergavdnen farTo,
mravalmxrivi ganaTlebis kults. am gziT ganviTarda sulxansabas azrovnebac. marTalia, es moxda cota ufro adre, magram
mTavaria, rom arsebobs tipobrivi Tanxvedra, msoflmxedvelobrivi gradaciis erTiani, msgavsi xazi.
aqve ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos erTi detalic. `swavlul
kacTa komisia~, romelic vaxtang meeqvsem Seqmna, raRaciT mogvagonebs frangi enciklopedistebis jgufs. raze muSaobdnen
`swavluli kacebi~? es is Temebia, romlebic enciklopedistebsac ainteresebdaT _ istoria, geografia, kartografia, samarTali, administraciul-sameurneo wesdebuleba, saeklesio
sabuTebi da sxva.
ra Tqma unda, aq saubaria ara analogiaze, aramed azrovnebis
suliskveTebaze, romelSic saerTo niSnebic Cndeba.
enciklopedias safrangeTSi ganmanaTleblobis kodeqsi uwodes.
saqarTveloSi ganmanaTleblobis kodeqss sulxan-saba qmnis
Tavisi SemoqmedebiT.
evropuli ganmanaTleblobis msgavsad, sulxan-sabac fiqrobs harmoniul sazogadoebaze, romlis safuZvels da sayrdens warmoadgens moqalaqe da misi zneobriv-politikuri cnobiereba. ram SeiZleba gaaneitralos adamianis Tandayolili
egoizmi? ra Tqma unda, aRzrdam. moqalaqe unda aRizardos. aRzrda _ es aris yvelaze sando gza sazogadoebis harmonizaciisaken. unda gaibas kavSiri xelovnebasa da zneobriobas Soris.
epoqis eTikuri problemebi unda gaixsnas personaJTa saxeebSi,
eTikurisa da esTetikuris gadakveTaze.
codnis gavrceleba masebSi, gardamqmneli ideebis Setana
moqalaqeebSi da moralisturi paTosi, riTac gamoirCeva evropuli ganmanaTlebloba, SeiniSneba sulxan-sabas rogorc mxatvrul, ise homiletikur nawarmoebebSi. `sibrZne sicruisaze~
rom araferi iTqvas, ganmanaTlebluri suliskveTebiT aris ganmsWvaluli `swavlani~.
pirovnebis aRzrda, sazogadoebis moraluri gajansaReba
`swavlanis~ mTavari motivia. sulxan-sabas aRzrdis Teoria _ es
aris aRzrdis humanisturi koncefcia.
garda ideuri Sexvedrebisa, esTetikur paralelebzec SeiZleba saubari. wignSi `sibrZne sicruisa~ gamoyenebulia ganmanaTleblobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli alegoria, satira, iumori,
ironia, paradoqsi.
sulxan-sabas socialur-politikuri ideebi uaxlovdeba egreT wodebuli `ganaTlebuli absolutizmis~ msoflmxedvelobas, romelic aRiarebs saxelmwifo interesebis uzenaesobas da
347
amtkicebs, rom yvelaferi unda xorcieldebodes saxelmwifos
interesebisTvis.
uTuod am Sexvedrebs gulisxmobda konstantine gamsaxurdia,
romelic werda: `aba orbeliani Tavisi universaluri ganswavlulobiT Zlier mogvagonebs frang enciklopedistebs~
(gamsaxurdia 1956: 107).
marTlac, sulxan-saba orbeliani Tavisi azrovnebis stiliT,
socialuri kriticizmiT, racionalisturi rigorizmiT, logikuri ganazrebebiT, gamoxatvis ubraloebiT qmnis ganmanaTleblobis stils, romelic erTi mxriv evropuli gavlenebidan momdinareobs, meore mxriv ki qarTul-erovnul xasiaTs iZens.
damowmebani:
abulaZe 1998: abulaZe i. sulxan-saba orbelianis `leqsikoni qarTuli~.
Tb.: `merani~, 1998.
beriZe 1936: beriZe v. daviT reqtori _ leqsikografis saba orbelianis
gamgrZelebeli. Tsu Sromebi, I, Tb.: 1936.
gamsaxurdia 1956: gamsaxurdia .In memoriam Saba Orbeliani, kritika, Essays, I,
Tb.: saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1956.
gurgeniZe 1959: gurgeniZe g. sulxan-saba orbelianis `qarTuli leqsikonis~ mniSvneloba saqarTvelos saxalxo meurneobis storiisaTvis. //
sulxan-saba orbeliani, saiubileo krebuli. Tb.: Tsu, 1959.
zardaliSvili 1966: zardaliSvili gr. gamoCenili qarTveli geografebi
da mogzaurebi. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1966.
kekeliZe... 1987: kekeliZe k., baramiZe a. Zveli qarTuli literaturis
istoria. Tsu, 1987.
nucubiZe 1985: nucubiZe S. s.s. orbelianis filosofiuri Sexedulebani.
Sromebi, t.IX, Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1985.
orbeliani 1991: orbeliani s.s. leqsikoni qarTuli. t. I. avtografiuli
nusxebis mixedviT moamzada, gamokvleva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli
daurTo ilia abulaZem. Tb.: `merani~, 1991.
quTaTelaZe 1957: quTaTelaZe l. sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonis
redaqciebi. Tb.: mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1957.
CantlaZe 1959: CantlaZe v. sulxan-saba orbelianis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi. Tb.: saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1959.
xaraZe 2010: xaraZe k. sulxan-saba orbelianis geografiul-kartografiuli memkvidreoba. Tb.: 2010.
348
Tamar lomiZe
klasikuri epistemis cneba da sulxan-saba orbelianis
`sityvis kona~
XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi, qarTul kulturul sivrceSi farTod
gaCaRda leqsikografiuli muSaoba. pirvel etapze, kerZod, 1629
wels romSi daibeWda pirveli qarTuli wigni `qarTul-italiuri leqsikoni~ (`leqsikoni qarTul-italiuri, Sedgenili stefane paolinis mier, wminda basilis beris, qarTveli nikifore
irbaxis daxmarebiT, sarwmunoebis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis misionerTa saxmarad~) da qarTuli anbani locvebiTurT.
leqsikografiuli kvlevis meore etapi ki ukavSirdeba sulxansaba orbelianis saxels.
sulxan sabas `sityvis konaSi~ 20000-mde leqsikuri erTeulia
Sesuli. leqsikonis bolos sabam miawera:
am leqsikonis rigebSi, Tu brZenma damiwunoTa,
Cem dros veZie, ver Sevxvdi, TqvenTanas dasarwmunoTa,
es ra Sevkribe, miqebdnen maSin aw dasamgunoTa,
kurdRlis gamdreksa jorj ZaRlsa ar sdeben saZabuniTa.
aq leqsikoni ar iyo, dacaekargaT qarTvelTa.
ukrZalvelobiT furceli gaebnia ye qarT velTa.
axlad Sevkribe, Sevawyev, Cemi viSrome sul xani,
sabaman orbelianman, vis erad merqva sulxani.
`anderZnamagidan~ vigebT, rom `sityvis konis~ Seqmnamde
saqarTveloSi arsebobda leqsikoni, romelmac ver moaRwia
sabamde: `... qarTulTa enaTa leqsikoni aRara ipoeboda, raTa
JamTa viTarebaTa uCino qmniliyo... vinaidan patiosani ese wigni
dahkargvodaT, ena qarTuli TvisTa nebaTa zeda gaeryvnaT~.
rodis Seiqmna `sityvis kona~?
al. focxiSvilis miTiTebiT, `1685 weli iyo wignis gamoCenis,
e.i. damTavrebis weli... Tumca viciT isic, rom masze avtors
muSaoba ar Seuwyvetia mTeli sicocxlis manZilze, gardacvalebamde~ (focxiSvili 1995: 141).
al. focxiSvili `sityvis konas~ uwodebs `ganmartebiT-universalur leqsikons~, radgan `sityvis
konaSi~
Setanil
leqsikur erTeulTa umetesoba ganmartebiTi leqsikonis principebs pasuxobs, magram masSi uzarmazari masalaa Targmnili
sxvadasxva (Turquli, somxuri, italiuri) enidan da araa mcire
masala iseTi, romelic mxolod enciklopediuri leqsikonisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli~ (focxiSvili 1995:142).
349
rac Seexeba am leqsikonSi sityvaTa ganlagebis wess, amave
mecnieris miTiTebiT, `Taviseburia `sityvis konaSi~ leqsikur
erTeulTa ganlagebis wesi. rogorc cnobilia, leqsikonebSi sityva-formebi lagdebian an anbanur rigze, an anbanur-budobrivze... anbanuri rigi moiTxovs, rom saleqsikono erTeulebi
erTmaneTs mosdevdnen sityvis sawyisi aso-bgeris im rigiT, rogorc mocemul enaSi ganlagebulia anbani... rac Seexeba anbanurbudobriv ganlagebas, igi gulisxmobs anbanur rigsac da fuZeTa
warmoqmnasac. ase, magaliTad, qegl-Si, romelic anbanuri wesiTaa gawyobili, `kac~-is Semdeg modis: kaca, kacad-kaci, kacadkacoba, kacdRe, kacobrivi da sxva, sul 51 erTeuli, maT Soris
kacismkvleli, kacTmZulvareba da sxva, magram ara gvaqvs: sakace, sakacobrio, ukaco, dedakaci da a.S. imis gamo, rom es ukanaskneli sityvebi kan-aso-bgeriT ar iwyeba. anbanur-budobriv
leqsikonSi ki rogorc es ukanasknelni, ise kan-ze dawyebuli 51ve erTeuli erT budeSi moTavsdeboda. Tu am TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT `sityvis konas~, kvlav universalizmTan gveqneba saqme.
marTalia, masSi ZiriTadad sityvebi anbanuri rigis mixedviTaa
dalagebuli, magram igi bolomde daculi araa. anbanuri rigis
gverdiT sabas gamouyenebia e.w. `ganyofilebaTa Semokrebilad
daweris wesi, rac imas niSnavs, rom zogadi sityvis aRmniSvneli
sityvis budeSi gaerTianebulia iseTi sityvebi, romlebic kerZo
cnebebs aRniSnaven, ufro sworad, gvarovnuli cnebis aRmniSvnel budeSi gaerTianebulia masSi Semavali saxeobebi~
(focxiSvili 1995:143-144).
T. bolqvaZis SeniSvniT, `erT dros gaurkveveli iyo, visgan
gadmoiRo an ris mibaZviT SeimuSava sabam is meTodi, romelsac
is iyenebs `zogad sityvaTa~ gansamartavad.~... (bolqvaZe 2005:
106). amave mkvlevris azriT, sulxan-saba orbelianTan ganmartebis erT-erTi saxe _ mTelis nawilebad, zogadis kerZod dayofa
amonios ermisis Txzulebebidan iRebs saTaves (iqve). `aqve unda
aRvniSniT, _ wers mkvlevari, _ VIII saukunis berZeni Teologis,
ioane damaskelis `dialeqtikac~, romlisganac aseve davalebulia sityvaTa logikuri ganmartebis principi orbelianis
leqsikonSi~ (bolqvaZe 2005: 107).
ramdenad kanonzomieri iyo is, rom `sityvis kona~ Seiqmna
swored XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi? rogori iyo zogadi saazrovno
tendenciebi, romlebmac ganapirobes sulxan-saba orbelianis
leqsikonis Seqmna am epoqaSi?
dasaxuli amocana gulisxmobs im cnebis gamoyenebas, romelic Zalze produqtiuli aRmoCnda evropuli kulturisa da
mecnierebis analizisTvis. esaa miSel fukos mier sagangebo mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebuli cneba `epistemisa~.
350
fukos cnobil TxzulebaSi `sityvebi da sagnebi: humanitarul mecnierebaTa arqeologia~ gamokvleulia codnis im sami
sferos ganviTarebis istoria, romlebic XIX saukunis dasawyisisTvis Camoyalibdnen filologiis, politikuri ekonomiisa da
biologiis mecnierebaTa saxiT. am istoriaSi fuko gamoyofs sam
urTierTdamoukidebel SemecnebiT vels anu epistemas (berZn.
`codna~) _ aRorZinebis epoqas, klasikur racionalizms da Tanamedroveobas. TavisTavad, epistema aris struqtura, romelic
gansazRvravs garkveuli Sexedulebebis, koncefciebis, mecnieruli Teoriebis arsebobis SesaZleblobas ama Tu im istoriul
periodSi.
TiToeuli epistemis Sida mimarTebebi fukosTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre am epistemaTa urTierTmimarTebebi. erTaderTi, rac aerTianebs epistemebs, esaa maTi organizebis xerxi:
`sityvebisa~ da `sagnebis~ semiotikur urTierTdamokidebulebaTa esa Tu is tipi, romelic nebismieri periodis kulturaTa
yvela sxva gamovlinebis safuZvels warmoadgens.
aRorZinebis periodSi, fukos mixedviT, funqcionirebda epistema, romelic emyareboda sityvebisa da sagnebis, samyarosa da misi aRmweri teqstebis erTianobas. ena aq samyaros nawilia, xolo samyaro
_ enisa: sityvebi da sagnebi warmoqmnian erTian `teqsts~. ena warmoadgenda sakuTari Tavis uwyvet komentars. samyaro aRiqmeboda,
rogorc niSan-Tvisebebisa da sityvebis xlarTi. amgvarad, ena miiC-
neoda samyaros (nivTieri samyaros) ganuyofel nawilad.
klasikuri racionalizmis epistemaSi sityvebi da sagnebi
emijneba erTmaneTs da maT akavSirebs mxolod azrovneba _
igiveobriobisa da gansxvavebis mimarTebaTa gamovlenis saSualebiT. enis ZiriTad funqciad miiCneva azris reprezentacia,
misi warmodgena. ikargeba enis mTlianoba, ganuyofloba, monoliTuroba. klasicisturi ena ar arsebobs, _ askvnis fuko misTvis damaxasiaTebeli paradoqsuli maneriT, _ magram is funqcionirebs. aq ena iqceva niSanTa avtonomiur sistemad da TiTqmis Tanxvdeba TviT azrovnebasa da codnas.
`klasicistur enaSi, _ wers fuko, _ vlindeba garkveuli damokidebuleba sakuTari Tavisadmi, romelic adre SeuZlebelic iyo da
warmoudgenelic... amieridan amosavali teqsti uferuldeba da
masTan erTad qreba im sityvebis amouwuravi simdidre, romelTa
mdumare yofiereba moniSnuli iyo sagnebze: rCeba mxolod warmodgena, romelic xorcs isxams sityvier niSnebSi _ mis gamovlinebebSi
_ da amis wyalobiT diskursad iqceva. idumalebas metyvelebisa,
romlis interpretaciac unda moaxdinos meore enam, rogorc aRmoCnda, enacvleba warmodgenis arsebiTi diskursuloba: jer kidev
neitraluri da indiferentuli Ria SesaZlebloba, romlis ganxorcielebisa da ganmtkicebisken miswrafebas gamoavlens diskursi,
351
magram rodesac es diskursi Tavis mxriv iqceva enis obieqtad, maSin
aRar kiTxuloben, ras ambobda is odesRac, oRond farulad, rogor
SeeZlo mas, yofiliyo TavisTavSi Caketili ena da faruli metyveleba. qreba miswrafeba, gamovlindes is diadi idumali metyveleba,
romelic imaleba mis niSnebqveS. axla ainteresebT, rogor funqcionirebs is: rogor warmodgenebs gamoxatavs, rogor elementebs
gamoanawevrebs da gamoyofs, rogor axdens analizsa da sinTezirebas,
SenacvlebaTa rogori sqema aZlevs saSualebas, ganamtkicos Tavisi
roli warmiodgenaTa analizSi. komentarma adgili dauTmo kritikas.
es axali mimarTeba... ixilavs enas ise, TiTqos es ukanaskneli
iyos wminda funqcia, meqanizmebis erToblioba, niSanTa diadi
avtonomiuri sistema. magram, imavdroulad, mas ar SeuZlia ar
dasvas sakiTxi enis WeSmaritebisa an mcdarobis Sesaxeb, misi
gamWvirvalebisa da bundovanebis Sesaxeb~ (fuko 1977: 205)
sulxan-sabas `sityvis kona~ _ imis wyalobiT, rom esaa `ganmartebiT-universaluri~ leqsikoni, romelSic gvarovnuli cnebebis aRmniSvnel budeebSi gaerTianebulia maTSi Semavali saxeobebi, miznad isaxavs swored imis gamokvlevas, Tu rogor funqcionirebs ena, rogor warmodgenebs gamoxatavs da rogor elementebs gamoanawevrebs, rogor axdens analizsa da sinTezirebas.
cxadia, rom renesansis epistemis droindeli ena, romelic daunawevrebeli iyo da romelSic vlindeboda mxolod paradigmatuli (msgavsebis) mimarTebebi, ver iqceoda refleqsiis sagnad _
msgavsi, erTgvarovani movlenebi ver ganmartavden erTmaneTs. im
epoqaSi paradigmatulad aRiqmeboda, sazogadod, mTeli samyaroc,
rogorc msgavsebebis sfero. amgvar samyaroSi ganzavebuli ena, ra
Tqma unda, kontinualuria _ rogorc TavisTavTan, aseve _ samyarosTan mimarTebaSi. is aRsaniSnisa da aRmniSvnelis arbitrarulobas ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed, piriqiT _ maT uwyvetobas, erTianobas, msgavsebas. samyaro aRiqmeba, rogorc uwyveti nakadi,
rogorc aradiferencirebuli mocemuloba. aseve aRiqmeba ena.
mxolod maSin, rodesac samyaro da misi nawili _ ena _ iqca
kritikis sagnad, SesaZlebeli gaxda enisave elementebiT enis
arsis gaazreba, iseve, rogorc samyaros elementebiT samyaros
gaazreba. es niSnavda samyarosa da enis danawevrebas diskretul
elementebad. amgvarad, samyaros yoveli nawili renesansis epistemaSi gaiazreba sxva elementis (elementebis) meSveobiT. samyaro adamianis msoflaRqmaSi diskretul mocemulobad iqca. amitomac xdeba SesaZlebeli am epoqaSi enciklopediebisa da ganmartebiTi leqsikonebis Seqmna.
***
azrobrivi eqsperimentis saxiT warmovidginoT, rom sulxan—
sabas moRvaweoba mimdinareobda qronologiurad ufro adreul
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periodSi, magaliTad, renesansul epistemaSi. am epistemaSi, rogorc miuTiTebs m. fuko, sityvebisa da sagnebi warmoqmnidnen
erTian `teqsts~, anu maTi urTierTmimarTeba kontinualuri xasiaTisa iyo. es niSnavs, rom obieqturi samyarosa da masSi mimdinare movlenebis asaxva xdeboda ara imdenad cnobier doneze,
ramdenadac _ adamianis organizmis, rogorc mTlianobis, fiziologiur procesebSi. adamianis mier obieqturi samyaros amgvari asaxvis Taviseburebebi amgvaria: `sxeulis organoebi `ganewyoba iseT cxovelqmedebaze. romelic asaxavs yofierebis sazrisebs da samyaros sayovelTao mniSvnelobis mqone maxasiaTeblebs. esaa yofierebis asaxvis pirveladi cnobierebamdeli done, sadac yalibdeba cnobierebis SesaZleblobis pirobebi: samyaros sivrcul-droiTi aRqmis unari, movlenaTa da saganTa (maTi logikis Sesabamisad) dakavSirebis unari, samyaroSi sakuTari
myofobis gancda. magaliTad, SiSis emocia gadmoicema organoebis enaze oflianobis, xelebis kankalis, gulzidvis da a.S. saxiT. am enaze organoebi `hyvebian~ ara maTSi mimdinare neirofiziologiuri procesebis, aramed organizmis fiziologiur aqtebSi sazogadoebrivad Rirebuli sazrisebisa da sagnobrivi
samyaros kanonzomierebaTa sxvadyofnis Sesaxeb. adamiani ganicdis ara Tavisi neirofiziologiuri procesebis mimdinareobas,
aramed samyaroSi Tavisi myofobis sazrisebsa da mniSvnelobebs,
romlebic am fiziologiur procesebSi da am procesebis meSveobiTaa warmodgenili~ (matiaSi 1988: 24).
ra Tqma unda, renesansul epistemis epoqaSi samyaros amgvari
aRqmis Tavdapirveli etapi ukve ganvlilia _ is emTxveva adamianis istoriis dasawyiss. magram adamianSi fiziologiis ena
yovelTvis `metyvelebs~ da, rogorc Cans, periodulad dominirebul adgils ikavebs samyaros aRqmis modusebSi (gavixsenoT
Tundac rables `gargantua da pantagrueli~, romelSic fiziologiis ena Zalze `xmamaRla~ metyvelebs)
Sesabamisad, Cven mier warmodgenil virtualur leqsikonSi
mocemuli iqneboda SezRuduli raodenobis leqsikuri erTeulebi (vinaidan samyaro adamianis aRqmaSi kontinualuri iyo) da
maTi ganmartebebi tolobiTi xasiaTisa iqneboda, mag., SiSi=kankali, gugebis gafarToeba da a.S.; e.i. garesamyaros fenomenis
asaxsnelad gamoyenebuli iqneboda organizmis reaqciis erTerTi saxeoba. amasTan, amgvari reaqciebis raodenobac SezRuduli gaxldaT. Sesabamisad, samyaros SezRuduli raodenobis movlenaTa gansamartavad gamoyenebuli iqneboda identuri mniSvnelobis mqone mcirericxovani sityvebi da gamoTqmebi, sulxan
sabasTan amgvari sityvebi ase ganimarteba:
`xolo ganiyofebis SiSica eqvsad: mconarebad, kdemulebad,
sircxvilad, gankvirvebad, gancvifrebad da uRonoebad. mcona-
353
rebaÁ vidreme ars SiSi yofadisa moqmedebisa, xolo kdemulebaÁ
SiSi molodebiTa ZagebisaÁTa da keTil ars ese vnebaÁ; xolo sircxvili _ SiSi bilwebisa rasame saqmesa zeda da arca ese usaso
ars cxo(v)rebisagan; da gankvirvebaÁ _ SiSi didisa ocnebisagan;
egreTve gancvifreba _ SiSi uCvevelisa saocrisagan; xolo uRonoeba _ SiSi ganvrdomilebisa; rameTu SegveSinis raÁ, Ãvebul
yofasa uRonoebiTa, amas zeiTi ioane damaskelis wignSi ewera...~.
davakvirdeT, rogoraa ganmartebuli SiSis, rogorc gvareobrivi cnebis, saxeobebi:
`mconareba ars SiSi momavlisa moqmedebisa, romel ars dazareba~;
`kdema (2,15 ruTi) SiSi gmobis molodinsa zeda~;
`sircxÂli (22,10 ezek.) SiSi ubadoTa saqmeTa zeda~;
`gankÂrveba (2, 21 dabad) SiSi didi(sa) ocnebisagan~;
`gancÂfreba... SiSi didi saocrisa rasaganme~...
cxadia, TavisTavad SiSi, rogorc gvareobrivi cneba sulxansabasTan ganumartavia. ganmartebulia mxolod misi saxeobebi.
es imas niSnavs, rom SiSi aq araa gagebuli, rogorc fiziologiuri reaqcia, da, TavisTavad, ganumartav cnebaTa rigs miekuTvneba.
SiSi, dRevandeli gagebiT, rogorc organizmis fiziologiri
reaqcia, gadmoicema sabasTan cnebiT Zrwola:
`Zrwola... Zrwola ars yo(v)elTa SeZrwunebulTa mier TrTolaÁ; xolo TrTola _ anu senisa anu siberiTa Zrwodes; kankali
ars mSiSarisa mier Zrwola; ZagZagi _ sicivisagan ZrwolaÁ;
krkola _ mogonebuli da cudi Zrwola; TaxTaxi _ xis Ãidisa
da cudis sarTulis qaneba; xolo ryeva _ miwis Zrva; xolo qaneba _ xis rtoTa da dakidebulTa rameTa mid-modena~.
SiSis msgavsadaa ganmartebuli sabasTan sicili:
`ganyofani sicilTani ese ars: R i m i l i ars sicili simSvidiT, uÃmo, bageTa oden Seetyobodes: sicili ars mcired Ãmiani
da mdabali; kaSkaSi ars sicili maRali da moÃdomili; kaskasi
ars sicili maRali da wvlili; raxraxi ars sicili maRali da uSveri; TqarTqari ars sicili mravalTagan SeÃmobili; Rincili
ars sicili miwyiv uweso; xolo frustuni, vis ar enebos sicilis
gamoCineba da erTs sacinels saqmezed warscinos da maliad daidumos~. aqac saubaria fiziologiur reaqciaze, romlis ganmarteba araa mocemuli da dasaxelebulia mxolod misi saxeobebi.
`tirili... tirilica esreT ganiyofebian: rameTu c r e m li... ars
uÃmo oden cremlis dena; v a e b a ars avajiTa da keTilis sityviTa
satirals rasme ityodes da cremleodes; g o d e b a ars ÃmakeTilobiTa... zrun-SewuobiT... guli(s) satkivarTa sityvaTa mgosnoba, xolo z r u n i _ Sebaneba misi; q v i T i n i ars mwares tirilze(d)
gul-Sewuxebulisagan ukafio(d) maRali daZaxili. romel ars k o k o
c e b a; s l u k—s l u k i ars gul-amoskvnilisadan suldauReb(e)lad
tirili; w u w u n i ars gul-utkivari. ucremlo. ugvani, undomi reca
354
tirili; bRvriali ars yrmaTa mier maRali cudi tirili; CuxCuxi
ars Cumi da uxmo mwuxarebis tirili. viTarca qvabi a®duRebuli
guliTa; wuwkuni ars mcires lekvisa tirili, xolo wkmuili ZaRlis
tirilad iTqmis~.
`mwuxareba... xolo mwuxarebisa saxeni oTx arian mWmunvareba, urva, Suri da wyaloba. mWmunvareba ukve ars mwuxareba Semqmneli
uÃmoobisa, romel(s)a uwoden STobad; xolo urva_ mwuxareba damamZimebeli da Suri _ mwuxareba ucxosa keTilsa zeda, xolo wyaloba _ mwuxareba ucxosa borotsa da Wirsa zeda~.
aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela emociuri reaqcia rodia ganumartavi, magaliTad, cnebas `gulis-wyroma~ sulxan-saba amgvarad ganmartavs: `gulis-wyromaÁ ars mduRarebaÁ gulis garemosisa sisxlisa fofinebisagan, navRlisa anu aRmRvrevisa misisa qmnili...~
da a.S., Semdeg ki CamoTvlilia guliswyromis saxeobebi `risxvaÁ~. `borga~, `darili~. koncepts sixaruli saba negatiuri
formiT ganmartavs _ rogorc uaryofiTi emociebis arqonas: _
`sixaruli ... ese ars yovlis Wmunvisagan Tavisufleba~.
garkveul konceptTa ganmartebis formis msgavseba SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos. saba ganmartavs zogierTi emociuri reaqciis
saxelebs ise, rogorc isini unda ganmartebuliyo Cvens azrobriv eqsperimentSi _ anu maTi fiziologiuri ekvivalentebis
CamoTvlis meSveobiT: Zrwola = TrTola; an ar ganmartavs maT
(mag., SiSi,sicili, tirili, mwuxareba...).
es bunebrivicaa. rogorc ukve vTqviT, adamianSi fiziologiis ena yovelTvis `metyvelebs~ da es ena uTargmnelia. garda amisa, fiziologiuri reaqciebi da emociebi asaxavs adamianis organizmis kontinualur mimarTebas samyarosTan. ra Tqma unda,
SeuZlebelia misi `Targmna~ racios enaze, radgan isini cnobierebisTvis ucxo, araanalizirebad sferos miekuTvnebian. SesaZlebelia mxolod maTi sivrcesa da droSi sxvadasxvagvarad
gamovlinebuli nairsaxeobebis dasaxeleba, miTiTeba. aqedan
gamomdinare, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom aris konceptebi, romelTa ganmarteba enis doneze SeuZlebelia.
sayuradReboa, rom sulxan-saba, ZiriTadad, ar mimarTavs zogadi cnebebis ganmartebas, aramed _ maT danawevrebas saxeobebad (magaliTad, myofi, gemo, Tqma da sxv.) Sesabamisad, is enobrivi koncefcia, romelsac emyareba `sityvis kona~, gulisxmobs
zogadi cnebebis ganumartavobas (an ganmartebas _ danawevrebis
saSualebiT). amgvarad, zogadi SeiZleba ganimartos misi saxeobebis ganmartebis meSveobiT, sintagmaturad: A= a+b+c+… es,
gansakuTrebiT, Seexeba sxeulis enis damaxasiaTebel cnebebs,
e.i. im cnebebs, romlebic biologiuradaa ganpirobebuli.
biologiurad ganpirobebuli Tandayolili ganumartavi
cnebebis nusxa SeimuSava cnobili semantikuri Teoriis avtor-
355
ma, polonuri warmoSobis avstralielma mecnierma a. veJbickam.
veJbickas Teoriaze aq ar SevCerdebiT. aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom
Tandayolili ganumartavi konceptebis veJbickaseuli nusxa
jerjerobiT ar Seicavs `sxeulis enis~ amsaxvel gamoTqmebs. unda vivaraudoT, rom Tu es nusxa marTlac universaluria, SesaZloa, garkveul epoqebSi mas emateba sxva ganumartavi cnebebic (magaliTad, `sxeulis enis~ Sesabamisi konceptebi), romlebic ganumartavia am epoqebis sazRvrebSi.
***
vikiTxoT, ratom moxda enis gamoyofa kontinualuri samyarosgan klasicizmis epistemaSi? ratom moxda enis danawevreba
_ gadanacvleba diskretulobis polusisken?
TavisTavad, nebismieri konceptis ganmarteba niSnavs diskretulobis Setanas enis kontinualur stiqiaSi. rodesac sulxan-saba
orbeliani amgvarad ganmartavs samyaros: `ese caÁ ars uZravi da
myari garegan sxvaTa caTa~, cxadia, aq mimdinareobs amgvari
procesi: aRsaniSnTan kontinualurad dakavSirebuli koncepti samyaro, gadainacvlebs ra diskretulobis sferoSi, TviTonac nawevrdeba _ cxadia, is aRsaniSni, romlsac miemarTeba koncepti samyaro,
mxolod nawilobriv ifareba ganmartebiT `ese caÁ ars uZravi da
myari garegan sxvaTa caTa~, Tundac imitom, rom erTi konceptis
sazrisi arasodes udris sintagmis sazriss, romelic danawevrebulia, racionalizebulia, ramdenadme transformirebulia. esaa,
rogorc fuko ityoda, mxolod qimera igiveobisa, da ara WeSmariti
igiveoba, radgan pirvelsawyisi koncepti ganmartebaSi warmogvidgeba ara TavisTavad, aramed _ Tavisi sxvadyofnis saxiT. klasicisturi epistemis tendenciac xom aseTia: gamoyos gansxvavebebi, maT
Soris _ gansxvavebebi erTi da imave konceptis SigniT _ da am
konceptis gansxvaveba sakuTari Tavisagan. esaa gza cnebis gaazrebisken _ gvaqvs ori aRsaniSni (bolo magaliTis mixedviT _ erTi
mxriv, samyaro da, meore mxriv, caÁ uZravi da myari garegan sxvaTa
caTa), radgan saleqsikono ganmartebis Semdeg samyaro Seesabameba
ukve or aRsaniSns. erTi maTgani igulisxmeba TviT am konceptSi,
meore ki _ mis sxvadyofnaSi (ganmartebaSi). swored esaa cnebiTi azrovnebis principi: ori aRsaniSnis urTierTSejereba iZleva maTi
ganzogadebisa da cnebiTi gaazrebis SesaZleblobas. es principi kidev ufro mkveTrad vlindeba frangul enciklopediaSi, sadac ganmarteba gacilebiT ufro vrcelia da, amdenad, kidev ufro metad
Sordeba im Sinaarss, romelsac Seicavda Tavdapirvelad enis uwyvet,
kontinualur stiqiaSi CarTuli koncepti (Tundac renesansis
epistemaSi).
esaa sintagmaturobis polusis mier paradigmatulobis sruli
daZleva, rac klasicizmis epistemisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
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niSandoblivia saintereso paraleli, romelic Tavs iCens
sulxan-sabas leqsikonsa da qarTul anbanTqebebs Soris. mTeli
samyaro `sityvis konaSi~ dalagebulia anbanis TanmimdevrobiT, anu
samyaros danawevrebis principad gvevlineba anbani. `anbanTqebebSi~
ki anbanis asoTa ganawileba teqstSi ganapirobebs im efeqts, rom es
teqsti Tvisebriobas icvlis da misi elementebi erTiandebian axal
sistemaSi _ aq ZiriTadi teqstia swored anbani, romelsac fonis
saxiT axlavs poeturi nawarmoebis teqstis danarCeni nawili.
rogorc `sityvis konaSi~, ise qarTul anbanTqebebSi xorcieldeba samyaros an teqstis calkeuli (anbanis asoebiT markirebuli) fragmentebis CamoTvla.
wesrigi, mowesrigebuloba, klasicizmis epistemaSi samyaros
aRqmis formaa. rac Seexeba anbans, misi arsis SemecnebisTvis aseve aucilebelia misi wesrigis, mowesrigebulobis gamovlena. es
imas niSnavs, rom anbanis elementebi unda SevadaroT erTmaneTs.
magram es amocana sakuTriv anbanis farglebSi ganuxorcielebelia _ esaa garkveuli TviTkmari elementebis erToblioba (analogiurad, ricxvTa CamonaTvalSi TiToeuli ricxvi TviTkmaria. Sedareba sxva ricxvebTan SesaZlebelia mxolod ricxvebis
Tvisebriobis Secvlisas _ maTi danawevrebisas; aseve, anbanis
TiToeuli elementi anbanis farglebSi TviTkmaria, SeuZlebelia sxva elementebTan misi Sedareba, anu msgavsebis an gansxvavebis dafiqsireba _ aq, ra Tqma unda, ar vgulisxmobT grafikul msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebs). es amocana SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod maSin, rodesac moxmobil iqneba axali sistema,
romelSic es elementebi urTierTSedarebadi iqneba. aseTi sistemaa anbanTqebis teqsti (an, Tundac, anbanur rigze gawyobili
leqsikoni an enciklopedia), romelSic anbanis TiToeuli elementi axal Tvisebriobas SeiZens _ erTdroulad anbanis elementic iqneba da raRac sxva sistemis elementic (an am axali sistemis elementis niSani _ rogorc es moxda frangul enciklopediaSi, an anbanTqebebSi, an leqsikonebSi). sxvadyofnisas anbanis elementebis Sedareba ukve SesaZlebelia, radgan maTi gansxvavebuloba, romelic anbanis farglebSi ar vlindeboda, axla
ukve funqciur gansxvavebulobad warmogvidgeba. anbanTqebebSi
esaa anbanis elementebisadmi aRniSvnis unaris miniWeba. rogorc
ki amgvari elementi aRiWurveba niSnobrivi funqciiT, is ukve
aRar emTxveva Tavis Tavs, rogorc anbanis sistemis komponents.
`klasicizmis epoqaSi, _ wers fuko, _ niSnis daniSnulebaa... samyaros danawevreba, ganlageba usasrulod Ria zedapirze da dakvirveba (kvlav samyarodan gamomdinare) misi Semnacvlebeli im niSnebis
usasrulo rigze, romelTa meSveobiTac is gaiazreba. amis wyalobiT
gza exsneba analizsac da kombinatorikasac, rac samyaros, mis mTlianobaSi, mowesrigebulobas aniWebs~(fuko 1977: 111).
357
marTalia, ar SeiZleba (masStabis mixedviT) franguli enciklopediis Sedareba sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis konasTan~,
magram maTi daniSnuleba erTgvarovania _ samyaros danawevreba, ganlageba usasrulod Ria zedapirze da dakvirveba (kvlav
samyarodan gamomdinare) misi Semnacvlebeli im niSnebis usasrulo rigze, romelTa meSveobiTac is gaiazreba.
amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom miSel fukos koncefcia,
romelic gadmocemulia mis wignSi `sityvebi da sagnebi (humanitarul mecnierebaTa arqeologia~ ganmartavs azrovnebis im
ZiriTad tendenciaTa Tvisebriobas, romlebmac Tavi iCines ara
marto dasavleT evropis arsebiT kulturul movlenebSi da,
kerZod, frangi enciklopedistebis moRvaweobaSi, aramed _ XVIVIII saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSic da ganapirobes `leqsikoni
qarTulis~ Seqmna.
damowmebani:
bolqvaZe 2005: bolqvaZe T. ideologizebuli Rirebulebani. Tb.: 2005.
matiaSi 1988: Матяш Т. П. Сознание как целостность и рефлексия. Издательство
Ростовского университета, 1988.
orbeliani 1966: orbeliani s.s. leqsikoni qarTuli. or wignad. Tb.: 1966.
focxiSvili 1995: focxiSvili al. qarTuli enaTmecnierebis istoria. Tb.:
1995.
fuko 1977: Фуко М. Слова и вещи (Археология гуманитарных наук). М.: 1977.
358
gzajvaredinidan gzisken
goCa kuWuxiZe
besarion gabaSvili
(biografiuli narkvevi)
besarion gabaSvili gamorCeuli figuraa qarTuli poeziis
istoriaSi. sargis caiSvili besarion gabaSvils (besiks) Zveli
qarTuli mwerlobis ukanasknel did warmomadgenlad miiCnevs
(caiSvili 1966: 649). misi aRniSvniT, besikis Semoqmedeba `Tumca
exeba imave sakiTxebs (socialurs, eTikurs da sxv.), romlebic
wamoayenes arCilma, vaxtang VI-m, daviT guramiSvilma, magram misi poezia mainc sxva mxriv aris mimarTuli. igi silamazisa da
adamianis mSvenier grZnobaTa didi momReralia~.
Semdeg mkvlevari dasZens, rom besikma leqsebs `TiTqos daubruna Zveli lirikis Tvisebebi da igi kvlav simRera-melodias
daukavSira. am momentmac ganapiroba besikis didi popularoba
mis TanamedroveTa Soris~ (caiSvili 1966: 649).
ioane batoniSvilis TqmiT, _ `besarion gabaSvili iyo mecnierebaTa Sina gamocdili da ucxo piitikosi. moSaire mhsgavsi
rusTvlisa, romelmanc mravali saamo Sairni daswera sparsTa
xmaTa zeda samRerali qarTulisa eniTa... gaakeTa sxvaTa da sxvaTa xmaTa zedan simRerisa leqsebi~ (kalmasoba 1948: 195; caiSvili
1966: 649).
besikis `sparsTa xmaTa zedan~ momReral poetad miiCneva
arcTu sworia, miT umetes, ar iqneba marTebuli, Tu, am mxriv,
mas rusTvels mivamsgavsebT, _ poets, romelmac absoluturad
TviTmyofadi, yvelasagan gansxvavebuli mxatvruli samyaro Seqmna, magram ioane batoniSvils udavod sworad SeumCnevia besikis
mravalmxrivi niWi, unari, rom `sxvaTa da sxvaTa xmaTa zedan
simRerisa leqsebi~ daewera, e.i. emoRvawa sxvadasxva JanrSi, da
igi savsebiT marTebulad aRniSnavs, rom besiki `ucxo~, anu saucxoo, didi poeti iyo, ioane batoniSvils yuradRebidan ar rCeba
isic, rom besarion gabaSvili Cinebuli swavluli gaxldaT.
besikis mamas _ zaqaria gabaSvils qarTlis mefis _ Teimuraz II-is karze moZRvris Tanamdeboba ekava (Teimurazi 1744 wels
gaxda qarTlis mefe, misi vaJi _ erekle II ki kaxeTis mefed Seiqmna. amieridan qarTli da kaxeTi faqtiurad erTian saxelmwifos
warmoadgenda) (caiSvili 1966: 649).
imave ioane batoniSvilis aRniSvniT: zaqaria iyo `ZvelTa da filosofiisa swavlaTa Sina gamocdili da RvTismetyvelebisaca mi-
359
wevnili, mSvenieri ritori da ucxo moqadage. es iyo mSvenieri mwerali da mTxzveli maRalsa frassa zeda, ucxo piitikosi da mRvdlobiTa sruli, romelica iqmna mefeTa moZRvarica~ (kalmasoba 1948: 195).
rogorc vxedavT, ioane batoniSvili besikis mamis ganswavlulobas da niWs, aseve, didad afasebs. `zaqarias ganswavlulobas aRiarebda misi mowafe da SemdgomSi ideuri mowinaaRmdege anton kaTalikosic~ (caiSvili 1966: 650).
zaqaria didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda mefis karze. igi aqtiuri sasuliero da saero moRvawe iyo.
moZRvrad dadginebamde zaqaria da misi mama, romelic, aseve,
sasuliero piri gaxldaT, qvemo qarTlSi moRvaweobdnen.
sargis caiSvili yuradRebas amaxvilebs zaqaria gabaSvilis damsaxurebaze, romelic mas qiziyis sasuliero cxovrebaSi miuZRvis.
zaqariasa da misi mamis saorbeloSi moRvaweobis xanebSi kaxeTis
sxvadasxva mxareSi Zalian iyo momZlavrebuli lekianoba, molebi
ZaliT amahmadianebdnen xalxs. zaqaria specialurad gamgzavrebula
qiziys da bevrni mouqcevia qristianobaze (caiSvili 1962: 9-10).
zaqaria gabaSvilis es Rvawli mis Tanamedroveebsac ar darCeniaT
SeumCneveli, _ `kalmasobaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `aman iRvawa qiziysa Sina
qadagebiTa, romelTa Soris Sevida mcired lekianoba da male
moaqcina igini~ (caiSvili 1962: 10).
zaqarias, rogorc moZRvars, mefis ojaxis saqmeebSi Carevac SeeZlo _ 1746 wels gardaicvala dedofali Tamari da, rogorc wyaroTagan irkveva, zaqaria gabaSvilis aqtiurobis wyalobiT mefe
Teimuraz II-s meore coli SeurTavs, _ana, igive _ anaxanumi
(caiSvili 1962: 10).
zaqaria gabaSvils male konfliqti mosdis anton kaTolikosTan.
anton I-s megobruli urTierToba hqonda kaTolikur eklesiasTan.
sargis caiSvili eyrdnoba mixeil TamaraSvilis mier gamoqveynebul moxsenebis teqsts, romelic kaTolike misioners _ patri
julio bonaventuras ekuTvnis da romelic romis papisadmia mimarTuli. am relacionis Tanaxmad, 1755 wlis 12 dekembers TbilisSi
kaTolike mRvdlebis winaaRmdeg devna mouwyviaT.
Tu patr julio bonaventuras verwmunebiT, _ am devnamde kaTolikeebs kaTolikosi antoni icavda, mas patri ieronime norCelis
winaSe uRiarebia da miuRia kaTolikuri sarwmunoeba da cdilobda
sxvebic gaekaTolikebina.
rogorc miCneulia, kaTolikeebTan siaxloves anton kaTalikosi
`praqtikul miznebs ukavSirebda, misi azriT, es xels Seuwyobda
CvenSi evropuli civilizaciis gavrcelebas~ (caiSvili 1962: 11).
zaqaria gabaSvilma Teimuraz II-is daxmarebiT SeZlo antonis
gadayeneba kaTolikosobidan. 1756 wlis saeklesio krebaze
antonma sajarod moinania kaTolikoba, magram sasjels mainc
ver ascda, _ igi ruseTSi gaaZeves.
360
zaqarias Zalaufleba amis Semdeg Zalian gaZlierebula,
magram _ arcTu didxans.
1760 wels Teimuraz II peterburgs gaemgzavra, sadac gardaicvala 1762 wels.
amis Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTSi gamefebulma erekle II-m, romelic
simpatiiT iyo gamsWvaluli antonisadmi, es ukanaskneli samSobloSi daabruna, sadac antonma 1764 wels kaTolikosoba daibruna.
antonma SesTavaza zaqarias, rom daeviwyebinaT qiSpi, magram
zaqaria jiutad ganagrZobda antonis winaaRmdeg brZolas, mwvaleblad acxadebda mas.
misi moRvaweobis Sedegi is iyo, rom saeklesio krebam zaqaria
ganxeTqilebis CamogdebaSi daadanaSaula da 1764 wels eklesiidan gankveTa. `masTan erTad SeuCvenebiaT misi ufrosi srulwlovani Svili iosebi~ (kekeliZe, baramiZe 1969: 464).
mefe erekles brZanebiT zaqaria erTxans patimrobaSi hyoliaT, bolos misTvis waugvriaT ojaxi (coli da rva Svili) da
samSoblodan gauZevebiaT (kekeliZe, baramiZe 1969: 464).
1768 wels zaqaria ukve ruseTSia, vaxtang VI-is STamomavalTa
Soris cxovrobs. zaqaria gabaSvili, romelic daxmarebas ruseTis sinods sTxovda, TviT am sinodmac damnaSaved miiCnia da danaSaulis monaniebisaken mouwoda.
zaqaria gabaSvili saqarTveloSi gamobrunda, _ imereTSi,
solomon mefis karze monaxa TavSesafari. erTxans literaturul moRvaweobasac eweoda.
ioane batoniSvilisa da zaqarias vaJis — ose gabaSvilis
cnobaTa Tanaxmad, zaqaria gabaSvili imereTSi 1780 wels gardacvlila (xsenebul cnobebze dayrdnobiT, TariRi giorgi
leoniZem daadgina). igi gelaTis monasterSi daukrZalavT.
`zaqarias opoziciurma mimarTulebam ueWvelad bevr rameSi
gansazRvra misi vaJis, besikis cxovrebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi
moRvaweobis Taviseburebani~ (caiSvili 1962: 18).
besarion gabaSvili 1750 wels daibada. cxadia, gasaziarebelia is azri, rom Tavis ojaxSi `imdroisaTvis savaldebulo
wvrTna-ganaTlebas miiRebda~, rom igi `imTaviTve maRal wreebSi
trialebda~ (s. caiSvili).
giorgi leoniZis aRniSvniT, miuxedavad imisa, rom `araviTari oficialuri cnoba ar mogvepoveba besikis Semdgomi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da besikis cxovrebis es xanac sibneliT aris moculi, magram zogi sabuTis mixedviT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
SeCvenebuli namoZRvralis ojaxidan kerZod besiks mfarveli
gamosCenia. cxadia, aseTi gabeduleba mxolod sasaxlis didgavleniansa da damoukidebel pirovnebas SeeZlo~. giorgi leoniZis azriT, _ es pirovneba yofila Teimuraz meoris qvrivi de-
361
dofali ana-xanum, romelic Tavis dedoflobiT piradad zaqariasganac iyo davalebuli~ (leoniZe 1949: 201).
dedofal anas garda, rogorc miCneulia, besikis patroni da
piradi mfarveli levan batoniSvili yofila. `levani didi samefo kacis imedebs iZleoda. rogorc cnobilia, igi erekle mefis
usayvarlesi Svili da saimedo memkvidre iyo. unda vifiqroT,
rom levanis amalaSi iricxeboda besarion gabaSvilic~...
besikis megobarTa Soris asaxeleben, aseve, daviT orbelians
_ `yaramanianis~ mTargmnels, poets, _ mefe erekles siZes
(caiSvili 1966: 654).
yovelive amis miuxedavad, besarion gabaSvili 1776-1777 wlisTvis, mamis msgavsad, qarTlidan gauZevebiaT (caiSvili 1966:
654). Tu ra gaxda eqsoriis mizezi, am sakiTxze araerTi mosazreba arsebobs:
sergi gorgaZe miiCnevda, rom besik gabaSvilis qarTlidan
gasaxlebis mizezi misi da erekle mefis dis _ ana batoniSvilis
siyvaruli iyo. SemdgomSi man miiCnia, rom besiks mamuka orbelianis asuli _ ana uyvarda, romelic mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg
erekle mefis karze izrdeboda.
giorgi leoniZis azriT, radgan besik gabaSvilis leqss, romelic cnobilia saTauriT `dedofals anazed~, saTauri mxolod or mogviano drois xelnawerSi aqvs wamZRvanebuli, amitom,
saTauris avtori, SesaZloa, leqsis gadamweri yofiliyo, romelmac besikisa da anas siyvarulis Sesaxeb legenda gaavrcela.
giorgi leoniZe miiCnevda, rom besiks uyvarda maia, _ asuli
giorgi qsnis erisTavisa, _ is, vinc 1770 wels daqvrivebula (igi
erekle mefis disSvilis _ mamuka orbelianis meuRle iyo, e. i.
_ deda im anasi, romelic, sergi gorgaZis meore Sexedulebis
Tanaxmad, hyvarebia poets). giorgi leoniZis azriT, leqsebi,
romelic poets ana orbelianisadmi aqvs miZRvnili, ara _ sasiyvarulo, aramed megobrulia.
korneli kekeliZe ekamaTeboda giorgi leoniZes, _ miiCnevda, rom sityvebi: `igia Cemi xelmwife da Cemi damadnobeli~,
`cnoba mimiRo da guli~, `kvlav momklas amisTanaman~, `mimiRo
cnoba Cemman xelmqmnelman, lamazman aman~, `vinc iyos xelad, etrfe da mogklas amisTanaman~ swored rom sasiyvaruloa (kekeliZe 1981: 667). `besiki ar SegviZlia warmovidginoT XI-XII saukuneTa raindad, romelsac patronymuri kodeqsis Tanaxmad, Tavisi patroni silamazisa da sikeTis idealad warmousaxavs da Tavisi Tavi moCvenebiT mis gaxelebul mijnurad warmoudgenia~
(kekeliZe 1981: 668).
korneli kekeliZis azriT, _ es sasiyvarulo leqsi ana orbelians unda eZRvnebodes da amitom `maia ver iqneboda mizezi
besikis imereTSi gandevnisa~ (kekeliZe 1981: 667).
362
rac Seexeba sergi gorgaZis mosazrebebs, _ wyaroTa Tanaxmad, im dros, roca 21-22 wlis ymawvili besiki leqsebs anas uZRvnida, es ukanaskneli Zalian axalgazrda aRar yofila, maSin,
roca besiki mas uwodebs `kekela-mards~, `vards, jereT ar
Slils~ (kekeliZe 1981: 666).
sergi gorgaZis meore mosazrebas Tu gaviziarebT, maSin,
rogorc korneli kekeliZe miiCnevda, unda vifiqroT, rom besikis satrfo 16 wlis asuli yofila (daaxloebiT am asakisa iyo
ana orbeliani, roca besiki gaasaxles).
korneli kekeliZe iziarebs sergi gorgaZis meore mosazrebas
besikis satrfos vinaobis Sesaxeb, magram miaCnia, rom poeti anas
gaumijnurda `1784 wlidan, rodesac is, jer kidev axalgazrda,
rogorc dedofali, gadadis imereTSi da iq Zalze iaxloebs did
kariskacs da SemdegSi diplomats, poet besiks~ (kekeliZe 1981: 666).
korneli kekeliZis azriT, `romanuli Tavgadasavali ver CaiTvleba besikis Tbilisidan gandevnis mizezad~. igi ar iziarebda Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, besiki erekle mefis sawinaaRmdego politikur dajgufebaSi Sedioda. misi aRniSvniT, `ar
SeiZleba, rasakvirvelia, imis Tqma, rom besiki ar grZnobda da
ar ganicdida erekles mier miyenebul Wrilobas, misi mSoblebis
ojaxis gaubedurebas, magram Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom am motiviT is monawileobas iRebda mefis winaaRmdeg gaCaRebul intrigebSi~ (kekeliZe 1981: 669).
rogorc mkvlevari aRniSnavs, imereTSi besikis gasaxlebis
iniciatori iyo anton kaTolikosi, romelsac poetis mama zaqariasTan mtruli urTierToba hqonda. es kargad Cans batoniSvilebis _ daviTisa da bagratis `istoriidan~: _ `gabaSvili
besarion imyofeboda eqsoria qmnili mamiTurT TvisiT imereTs
antonis gamo kaTolikozisa~ (kekeliZe 1981: 670).
gvinda, am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, oriode sityva davamatoT:
anasadmi miZRvnili striqonebi rom marTlac sasiyvaruloa,
amaSi eWvis Setana SeuZlebelia.
vfiqrobT, aseve, rom marTlac saeWvoa, erekles ojaxis wevrebis dacvis qveS myof besiks erekles sawinaaRmdego SeTqmulebaSi mieRo monawileoba.
antonisa da misi ojaxis urTierTdapirispireba ki cnobilia.
ramdenadac saistorio wyaroc swored antons asaxelebs
besikis gaZevebis moTaved, ufro es ukanaskneli azria savaraudo. vfiqrobT, ar aris gasaziarebeli azri, rom besarion gabaSvili saxelmwifo SeTqmulebaSi Rebulobda monawileobas da
es gaxda saxelmwifodan misi gaZevebis mizezi.
rac Seexeba besikis sasiyvarulo intrigas, _ ar aris gamoricxuli, rom mefis dis siyvaruli mxolod legenda iyos da igi
im mizniT gaevrcelebinaT, rom besikis gandevnisaTvis SeewyoT xeli.
363
am varauds Semdegi argumenti gamogvaTqmevinebs, _ leqsi
rom dedofal anas eZRvnebodes, besiki, mosalodneli intrigebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, ubralod ar axsenebda anas saxels.
radgan axsenebs, vfiqrobT, es dedofali ana ar unda iyos.
amdenad, sityvebi _ `dedofals anazed~ marTlac ganzrax gakeTebuli minaweris STabeWdilebas tovebs, rogorc es miaCnda
giorgi leoniZes da marTlac legendis gamoZaxili unda iyos.
SesaZloa, aseTi azri besikis gasaxlebis mizniTac gaavrceles...
saerTod, rogorc Cans, anasadmi miZRvnili sxvadasxva leqsi
aris am saTauris qveS gaerTianebuli...
leqsSi moxseniebuli ana ki, ana orbeliani unda iyos, da ara
_ mefe erekles da _ ana dedofali, rogorc fiqrobda
korneli kekeliZe.
besikis poeziidan kargad Cans, rom satrfialo Tavgadasavali bevri hqonia poets, _ am sakiTxebis Zieba momavalSi besarion
gabaSvilis biografiis Sesaxeb bevr saintereso kiTxvaze mogvcems pasuxs, _ arc is aris SeuZlebeli, rom mefis dac hyvareboda poets, magram, vfiqrobT, imis Tqma Tamamad SeiZleba,
rom leqsi, romelic cnobilia saTauriT _ `dedofals anazed~
mefe erekles das ar unda eZRvnebodes da verc imas vityviT,
rom saxelmwifo SeTqmulebaSi monawileobda an erekles das
sasiyvarulo leqsi miuZRvna da es gauxda gasaxlebis mizezi.
erekles disadmi siyvarulis legenda ki (jerjerobiT ar
gvaqvs myari safuZveli, miviCnioT, rom es legenda ar iyo) Tavisuflad SeiZleba gamoeyenebinaT besikis gaZevebis erT-erT an
mTavar sababad.
SeTqmulebaSi monawileobis miRebac SeiZleboda daebralebinaT misTvis, _ cili daewamebinaT.
rogorc zaqaria gabaSvilis Svili, albaT, _ mamis moyvaruli, miuRebeli da arasando iqneboda garkveuli wrisTvis. Cven
ar viciT, ra daxmareba scada man ojaxisaTvis, samefo wresTan
axlos myofi uTuod Seecdeboda amas da warmatebis imedic SeiZleboda hqonoda...
solomon mefis karze besarion gabaSvili diplomatiur moRvaweobas iwyebs. igi sasaxlis mdivanTuxucesi xdeba.
diplomatiuri misiiT mas 1778 wels sparseTSi agzavnian
(caiSvili 1966: 659).
miCneulia, rom _ `imereTSi gadasvlis umalve poeti aqtiurad Caeba erekles sawinaaRmdego SeTqmulebaSi~...
saerTod, gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, solomon mefes `qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianeba mTeli saqarTvelos winandel
politikur erTianobas agonebda, xolo imereTis samefos bedi
msgavs SemTxvevaSi mas saxifaTod miaCnda~ (caiSvili 1966: 465).
364
mefe erekles mowinaaRmdegeebi legitimisturi samarTlianobis momizezebiT vaxtang VI-is STamomavlebTan amyarebdnen
kontaqts. `solomoni mfarvelobas uwevda qarTlis emigrantebs
da aSkarad exmareboda qarTlis yofili samefo ojaxis wevrebs
taxtis mosapoveblad warmoebul brZolaSi~ (caiSvili 1966: 465-466).
rogorc specialur literaturaSia aRniSnuli, besikis mama
— zaqaria, romelmac ruseTSi Semweoba vaxtang giorgis Zisagan
miiRo, ruseTidan imereTSi `legitimistebis~ davalebiT gamgzavrebula, raTa erekle mefis sawinaaRmdego SeTqmulebaSi mieRo monawileoba (caiSvili 1966: 465-466). 1778 wels iranSi
besarion gabaSvilis gamgzavrebac amave mizeziT Cans ganpirobebuli (caiSvili 1966: 466). im dros iranSi imyofeboda aleqsandre
batoniSvili.
besarion gabaSvilma aleqsandre imereTSi Camoiyvana. aleqsandre Seudga erekle mefis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis organizebas.
`besikis xeliT iwereboda aleqsandres proklamaciebi~ (caiSvili
1966: 466), romlebSic batoniSvili uxv wyalobas hpirdeboda
yvelas, vinc mxars dauWerda.
rogorc cnobilia, es SeTqmuleba CaiSala, _ mefe ereklem
sastikad dasaja misi momwyobni...
1784 wels solomon I gardaicvala. taxtze daviT giorgis Ze
avida.
rogorc korneli kekeliZe miiCnevda, solomon mefis gardacvalebis Semdeg besikma rogorc daviT II-is mdivanma, isargebla mefis susti nebisyofiT da ana dedoflis meoxebiT igi xelT
igdebs `mTeli saxelmwifos faqtiur marTva-gamgeblobas~
(kekeliZe 1981: 570).
1788-89 w.w.-Si besik gabaSvili ruseTSi imyofeboda, molaparakebas awarmoebda general potiomkinTan, raTa imereTs,
qarTl-kaxeTis msgavsad, ruseTis mfarveloba mieRo (besikis
diplomatiur moRvaweobaze ix. _ maWaraZe 1962).
korneli kekeliZis aRniSvniT, besik gabaSvili qalaq iasaSi
`1791 wlis 24 ianvars, rogorc axla saboloodaa dadgenili, moulodnelad gardaicvala da dasaflavebul iqna adgilobriv
taZarSi~ (kekeliZe 1981: 671).
misi saflavi dakargulia.
besarion gabaSvilis Semoqmedebasa da biografiul cnobebze
dakvirvebidan mixi pirovnuli portretic sakmaod kargad
Cndeba. besiki warmogvidgeba adamianad, romelic umetesobisaTvis sayvareli axalgazrdaa. Cvens winaSea xalisiani kaci, romelic romanul TavgadasavlebSia Cabmuli, romelic bevr qalbatobs moswons... siyvarulis erTgulebiT, safiqrebelia, rom,
marTlac ver aris gamorCeuli, magram gulRia da keTili pirovneba Cans. igi ar hgavs samefo intrigebSi Cabmuli kacs... Sem-
365
dgomSi, ukve gaZevebuls, rTaven politikur saqmianobaSi da es
misi Sinagani bunebisaTvis Znelad misaRebi gvesaxeba... Semoqmedebidan isic Cans, Tu ra Zalian uyvarda besiks megobrebi, ra
gulwrfelad ganicdida maTgan mocilebas.
sevdianic aris es axalgazrda.
cota sxva garemosa da cxovrebis sxva pirobebSi gacilebiT
ufro farTo gasaqani miecemoda besikis did talants. Tumc,
mainc bevri Semata qarTul poezias. mis poeziaSi aSkarad moCans
aRmosavleTidan dasavluri kulturisken mswrafveli poeti,
romelic Zvel qarTul tradicias ar Ralatobs da romantizmis
gavlenasac ukve ganicdis (xsenebul sakiTxze vmsjelobT winamdebare wignSi gamoqveynebul statiaSi _ `besikis Semoqmedebis
aRmosavlur-dasavluri aspeqtebis urTierTmimarTebisaTvis~).
poetis biografiaSi araerTi faqti Cans burusiT moculi da
misi cxovreba da Semoqmedeba kvlavac saWiroebs Seswavlas.
damowmebani:
besiki 1932: besiki. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. teqsti, gamokvleva,
SeniSvnebi, leqsikoni al. baramiZisa da v. Tofurias redaqciiT. tfilisi:
1932.
besiki 1962: besiki. Txzulebani. Tb.: 1962.
baramiZe 1940: baramiZe a. narkvevebi qarTuli literaturis istoriidan.
Tb.: 1940.
gawerelia 1953: gawerelia a. qarTuli klasikuri leqsi. Tb.: 1953.
kalmasoba 1948: ioane batoniSvili. kalmasoba. II, k. kekeliZisa da
al.baramiZis redaqciiT. Tb.: 1948.
kekeliZe 1981: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. II, Tb.:
1981.
kekeliZe... 1969: kekeliZe k., baramiZe al. Zveli qarTuli literaturis
istoria. Tb.: 1969.
leoniZe 1949: leoniZe g. Ziebani Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan.
I, Tb.: 1949.
maWaraZe 1962: maWaraZe v. besiki diplomatiur sarbielze. Tb.: 1962.
q.s.e: qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. _ besiki (avtorebi s. caiSvili,
k.maWavariani).
poezia 1976: qarTuli poezia. V, Tb.: 1976.
mwerloba 1984: qarTuli mwerloba. leqsikoni-cnobari. I, Tb.: 1984.
caiSvili 1966: caiSvili s. besarion gabaSvili. qarTuli literaturis
istoria. II, Tb.:1966.
caiSvili 1962: caiSvili s. besiki. Tb.: 1962.
ZoweniZe 2002: ZoweniZe l. mzeWabuk orbeliani. // `al. baramiZe, 100~. Tb.:
2002.
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goCa kuWuxiZe
besikis Semoqmedebis aRmosavlur-dasavluri
aspeqtebis urTiermimarTebisaTvis
erT-erTi umTavresi niSani, rac besarion gabaSvilisaTvis
aris damaxasiaTebeli, es misi mravalmxrivoba, stilis mravalferovnebaa. masTan moCans aRmosavluri poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli leqsika, metaforebi, Sedarebebi; amavdroulad, besikis poeziaSi igrZnoba suli romantikuli, daucxromeli adamianisa, romelic `aRmosavlur CarCoebSi ver Cerdeba~ da axali
samyaroebis, axlis Sesacnobad aris mzad. Tumc, iqneb aRzrdis,
iqneb _ garemos gamo, masSi jer ar xdeba am CarCoebisgan srulyofili gaTavisufleba da, vTqvaT, romantikosad igi jer ver
yalibdeba. besiki erTgvari Sualeduri rolis ganmasaxierebelia warsulsa da momavals, aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris.
satrfialo leqsebis umetesobaSi moCans romantikuli suli
kacisa, romelic aRmosavluri poeturi tradiciebisagan gaTavisuflebisaTvis Sinaganad ukve mzad aris. zogierT leqsze
dakvirveba aSkaras xdis, rom poetisaTvis aRmosavluri tropebi mxolod erTgvari fandia, romelic leqsSi realuri garemosa
da pirovnebebis gasaidumloebisaTvis aris saWiro. cnobilia,
rom besiki moxerxebulad malavs leqsebSi moxseniebul mSvenier
asulTa vinaobas. `vard-bulbulianis Tema~ amisaTvis mSvenieri
saSualeba gamodga. `vard-bulbulianis TemasTan~ miaxloeba
besikisaTvis TviTmizani ar aris, _ aseTi stilis leqsebSi moCans suli, romelic iSviaTad erToba sityvaTa TviTmiznuri urTierTgariTmviT. CvenSi Taviseburi, _ namdvili aRmosavluri
poeziisagan gansxvavebuli saxiT Semosuli aRmosavluri leqsi
besikis SemoqmedebaSi nel-nela ukan iwyebs daxevas.
leqsSi `sevdis baRi~ riTmebi da, saerTod, leqsis formaluri mxare kargad aris mowesrigebuli, magram formaze metad
axalgazrda kacis dauokebeli gzneba da siyvarulisagan tanjva
aris TvalSi mosaxvedri; poetisaTvis sruliad ucxoa zedmetad Senelebuli ritmi, sruli auCqarebloba, garTobis, erTgvari `sizarmacis~ ganwyobilebac ki:
sevdis baRs Sevel SenaRonebi:
mokrefad msurda vardis konebi.
vardman Semrisxa Tavmomwonebi,
isari mtyorcna dasamonebi.
besikTan erT asuls vardi hqvia, meores — ia, mesames — nargizi. `vardTan~ miaxlebul besiks Zalze mrisxaned eqceva misi
dedofali; poeti `vardis~ megobrebs sTxovs daxmarebas: `nazi
367
ia~ sayvedurobs: `Cven dagvTmeo da sxvas emonebi~; igic uwyreba
besiks; `nargizi~ ufro TanaugrZnobs...
al. baramiZis azriT, leqsSi moxseniebuli `ia~, _ es igive yularaRasis qali _ maiaa, romelsac metsaxelad ias eZaxdnen
(besiki 1932: 049). miCneulia, rom `ia~ erT-erTi satrfo iyo poetisa... Tumc, leqsSi sityvebi: `Cven dagvTme~, SesaZloa, sulac
ar niSnavdes imas, rom Tavis Tavsac besikis satrfod miiCnevda
`ia~, _ ufro iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom, am SemTxvevaSi,
rogorc `dedoflis~ megobari, misi mesaidumle, ise laparakobs
`ia~. `vardis~ garda, sxva qalTanac uZebnia poets siyvaruli da
amitom aRar Rebuloben `baRSi~.
sxva leqsSi (`bulbuli modis mwuxarebiT~) poets urCeven,
datovos es `baRi:
bulbulo, gadi am baRidam Senis nebiTa,
Torem krazana Sen dagCagravs yovlis gzebiTa.
Tu pirveli mrCeveli wasvlas urCevs, meores miaCnia, mgosanma patieba unda sTxovos, Cans, Zalze enamware `krazanas~, Tanac urCeven dasaxmareblad `nargizs~ mimarTos:
wadi, bulbulo, Sen mebaRes Sehfice sjuli,
krazans evedre, mogiteos danaSauli;
nargisTan kaci gaagzavne: srul hqnan aRTqmuli,
mebaResTanac dagexmaros vardis eniTa.
mesame mrCevlis azriT, Tu `mebaRe~ `wyromiT~ naxa, sjobs,
poetma `baRis karTan~ Tavi moiklas, Semdeg isic urCevs _
`nargizi naxos~...
besikma icis, rom rCevebi veRaras uSvelis (Zalze dramatul
sasiyvarulo intrigebSi Cans gaxlarTuli sasaxlis karze) da
sakuTari TavisaTvis mZime ganaCeni gamoaqvs:
sikvdilo, modi, miibare bulbulis suli:
mebaRem daswyla da dahkoda bulbulis guli!
mkvdari besiki, modi mnaxe, Camidgi suli,
Tu gind miwasac mimabare moyvris eniTa!
xom sevdiania es leqsebi da xom sayovelTaod cnobilia
besikis sevda, magram aq Tbili, siyvaruliT savse iumoric igrZnoba (Rimilis momgvrelia am idumalebiT mosili, Cans, Zalian
didi gavlenis mqone qalbatonis, _ `nargizis~ xsenebac, _ araerTgzis urCeven masTan misvlas, raTa Seabralos `vards~ besiki). aq Cans axalgazrda kacis dauokebeli Jini, rac iSviaTia
xolme sparsuli poeziiT gatacebuli zogierTi misi winamorbedi qarTveli poetis SemoqmedebaSi (Tumc, rogorc ukve iTqva,
sparsuli motivebiT gatacebul qarTvel poetebTan aRmosav-
368
luri poeziis siyvaruli moCans da ara _ marTla aRmosavluri,
_ umSvenieresi leqsis specifika... xSir SemTxvevaSi asea besikTanac. am sakiTxs qvemoT mivubrundebiT), aq moCans suli kacisa,
romelic sityvaTa urTierTgariTmviT ki ar erToba, aramed xalas siyvaruls aRugznia, mousvenaria da sevdasTan erTad Tbil
iumors amJRavnebs. besikis poezia, misi sevda ar aris egzaltirebuli cremliT, moTqma-godebiT nazavi, _ sevdis miRma iumori aSkarad igrZnoba mis araerT leqsSi da moCans suli, romelic Sinaganad mzad aris, rom sparsuli majamebis weras Tavi daanebos da romantizms mimarTos.
zogierT leqsSi TiTqos Zveli da axali formebi ebrZvis
erTmaneTs.
xSirad igrZnoba, rom Zvels TiTqos xarks uxdis poeti, magram axali suliereba mainc cdilobs gzis gakafvas. amisi magaliTia leqsi _ `dedofals anazed~. leqsi dasawyisSi aRmosavlursa da imdoisaTvis ukve Zveleburi stilisas gvagonebs:
var ucxo vinme yaribi
ama sityvisa mxmobeli,
ama muxTlisa soflisa
maginebeli, mgmobeli:
mona var misi mudamJam
da misi Semamkobeli, _
igia Cemi xelmwife
da Cemi damadnobeli!
Semdeg soflis mdurvis motivi ukan ixevs da nel-nela axleburi, ufro gaxalxurebuli, _ qarTul esTetikasTan axlos
myofi intonaciebi Semodis:
vfucav, me arvin mixilavs,
rom ars SvenebiT anao!
mTvaresa ezraxeboda:
`Sen ver xar CemisTanao!~
varskvlavni misda samonod
gars udgen TanisTanao!
mxilvelno, damemowmeniT:
kargi yofila ganao?
am strofSi riTma, `ana~-ze gakeTebuli aliteracia ukve sruliad araxelovnur saxes Rebulobs. aq ver vxedavT sxva leqsebSi araerTgzis gamovlenil simZimes enisa, `maRal Stils~, aRmosavlur frazeologias rom erwymis xolme. TiTqos qarTuli
xalxuri zRapris samyaro Semosula leqsSi, zRapari `sizmara~
gvaxsendeba, _ sizmara xedavs, Tu rogor wamosdgomian TavTiT
varskvlavebi da TiTqos zeciur wyals apkureben... gulis siR-
369
rmidan modis, bavSvuri sulis mqoned aRqmuli gogonasadmi udidesi siyvaruliT gamTbari sityvebi igrZnoba... Semdeg es qarTuli
xalxuri intonaciebi klebulobs, isev aRmosavluri frazeologiis moWarbeba iwyeba. magram, am SemTxvevaSi, besiki ufro im evropel
poets emsgavseba, romelic romantikuli TvalTaxedviT uyurebs
aRmosavlur leqss da aRmosavlur frazeologias erTgvari `TamaS-TamaSiT~ mimarTavs:
cnoba mimiRo da guli,
xedviT SemzRuda anaman;
kvlav momkla misman cialman
da welTa mimotanaman;
kokobsa vardsa nargizman
apkura cremli, anama.
da jobs rom ar hyavdes mijnuri,
an moklas amisTanaman!
Semdgom strofebSi ritmi icvleba, matulobs alegoriebi;
satrfo Soridan ucinis, izidavs poets, magram axlos misuls
guls ukodavs; erTgvarad celqobis ganwyobileba Semodis leqsSi.
iagundi mocinarobs:
`margaritno, giaxelTo!~
saTis tbidan isars isvris:
vin gauvlis axlos velTo?
dalaxvravs da mZimed dahkods,
vels ganabnevs dia xelTo!
da netar, Tavo, gaqvndes gzao!
uvicadi giaxelTo!
Semdeg vxedavT, rom sityvaTa SenacvlebiT leqsis mesame
nawilis dasawyisi meordeba, ritmi icvleba. TiTqos am yaribis
gza miaxlebia satrfos:
mimiRo cnoba _
ar ZalmiZms mkoba _
Cemman xelmqmnelma, lamazman aman!
emosa xeli,
iTno saxeli
misman guanman pawawinaman;
alxina guli,
wylul-dadaguli,
wyalobianman misman Sanaman.
da Tqmulia Zvelad,
`vinc iyos xelad,
etrfe da mogklas amisTanaman!
370
iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom anasadmi miZRvnili, sxvadasxva
dros, sxvadasxvagvari ganwyobilebiT dawerili leqsebi Semdeg
aris gaerTianebuli...
am leqsSi, rogorc vnaxeT, aris aRmosavluri metaforebi da
aRmosavluri leqsisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli leqsika (`yaribi~,
`ama muxTlisa soflisa mgmobeli~...), aRmosavluri metaforebi
(`iagundi~, `margariti~...), magram zemoTac iTqva, rom besikTan
evropeli poetebisaTvis xSir SemTxvevaSi damaxasiaTebeli, _
aRmosavluri metaforebis gamoyenebis survili ufro igrZnoba, vidre _ tipiuri aRmosavluri specifikiT werisa...
aRmosavlurobasTan mimarTebaSi sainteresoa besikis cnobili leqsi `tano tatano~, romelic gadatvirTulia aRmosavluri metaforebiT. am leqsSi `miwieri mSveniereba antikuri qandakebis sisavsiT feTqavs~ (qarTuli mwerloba 1984: 52):
tano tatano, gulwamtano, ucxod marebo!
zilfo-kavebo, momklavebo, versakarebo!
warb-wamwam-Tvalno, misaTvalno, Semazarebo!
Zow-lal-bageo, damdageo, sulT wamarebo!
piro mTvareo, momigone, mzisa darebo!
`tano tatano~ zogjer besikiseuli erotikis tipiur gamovlinebad miaCniaT (besiki 1932: 056)... `aRmosavluri Jinuwyveteli erotika besikis socialur gznebebs emTxveva~ (besiki 1932:
057)... erTi SexedviT, leqsSi marTlac Zalian Zlierad vlindeba
besikis `aRmosavluroba~. am azrs metaforaTa siuxvec aZlierebs. saerTod, yuradRebas iqcevs, rom amden metaforasa da
SedarebaSi satrfos pirovneba, misi xasiaTis niSani, oriode sityvaSi gamokrTeba mxolod, roca besiki mas uwodebs `kekela
mardos~, sxvagan ki asulis pirovnebas, mis suls, saerTod verc
vxedavT; amden metaforaSi arc misi konkretuli garegnoba Cans,
_ viciT, rom besiki Zalian lamaz asuls mimarTavs, romelsac
aqvs `tani tatani~, `zilfi kavebi~, `piri mTvare~, magram ufro
dazustebulad ver vxedavT mas. TiTqos sadRac Sors bundovnad
ilandeba umSvenieresi asuli, magram erTi konkretuli asulis
garegnobas ki ver vxedavT:
alvao, gesxnes orni norCni mosarxevelni,
mklavni momklavni, TiTni Tlilni mosaxvevelni,
zarifsa welsa daekvirvnes qveyanad mvlelni;
odes gnaxvidi, Sevimatni aTasni welni.
aw damlevian yovlni dReni, ucxod varebo!
am leqsSi igrZnoba, rom aRmosavluri tradiciebis wabaZviT
weras qarTvelTaTvis sakuTari Tavi amouwuravs da didi ganaxlebis dro moaxloebula.
371
magram es leqsi popularuli iyo saqarTveloSi da mizezi is
aris, rom udidesi niWierebiTa da STagonebiT aris dawerili,
gulis didi siRrmeebidan modis igi (besikis `poetur metyvelebas uSualo grZnobebi iwvevs~... _ al. baramiZe, _ besiki 1932:
056). aRar icis poetma, vis Seadaros es asuli, rogor miealersos; uamrav Sedarebasa da metaforas xmarobs, TiTqos uCvenebs,
rom, ra Sedarebasac ar unda mimarTos, es mSveniereba sityviT
mainc ver aRiwereba. `bage mdumriad gialerseb, bageo vardo~...
ara da, _ Soridan, warmosaxviT ealerseba satrfos. TiTqos
sadRac, Sors, eniT auwereli silamaze sufevs, magram verc poeti da verc Cven Tvals ver vawvdenT mas. poeti ambobs: `TvalTa
hsurian xilva Seni~... sargis caiSvilis TqmiT (igi leqss Zveli
qarTuli lirikis Sedevrs uwodebs), am leqsSi `TiTqos erTi
amosunTqviTaa miwyobili erTmaneTze Zvirfasi qvebi da moulodneli saxeebi da, rac mTavaria, miuxedavad ferTa siWarbisa, arsad ar ilaxeba natifi poeturi qsovili~ (caiSvili 1962:
664). leqsis bolos poeti amasRa RaRadebs:
Senma gonebam mimamsgavsa mileuls mTvares:
sicocxlis nacvlad movinatri sikvdilsa mwares!
modiT, mijnurno, SemibraleT, movleT Cems ares,
mkvdari mijnuri damitireT, damfalT samares!
vaÁ, sicocxleo ukuRmarTo, danacarebo!
da am `aRmosavluri erotikis~ samyaroSi vxedavT, rom TiTqos rusTvelisdroindel tradiciasac exmaureba besiki maSin,
roca gamijnurebul adamianebs mouxmobs (mijnurma mijnurs
unda gaugos).
da, rac ar unda moulodneli mogveCvenos, bolo taepebSi
bundovnad, Zalian bundovnad, is intonaciebic ukve krTis, SemdgomSi baraTaSvilTan rom gamomJRavnda (`nu davimarxo Cemsa
mamulSi~... `Savi yorani gamiTxris saflavs~...), _ satrfosagan
orive dautirebeli, erTi mijnurTagan, meore Savi yoranis mier
gaTxril samarxSi daemarxeba rogorc am qveynidan gaqceuli
ucxo yaribi... da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom besikis es leqsic aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken eZiebs gzas...
am mimarTebiT gavixsenoT besikis erTi leqsi (`vaSa mas
dRes~). pirvel strofSi ukve igrZnoba romantizmis sunTqva:
vaSa mas dRes, ros ganmeRo cis kari!
gankvirveba mWvretT sasurvod ismoda!
naTelsa sTovs afroditi ciskari,
elvarobiT topazis taxts ismoda!
magram ukve meore strofidan isev Zveleburi aRmosavluri
suliereba Semodis leqsSi, TiTqos qarTuli leqsisaTvis ara-
372
bunebrivi aRmosavluri majamebi ar aZleven suls zecisaken aRmafrenisa da Tavisuflad ganavardebis saSualebas:
mzed turfaobs SvenebiTa is are,
melnis tbani nargizTagan isare;
satrfosaTvis zro taniTa isare,
kekluc-nazad erxeoda, ismoda.
.........................................................
brolsa da Zows TanxmobiTa agebsa,
vin mcbierobs, ena misTvis agebsa;
nuRar sWmunav — qufrad bindsa agebsa?
qveynisaTvis nelsacxeblad ismoda!
roca mkiTxveli gaecnoba besikis leqss: `anze siT moxval~,
dainaxavs, rom am SemTxvevaSi poets izidavs sityvaTa xelovnuri misadagebiT erTgvari TamaSi, rac sparsofiluri tendenciebis mqone zogierT poets xSir SemTxvevaSi axasiaTebda, Tumca,
besiki am leqsiT `vefxistyaosnis~ samyarosTan cdilobs miaxloebas da ar hgavs aRmosavluri majamebis zmaSi garTul poets,
romelic, dinjad damjdara xaliCaze fexmorTxmiT da sityvaTa
`tkbilxmovanebiT~ msmenelis `datkbobas~ cdilobs; _ igi,
`aTinas gazrdili~, TiTqos stumrad swvevia azias:
aTinad brZenTa gazrdili aziad vmgzavrob aresa,
amirbars veyme avTandil amod ra lmobiaresa!
alvisa mSvildi SemSvenda israd aryisa mxmaresa;
arwivs afskasa Sevagen hair mofrinva-mkmaresa.
am zmebsa da `anbanTqebebs~ Taviseburi xiblic aqvs, ris Sesaxebac qvemoT gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas.
gavixsenoT besikis erTi leqsi _ `bulbulis Sursa~:
mRimaris piriT wamepare, damidgi maxe,
ase megona, SemrCeboda eg Seni saxe:
anTebuls cecxlsa Sesawvelad xeli Segaxe.
damwvari mainc Semibrale, besiki naxe!
vaÁ Seni brali, Cemo Tavo, Rrubels Saxveli!
TiTqos RvTaeba, zeciuri angelozi uxilavs poets da axla,
roca `gaparula~ misgan es RvTaeba, aRarc ki sjera, rom marTla
unaxavs igi. `umzeod~ aris darCenili. es strofi formalurad
sufistur poeziasTan amJRavnebs siaxloves (formalurad sufisturs waagavs, magaliTad, es striqonebic: `Tqmulia Zvelad:
`vinc iyos xelad, /etrfe da mogklas amisTanaman!~ _ `dedofals anazed~), magram, besiki sufizmisgan Sors dgas da arc mistikosi ar aris (al. baramiZis aRniSvniT, `besikis poezia ar icnobs mistikas, arc ganyenebul alegorizmsaa Cveuli~ _ besiki
373
1932: 054) da, Tu zogjer sufisturi poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebel striqonebsac vxedavT besikTan, misi poeziis saerTo konteqstis fonze sruliad cxadi xdeba, rom satrfosTan xorciel
siaxloveze meocnebe poetTan amgvari striqonebi sufisturi
Sinaarsisagan sruliad daclilia. besikTan RvTaeba-cecxlTan
miaxloebis saSiSroebaze, RvTaebriv sulierebaSi pirovnuli
`me~-s dakargvis safrTxeze, arasodes ar aris laparaki. erTianad gamijnurebulma poetma satrfoze SeiZleba Tqvas `etrfe
da mogklas amisTanaman~ da, vfiqrobT, sruliad cxadia, aq sufisturi winadadeba absoluturad sxva Sinaarss iZens, poeti
didi siyvarulis gamoxatvas sxva veRarafriT axerxebs da satrfos eubneba _ Tu gind, momkalio...
zogjer miaCniaT, rom besiki erT-erTi winamorbedi da ganmamtkicebelia `aSuRuri poeziisa~ (i. bagrationi, al. xaxanaSvili, g. gareli, k. kekeliZe, s. gorgaZe, t. tabiZe, ak. gawerelia,
p.muradiani... _ ix. SayulaSvili 1995). SesaZloa, es asec iyos.
magaliTad, sityvebi: `damwvari mainc Semibrale, besiki naxe~
marTlac muxambazur-aSuRuri intonaciis Semcvels hgavs; SesaZloa, Tavisdauneburad besikic iyos muxambazuri tradiciebis ganmtkicebis erT-erTi xelSemwyobi, magram, vfiqrobT, rom
TviTon besikisaTvis sruliad ucxoa tipiuri muxambazuri leqsi. besikTan sityva `damwvari~ odnav gansxvavebul emocias aRZravs, TiTqos xumrobiT eubneba satrfos _ cecxls xeli Segaxe, daviwvi da mnaxeo (`anTebuls cecxlsa Sesawvelad xeli Segaxe, damwvari mainc Semibrale~... sufistur winadadebas Taviseburad gardaqmnis, _ TiTqosda marTla xelis dawvaze laparakobdes da siyvaruliT dawvis aSuRuri motivic Zalian sustad
JRers mis leqsSi). aSuRur poeziaSi ki sityva `dawva~ xSiri xmarebis Semdeg besikisebur JReradobas mTlianad kargavs da
muxambazuri kilos warmoSobis SesaniSnav safuZvels qmnis...
aSuRur poeziaSi aseTi sityvebi zogjer banaluri xdeba da
vulgarul saxesac Rebulobs (cxadia, ara _ yovelTvis). besikiseuli im sityvebis xSirad gameorebam, romlebic cecxlSi dawvasa Tu satrfosadmi Sebralebis Txovnas Seexeba, SemdgomSi,
SesaZloa, gansxvavebuli Sinaarsi SeiZina da, vfiqrobT, amgvarad iqca besiki aSuRuri poeziis aRmocenebis erT-erT winamorbedad da ganmamtkiceblad (besikis mravalmxrivoba am mimarTebiTac aris saintereso, igi aSuRuri poeziis konteqstSic ganixileba), SesaZloa, besikisgan sazomebic gadaiRes aSuRebma, zogierT SemTxvevaSi besikTanac gvxvdeba aSuRuri intonacia, magram, vimeorebT, besikisaTvis aSuRuri leqsis specifika ucxoa.
prof. giorgi SayulaSvili aRniSnavs, rom aSuRuri da, saerTod,
aRmosavluri poeziisaTvis umetes SemTxvevaSi niSandoblivia:
1. satrfos Seucvleloba; 2. metrfesa da satrfos Soris vasa-
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luri damokidebuleba; 3. satrfos gulcivoba; 4. metrfes Tavdadebuloba; 5. metrfesagan sapasuxo siyvarulis armoTxovna;
6. satrfos moRalateoba (SayulaSvili 1995); mkvlevari besikis
or leqsze msjelobisas (`sevdis baRs Sevel~, `bulbulis Sursa~) wers, rom `pirvel leqsSi gadalaxulia aRmosavluri lite-
raturis mniSvnelovani Teoriuli faqtura _ pirobiTi ganzomileba, gonismieri Wvreta, irealuri gaazreba satrfialo obieqtisa. trfialis obieqti mravlobiTSia warmodgenili (alegoriulad vardi, ia, nargizi), rac TavisTavad xsnis aRmosavluri
lirikis kuTvnil pirobiT-irealur gaazrebas~ (SayulaSvili
1984). mkvlevari aq aRmosavluri poeziis ZiriTad tendenciebze
laparakobs, _ amgvari kriteriumebi, cxadia, yvela aRmosavleli poetisaTvis ar aris miRebuli... giorgi SayulaSvili cxadyofs, rom es ZiriTadi tendenciebi ar aris damaxasiaTebeli
besarion gabaSvilisaTvis. amdenad, vimeorebT, Tu aSuRurma
poeziam besiki Tavis erT-erT winamorbedad gaixada, es ar niSnavs imas, rom igi aSuR poetad miviCnioT; SeiZleba iTqvas, _
besik gabaSvili im erTgvar Suamavlad gvesaxeba, romelic qarTuli aSuRuri poeziis Camoyalibebas ise aZlevs stimuls, rom
TviTon ar aris aSuRi... aSuRi ar aris da, saerTod, aRmosavluri poeturi tradiciac, sxva qarTvelTa msgavsad, rogorc iTqva, mxolod formaa misTvis, rac poetis Semoqmedebas ufro
mravalferovans xdis... am mravalmxriv poetSi ukve Zalumad igrZnoba swrafva dasavleTisken...
leqsSi `cremlTa isxarni~ (zogierT xelnawerSi _ `isarni~)
besiki Tavis gaZevebaze Civis, samSobloSi darCenil megobrebs
ase mimarTavs:
ros gvagondebiT, SevRondebiT, lomno yma-Zmano,
Tanzrdilno sworno, ganaSorno, sayvarlad kmano!
va kideganTa, esden TqmaTa glovisa xmano,
atadis kalos, savalalos, sada xarT, Tqmano!
dagvberna qarman dauwynarman, zRvad vifareniT.
marTla gamwarebuli, samSoblodan mimavali poeti TiTqos
mefes gamosZaxis, cdilobs auxsnas, rom misi erTgulia, sxva
patroni ar unda:
sxvamca patroni, anu droni, verRa davsaxeT,
yaribTa bani, gzis sabani, ekliT SevsCmaxeT!
besiki ver eRirsa ereklesagan Sendobas.
satrfialo leqsebidan Cven kargad vxedavT besikis mousvenarsa da mudam maZiebar, albaT, Secdomebis Camden, magram _
daudegar suls, am da sxva leqsebidan igrZnoba, ra gulwrfeli
siyvaruliT uyvars mas megobrebi, romlebic ojaxis gasaxlebis
375
Semdeg axal ojaxad eqcnen, megobrebisadmi iseTi uangaro siyvaruli igrZnoba am axalgazrda kacis sulSi, rogoric, magaliTad, puSkinisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. yovelive zemoTqmulis
Semdeg, albaT, Zneli warmosadgeni ar aris, ra saSineli tragedia iqneboda besikisaTvis samSoblodan gaZeveba, satrfosa Tu
megobarTagan ZaliT mocileba... es mefisa da megobrebisadmi mimarTuli leqsad Seqmnili erTgvari werilia. amgvari stilisa
sxva leqsebic aqvs dawerili besiks...
Tu besikis mravalmxrivobaze gavamxvilebT yuradRebas, leqsebis garda, cxadia, misi poeziis sxva Janrebzec aucileblad
unda visaubroT.
besiks ekuTvnis ori patriotuli poema: `aspinZisaTvis~ da
`ruxis brZola~. poemaSi `aspinZisaTvis~ aspinZasTan osmalebze
da lekebze qarTvelTa gamarjvebis Sesaxeb aris moTxrobili.
`ruxis brZolaSi~ aRwerilia samegrelos samTavroze 1780 wels
afxazTa, jiqTa da alanTa Tavdasxmisa da am omSi kacia dadianisa da mis dasaxmareblad mosuli imerTa mefis — solomon pirvelis gamarjvebis ambavi.
rogorc cnobilia, ruseT-osmaleTis omis dros (1768-1774 w.w.)
TurqTa da lekTa winaaRmdeg mefe erekles ruseTis jarTan erTad unda ebrZola. saqarTveloSi Camosuli iyo samxedro korpusi totlebenis meTaurobiT, raTa gaerTianebul jars axalcixis safaSosagan qarTvelTaTvis warTmeuli teritoriebi gaeTavisuflebina. jari awyuris cixes miadga, magram totlebenma
moulodnelad erekle mefe mters marto Seatova. ereklem sakuTari ZalebiT daamarcxa mteri. poeti mkacr Sefasebas aZlevs
totlebenis saqciels, amasTan, igrZnoba, rom igi orWoful
mdgomareobaSia, _ ar icis, marto totlebeni daadanaSaulos
momxdarSi Tu, saerTod, _ ruseTis xelisufleba. totlebens
ki Tavisuflad gvixatavs uRirs kacad:
va, mas dRisa momxsenma viTar vin riT ganvaqiqo?!
cili dasdves mefes rusTa: `CvenTvis keTils ara iqo!~
Rrafi jariT gamobrunda, miT saxeli vera iqo, _
sxva pasuxi arvis misca: `siTac movel, waval iqo!
es strofi martivi, xalxuri, sasaubro eniT aris dawerili
da odnav guramiSviliseuli intonaciac igrZnoba masSi.
poeti ase aqebs daviT sardals:
maSin guls dahkar mjiRiTa, miwani SesZren ryeviTa,
cxenman Segatyo SeqSena, Semzada tani nZreviTa;
Tvalni nakvercxlad Segeqmnes, aSeTdi sisxlmoreviTa,
cxvirisa nestvTa mohqroden qarni qveynisa ngreviTa.
376
aspinZis omSi gamarjvebis mTavari sulisCamdgmeli erekle
mefe iyo. mecnierebaSi SeniSnulia, rom `besikma gverdi auara
erekles. man sagangebod Seamko mxolod sardlis qveloba. besikma daviT sardals miawera aspinZaSi mopovebuli gamarjveba~
(kekeliZe... 1969: 472)... amasTan, unda iTqvas, rom poeti ereklesac ar iviwyebs, _ aRniSnavs, rom `TviT mefe, qarTvel da kaxni
omis xalisiT xldebodes~, brZanebs, rom omis Semdeg gamarjvebas `miulocvidnen mefesa~.
`ruxis omSi~ besikTan solomoni mefur sidinjes ar kargavs,
Tumca, cxadia, brZolis dros Sinaganad isic mRelvarebs. mefe
loculobs, RvTismSobels evedreba Semweobas; Semdeg ki `frTovan
vefxs~ damsgavsebuli ibrZvis:
mefe mSvidi amas zedan gulisobs da ara laRobs,
gulsa mjiRTa nel ikrvida, yovlTa gulic masTan daRobs,
`RvTismSobelo!~mTqmelobs; TvaliT cremlTa ruebs warmonaRobs,
da vefx-frTovanad gardisaxobs gmirTa gmiri, saRTa-saRobs.
poeti qebiT ixseniebs kacia dadians, giorgi wulukiZes,
elizbar erisTavs...
elizbar erisTavis brZolis suraTs iseTi cocxali da dinamiuri ritmiT gadmogvcems, riTmulad ise ostaturad aris sityvebi erTmaneTTan misadagebuli, TiTqos cocxlad vgrZnobT
im silaRes, elizbar erisTavs rom sdevda brZolisas:
avazobdis, gagazobdis,
dahqrolvidis da sTrolvidis;
navardobdis, Savardnobdis,
miwas dascis dahqrolvidis;
anazrobdis, anazdobdis,
ganhkafdis da gansrolvidis;
milaRobdis, Tamamobdis,
ganabnevdis, ganstrolvidis.
unda iTqvas, rom, sargis caiSvilis azriT, `poema aSkarad ga-
datvirTulia zedmetad xotbiTi elementebiT da adgils ar tovebs ambis epikuri TxrobisaTvis~ (caiSvili 1966: 667). `rac Seexeba poemis enas, besiki aq gardametebul maRalfardovnebasa
da RvlarWnil stils misdevs, rac naTelia, Tundac poemis pirvelive striqonebidanve: `odes ixarebs daviT, suliersa Cangsa
Tana suliTa mRaRadebeli mefe, da ityvis: `_ aw aRmisrulna aRmTqmelman keTilobaman, viTarmed erTgzis vefuceo wmidasa
Cemsa daviTs!~ romlisa Semdgomi, msgavsad sityvisa mis, miecemoda mefobai Seni~.~ mkvlevaris TqmiT, _ `ruxis omi~ aSkara
xarkia poeti-kariskacisa, romelsac, albaT, dakveTiT Seusrulebia panegirikuli xasiaTis poema~. sargis caiSvili iqve das-
377
Zens: `magram aq aris Zlieri pasaJebic, farTo bataliebi, rac
saerTod exerxeba besiks mis sxva nawarmoebebSic (mag. `aspinZisaTvis~)
(caiSvili 1966: 667).
k. kekeliZisa da al. baramiZis aRniSvniT: `Tavisma imJamin-
delma sazogadoebrivma mdgomareobam saSualeba ar misca besiks
ruxis brZolaSi amoekiTxa samwuxaro istoriuli simarTle, eCvenebina Cveni qveynis daZabunebisa da erovnuli ubedurebis
namdvili socialuri mizezebi~ (kekeliZe, baramiZe 1969: 474).
cxadia, es marTlac asea, poets solomonisa da mis TanamebrZolTa Seqeba aqvs miznad dasaxuli da SinaganxeTqilebis gamo
wuxils marTlac ar gamoxatavs, rogorc amas, magaliTad, daviT
guramiSvili akeTebs; magram solomoni warmodgenilia im mefed,
romlis gareSe mSvidoba ver SenarCundeba da SarvaSiZis TviTnebobac ver ailagmeba; mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi es mSvidi da
vefxviseburad meomari solomoni besikis mier dasavleT saqarTvelos simSvidis garantad da, iqneb, mis, da aramarto mis, potenciur gamaerTianeblad moiazreba... qarTvelTa gaTiSuloba,
cxadia, awuxebs poets, cxadia, igi ocnebobs, rom gaerTiandes
danawevrebuli saqarTvelo, _ iqneb, Zalian cdeba, magram migvaniSnebs, rom solomons Seswevs saamiso Zali, oRond, politikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, amas aSkarad ar gamoxatavs...
poemaSi saqarTvelos danawilebaze marTlac ar aris wuxili
gamoxatuli, magram igrZnoba es wuxili, solomon mefis poziciebidan miniSnebulia im pirovnebaze, visac qveynis gaerTianebis, yovel SemTxvevaSi, samTavroebs Soris simSvidis SenarCunebis Zali Seswevs... is qarTvelebi, romlebic TanamoZmeebis winaaRmdeg midian, qrTamis momlodine, qurdulad maval adamianebad arian warmodgenilni (`aRTqmulni qrTamiT vlidenca RamiT~); moZmeTa gamyidvelebi arian SarvaSiZis momxreni... isini
qurdulad, laCrulad eparebian TvistomT... erTis mxriv, RamiT
qurduli nabijebiT mosiarule moRalate, meores mxriv,
RvTismSoblis mimarT mlocveli, vefxviseburi ZaliT meomari
solomoni, _ marTlac rom STambeWdavi suraTia...
rac Seexeba poemas `rZal-dedamTiliani~, es ar aris mxolod
gasarTobi nawarmoebi, aq ufro ojaxuri tradiciebis damarRvevelni arian satiris cecxlSi gatarebulni. tradiciaTa gadagvarebas rom dastiris besiki, es im ironiidanac Cans, rac poemis
bolos `vefxistyaosnis~ bolo strofis reminiscenciidan (`dasrulda ese ambavi~) vlindeba. Cans, aq imis Tqma unda poets, rom,
erT dros Tu did raindebsa da maT Rirseul mijnurebze iyo
saWiro poemebis Seqmna, axla uRmerTo ojaxSi mcxovreb anCxl
rZal-dedamTilze gaxda saWiro wera:
378
dasrulda ese ambavi tkbilad sasmenli rZlebisa,
dedamTils hyvandis morCili rZali aseTi nebisa;
mas scemdes, saxlsa aqcevdes, iyos gamyreli Zmebisa,
qmars Tavsa sWrides siurcxviT, iyos Semkvreli grZnebisa.
rogorc miCneulia, `rZaldedamTilianis~ Tema xalxuria da
es Tema qarTvel mwerlebSi pirvelad besikma Semoitana. `mas
unda esargebla xalxuri masalebiT, Tumca ambavi gangeb Soreul ucxo qveyanaSi gadaaqvs da ucxouri sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis damaxasiaTebel movlenad acxadebs~ (kekeliZe... 1969: 474).
sarkazmsa da Zlier gaRizianebas gamoxatavs besiki mzeWabuk
orbelianis mimarT. mzeWabuk orbeliani, mdivanbegi, dapirispirebuli iyo besikTan, misi ideuri mowinaaRmdege gaxldaT. mzeWabuk orbelianis obieqtur portrets, cxadia, es leqsi ver
mogvcems, _ aq piradi, subieqturi damokidebuleba aris gamoxatuli. besikis biografiis calkeuli detalebis kargad dasanaxavad ki, cxadia, leqsi kargi samsaxuris gamwevia; Tumca, vfiqrobT, es leqsi didi mxatvruli Rirebulebisa mainc ar aris,
masSi cudi, adamianuri Tvisebebis ganzogadeba ar xdeba, es mxolod da mxolod erTi konkretuli adamianis gariTmuli lanZRvaa:
`dampalo leSo, TvalxeneSo, gulRadarao~...
`ar-uziano, kuziano, mawunwarao~...
`Senma gaxeTqam, eSxi mohklavsT Senis welisa!~...
`ra kargi ram dabadebulxar! mag pirs: fuao!~
mirian batoniSvils gulwrfelad megobruli toniT mimarTavs. erT leqsSi kremenCukidan qarTvelTa cxovrebis Sesaxeb
qilikiTa da xumrobiT swers ambebs; es faqtiurad werilia —
leqsad gamogzavnili; meore leqsSi ase swers ufliswuls — qeba
mibrZane da ar vici, ra vTqva, Seni Sesaferisio, mere cotas marTla aqebs, uwodebs ganaTlebuls, `ver gavZel mzeriTa~-o, locavs da meore strofidan ukve osmalebze esaubreba, isev qarTvelTa ambebs uyveba... esec gariTmuli werilia.
samgloviaro oda _ `samZimari~ levan batoniSvils eZRvneba.
erT-erT xelnawers (B2539) axlavs ganmarteba: `samZimari aris
mowerili besarion gabaevisagan leonis mefis Zisa daviT orbelianTan~ (besiki 1932: 43). igrZnoba, rom besiki gulwrfelad dauRonebia taxtis Rirseuli memkvidris sikvdils:
irodi mefobs,
sisxlis maxvils iefobs,
brZaneba mCqefobs,
xma muneburi mkrefobs!
raqel SvilT myefobs,
ZuZu naRvliTa mcqefobs;
quxili mWexobs,
grginva elviTa mgrexobs;
sikvdili mkvexobs,
lomsa mZinares ferxobs.
379
daaxloebiT igive SeiZleba iTqvas `solomon mefis epitafiaze~. epitafiis werac xelewifeboda besiks. gulwrfeli pativiscema igrZnoba mefis mimarT. epitafias, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tavisi kanonebi aqvs, _ masSi imqveynad wasuli `laparakobs~; cxadia, poets SeuZlia mxolod formalurad `alaparakos imsoflad myofi~ da warmoaCinos, rom es poetis naTqvamia (epitafiaSi, umeteswilad, TiTqmis ar xdeba xolme sxvis rolSi gardasaxva...); magram, amavdroulad, ise unda gamoxatos imqveynad
myofisadmi siyvaruli, rom `sakuTari Tavis gadametebul da
araobieqtur maqebrad~ ar gamoiyvanos igi:
adamis ZliTman miwa Tqmisa smenaman
momatyva xmaÁ urCebiTa Svebuli,
momsxla uwyalman samoTxiT daviTisiT
vazi, mwdeveli qriste Cemisda sisxliT.
viTne brZaneba meufisa mefeman.
besiki sagaloblebis weris tradiciasac kargad icnobs. mas
dawerili aqvs `wmidis giorgis Sesxma iambikod~. korneli kekeliZes yuradReba miuqcevia im faqtisaTvis, rom besikTan
`gvxvdeba Zveli eklesiuri 12-marcvliani iambiko, mxolod riTmovani~ (kekeliZe1981: 657). Cans, besikisaTvis riTmas didi mniSvneloba hqonda da amitom iambiko masTan gansxvavebul saxes
iZens. xalxurisa Tu wmidad literaturuli tradiciis saeklesio tradiciasTan SerwymiT iqmneba leqsi, romelsac, vfiqrobT,
SeiZleboda, axleburi tradiciis CamoyalibebisaTvis Seewyo
xeli... am leqsis enas `maRali Stilis~ gavlena aSkarad etyoba
da igrZnoba, Tu ra didi krZalviT arCevs poeti sityvebs:
giorgis mkerdTa aspekalebs lod-deba,
iTnebs urmis Tvals, muSakad iwodeba,
oqro ibrZmedebs, kirs daflviT aqvn zodeba.
poetis mzera maRla, caTa simaRleTaken, aris apyrobili, _
dawmendili, amaRlebuli, spetaki sulierebiTaa es striqonebi
dawerili:
aRakmevs sulsa, aRvals cebis cialsa,
qriste aRmqmeli miiTvalavs trfialsa.
_ umSvenieresi suraTia, _ zeciur cialSi maRldeba uwmidesi suli, zeciuri surneleba igrZnoba caTa wiaRebSi, macxovari Rebulobs misTvis wamebul wmidans...
RvTismSoblis qeba (leqss `yovlad wmidis qeba~ hqvia) ufro
sada, martivi, xalxurTan miaxloebuli stiliT aris dawerili,
avtori sruli gulwrfelobiT uZlurad miiCnevs Tavs imisaT-
380
vis, rom RvTismSobels Rirseuli Sesxma miuZRvnas, _ ufro sakuTar codvaTa patiebas evedreba RvTismSobels:
jerisaebr qeba Seni arvis ZaluZs, RvTisa sZalo,
jerars Sehkrben angelosni, qveyierni kacni, qalo,
jobs, rom giZRvnan kinam-kasni, gundruk-muri da Stans-alo,
jvarcmulisa qristes dedav, codvils mkurne, dedofalo!
besiks Seqmili aqvs `nardzed zmebi~, `Wadrakzed zmebi~...
vin ar didsulobs, sulmokled ars yovlgan danaficari,
damkariT pirsa da tkaci miqmeniT, Tu scnaT, vinc ari!
korneli kekeliZis aRniSvniT, am zmebSi besiks `imdenad gaumeorebia Teimuraz meoris amave saxelis zmebi, rom zogierTi
xelnaweri maT Teimurazs miawers (kekeliZe1981: 677). Semdeg
mkvlevari besikis `anbanTqebanis~ Sesaxeb msjelobs: `aseTi an-
banTqebani umTavresad im mxriv warmoadgenen interess, rom
gvaCveneben, ramdenad SeswevdaT maT avtorebs geografiis, istoria-miTologiis, zoologiisa da botanikis codna~ (kekeliZe1981: 676). mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom aseTi leqsebi maia
gabaSvilis, dimitri orbelianis wabaZvaa (kekeliZe1981: 676)...
rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, amgvari leqsebi (zmebi da anbanTqebani), mxatvrulobis TvalsazrisiT, marTlac ver aRiqmeba
besikis sxva leqsebis doneze dawerilad da maTSi ufro avtoris
erudicia da, aseve, sityvaTa gariTmvis, aliteraciis Seqmnis
unari vxedavT; Tumca, aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi `anbanTqebani~, Tavad amgvari Janris specifikidan
gamomdinare, garkveulwilad, mxatvrulobis TvalsazrisiTac faseulia. magaliTad, gavixsenoT leqsi `an alva xar tanadobiT~:
an, alva xar tanadobiT, ban, bulbuls migigavs ena,
gan, gibrwyinavs piris saxe, don, daxatuli xar Sena;
en, elvare badri mTvare, vin, varskvlavs surs Seni brwyena,
zen, zilf-kavo, giSris Tmao, he, haeriT daiwye frena,
Tan, Turani, in, eraniT sicxovliT dagiwvams Sena!
vfiqrobT, amgvarad werisas besiki satrfos agebinebs, rom
ise Zlier aris Seyvarebuli, ra bgerac ar unda SesTavazon qarTuli anbanisa, yovelTvis Tavisuflad SeuZlia aqos satrfo...
Cveni SexedulebiT, swored es azria warmoCenili am leqsSi...
amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom, xSirad, aseT SemTxvevebSi, poetebi leqsis weris teqnikis virtuozuli flobis unaris Cvenebasac cdilobdnen. aseTi leqsebi rom sworad aRiqvas, mkiTxvelma
Taviseburad, _ erTgvari `sportuli JiniT~ unda Sexedos poets, naxos, rogori ostatobiT SeuZlia mas sityvebis erTmaneTTan riTmuli misadageba, aliteraciuli metyveleba... aseTi
381
leqsebis werisas poetebi faqtobrivad erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen weris teqnikaSi...
besiks qarTul poeziaSi sxva damsaxurebanic miuZRvis. cnobilia, rom man SemoiRo e. w. 19-marcvliani leqsi. besikis poeziaSi gvxvdeba Caxruxauli leqsi, rusTveluri, e. w. _ TxuTmetmarcvliani, ToTxmetmarcvliani (kekeliZe1981: 675)... mas Seuqmnia `baiaTi~, `yifia~, `mustazadi~, `Tejlisi~... qarTul poeziaSi besikma pirvelma Semoitana 14-marcvliani logaedebi (ak.gawerelia)... `besikis avtoritetma gansakuTrebiT ganamtkica
qarTul poeziaSi muxambazuri sazomebis gavrceleba~ (caiSvili
1966: 671)... `besikis poeziam ganuzomeli gavlena moaxdina mis
Tanamedrove mwerlobaze da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mas mimbaZvel-epigonTa laSqari gauCnda~ (caiSvili 1966, 671).
besarion gabaSvilis literaturuli memkvidreobidan sainteresoa SemorCenili fragmenti misi dRiurebidan, romelic
sparseTSi mogzaurobisas dauweria. am dRiurebs mxatvrulobis
mizandasaxuloba ara aqvs, magram literaturuli niWiT aRsavse
adamianis sruliad Cveulebrivi naweri mainc avlens xolme avtorisagan movlenebis mxatvrulad gadmocemis unars. besiki
Tavisi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb wers: `da warsulman avgvale raWiT
mTani myinvareni da mived digors [...] da ganvisvene mosdogs. agvisto iyo maSin~ (besiki 1932: 104). sxarti da moqnili frazebiT
mogviTxrobs Tavis mogzaurobas besiki.
literaturuli niWi mis werilebSic Cans, SemorCenilia mzeWabuk orbelianTan, sulxan orbelianTan, potiomkinTan miwerili werilebi... sainteresoa, rom besiki mzeWabuks sTxovs _ Cem
mier `crud sadme Tqmuli~ daiviwye, `gardasWer vnebani siZulvilisa~-o. am werilebis avtors mxatvruli teqstis Seqmnis mizani ar hqonia da isini upirvelesad politikis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT, besikis pirovnebis ukeT dasanaxavad aris saintereso. mravalferovani poeziis Semqmneli besarion gabaSvili yovelmxriv imsaxurebs interess...
udavoa, rom besarion gabaSvilis SemoqmedebisaTvis mravalmxrivobaa erTi umTavresi damaxasiaTebeli niSani da am poetis
erT romelime, _ miT umetes, _ mxolod aRmosavluri poeziis
konteqstSi ganxilva, vfiqrobT, ar SeiZleba.
besiki qarTuli literaturis istoriis periodTa gzagasayarze cxovrobda, rac aisaxa kidec mis SemoqmedebaSi. am istoriaSi yovelTvis gamorCeuli adgili eqneba damkvidrebuli am
Zalze mravalmxrivsa da niWier poets, romelTanac aRmosavleTs ukve enacvleba dasavleTi, visTanac warsulis sunTqvac
igrZnoba da momavlis konturebic isaxeba... iSviaTia erT poetSi
aseTi mravalferovneba.
382
damowmebani:
besiki 1932: besiki. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. teqsti, gamokvleva, SeniSvnebi, leqsikoni al. baramiZisa da v. Tofurias redaqciiT. tf.: federacia,
1932.
besiki 1962: besiki. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb.: `sabW. mwerali~, 1962.
baramiZe 1940: baramiZe al. narkvevebi qarTuli literaturis istoriidan.
Tb.: 1940.
gawerelia 1953: gawerelia a. qarTuli klasikuri leqsi. Tb.: 1953.
kalmasoba 1948: ioane batoniSvili. kalmasoba. II. k. kekeliZisa da
al.baramiZis redaqciiT. Tb.: 1948.
kekeliZe 1981: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. II. Tb.:
1981.
kekeliZe, baramiZe 1969: kekeliZe k. baramiZe. a. Zveli qarTuli
literaturis istoria. Tb.: 1969.
leoniZe 1949: leoniZe g. Ziebani Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan.
I. Tb.: 1949.
maWaraZe 1962: maWaraZe v. besiki diplomatiur sarbielze. Tb.: 1962.
q.s.e.: qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. _ besiki (avtorebi s. caiSvili,
k.maWavariani).
q. p. 1975: qarTuli poezia. V. Tb.: 1976.
q. m. 1984: qarTuli mwerloba. leqsikoni-cnobari. I. Tb.: 1984.
caiSvili 1966: caiSvili s. besarion gabaSvili, qarTuli literaturis
istoria. II. Tb.: 1966.
caiSvili 1962: caiSvili s. besiki. Tb.: 1962.
SayulaSvili 1984: SayulaSvili g. besikis ori leqsis gamo. _ saqarTvelos
ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis literaturismcodneobis respublikuri
sakoordinacio sabWo. SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis
istoriis instituti. samecniero sesia, XIX, 25-27 XII; 1984.
SayulaSvili 1995: SayulaSvili g. besiki da aRmosavluri literaturuli
tradiciebi. samecniero konferencia. Tbilisis damoukidebeli instituti
`ritorika~; 15-16 maisi; 1995.
ZoweniZe 2002: ZoweniZe l. mzeWabuk orbeliani. _ `al. baramiZe, 100~. SoTa
rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis instituti, Tb.: 2002.
383
Tamar barbaqaZe
besarion gabaSvilis versifikaciuli sistema
besarion gabaSvilis (besikis) versifikaciuli sistema erTgvari Sejamebaa XVI-XVIII s.s. qarTuli poeziis metrul-ritmuli
monacemebisa. amasTanave, Tavad besikmac bevri axali saleqso
formiT gaamdidra qarTuli poezia. poetis saxeli miakuTvnes
mis mier damkvidrebul ToTxmetmarcvlian (5/4/5) sazoms. am saleqso formis kvalifikaciis prioriteti sergi gorgaZes ekuTvnis: man miuTiTa pirvelma `didbesikuri~ (5/5/5) da `mcirebesikuri~ (5/4/5) sazomebis originalobis Taobaze. s. gorgaZis mier
Serqmeuli `mcirebesikuri~ XX-XXI s.s.-is qarTuli leqsis istoriasa da TeoriaSi `besikuris~ saxeliT moixsenieba; igi gansakuTrebiT popularulia a. WavWavaZis, g. orbelianis, n. baraTaSvilis, i. WavWavaZis, `cisferyanwelebis~ poeziaSi. am sazomiT
Targmna ivane maCabelma Seqspiri.
besikma, daviT guramiSvilTan erTad, daZlia sparsuli eposis zegavlena da erovnul poeziaSi daamkvidra originaluri
lirika. orive poeti ucxouri _ aRmosavluri (sparsuli) da dasavluri (rusul-ukrainuli) lirikuli poeziis motivebiTa da
saxeobrivi sistemiT sazrdoobda, Tumca ucxouri `xmebis~
gamoyeneba (`rasti guSa~ Tu `kazak duSa pravdivaia~) maT xels
ar uSlida, rom axali qarTuli leqsi daefuZnebinaT.
besikis riTma imdroinduli qarTuli poeziis apogead aris
miCneuli, imdenad, rom `zeaRsvla aRar SeiZleboda, am tkbilxmovanebas samani unda dasdeboda, amitom qvedasvla daiwyo.
momzadda niadagi romantikosTa nakluli riTmisaTvis~
(xinTibiZe 2003: 109).
besarion gabaSvilis versifikaciuli sistema jer kidev
ioane batoniSvilma Seafasa, rogorc `ucxo~, originaluri: `besarion gabaSvili iyo mecnierebasa Sina gamocdili da ucxo piitikosi. moSaire, mhsgavsi rusTvlisa, romelmanc mravalni saamo Sairni daswera sparsTa xmaTa zeda samRerali qarTulisa
eniTa... gaakeTa sxvaTa da sxvaTa xmaTa zedan simRerisa leqsebi~
(bagrationi 1954: 53).
besikma bunebrivi, qarTuli JReradoba mianiWa sparsul-arabul `muxambazebsa~ da `mustazadebs~.
qarTul poeziaSi muxambazuri stilis leqsebis Semosvladamkvidreba, bunebrivia, qveynis istoriul-politikuri viTarebiT iyo nakarnaxevi. sayuradReboa, rom am novaciis Taobaze
jer kidev `kalmasobis~ avtori saubrobda: `sparsTa xmaT simRera isev maTisave eniTa da sakraviTac ar iqneboda, rom Zveladac
ar hscodnodaT qarTvelTa, magram arsad acxadebs werili. xo-
384
lo odes rostom mefem miiRo qarTli, aman dasdo sruliad
sparsT kanonni da wesni. egreTve saxlebis mofena, Zirjdoma,
moxeleebis saxelis Secvla, sparsTa eniTa wodeba saxeloTa da,
amasTan, sakravnica da simReraca man SemoiRo da gaamravla
saqarTvelosa Sina. amisa Semdeg vaxtang mefeman, mere mefe
Teimurazman, Semdgomad meoreman mefe iraklim, vinaidan iyo
eseca sparseTsa da indoeTsa Sina, gazrdili nadir-Sahisagan,
TviTca kargad hswavlili TaTrulisa da sparsTa enisa da sakravTa da muRamebTa anu xmebTa. amis dros kidev ufro gaxSirda
sparsTa xmebisa sakravni da simRerani da amis mibaZviT ecadnen
raodennime gvamni da gaakeTes qarTulis leqsebiT xmasa zeda
sparsTasa da daukrevdian Congursa da sxvaTa sakravTa zeda da
daemRerebodian da awca ars xSirad ese CvenSia. xolo pirvel
SemomRebelni ama xmisani qarTulad iyvnen somexT mosakraveni
saaTlamad wodebuli da sxvani, mereT besarion gabaSvili, pirveli mestixe da ucxo mTxzveli... xolo besarionisagan Tqmuli
xma, romel ars muxambazad wodebuli sparsis eniTa, aris ese Semdgomi: `sevdis baRs Sevel SenaRonebi~ (bagrationi 1954: 52-53).
cnobilia, rom termini `muxambazi~ qarTul sinamdvileSi
damkvidrebisTanave, gulisxmobda, rogorc konkretul saleqso
formas, aseve aRmosavlur, Tavisebur, stilizebul kilos (gavixsenoT vaxtang orbelianis ganacxadi: `me ar miyvars kilo
muxambazisa...~). Jurnal `ciskris~ 1858 wlis nomrebis mimoxilvebis kritikosi n. berZniSvili saubrobs besikis `mustazadsa~
da `baiaTze~, romlebic Jurnalis me-3-4 nomrebSi iyo dabeWdili da miuTiTebs: `es saxelwodebani aRmosavluria da aRniSnavs
leqsebis ara ideas, aramed simReris gvars, _ upiratesad sufruls~, maTTvis SeiZleboda anakreontulic gvewodebinao, _
dasZens avtori (berZniSvili 1859: 3-4).
rogorc vxedavT, XIX s. II naxevris qarTul saliteraturo
kritikaSi ukve SeiniSneba mcdeloba komparativistuli Sexedulebebis dafiqsirebisa aRmosavluri da dasavluri saleqso
formebis naTesaobis Taobaze. Sexeduleba muxambazis, rogorc
evropuli sufruli, gasarTobi, msubuqi Sinaarsis gamomxatveli, anakreontuli leqsebisa, dResac mZlavrobs CvenSi. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom TviT n. berZniSvilis ganmartebani `anbanTqebisa~, `mustazadisa~ da `baiaTisa~, leqsis struqturis daxasiaTebis nacvlad, maT Sinaarsobriv axsnas efuZneba.
rogorc miuTiTeben, besikis saleqso formaTa mravalricxovneba (70), ZiriTadad, gapirovnebulia gariTmvis sistemaTa
mravalferovnebiT (22); swored es aris mizezi imisa, rom moculobiT samjer didi daviT guramiSvilis poeziac TiTqmis imdensave saleqso formas icnobs, ramdenic besikis SemoqmedebaSi
gvxvdeba (xinTibiZe 2009: 241).
385
besiki, rogorc gamorCeuli xmisa da `ucxo~ leqsis Semomtani, aRiares da didad daafases Tanamedroveebma: mas `meleqseTbaSi~ uwodes da xSirad rusTavelsac ki adarebdnen: `rusTvelisebr xmatkbilobiT ar aklebda arc erT gvarso~. besikis sasiamovno xma da garegnoba erTiorad zrdida poetis popularobas
mTel saqarTveloSi mas `aSuRad~ moixseniebdnen da besikis Tarze dakrul-amRerebuli leqsebi ipyrobda msmenels. k. kekeliZe
uaryofiTad afasebs besikis poeziis amgvari gavlenis Zalasa da
mimarTulebas XVIII s. qarTuli leqsis ganviTarebis gzaze: `...sinanuls gamovTqvamT, rom besiki Tavis brwyinvale niWs imisTvisac ar iSurebda, rom Cvens mwerlobaSi gaeZlierebina aSuRuri
poeziis tradiciebi da qarTul cxovrebaSi Semoetana aRmosavleTis bazris melodiebi, Segnebulad `sparsTa xmaTa zeda~
werda da mReroda aSuRuri poeziis muxambazebs, mustazadebsa
da baiaTebs. es aSuRuri, `sparsuli xma~ ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli
wminda qarTuli poeziisa, romlis briliantebi uxvadaa mimobneuli TviT besikis literaturul memkvidreobaSi~ (kekeliZe
1981: 677). swored am erovnul, qristianul suliskveTebas xedavda besikis poeziaSi zemoxsenebuli vaxtang orbeliani, romelic `muxambazis kilos~ iwunebda, rogorc qarTulisaTvis mavnesa da safrTxes, magram besikis poezias ki umaRles Sefasebas
aZlevda: `aqa ismenen besikisas mReras ciursa~.
d. kobiZe iwonebs besikis muxambazebs da aRniSnavs: `besikis,
saiaTnovas Semdeg mwerlebs sul sxvagvarad gaugiaT muxambazebis buneba... maTTan muxambazebad gagebul ufro sxva saxisa Tu
formis leqsebTan gvaqvs saqme~ (kobiZe 1955: 1). avtori gvawvdis
muxambazis sqemas (abaca) da misi Semotanis prioritets besik
gabaSvils miakuTvnebs. d. kobiZe muxambazebad ar miiCnevs grigol
orbelianis im leqsebs, romlebic am saTauriT aris cnobili da,
agreTve, muxambazad ar miaCnia a. WavWavaZis `muxambazi laTaiuri~.
besiks sparsul poeziaSi gavrcelebuli saleqso formis _
Razelis _ Semomtanad miiCnevda galaktioni (tabiZe 1922: 18).
besikis leqsis Sefasebisas, mkvlevarebi (k. kekeliZe, a. gawerelia, a. xinTibiZe da sxv.) sagangebod aRniSnaven, rom besikis
mniSvneloba unda gaviazroT im rolis simZimiT, romelic mas
ergo: erTi mxriv, besarion gabaSvilis versifikacia aris anabeWdi da ukanaskneli gamoZaxili saqarTveloSi aRmosavluri
saleqso formebisa da, meore mxriv, epigonebis garda, igi
afuZnebs, warmoSobs qarTveli romantikosebis leqsis musikalobas. sparsul-arabuli da azerbaijanuli poeziis gavleniT,
erovnul versifikaciaSi damkvidrebuli sazomebi da gariTmvis
sistemebi besikis SemoqmedebaSi Zireul saxecvlilebas ganicdis da originalur, qarTul saleqso formebad iqceva.
386
rogorc aRvniSneT, besikis damsaxurebaa qarTuli muxambazis saleqso formis damkvidreba. `qarTul poeziaSi muxambazis
saleqso forma sparsuli Razelis, musammaTebis gavleniT warmoqmnili, magram maTgan Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli saleqso
formaa. qarTul poeziaSi muxambazis saleqso formis nimuSebia:
besikis _ `sevdis baRs Sevel...; `me mivxvdi magas...~; saiaTnovas
_ `mtkvaro amRvreulo, arziano...~; `damexseni, avkacoba ar minda...~; al. WavWavaZe `eRebis kari gazafxulisa~, `uwyalo siyvarulo...~ da sxv. (TargamaZe 1990: 53).
qarTul tradiciul versifikaciaSi musTazadi-muxambazis
saleqso forma aRwerili aqvs Teimuraz bagrations: `ToTxmetmarcvliani leqsebi, simReris xmazed saTqmelni... besarion gabaSvilisagan miwerili saqarTveloSi Tavis sworTa da amxanagTa
Tana, odes soflis viTarebisagana ucxooba da mwiroba SeemTxva~
(bagrationi 1954: 70):
cremlTa isarni, mosisxarni, Cemda areniT,
iRimniT gulni, Wirnaxulni, SeviwynareniT!
ucxoni TemiT, soflis cemiT, gavigareniT,
uWknobni vardni, ama dardiT, davibZareniT _
ar iTqmis eniT, arca smeniT, es ikmareniT.
aq aucileblad unda SevniSnoT, rom XX s. pirvel naxevarSi
gansakuTrebiT gaizarda interesi aRmosavluri saleqso formebis Seswavlisa da, konkretulad, saiaTnovasa da besikis versifikaciuli Taviseburebebis kvlevis mimarT. mimoixilavs ra am
sakiTxs, akaki gawerelia ar eTanxmeba k. kekeliZis Tvalsazriss
qarTuli aSuRuri poeziis Taobaze da iziarebs t. tabiZis Sexedulebas: `...winaaRmdegi var, aSuRuri poezia dayvanil iqnas
yaraCoRul da kintos poeziamde~ (tabiZe 1934: 3-4). a. gawerelia
vrceli weriliT gamoexmaura 1932 wels besikis TxzulebaTa
krebulis gamocemas da SeniSna: `man gaamaxvila leqsis sityvieri
ritmi da Seasusta fabula da siuJeti~ (gawerelia 1932: 185).
gawerelias azriT, besikis leqsebSi sityvis frazobrivi mniSvneloba Sesustebulia, sityvebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba `da~
kavSiris gareSe: `sityva moqceulia damoukidebeli terfis
farglebSi da intonaciuri mijnebi emTxveva sityvaTa Soris
arsebul pauzebs~ (gawerelia 1932: 189).
besikis saleqso metyvelebis im Taviseburebas, rom taepis
dasawyisSi mdgomi sityviT bgeriT Sedgenilobas igi mravalgzis
imeorebs momdevno erTeulebSi, a. gawerelia xsnis besikis dros
CaxruxaZis odebis restavraciiT. igive movlena mkvlevars,
uneblieT, agonebs rusi poetis velimir xlebnikovis saleqso
teqnikis xerxs. a. gawerelia yuradRebas amaxvilebs besikis leqsebSi im stroful siaxleebzec, rac Semdeg romantikosebma ga-
387
naviTares. marTebulad SeniSnavs kritikosi: `besikis ritmuli
wyobis siaxlem gamoiwvia semantikuri rigebis siaxlove, Sedarebebs CamoscildaT zogadi mniSvneloba. iqcnen sagnobriv,
konkretul cnebebad~ (gawerelia 1932: 191).
grigol robaqiZe gvarwmunebs, rom poeturi teqnikis mxriv,
besiki `namdvili fenomenia da mTeli saukuniT uswrebs frang
simbolistebs~ (robaqiZe 1981: 263). robaqiZe sagangebod amaxvilebda yuradRebas sakuTriv besikis riTmaze da sanimuSod mohyavda besarion gabaSvilis sariTmo wyvili: `gamec-Ramec~, rogorc SinaarsiTa da struqturiT daSorebulni, gansxvavebuli
erTeulebi da melodiurobiT, musikalobiT _ uaRresad
daaxloebuli (robaqiZe 1920: 3).
sityvis esTetikis gamo Seiyvares `cisferyanwelebmac~ besikis leqsi: igi `gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasia qarTveli simbolistebisaTvis imdenad, ramdenadac swored aq xedaven sityvis, rogorc esTetikis fenomenis srulyofis princips~ (wifuria 1999: 101).
t. tabiZe werda: `rusTavelis Semdeg udidesi poeti iyo
besiki: Tu rusTaveli Tavis sagmiro motivebiT iwvevs analogias elinizmis klasikur periodTan, besiki iwvevs analogias elinizmis klasikur periodTan, besiki aleqsandriuli skolis poetia. besikis lirika liturgiaa Seyvarebuli gulis da saqarTveloSi guli usulod ar iyo. aRmosavleTis orgiazmi da avxorcoba besikSi Seyenebulia qarTuli keTilSobilebiT. besiki
agrZelebs rusTavelis poetikas, ar aris sxva poeti, romelsac
ise gaewmindos lirikuli Tema, rogorc besiks. misi leqsis
kultura, misi riTmis simdidre, mWreli epiTeti, naCrdilTa,
niuansTa gamoxmoba, enis musikaluri energiis jadoqroba imas
aiyvans qarTuli simbolizmis mamamTavrad, rogorc frangma
simbolistebma aiyvanes ronsari da rusebma T. tiutCevi. Tu ra
sityvis Jongliori imaleboda besikSi, es iqidanac Cans, rom
besikma daaswro Teodor de banvils, eTqva: poetisaTvis yvelaze ufro saintereso wigni leqsikonia...~ (tabiZe 1999: 102).
rogorc vxedavT, qarTvelma simbolistebma besiki aRiares
TavianT literaturul winaprad, besikis leqsis umTavresi sazomi (5/4/5) da melodiuroba, mdidari aliteracia, JReradi
riTma daudes safuZvlad TavianT poetikas. `cisferyanwelebmac~ gamijnes da Tanamedrove qarTuli leqsis Teoretikosebic
mkveTr sxvaobas xedaven besiksa da mis Tanamedrove aSuRur
poezias Soris: qarTuli leqsis mkvlevarebi xazs usvamen, rom
besiki erovnuli poetia, ufro meti siaxlove aqvs mefe-poetebis erovnul suliskveTebasTan da emijneba aSuRebisa da saiaTnovas poezias (xinTibiZe 2009: 241).
epikuri poeziis mier gabatonebuli, rusTveluri 16-marcvliani Sairis (53/53, 44/44) daZleva da lirikuli leqsisaTvis
388
aucilebeli moklesazomianobis damkvidreba, daviT guramiSvilTan erTad, besikis saxelsac ukavSirdeba. amgvarive kanonizatoria besarion gabaSvili XVIII s. qarTuli strofikis sferoSic: mis leqsebSi vxvdebiT sxvadasxvagvari aRnagobis (gansakuTrebiT xSiria kentstriqonianoba) strofebs, gansxvavebiT
rusTveluri katrenisagan.
besikis riTma, erTi SexedviT, mohyveba tradiciuli qarTuli riTmis keTilxmovanebas. identuria da melodiuri, Tumca
mis poeziaSi ukve vxvdebiT naklul riTmas, an ormacvliani da
erTmarcvliani sityvebiT SeriTmvas: vscna _ kocna (`etlzed~).
akaki xinTibiZem aRmoaCina besikis leqsSi konsonansis ori SemTxveva: `da ciba _ daveZeb~ (`taepni~) da `cnobamixdili _ Tavmoxdili~ (`rZal-dedamTiliani~). aseve, misi damsaxurebaa besarion gabaSvilis poeziaSi SidariTmis 13 saxeobis aRmoCena (xinTibiZe 2009: 242). SidariTma striqonidan striqonSi gadadis da
mTel strofSi erTi riTma moZraobs. zogjer es gadasvla kiburia da erTmaneTs enacvleba cezuruli da winacezuruli riTmebi:
zrdilobad kmardis Sexedva usaqmod oden saxisa,
saxisa dausaxisa, vervisgan danazraxisa,
danazraxisa Tu sadme, brZenTa saqebad axisa,
axisa mufaraxisa, vai, aw ganalaxisa.
(`mirian batoniSvils~)
besikis lirika mniSvnelovani Janruli mravalferovnebiT
gamoirCeva: mokle lirikuli leqsebis garda, mas dauweria: oda,
elegia, satira, epistoleni, iambiko, zma, anabanTqeba. XVII s.-dan
fexmokidebuli mokle lirikuli leqsebi sabolood besikis
poeziiT imkvidrebs adgils CvenSi.
qarTuli leqsis tradiciuli sazomebidan besarion gabaSvili mimarTavs: 35/53-s, 44/44, 55/55-s da 5/7-s. misi Txzulebebis
umetesoba, maT Soris, poemebi, am sazomebiT aris dawerili. Sairisa (35/53 da 44/44) da Caxruxaulis (55/55) gamoyeneba eposSi
tradiciis gagrZelebaa `samZimaris~ iambikuri forma ki siaxlea
(5/7). besikma iambiko cezurasTan gatexa da araTanabarzomieri
nawilebi riTmiT gadaaba erTmaneTs:
movedin, eva,
tirilTa ars moweva,
ganaxlda wyeva,
samoTxiT ganmosreva...
... gtir, sicocxleo,
ar droiT monasvleo,
daviTis Zeo,
idumalT ganaZeo...
(`samZimari~. besiki 1967: 500, 503)
besikis samgloviaro oda `samZimari~ leon batoniSvilis
gardacvalebis gamo dauweria poets. leqsi Senacvlebuli mokle da grZeli taqtebiT da riTmaTa feierverkiT (aTjeradi
389
riTma) glovisa da mwuxare gancdis siRrmes gvaziarebs TiTqmis
30 strofis ganmavlobaSi. sasuliero sagaloblis _ iambikos _
forma kargad exameba odis Sinaarss. asevea dawerili besikis:
`solomon mefis epitafia~, `anton kaTalikoszed~, `wminda giorgis Sesxma~, mirian batoniSvilisadmi miRZvnili zma.
miCneulia, rom `yvelaze Zvirfasi, riTac besikma qarTuli
metrika gaamdida, aris 14-marcvledis saxeoba 5 4 5, e.w. `besikuri~. yvelaze ukeTesi leqsebic besiks am sazomiT aqvs dawerili (xinTibiZe 2000: 123).
besikiseuli Cans Svidmarcvliani sazomic _ 4 3 (`iadons is
evarda~) da heterosilaburi _ 4 3-isa da 44-is kombinacia
(`stvens bulbuli~).
besikis leqsi amkvidrebs aTmarcvlian sazoms (5/5) damoukidebel formad (`mnaTobisadmi~, `rZal-dedamTliani~). `taepad~
saxeldebuli aTmarcvliani (5/5) leqs-strofi besikisa aseTia:
giorgi, grigol, erTad Tafli gol. (5/5)
tipuri aTmarcvledia (5/5) besikis Sedevri `sevdis baRs Sevel~:
sevdis baRs Sevel SenaRonebi
mokrefad msurda vardis konebi.
vardman Semrisxa Tavmomwonebi,
isari mtyorca dasamonebi,
srulad mimiRo yovli Ronebi,
miTxra: `ifiqre guls naqonebi,
misTvis iqmnebi dasayovnebi~.
ver mivxvdi maxvilganawonebi,
misTvis Seviqmnen cremlTa fonebi.
(besiki 1976: 463)
leqsi xuTi cxrataepiani strofisagan Sedgeba. kenttaepianoba, rogorc cnobilia, naklebad iyo damaxasiaTebeli am periodis qarTuli poeziisaTvis. monorimiT gamarTuli cxrataepedi, simetriul aTmarcvlediT Sesrulebuli, aliteraciiTa da
melodiuri JReradobiT, dRemde aRafrTovanebs ara marto qarTvel mkiTxvels: k. kekeliZe miuTiTebs, rom `besikis leqsi `sevdis baRs Sevel SenaRonebi~ Targmnilia frangulad mari broses
mier~ (kekeliZe 1981: 671).
besikis ganumeorebeli versifikaciuli xelovneba da originaluri stili yvelaze metad mainc `tano tatanom~ airekla:
besikuri sazomi _ 5/4/5, xuTtaepiani strofebi da gariTmvis
xerxi _ aaaaa bbbba cccca. es saleqso forma gvxvdeba besikis sxva
lirikul SedevrebSic: `vardo sasuro~, `cremlTa isxarni~, `me
Seni mgone~ da sxv. `tano tatanos~ pirvelive sazRvrul-msazRvreli gariTmulia: SeTavsebuli riTma aliterirebulia, ra-
390
sac mosdevs kidev erTi SidariTma da ixateba qalis sxeulis
srulyofili silamaze: rxevadi da momnusxveli:
tano tatano, gulwamtano, ucxod marebo,
rasac mohyveba ulamazesi qalis portretis detalizacia:
zilfo kavebo, momklavebo, versakarebo,
warb-wamwam-Tvalno, misaTvalno, Semazarebo,
Zow-lal-bageo, damdageo, sulTwamarebo,
piro mTvareo, momigone mzisa darebo!
bolo striqoni daskvnaa, amitom savaldebulo SidariTma,
wina oTxi taepisaTvis aucilebeli, aRar gvxvdeba.
a. xinTibiZis azriT, leqsSi `tano tatno~ mkacradaa reglamentirebuli SidariTmebis gamoyeneba. igi saTqmelis xasiaTTanaa Sefardebuli, mis forma-SinaarsTan. kerZod, SidariTmebi
konkretul CamoTvlas axlavs da ara zogad gancda-ganwyobilebas. cxadia, es wesi mxolod `tano tatanos~ poetikisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da ar vrceldeba am saleqso formiT daweril sxva
leqsebze. yvelas Tavisi sakuTari poetika aqvs~ (xinTiZe 2000: 128).
besikis versifikaciaSi gamorCeul adgils iWers gariTmuli
ortaepedebi, e.w. mrCobledebi (`pirvel simdables aRekar~). sagulisxmoa, rom besikma mrCobledis forma misca iambikosac.
samgloviaro oda `samZimarSi~ ramdenime strofi wyviladi riTmiT aris Sesrulebuli (aabbccddee):
sadaRa cxeni,
arsada Semrcxveni?
sada abjarni,
maqebelTa damjarni?
erTi Tu oblad,
vad, meore uxmoblad!..
a. xinTibiZis azriT, erTiani riTmidan wyvilad riTmaze gadasvla gamowveulia CamoTvlis principiT, razec es strofebia
agebuli. s. caiSvili SeniSnavs, rom besiki am SemTxvevaSi xalxuri datirebis xerxs mimarTavs (caiSvili 1966: 669).
besikis leqsze saubrisas sagangebod miuTiTeben mesame taepis marcvalTmetobaze (`stvens bulbuli~), rodesac mesame,
grZeli taepis bolo uriTmod aris datovebuli. mesame taepis
uriTmoba Tavidan bolomde gasdevs leqss `iadons ia evarda~:
iadons is evarda
da sumbuls is evarda.
Tqva maisma. me Tqvengan
dabmulvar, ise var da!
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d. kobiZe miuTiTebs, rom mesame, uriTmo taepi axasiaTebs
leqsis aRmosavlur formas _ robais, Tumca a. xinTibiZe fiqrobs, rom amgvari xerxi ZvelTaganve iyo gavrcelebuli qarTul xalxur poeziaSi.
besikis iambikoebis umravlesoba uriTmoa. riTmiani iambikoebidan cnobilia `wminda giorgis Sesxma iambikod~, romelic
damTavrebuli ar aris. anton kaTalikosisadmi miZRvnili iambikos (`samoTxiT wulobs~) pirveli nawili riTmiania, meore _ uriTmo.
a. xinTibiZe versifikaciulad gansakuTrebiT sainteresod
miiCnevs mirian batoniSvilze daweril iambikos, romelsac aqvs:
TavriTmac, boloriTmac da SuariTmac. striqonis oTxive sityva vertikalurad iriTmeba. boloriTma xuTjeradia, iambikos
xuTive striqons aerTebs, TavriTma _ oTxjeradi, Sua riTma _
samjeradi. amasTan, striqonTa SigniT, xuTive striqons vertikalze CarTulia zma — mirian:
sTen da mirian mzeobisa mRobani,
scenda gmirian mxneobisa mxnobani,
Svenda gmirian fSveobisa Tnobani,Tqvendami rian sumbul-kard-iobani
gulT gangmirian uTqvenod myoobani.
am zmas, xotbas, amaRlebuli ganwyobilebis gamomsaxvel
leqss, a. xinTibiZis azriT, sworedac Seefereba `maRali versifikaciuli xelovneba, romliTac miZRvnaa dawerili. esec megobrisadmi pativiscemis dasturia~ (xinTibiZe 2000: 131).
miuxedavad imisa, rom besikis poeturi memkvidreoba sakmaod
mcirericxovania _ 47 leqssa da 3 poemas moicavs, versifikaciuli parametrebis mixedviT, mravalferovan suraTs warmogvidgens: 23 sazoms, gariTmvis 22 xerxs, SidariTmis 13 kombinacias
da strofis 9 nairsaxeobas; agreTve, anbanTqebans, zmebs, akrostiqebs. sul ki besikis poezia 68 saleqso formas gvaZlevs
(xinTibiZe 2000: 135).
am saleqso formebidan, rogorc ukve mravaljer aRvniSneT,
saukeTeso mainc besikuri sazomia (5 4 5), misTvis damaxasiaTebeli strofikiTa da gariTmvis kombinaciebiT. es struqtura
metad laRi aRmoCnda besikis leqsis Sinaarsis gamosaxatavad.
paradoqsia isic, rom besikis mier muxambaz-musTazadebis SesaTxzvelad SerCeuli saleqso forma jer romantikosebma aitaces, xolo Semdeg `qarTuli poeziis evropuli radiusiT~ gamarTvis mosurne `cisferyanwelebma~ TavianTi `leqsis xerxemlad~
aqcies. qarTveli simbolistebis metrikis ZiriTadi repertuari swored besikuri ToTxmetmarcvledis (5 4 5) da besikis mier
Suaze gayofili Caxruxauli (5/5), e.w. simetriuli aTmarcvledisagan Sedgeba.
392
qarTuli leqsmcodneobis istoriaSi besikis versifikaciis
Seswavlas saTanado adgili uWiravs: besarion gabaSvilis riTmas sagangebod ikvlevda grigol robaqiZe, romelmac Tavis werilSi moixmo besikis poema `ruxis brZolis~ erTmaneTze gadabmuli, mravalmarcvliani riTmebi: avazobdis _ gavazobdis,
dahqrolvidis _ da hsTrTolvidis, navardobdis _ Savardnobdis. `cisferyanwelTa~ moZRvarsa da liders kargad hqonda gaazrebuli besikis aRmosavluri xmebisa da motivebis mniSvneloba `qarTuli poeziis renesansis~ gzaze: evropuli poetikuri
novaciebi erovnuli poeziis uaxles aRmosavlur xmasa da kiloSi unda ganzavebuliyo; besikis qalaquri yaidis lqsebi evropuli, modernistuli, urbanistuli poeziis motivebsa da melodias qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis ufro bunebrivsa da misaRebs
gaxdida.
besarion gabaSvilma axali funqcia mianiWa aliteracias. mis
cnobil anbanTqebebsa da sxva lirikul SedevrebSi aliteracia,
metafora, originalur sazomsa da riTmasTan erTad, besikis
leqsis dauviwyar melodias qmnida. besikis leqsis mkvlevari a.
xinTibiZe sagangebod amaxvilebs yuradRebas poliasindentonis
(xSirkavSirianoba) da bgeriTi anaforis (striqonTa dasawyisis
erTianoba) SemTxvevebze besarion gabaSvilis TxzulebebSi.
vaxtang VI-is `rani da movakani da...~ iyo sawyisi qarTul leqsSi
xSirkavSirianobis (poliasindentonis) damkvidrebisaTvis, magram besikis poeziaSi es bgerweruli xerxi sagangebo datvirTvas
iZens (`da hoÁ, Zneli bnelia~); xolo `yovlad wmidis qeba~ _
oTxstriqoniani leqsi, romlis yoveli taepi j- asoTi iwyeba
(jerisaebr, jer, jobs, jvarscmulisa) da 16-marcvliani SairiT
aris gamarTuli, RvTismSoblis sagaloblis unikalur formas
qmnis da musikalur Txzulebas emsgavseba: `jvarcmulisa qristes dedav, codvils mkurne dedofalo!~
besikis musikaluri enis analizisaTvis yvelaze met safuZvels mainc riTma iZleva. Tu gavixsenebT frangi simbolistebis
umTavres moTxovnas, verlenis cnobil frazas: `musika upirveles yovlisa!~ maSin sruliad gamWvirvale iqneba `cisferyanwelebis~ aseTi seriozuli daintereseba besikis leqsiT.
besikis riTma, umTavresad, saleqso striqonis musikalobisa
da melodurobis sawindaria, amitomac zusti, mravalmarcvliani riTma umTavresia misi leqsisaTvis. araidenturi, nakluli
riTma, romelic arCil mefisa da rusTavelis epigonebis poeziaSi gvxvdeboda, besarion gabaSvilis versifikaciaSi ar mogveZeveba: identuri riTmebi xSirad omonimebis saxes iRebs besikis
leqsSi, magram omonimuri riTmis Zieba ucxoa besarion gabaSvilisaTvis, gansxvavebiT mefe-poetebis (arCili, vaxtang VI) poeziisagan. kombinatoruli poezia, romelic evropuli da aRmo-
393
savluri leqsisaTvis Tanabrad mimzidveli da sainteresoa,
besikis versifikaciaSi mainc taepis melodiurobis ZiebiT aris
nasazrdoebi.
besarion gabaSvilis versifikaciulma sistemam udidesi zegavlena iqonia mis Tanamedrove da Semdgomi xanis qarTul poeziaze. besiks epigonTa mTeli laSqari gamouCnda, Tumca es mimbaZveloba mxolod formiseuli, leqsis struqturis garegani
maxasiaTeblebis uniWo gameorebiT amoiwureboda.
damowmebani:
bagrationi 1954: bagrationi T. gvarni anu sazomni qarTulisa enisa stixTa. `qarTuli poetikis qrestomaTia (XVIII-XIX s.s.)~. g. miqaZis redaqciiTa da
SeniSvnebiT. Tb.: samecniero-veToduri kabinetis gamomcemloba, 1954.
bagrationi 1954: bagrationi i. poeziisa anu moleqseobisaTvis. `qarTuli
poetikis qrestomaTia (XVIII-XIX s.s.)~. g. miqaZis redaqciiTa da SeniSvnebiT.
Tb.: samecniero-veToduri kabinetis gamomcemloba, 1954.
berZniSvili 1859: Бердзнишвили Н. Беглый обзор к книжек журн. "Заря".... газ.
"Кавказ", №12, 1932.
besiki 1976: besiki. qarTuli poezia TxuTmet tomad. t. 5. Tb.: `nakaduli~,
1976.
gawerelia 1932: gawerelia a. besikis TxzulebaTa krebulis gamocemis
gamo. `mnaTobi~, 12, 1932.
TargamaZe 1990: TargamaZe n. sparsuli da qarTuli myari saleqso formebi.
Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1990.
kekeliZe 1981: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. II. Tb.:
`mecniereba~, 1981.
kobiZe 1955: kobiZe d. muxambazi. gaz. `axalgazrda stalineli~, № 4, 11
Tebervali, 1955.
robaqiZe 1920: robaqiZe g. qarTuli ritmiuli. gaz. `saqarTvelo~, № 82,
1920.
robaqiZe 1981: robaqiZe g. `nargizovanis~ striqonebi xalxur simReraSi~.
`sabWoTa xelovneba~, 4, 1981.
tabiZe 1922: tabiZe g. gazela. galaktion tabiZis Jurnali. № 2, 1922.
caiSvili 1966: caiSvili s. besiki. qarTuli literaturis istoria. II. Tb.:
`mecniereba~, 1966.
wifuria 1999: wifuria b. komentarebi t. tabiZis werilisa `cisferi
yanwebi~. // tabiZe t. sonetebi rCeuli leqsebi, esse. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1999.
xinTibiZe 2000: xinTibiZe a. besikis versificikacia. // versifikac iuli
narkvevebi. Tb.: 2000.
xinTibiZe 2003: xinTibiZe a. besikis riTma. sjani, IV. Tb.: 2003.
xinTibiZe 2009: xinTibiZe a. qarTuli leqsis istoria da Teoria. Tb.:
Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2009.
394
daviT guramiSvili.
axali qarTuli narativi
ivane amirxanaSvili
daviT guramiSvili
(biografiuli narkvevi)
daviT guramiSvili daibada 1705 wels sofel guramianTkarSi
anu saguramoSi, kerZod, mis ganapira, zemo ubanSi, romelsac
gorisubans uwodebdnen. `me viyav erTi Tavadi mosaxle gorisubansa~, _ wers daviTi. gorisubani dRes nasoflars warmoadgens. es aris adgili, romelic mdebareobs ilia WavWavaZis muzeumsa da zedaznis monastrisaken mimaval gzas Soris. aq alagalag jer kidev SeiniSneba Zvel nagebobaTa saZirkvlebi. gorisubnis mdebareobaze pirvelad poetma giorgi leoniZem
miuTiTa (leoniZe 1958: 223).
misi winaprebi aq me-15 saukunis dasawyisSi mesxeTidan gadmosaxlebulan. `mcxeTis gujaris~ erT-erT qronikaSi moxseniebulia Tavadi guram zevdginiZe, romelsac mefis winaSe damsaxurebisaTvis miuRia qarTl-kaxeTis sazRvarze, mdinare aragvis
marcxena napirze mdebare miwebi TeZmis xeobis CaTvliT.
mTel am teritorias, romelSic TxuTmetamde sofeli Sedioda, ewoda saguramo anu guramis (zevdginiZis) samflobelo.
Semdgom saukuneebSi toponimis areali daviwrovda da saxelwodeba saguramo oficialurad SerCa mxolod im sofels, sadac
cxovrobdnen guram zevdginiZis STamomavlebi _ guramiSvilebi. Tumca, araoficialurad, xalxSi, TeZmis xeobas dRemde saguramos uwodeben.
me-18 saukunis dasawyisSi, im dros, roca daviT guramiSvili
daibada, saguramo kaxeTis sazRvrebSi Sedioda, guramiSvilebic
kaxel Tavadebad ixseniebodnen. kaxeTis samefo karze sapatio
Tanamdebobebi eWiraT.
daviTis mamas _ giorgi SioSis Ze guramiSvils Tavisi vaJi,
wesisamebr, glexis ojaxSi gauZiZavebia. glexi imdenad Raribi yofila, rom poets siberemde gahyolia gadatanili gasaWiri da SimSili.
ZiZa imiT axsovda, rom man `bevrjer atiris mucliTa mSivriT~.
Tumca xelmokleoba da SimSili marto glexebs ki ara, Tavadaznaurobasac awuxebda, radgan qarTl-kaxeTSi mZvinvarebda umZimesi krizisi, romelic arasaxarbielo politikuri da socialuri viTarebiT iyo gamowveuli. grZeldeboda politikur-ad-
395
ministraciuli daqucmacebis procesi. centralur samefo xelisuflebas aRar emorCilebodnen mTavrebi da erisTavebi,
romlebic TavianT samflobeloebSi ugvirgvino mefeebad moCandnen. qveyanas asustebda TurqTa da iranelTa agresiuli politika. qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebi iranis Sahis vasalebad iTvlebodnen, damoukidebeli moqmedebis saSualeba ar hqondaT.
qarTl-kaxeTSi sul ufro xSirdeboda daRestneli yaCaRebis
TareSi, romelsac xalxi lekianobas uwodebda. mTielTa SeiaraRebuli razmebi awiokebdnen da Zarcvavdnen soflebsa da qalaqebs, itacebdnen adamianebs, saqonels, xalxis sarCo-sabadebels. qarTvelebs yaCaRebis avazakur TavdasxmebTan gamklaveba
uWirdaT, radgan erTianoba ar hqondaT, erTmaneTTan SuRliTa
da SinaomebiT iyvnen dakavebuli (berZeniSvili... 1958: 334-335).
am dros lekebs beladobda surxai-xani anu `sulxavi~, rogorc qarTvelebi eZaxdnen. mTielebis TareSis areali sakmaod
vrceli iyo, qarTl-kaxeTis sofel-qalaqebidan _ ganjas, bardas da Sirvans uwevda. ase rom, `lekianoba~ met-naklebad mTeli
amierkavkasiis problema iyo. is erTnairad aRelvebda am regionis mosaxleobas. procesSi `mececxurebis~ roli ekuTvnodaT sparseTsa da TurqeTs, romlebic xels uwyobdnen `lekianobas~ rogorc process. maTTvis es iyo kavkasiaSi batonobis
ganmtkicebis saSualeba (dondua 1959: 76-77).
mogvianebiT daviT guramiSvili dawers:
Turqi, sparsi, leki, osi, Cerqez, RliRvi, dido, qisti,
srulad qarTlis mterni iyvnen, yvelam wahkra TviTo qiSti!
merme SinaT aiSalnen, Zmam moudva Zmasa yisti;
Tavis Tavsa xmali ices, gulTa moixvedres xiSti!
dRe ar gavidoda, rom lekis TareSTan brZola ar hqonodaT
qarTvelebs. glexebi samuSaod veRar iclidnen. Tu rame mohyavdaT, imasac mteri wvavda da anadgurebda. qarTl-kaxeTi SimSilobam moicva. amas isic daerTo, rom taxts CamoaSores reformatori mefe vaxtang VI da, bunebrivia, CaiSala mis mier wamowyebuli kulturuli gardaqmnebi.
daviTi xSirad uCivis `swavlis simokles~, `codna-mcirobasa~
da `ucebobas~. im dros marTlac ar iyo pirobebi srulyofili
swavla-aRzrdis misaRebad, magram `daviTiani~ naTeli dadasturebaa imisa, rom guramiSvils kargi ganaTleba miuRia swored
siWabukeSi, saqarTveloSi cxovrebis dros.
rogorc giorgi leoniZe varaudobda, daviTs 16 wlisas unda
SeerTo coli (leoniZe 1958: 226). `daviTianSi~ marTlac aris erTi-ori adgili, romlebSic avtori mianiSnebs Tavis adreul
qorwinebaze. kerZod, es aris `qacvia mwyemsis~ 339-e strofi da
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`daviTianis~ mesame wignis pirveli leqsis `godeba daviTisa~ me-14
strofi. mas colad mouyvania garayaniZis asuli sofel lamisyanidan.
swored lamisyanaSi moxda is tragikuli ambavi, romelmac radikalurad Secvala poetis cxovreba.
rogorc TviTonve mogviTxrobs, qveynis bedukuRmarTobis
gamo saaragvodan qsnis xeobaSi, lamisyanas iyo gaxiznuli coleurebSi. mkaTaTve iyo, pureuls iRebdnen. daviTi moyvris muSas adga Tavs. diliT or kacTan erTad wavida yanaSi. gzad wyaroze Cavida piris gasagrileblad. Tof-iaraRi aixsna da muxis
Zirs miawyo. Turme WalaSi TxuTmeti leki yofiliyo Casafrebuli. isargebles SemTxveviT, Tavs daesxnen uiaraRo kacs, SeboWes da gaitaces. gadaiyvanes qsanze, iqidan, savaraudod, goridan mWadijvris velze Cavidnen, gaiares Woportis mTa, davaTis
midamoebi, erwo, iqidan avidnen TuSeTSi da gadavidnen daRestanSi, andiis olqSi, kerZod, sofel osoqoloSi. am umZimes
`traverss~ guramiSvili mogvianebiT dauviwyari eqspresiulobiT aRwers:
Semipyres, wamomiyvanes, xel-fexs momidves genia,
gardmomatares asi mTa, mindori cxra imdenia;
mudamad TvalTa nakadi mduRare cremli mdenia,
maWames duma da xali, maxvrites xinklis wvenia.
lekTagan daviTis datyveveba 1728 wels unda momxdariyo.
osoqolos miyvanili guramiSvili ormoSi Caamwyvdies. aSimSilebdnen, udierad epyrobodnen, normalur samossac ar aZlevdnen, rom sicivisagan Tavi daecva. gaipara, magram daiWires,
ukan daabrunes da fizikurad gauswordnen. daviTs gamomsyidveli rom ar gamouCnda, lekebma misi gayidva gadawyvites.
ra xdeboda saqarTveloSi daviTis datyvevebamde da datyvevebis Semdeg?
vaxtang meeqvsem, evropasTan politikur kavSirs rom ver
miaRwia, gadawyvita xsna ruseTTan urTierTobis gaRrmavebaSi
eZebna. es didi riski iyo, magram sxva gza ar hqonda. sparseTi da
osmaleTi mas aRar endobodnen.
1722 wlis agvistoSi ruseTis imperatorma petre pirvelma
daiwyo kaspiis napirebis okupacia. rusis jarma darubandi ubrZolvelad aiRo da samxreT kavkasiaSi daubrkoleblad Semovida.
petrem manifestiT mimarTa amierkavkasiis xalxebs. ruseTis
imperatorma vaxtang meeqvses mouwoda Tavisi laSqriT SeWriliyo iranis sazRvrebSi, ganjis mimarTulebiT wasuliyo da
sadme darubandsa da baqos Soris SeerTeboda rusis jars.
vaxtangi 40-aTasiani laSqriT marTlac daiZra dasaxuli mimarTulebiT, ganjas dabanakda da daeloda petres morig winadadebas, magram ruseTis imperatori moulodnelad ukan gab-
397
runda, astraxanisken daixia ukan da qarTvelebi sparselebs Seatova. vaxtangi Tbiliss dabrunda, magram ukve cxadi iyo, rom
sparselebi da osmalebi Surs iZiebdnen. sparseTis Sahma vaxtangs mefoba CamoarTva da kaxeTis mefes, konstantines uwyaloba, romelmac orjer ilaSqra Tbilisze. cota xanSi, Turqebis
mxardaWeriT, vaxtangis adgili misma Zmam iesem daiWira. 1724
wlis 15 ivliss, petresTan SeTanxmebiT, vaxtangi Tavisi 1200kaciani amaliT moskovs gaemgzavra. mas imedi hqonda, rom ruseTisgan samxedro daxmarebas miiRebda da taxts daibrunebda
(berZeniSvili 1958: 336-337).
daviTi xelmeored gaipara. amjerad gaumarTla. Tumca Zalian gauWirda samSvidobos gasvla. TerTmeti dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi, sruliad mSieri, tansacmelSemoxeuli, jiutad miiwevda
kavkasiis Crdilo ferdobebze. meTormete dRes miaRwia kazakTa
dasaxlebas Tergis olqSi. aqedan, misi vinaobis dadgenis Semdeg,
saSualeba mieca astraxans wasuliyo, saidanac, mdinare volgis
gavliT, moskovSi aRmoCnda.
ratom ar dabrunda daviTi saqarTveloSi? saqme is aris, rom
qarTlis samefo karisTvis is ukve opozicionerad miiCneoda;
meorec, kavkasiis samxreTis ferdobebi savse iyo moTareSe lekTa razmebiT da sruliad advili SesaZlebeli iyo, isev tyveobaSi aRmoCeniliyo. garda amisa, vaxtangis amalaSi bevri naTesavi da axlobeli eguleboda da, bunebrivia, yovelmxriv gamarTlebuli iyo moskovSi gamgzavreba.
moskovSi 1729 wels Cavida. iq mas marTlac `patara
saqarTvelo~ daxvda. vaxtang meeqvsis amalaSi imyofebodnen misi swavluli vaJebi vaxuSti da baqari, Zma _ svimon batoniSvili, aragvis erisTavis Ze _ romanoz arqimandriti, mravali
cnobili TavadiSvili, garda amisa, aq Sexvda Zmas _ qristefores, biZas _ merab guramiSvilsa da sxva axloblebs.
daviTs vaxtangis amalaSi Tanamdeboba eboZa. mefem jabadarbaSad anu iaraRis sawyobis (jabaxanis, Tofxanis) zedamxedvelad
daniSna. `miwyalobes maT saxelo, momces jabadarbaSoba~, _
wers guramiSvili, romelic, Cans, saqarTvelodanve axlos icnobda samxedro saqmes. es rom ase unda yofiliyo, amas misi Semdgomi ocwliani saomari praqtikac adasturebs.
moskovSi, vaxtangis karze, aRdgomasa da sxva dResaswaulebze, kulturuli mejlisebic imarTeboda. ewyoboda musikalurqoreografiuli saRamoebi da literaturuli paeqrobebi. erTerT aseT paeqrobas guramiSvili metad xatovnad ixsenebs:
javaxiSvils gamaleqses, moSaires Cemebr cudsa,
pirad mWlesa, tanad xmelsa, viT nuJrians xesa mrudsa;
rac me uTxri, mas miaCndis, viT narcecxla ukan kudsa,
bevrjer ase imwvitinis, kotviT Zirs dascemdis qudsa.
398
garkveuli xnis ganmavlobaSi vaxtang meeqvse imedovnebda,
rom ruseTis xelisuflebis daxmarebiT SeZlebda taxtis dabrunebas, sxvaTa Soris, es ruseTis gegmebSic Sedioda, magram
msoflio politikuri viTareba ise gamwvavda, rom `Crdilos
mefem~ saqarTvelosTvis veRar moicala. metic, aRmosavleTis
politikaSi daTmobebze wavida da Tavis jarebs kaspiispireTian
ukan daaxevina. vaxtangs sabolood gaucruvda imedebi. xeli
aiRo politikaze, datova moskovi da, rogorc rigiTi, kerZo
pirovneba, astraxanSi dasaxlda. gardaicvala 1737 wels da iqve,
RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZarSi dakrZales.
mefis gardacvalebam sul daabnia isedac dabneuli emigrantebi. qarTvelebma ar icodnen, ra gzas dasdgomodnen. samSobloSi dabruneba ar SeeZloT, ruseTSi emigrantis statusiT
darCenac ar iyo saxarbielo, vinaidan Semosavali ar hqondaT da
ruseTis mTavrobamac Seuwyvita jamagiris micema. maT wauyenes
piroba, Tu ficiT miiRebdnen ruseTis qveSevrdomobas, mamulebsac miscemdnen da samsaxursac, Tu ara, ruseTis sazRvrebis
datoveba mouwevdaT. qarTvelTa umravlesobam miiRo ruseTis
qveSevrdomoba. maT Soris iyo daviT guramiSvilic.
daviTma ukrainaSi, kerZod, mirgorodsa da zubovkaSi miiRo
mamulebi ocdaaTamde yma-glexis ojaxiTurT. samsaxurad ki Sevida husarTa polki, romelic 1738 wels Seiqmna vaxtang meeqvsis
amalis wevrebisagan. Tavidan danayofSi asamde kaci Sedioda, or
weliwadSi maTi ricxvi orasamde gaizarda, prusiis omisTvis ki
ukve xuTasamde husars iTvlida.
qarTvel husarTa polka 1739 wels CaerTo yirimis omSi,
romlis mizani iyo osmaleTis armiis Semotevebis SeCereba CrdiloeT da dasavleT SavizRvispireTSi. ruseTis armiis gamarjvebaSi qarTvelebmac Rirseuli wvlili Seitanes. erT-erT rus sardals uTqvams: `qarTvelebi ise TavgametebiT da vaJkacurad ibrZodnen, rom metis warmodgena SeuZlebeliao~ (leoniZe 1958: 250-251).
Rirseulad ubrZolia daviT guramiSvilsac. rigiTi husarobidan kvartirmaisterad, Semdeg ki vaxmistrad dauwinaurebiaT.
guramiSvilma samxreTis frontidan CrdiloeTSi gadainacvla. monawileobda aranakleb mZafr brZolebSi Svedebis winaaRmdeg, kerZod, es iyo helsingforsTan da fridrihshamTan. gamarjvebuli daviTi ukrainaSi dabrunda da Tavisi gapartaxebuli adgil-mamulis aRorZinebas mihyo xeli. roca saqme gamoaswora da meurneoba Tavis gemoze gamarTa, axal omSi gaiwvies.
1756 wels daiwyo ruseTisa da prusiis xangrZlivi saomari
dapirispireba, romelic istoriaSi `Svidwliani omis~ saxeliT Sevida.
pirveli didi brZola prusiisa da ruseTis jarebs Soris
moxda sofel gros-egersdorfTan 1757 wlis 30 agvistos. pru-
399
siis mefe fridrix meoris armiam sastiki damarcxeba ganicada.
swored amis Sesaxeb wers davit guramiSvili:
ormoc-Cvidmets brusis korols
SevuryiveT taxtis Sveti.
amas mohyva rusebis mier kenigsbergis aReba (1758 wlis 21
ianvars). 1758 wlis 15 agvistos ki gaimarTa brZola kiustrinTan, sadac daviT guramiSvili tyved Cavarda da magdeburgis cixeSi aRmoCnda:
ormoc-Tvramets brusman dagvkra, Tavsa dagvaxviva reti.
me Cems Zmebsa damaSora, luwisagan davrCi kenti.
maRdeburgis cixeSigan damsva kareb-danakleti.
gavrcelebuli azris sawinaaRmdegod (romelsac TviTon daviTic adasturebs), levan asaTiani miiCnevda, rom guramiSvili
kiustrinTan ki ar daatyveves, aramed corndorfis brZolaSi,
romelic kiustrinis bataliebidan aTi dRis Semdeg, 1758 wlis
25 agvistos gaimarTa (asaTiani 1958: 346). Tumca mTavari is ki ar
aris, Tu sad daatyveves, aramed is, Tu ramden xans imyofeboda
tyveobaSi. arsebobda azri, rom guramiSvilma omis darCenili
periodi cixeSi gaatara da mxolod ,,Svidwliani omis” damTavrebis Semdeg, 1763 wels gaTavisuflda. Tumca ruseTis samxedro arqivSi aRmoCenili masalebis mixedviT irkveva, rom guramiSvili 1759 wlis 7 dekembers, tyveebis gacvlis Sesaxeb ruseTsa da prusias Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze gauTavisuflebiaT (yubaneiSvili 1955: 97).
janmrTelobaSeryeulma daviTma TxovniT mimarTa feldmarSal petre saltikovs, peterburgSi gamgzavrebis neba daerTo,
raTa samxedro kolegiaSi gamocxadebuliyo da husarTa polkidan gaTavisuflebis cnoba moeTxova.
peterburgSi Casuli daviTi hospitalSi moaTavses. hospitalidanve gagzavna Txovna dedofal elisabedis saxelze. daviTi
dawvrilebiT aRwers Tavis saomar Tavgadasavals. wers, rom
rodesac cxeniT WaobSi Caeflo da daatyveves, marjvena mxari
dauzianda da Tavisuflad veRar xmarobs; tyveobaSive dasCemda
TavSi Zlieri xmauri, Seeyara ipoqondria da dausustda mxedveloba. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, iTxovs samxedro samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebas da, wesisamebr, kapitnis Cinis miniWebas.
1760 wlis 15 marts samxedro komisiam daakmayofila daviTis
Txovna da gadawyvetileba dasamtkiceblad warudgina dedofal
elisabeds, romelmac Seiwynara qarTveli husaris Txovna,
oRond kapitnis nacvlad poruCikis Cini mianiWa (yubaneiSvili
1955: 100-101).
400
Sin dabrunebuli daviTi xelmeored Seudga meurneobis aRdgenas mirgorodsa da zubovkaSi. rogorc namdvil meurnes Sehferis, TviTonac Sromobda da Tan rentabelobis amaRlebaze
fiqrobda. Seadgina sarwyavi wylis asamaRlebelisa da wisqvilis
proeqtebi, Tumca xelmokleobis gamo ver ganaxorciela.
oriode sityva daviTis ojaxuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. 1738
wlis samxedro `uwyebidan~ irkveva, rom moskovSi daviTs axlda
coli, sidedri da msaxurebi. giorgi leoniZe varaudobda, rom
an TviTon daviTi unda Camosuliyo saqarTveloSi an romelime
axlobels (Zma qristefores; ber garayaniZes) unda eTava misi
colisa da sidedris ruseTSi wayvana (leoniZe 1958: 256).
ukrainaSi daviTma meore coli SeirTo _ tatiana vasilis
asuli avaliSvili. Svili arc misgan hyolia. poeti Zalian ganicdida umemkvidreod gadagebas. es gancda kidev ufro gaumZafrda sibereSi, roca marto darCa da nugeSis sityva sanatreli
gauxda. gulistkiviliT werda:
momxsenebeli ar mrCebis, maSfoTebs, es maRonebsa.
codvis muxruWiT Sekrulsa, vame, vin momifonebsa?
Tu ar Sevkreb da ar uZRvni yrmaT ia-vardis konebsa,
cocxaloc arvis vaxsovar, mkvdars vinRa momigonebsa?!
daviTma marTlac Sekriba `ia-vardebi~, wignad Sekra da Tavis
Svilad, Tavis memkvidred gamoacxada: `vinc gamoTqva, is iSvila,
mteri imiT moigera~.
cxadia, guramiSvili siWabukidan werda leqsebs, magram isic
aSkaraa, rom TiTqmis mTeli ,,daviTiani” siWarmageSi, samxedro
samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, mirgorodSi aqvs dawerili. sakuTari xeliT lamazad gadawerili da Tematurad dalagebuli wigni 1787 wels kremenCugSi samxedro vizitiT myof mirian
batoniSvils (erekle meoris Svils) gadasca da sTxova, saqarTveloSi waeRo. `maTi gavigone didroans RameebSi Sesaqcevlad
qarTluris wignebis damWirneoba, da amad kadnier viqmen da
mivarTvi Cemi naTqvami wigni, romelsa ewodebis `daviTiani~, _
werda arzaSi, romelic mirian batoniSvils miarTva 1787 wlis
seqtemberSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am dros, 1787 wlis seqtemberSi kremenCugs
imyofeba poeti besiki _ besarion gabaSvili, romelic imereTis
mefe daviTma gagzavna samxedro-politikuri misiiT. masac iseTive davaleba hqonda, rogoric mirian batoniSvils. unda Seemzadebina niadagi imisaTvis, raTa ruseTs gadaedga nabijebi imereTis samefosTan samxedro TanamSromlobisaken. kremenCugSi
besiki sakmao xans imyofeboda. mirianTan erTad literaturuli
wrec ki Camoayaliba (caiSvili 1962: 75).
401
sruliad advili SesaZlebelia, rom daviTi da besiki erTmaneTs Sexvedrodnen. arc is aris gamoricxuli, maT erTmaneTis
leqsebi waekiTxaT an moesminaT.
daviT guramiSvili 1792 wlis 21 ivliss gardaicvala. dakrZales mirgorodis RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZris ezoSi. eklesiis micvalebulTa iadgarSi weria: `miicvala Tavadi daviT guramiSvili monaniebiT~ (leoniZe 1958: 259).
guramiSvilebs sagvareulo samarxi hqondaT zedaznisa da
SiomRvimis monastrebSi, magram mirgorodSi hpova samudamo
gansasvenebeli. ukraina iqca mis meore samSoblod.
1969 wlis 12 maiss mirgorodSi sazeimod gaixsna daviT guramiSvilis literaturul-memorialuri muzeumi. imave dRes gaixsna poetis Zeglic, romlis avtorebi arian a. nimenko da n. obeziuki (arqiteqtori v. Jigulini).
daviT guramiSvili qarTuli literaturis erT-erTi yvelaze kolorituli warmomadgenelia. rTulma da sabediswero winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse cxovrebiseulma gzam Rrma kvali daaCnia mis Semoqmedebas. sami kulturuli nakadi qmnis guramiSvilis msoflmxedvelobasa da poetur cnobierebas. qarTuli, rusuli da ukrainuli yofierebisa da sityvierebis esTetikuri
tendenciebi organulad erTiandeba am uaRresad niWieri poetis SemoqmedebiT samyaroSi.
SesaniSnavad moxaza mikola baJanma daviTis pirovnul-SemoqmedebiTi portreti: `qarTveli poeti, rusi meomari, ukraineli
mxvnel-mTesveli~ (gaboZe 1999: 21).
mSobliuri fesvebidan mowyvetam ver Searyia poetis mxneoba.
man Tavis TavSi aRmoaCina udidesi nebeloba da sulieri safaneli saimisod, rom srulad ganexorcielebina brwyinvale poeturi talanti, romlis utyuari dasturia maRali gemovnebiT
Sedgenili wigni `daviTiani~.
damowmebani:
asaTiani 1958: asaTiani l. rCeuli nawerebi. t. I, Tb.: `sabWoTa mwerali”, 1958.
berZeniSvili... 1958: berZeniSvili n., dondua v., dumbaZe m., meliqiSvili g.,
mesxia S., ratiani pr. saqarTvelos istoria I, Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,
1958.
gaboZe 1999: gaboZe T. lamisyanidan mirgorodamde. Tb.: 1999.
dondua 1959: dondua v. daviT guramiSvili da saqarTvelos istoria. Tb.:
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1959.
leoniZe 1958: leoniZe g. cxovreba daviT guramiSvilisa. gamokvlevebi da
werilebi. Tb.: `sabWoTa mwerali~, 1958.
yubaneiSvili 1955: yubaneiSvili s. daviT guramiSvili qarTvel husarTa
polkSi. Tb.: saqarTvelo mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1955.
caiSvili 1962: caiSvili s. besiki. Tb.: `nakaduli~, 1962.
402
ivane amirxanaSvili
daviT guramiSvilis esTetika
`daviTiani~ mravalganzomilebiani, polifoniuri, sistemuri
wignia. misi mxatvruli koncefcia Rrma Teoriuli ganazrebebis
Sedegia. msoflmxedvelobis masStaburoba da simwyobre gapirobebulia emociis, azris, aRqmis, idealisa da gemovnebis erTianobiT.
intensiuri SemoqmedebiTi praqtikidan ibadeba poezia, rogorc
sikeTisa da borotebis, amaRlebulisa da mdabalis, mSvenierisa da
maxinjis, maradiulisa da warmavalis garCevis saSualeba.
savsebiT naTelia guramiSvilis msoflmxedvelobis esTetikuri
dominanta. es aris simboluri jvaristvirTvis idea. danarCeni elementebi am ideis garSemo viTardeba dialeqtikuri kanonzomierebiT.
simboluri jvaristvirTvis idea. daviT guramiSvili gviani Sua
saukuneebis sulieri kulturis tipuri warmomadgenelia. misi
msoflmxedveloba da mxatvruli azrovneba am epoqis ideologiis,
sulieri konstituciisa da konceptebis gavleniT aris gapirobebuli.
medievisturi mxatvruli azrovneba mkacri koniunqturebiT
xasiaTdeba. Semoqmedi winaswar aRebuli, savaldebulo ideebisa da
principebis mixedviT qmnis Tavis Txzulebas. Tumca literaturuli kliSeebis normatiuloba ar gulisxmobs Sinagani Tavisuflebis
srul ugulebelyofas. piriqiT, Semoqmedis fantazia gasaqans isev
tradiciuli poetikis originalur gaazrebaSi hpovebs. mxatvris
individualoba winaswar mocemuli Temebis, ideebisa da saxeebis
Tavisebur, zogjer axlebur warmosaxvaSi vlindeba.
Sua saukuneebis literaturis mTavar orientirs biblia warmoadgens. mwerali bibliuri wignebis gavleniTa da mibaZviT qmnis
Tavis literaturul praqtikas.
guramiSvilic am princips mihyveba. saxarebis analogiiT `daviTiani~ agebulia oTx wignad, xolo misi Sinaarsi ara mxolod bibliur
wignTa reminiscenciebiTaa datvirTuli, aramed wminda werilis
mTavar motivTa uSualo gavlenac etyoba.
mistikuri meditaciebi, Rrma introspeqtuli Ziebebi da sxva
Sinagani impulsebi, romliTac guramiSvilis lirika mtkiced aris
gajerebuli, saerTo sulier niadagze aRmocendeba, Tumca antinomiurobis faqtori yovelTvis iCens Tavs, rac xSirad mcdari recefciebis mizezi gamxdara. erTsa da imave dros, daviT guramiSvili
antireligiur meamboxedac miuCneviaT da Tvinier Teistadac,
ukidures realistadac da pesimist mistikosadac. poeti mudam
gmobs wuTisoflis amaoebasa da muxanaTobas, moTqvams xorciel wadilTa verdaTmenaze, magram poeturi aRsarebani codvili cxovrebis ukufena rom ar aris, es mis mierve mowodebuli avtobiografiiTac dasturdeba. aq sul sxva siRrmeebia saZiebeli.
403
poeturi aRsareba, Sinagani Widili, daeWveba daviT guramiSvilis, rogorc marTlmorwmune qristianis, sulieri cxovrebis wesia.
rogorc cnobilia, qristianuli mrwamsi sam ZiriTad ideas emyareba: codviT dacemis ideas, xsnis ideas da gamosyidvis ideas.
saqristiano moZRvreba bunebrivia, mesame ideas gamoarCevs. ieso
qriste, romelSic SenivTebulia RvTaebrivi da adamianuri buneba,
nebayoflobiT Seewira adamianTa xsnis saqmes. am ideis erTgvari
kompendiumia mrwamsi anu simbolo sarwmunoebisa. Tuki am konteqstSi wavikiTxavT `daviTians~, davrwmundebiT, rom daviT guramiSvili TvalsaCinod gamokveTili orTodoqsia. masSi metad Zlieria
soterologiuri sawyisi. poetis locva da RaRadisi koncentrirebulia macxovarze. im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca locvas mama-RmerTis an
RvTismSoblis mimarT aRavlens, misi mzera mainc jvarcmuli ZeRmerTisaken ixreba.
qristologiuri moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, yoveli WeSmariti morwmune qristes analogiiT amqveynad atarebs jvars, romelic miwier
cdunebaTa da codvaTa monaniebis simboloa. golgoTis msoflio
msxverplis individualuri ganmeoreba qristes mimdevrebSi gardauval aucileblobas warmoadgens. individualuri satisfaqcia
(RvTiuri samarTlis dakmayofileba anu monanieba) gamomdinareobs
agreTve qristesa da morwmunes Soris arsebuli saidumlo erTobidan (svetlovi 1987: 364). qriste imyofeba morwmuneSi, xolo morwmune _ qristeSi.
paul tilixis azriT, es aris kavSiri, romelsac SegviZlia `gamsWvalva~ vuwodoT. am mdgomareobis klasikuri terminebia `axali
dabadeba~ da `aRorZineba~. aRorZineba _ es aris Cabma axal
realobaSi, romelic ieso qristeSi gacxaddeba (tilixi 1998: 485).
morwmuneSi budobs codvis Segnebis maradi gancda, romlis
umaRlesi mwvervalia kacobriuli, zogadadamianuri codvis gaziareba. am ideiT aris gamsWvaluli avgustines `aRsareba~, andria kretelis `didi kanonis~ sagaloblebi, daviT aRmaSeneblis `galobani
sinanulisani~.
am konteqstSi unda gaviazroT guramiSvilis leqsi `adamis saCivari~, romelSic avtori Tavs aigivebs bibliur adamTan da mis
modgmasTan.
individualuri satisfaqciis anu simboluri jvaristvirTvis
pirobebi da misi Sinaarsi daviT guramiSvilis sulieri cxovrebisa
da Sinagani wyobis safuZvelTa-safuZvelia.
es aris poetis Sinagani imperativi. es ganapirobebs misi Semoqmedebis erTianobasa da mTlianobas.
RvTaebasTan adamianis SeerTebisa da codvisagan gaTavisuflebis ideas araerTi RvTismetyveli qadagebda, maT Soris _ origene,
avgustine, fsevdo-dionise areopageli. SesaZlebelia, daviT guramiSvili icnobda am avtorTa Sromebs, magram aSkaraa, rom simbo-
404
luri jvaristvirTvis idea mis SemoqmedebaSi axali aRTqmidan, kerZod, pavle mociqulis gavleniT Semodis.
simboluri jvaristvirTvis idea daviT guramiSvilis pirovnul
da zogad SemoqmedebiT saxes gansazRvravs, xolo misi mxatvruli
fenomenis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani elementia meore poeturi `me~,
romelic poetis originaluri mxatvruli warmosaxvis mdidar
SesaZleblobebs uxsnis gzas.
meore poeturi `me~. simbolizaciis principi erTnairad exeba
rogorc obieqtur, ise subieqtur mxareebs. obieqturis sferos ganekuTvneba simboluri jvaristvirTvis idea, subieqturs _ Sinagani `me~, poeturi alter-ego. Sinagani impulsebi warmoSobs rTul
mistikur niuansebs. upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia guramiSvilis
poeturi mistifikaciebi daviT winaswarmetyvelTan dakavSirebiT:
igi simbolurad warmosaxavs Tavs fsalmunTa avtorad, Tumca es
gardasaxva imdenad meryevi da amorfulia, rom bolomde TiTqmis
gaurkveveli rCeba, sad mTavrdeba guramiSvili da sad iwyeba daviT
winaswarmetyveli.
qristianuli eklesia fsalmunebs miiCnevs morwmunis Sinagani
gancdebis garegnul gamovlinebad. amitomac, bunebrivia, guramiSvilis, rogorc lirikosis, fantazia upiratesad fsalmunTa avtoris simbolur-alegoriuli warmodgenebiT sazrdoobs. literaturismcodneobaSi aRniSnulia, rom guramiSvilis lirikul leqsTa
umravlesobas safuZvlad udevs konkretuli faqti, piradi cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba Tu raime biografiuli SemTxveva, magram am
leqsebSi gadmocemuli poeturi suraTebi mTavrdeba ganzogadebiT.
warmavalSi danaxulia maradiuli, rac, rogorc wesi, mistikur-alegoriuli xerxiTaa Sesrulebuli (caiSvili 1985: 181-182).
daviT guramiSvili zogadadamianuri codvis ideis warmodgenas
sakuTari biografiis proecirebiT axdens. leqsi `odes daviT guramiSvili kistrinis omSi cxeniTurT liaSi daefla, imis monasibad
RvTis-mSoblis Sesxma~ dawerilia am principiT: avtori konkretul
SemTxvevas _ brZolis dros WaobSi Caflobas simbolurad gaiazrebs, raTa poeturi metyvelebis gradacia sarwmunoebrivi RaRadisiT daasrulos:
zecad gesav, erTo RmerTo, qveynad erT-ufalo,
yovlad wmindav RvTis-mSobelo, dido dedofalo.
codvis lias ukuvardi, Rrmad Sig davefalo,
Tu Sen me ar aRmomiyvan, Znelad aRmovalo,
Tayvansa gcem, geajebi, viTxov Semiwynaro,
mimkvdarebuls mamaSvelo ukvdavebis wyaro;
masva, mkvdari ganmacocxlo, Sens Zes Semamyaro,
viT wesia sayvarlisa, trfials Semayvaro,
mavne-macdurs ganmaride, Zelo, qristes jvaro!
Cemi cremli zed idine, cxovrebis wylis Raro,
gaufrTxildi, cud-ubralod arcad damiRvaro,
daviTs win ZRvnad warumZRvare, RvTis ZRvenT winamZRvaro!
405
am tipis leqsebSi mJRavndeba daviT guramiSvilis, erTi mxriv,
siaxlove fsalmunebis religiur-poetur ganwyobilebebTan, meore
mxriv, misi, rogorc poetis, mxatvruli warmosaxvis potenciali.
aq, miuxedavad sarwmunoebrivi RaRadisisa, guramiSvilis meore
poeturi `me~ warmogvidgeba mxatvrul fenomenad da albaT es aris
mijna, sadac poeti guramiSvili scildeba fsalmunTmgalobel
daviT winaswarmetyvelsa da himnografebs.
daviT guramiSvili Tavisi subieqtur-sarwmunoebrivi mrwamsiT
enaTesaveba daviT aRmaSeneblis `galobanis~ suliskveTebas. iseve,
rogorc daviT aRmaSenebelTan, guramiSvilTanac mTavaria zogadsakacobrio codvis simboluri zidva _ viTarca sarwmunoebrivi da
eTikuri aqti (grigolaSvili 1986: 147; WavWavaZe 1984: 154). magram
guramiSvili Tuki romelime aspeqtSi mainc scildeba Tavis Soreul
winapars, es aris meore poeturi `me~-s mxatvruli realizacia.
poeturi `me~-s guramiSviliseuli gancda, erTi SexedviT, scildeba medievistur msoflgancdas, magram faqtobrivad es aris am
msoflgancdis subieqturi saxesxvaoba. rogorc revaz siraZe
SeniSnavs, guramiSvilis lirikaSi mTavaria ara `me~ _ adamiani, an
`me~ _ Tavad, `me~ _ codvili an misTanani, aramed `me~ _ daviT
guramiSvili. `me~-s individualuri SegnebiT igi Sordeba Suasaukuneobriv msoflgancdas. miuxedavad amisa, mTlianad mainc ver
Ralatobs sqemas: `me~ _ adamiani _ codvili. masTan naklebad Cans
`me~ _ guramiSvili _ codvili. amas `daviTianSi~ sWarbobs `me~ _
mowame. daviT guramiSvili individualuri arsebobiT ki ar aris
codvili, aramed `codvilia~ zogadadamianuri codviT. individualuri arsebobiT tanjulia da amitom misi gancda, zogadis gancdac ki, pirovnul-individualuria. `daviTiani~ iwyeba da mTavrdeba daviT guramiSviliT. man sabolood Tavis TavSive Seirwya Tavisi
meore poeturi `me~ (siraZe 1978: 245).
guramiSvilis poetur fokusSi samyaro or xazad gardatydeba,
ubralod rom vTqvaT, samyaro ori nawilisagan Sedgeba. erTi aris
realuri, istoriuli sibrtye; meore _ simbolur-alegoriuli anu
mistikuri ganzogadebani.
gaorebulia poeturi subieqtic, aqac ori sawyisi moqmedebs: 1.daviT guramiSvili _ XVIII saukuneSi mcxovrebi poeti da 2. daviT guramiSvili _ kacobriobis warmomadgeneli, romelic sakuTar arsebaSi
aerTianebs dro-sivrciT daSorebul pirovnebebs (daTaSvili 1998: 4).
azrovnebis binaruli, ormagi, orgvari, anu rogorc guramiSvili
ityvis, orgemage stili wignis saTaurSivea miniSnebuli: `daviTiani~,
rogorc daviTis, guramiSvilis, Txzuleba da `daviTiani~, rogorc
`daviTni~, bibliuri daviTis fsalmunTa asociacia (baramiZe 2005: 14).
akaki gawerelias dakvirvebiT, guramiSvilis azrovnebaSi SeiniSneba dualizmi, dapirispireba sikvdilsa da sicocxles, bnelsa
da naTels Soris (gawerelia 1962: 60).
406
nebeloba da STagoneba. calke unda gamoiyos guramiSvilis
poeturi STagonebisa da piradi cxovrebiseuli praqtikis fsiqologiuri urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi.
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi gancdil-nanaxi, siymawvilis droidan
moyolebuli Warmagobamde, lamisyanaSi datyvevebidan moskovamde,
mirgorodidan SvedeTamde, omi prusielebTan, samxedro tyveoba
magdeburgis cixeSi: warmodgenebi obieqturad gansaxovndeba `daviTianSi~, xorcieldeba cxovrebiseuli praqtikis SemoqmedebiTi
obieqtivacia.
dimitri uznaZis zogadi fsiqologiis kursis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, guramiSvilis poeturi azrovnebis aqtivoba nebelobis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. misi mxatvruli fantazia Sedegs imiT aRwevs,
rom iZleva emociuri gancdebis obieqtivacias.
poeturi fantaziis muSaoba warmoadgens rTul, xangrZliv
process, romlis mniSvnelovani nawilia nebisyofa (uznaZe 1964: 599).
ganvlili cxovrebis, sinamdvilis xangrZlivma da mravalgvarma
gancdam xeli Seuwyo individualuri, originaluri ganwyobis Camoyalibebas, romelmac ganapiroba poetis SemoqmedebiTi koncefciis
warmoSoba da ganviTareba. amis Semdeg bunebrivad, nebisyofisa da
inteleqtis Carevis gareSe, ibadeba poeturi idea, inspiracia, mxatvruli STagoneba.
ispiracia, dimitri uznaZis mtkicebiT, mxatvruli Semoqmedebis
meore safexuria, romelsac, rogorc zemoT iTqva, win uswrebs
masalis dagrovebis, energiuli dakvirvebisa da Ziebis safexuri
(uznaZe 1964: 601).
amgvarad, ganwyobis Teoriis mixedviT, guramiSvilis poetur Semoqmedebas praqtikuli cxovreba udevs safuZvlad. Semoqmedeba ki
xorcieldeba aracnobieri aqtis _ ganwyobis meSveobiT. sinamdvile
pirovnebaze moqmedebs rogorc mTelze da masSi iwvevs ganwyobas,
romelic Semdgom qcevas edeba safuZvlad.
msgavs fsiqologiur reaqciaze saubrobs vladimer norakiZec,
romlis azriT, `daviTianis~ ZiriTadi nawili warmoadgens avtoris
cxovrebis peripetiebSi aRmocenebuli qcevebisa da gancdebis
ukuxedvis gziT gaxsenebul, sakuTari gancdebisa da moRvaweobis
leqsis formiT gamoxatvis Sedegs (norakiZe 1980: 7).
vladimer norakiZis dakvirvebiT, daviT guramiSvili Zlieri
sulieri energiisa da mtkice nebelobis pirovnebaa. cxovrebis kritikul pirobebSi ar kargavs saRi gansjis unars. yovelTvis inarCunebs wonasworobas, emociur tolerantobas; ganwyobis dinamikurobisa da warsulSi fiqsirebuli ganwyobilebebisagan Tavis daRwevas, sulis saxifaTo gabzarvis Tavidan acilebas poeti axerxebs
iumorisa da ironiis meSveobiT.
marTlis Tqmis principi. guramiSvilis uaRresad subieqturi
Semoqmedebis sistemaSi Tavis adgils hpovebs iseTi arasubieqturi
407
sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa istoria, sazogadoeba da moralur-zneobrivi sawyisebis analizi. yovelive erTiandeba cnobil SemoqmedebiT
meTodSi, romelsac `marTlis Tqmis~ principi ewodeba.
daviT guramiSvili istoriul movlenebs, kerZod, saqarTveloSi
ganviTarebul ambebs providencialisturi TvalsazrisiT xsnis, socialur-politikur kataklizmebs RvTis gangebulebas miawers,
RvTiur sasjelad Tvlis da amitom gadarCenis gzas xalxis, sazogadoebis moralur-zneobriv gajansaRebaSi, urTierTgagebisa da
Tanacxovrebis eTosis aRdgenaSi xedavs.
es yvelaferi moxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dRis sinaTleze gamova
simarTle da sazogadoeba realurad dainaxavs Tavis moralurzneobriv saxes.
guramiSvilis azriT, rac unda Zneli da saxifaToc unda iyos
simarTlis Tqma, poetma unda SeZlos realobisTvis Tvalis gasworeba, erovnul xasiaTSi gamjdar ukeTurebaTa mxileba, raTa eri
gamofxizldes da WeSmaritebis gzas daubrundes.
`marTlis Tqmis~ es koncefcia qarTul poeziaSi arCil mefem da
misma mimdevrebma daamkvidres. maTi azriT, mweralma konkretuli
istoriuli faqtebi unda aRweros da ara gamonagoni, zRapruli ambebi. personaJebadac realuri istoriuli pirebi unda gamoiyvanos.
guramiSvilma gaiziara es Teoria, oRond praqtikulad SesZina
meti simwvave da emociuroba, rac TvalnaTliv aris warmoCenili `daviTianis~ im TavSi, romelsac pirobiTad `qarTlis Wirs~ vuwodebT.
`marTlis Tqmis~ principi Tavisi arsiT enaTesaveba JamTaaRmwerlis bibliur ideologias. rogorc cnobilia, JamTaaRmwereli
monRolTa Semosevas miiCnevs RvTis nebad, RvTis sasjelad im moralur-zneobrivi danaSaulobebisaTvis, rac qarTvelebma Caidines
uzenaesis winaSe: `queyana saqarTvelosa mieca gansaryunelad, amis
ZaliTa, rameTu dauteves mefeTa da mTavarTa samarTali, mowyaleba, siyuaruli, siwrfoeba, simSvide, simarTle, da amis wil moipoves ampartavneba, zakua, Suri, xdoma, siZulili, angareba... da amis
ZaliTa miscna igini RmerTman warwymedad borotad, rameTu ganviwireniT RmrTisa mier~ (`qarTlis cxovreba~ 1959: 178-179).
aRsaniSnavia, rom arCilis skolam `marTlis Tqmis~ principi rusTavelTan polemikisTvisac gamoiyena. isini `vefxistyaosnis~ avtors daupirispirdnen rogorc gamonagoni, `naWori ambebis~ gamomTqmels. guramiSvili emijneba am polemikas da uars ambobs rusTavelTan ideur kamaTze, metic, adidebs mas da uqebs imas, ramac misi
mxatvruli gamonagoni ormagi Sinaarsis nawarmoebad, RrmaSinaarsian alegoriad aqcia:
odesac brZenman ritorman SoTam rgo igavT xeo da,
fesv Rrma-hyo, Srtoni uCina, zed xili moiweoda.
orgziTve nayofs miscemda, visganac moirxeoda,
leqsi rusTvlisebr naTqvami me sxvisa ver vnaxeo da.
408
`marTlis Tqmis~ principi mwvervalze adis daviT guramiSvilTan, _ wers jansuR Rvinjilia, _ magram es ufro TviTmxilebis
principia. simarTles ganuwyvetliv, yovelTvis ambobda qarTuli
poezia! oRond mxilebis aseT dozas ar Seicavda: iyo sagrZnobi,
magram ase napirmorRveuli araferi smenoda manam qarTvel kacs.
daviT guramiSvilma gaarRvia cru moridebis sazRvari da mkurnalis siTamamiT miadga daavadebul suliskveTebas~ (Rvinjilia
1983: 120).
orgemage wuTisofeli. daviT guramiSvili, erTi SexedviT,
pesimisturi msoflmxedvelobis Semoqmedia. rogorc marTlmorwmune qristians Seefereba, uimedobisa da gulgatexilobis ganwyobilebebs wuTisofelTan, amqveyniur samyarosTan mimarTebiT amJRavnebs. misTvis wuTisofeli aris amaoebis, sicruis, undoblobis,
Ralatis, orpirobis, sibnelis gansacdelisa da sikvdilis sauflo.
principulad rom vimsjeloT, misi warmodgena ama soflis Sesaxeb
dualisturia, masSi ormag, orgemage bunebas xedavs da swored es
miaCnia wuTisoflis tragikulobis mizezad. personificirebul
wuTisofels ase mimarTavs:
Tu xar RviZili, raRa ars Zili?!
Tu xar simaZRre, ra ars SimSili?!
Tu xar sicocxle, ra ars sikvdili?!
iyav erT-erTi, iwame RmerTi!
wuTisoflis amaoebis gancda bunebrivi movlenaa imdenad, ramdenadac es aris poetis esqatologiuri mrwamsis nawili. misTvis
egreT wodebuli ordinaruli realoba anu wuTisofeli, rogorc
fizikuri dro, Jami, aris sasruli da midis dasasrulisaken, raTa
sasruli sicocxle gadavides maradiulobaSi da SeuerTdes RmerTs.
es aris poetis TviTcnobierebis forma, romelic gansazRvravs
mis SemoqmedebiT individualobas, misi ideur-esTeTikuri principebis mTlianobasa da simtkices.
sawuTros gancdis emociur-esTetikuri aqcentebiT guramiSvili garkveulwilad romantikul msoflmxedvelobasac uaxlovdeba.
marTalia, misi Semoqmedeba sul sxva xasiaTisaa, magram verc imas
davmalavT, rom sulieri konstituciiT Sors ar dgas romantikuli
sazrisisagan. yuradRebas gavamaxvileb mis erT `arasaxasiaTo~
striqonze, romelic asociaciurad baraTaSvilis `merans~ mogvagonebs. kerZod, leqsSi `daviT guramiSvilisagan sawuTros soflis
samduravi~, vkiTxulobT:
mas davnatri, vinca swored svlad sawuTros gzas gahkvalavs.
ar SeiZleba am sityvebma `meranis~ boloswina strofi ar
gagvaxsenos:
409
cudad xom mainc am Caivlis es ganwirulis suliskveTeba
da gza uvali, Sengan Telili, merano Cemo, mainc darCeba;
da Cems Semdgomad moZmesa Cemsa siZnele gzisa gauadvildes.
ra Tqma unda, es ar aris koncefciuri Sexvedra, magram imas ki
gviCvenebs, rom qarTul poetur azrovnebaSi, wuTisoflis mdurvasTan erTad, arsebobs wuTisoflis samsaxuris qvecnobieri impulsi, romelic aris erT-erTi gza amqveyniur sinamdvilesTan
konfliqtis mogvarebisa, gaucxoebisa da Sinagani gaorebis
daZlevisa.
gasaziarebelia givi maRularias mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom
daviTi bevrs cdilobda, rac SeiZleba axlos misuliyo yofierebis
arsTan, gaerRvia, waeSala zRvari, romelic adamians gare samyarosagan TiSavs; daeRwia Tavi gaorebisaTvis, iseve gamTlianebuliyo, rogor mTlianobasac arsebobis pirvel wyaroSi, samyaros
SemoqmedSi xedavda (maRularia 1982: 59).
ganmanaTleblobis kvali. daviTi ganmanaTleblobidan iRebs
imas, rac ar ewinaaRmdegeba bibliur WeSmaritebebs.
ganmanaTleblobis esTetikasTan kavSirs guramiSvili sxvadasxva konteqstSi avlens.
pirveli, es aris didaqtika, romelic mTel wigns laitmotivad
gasdevs. poeti calke Tavs uZRvnis aRniSnul Temas. `swavla moswavleTa~ warmoadgens didaqtikur kompendiums, romelSic ganaTlebis
Teoriul-racionalisturi safuZvlebi ganxilulia praqtikasTan
kavSirSi. guramiSvilis azriT, praqtikuli Wkua-goneba sruliad
usargebloa, Tu adamians ganaTleba ar aqvs miRebuli:
Wkuva uxmar ars briyvTaTvis, Wkva codniT moixmarebis!
..........................................
hgavs uxorTumo spilosa Wkviani kaci briyvia!
meore, poeturi Tematikis demokratizacia. guramiSvilis poeturi Tvalsawieri Tavisufalia, misi SemoqmedebaSi dominirebs
xalxuri elementebi, gaxalxurebis tendenciebi exeba rogorc
Sinaarss, ise formas. lirikaSi uxvad Semoaqvs folkloruli motivebi. poema `mxiarul zafxulSi~ xazgasmulia bunebisa da adamianis
erTianoba, romlis fonze gamokveTilia moralur-zneobrivi da
sazogadoebrivi problemebi.
dabolos, mesame, azrovnebis sombolur-alegoriuli wesi. rogorc cnobilia, ganmanaTlebelTa esTetikaSi alegoria, saerTod,
gadataniTi azrovneba, xelovnebis umaRles kategoriad iqna aRiarebuli da aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia mieniWa. guramiSvilis mxatvruli azrovneba, misi poeturi stili gapirobebulia simboloalegorizmis ganmanaTlebluri ideebis gamoyenebiT. es qmnis misi
Semoqmedebis Taviseburebas.
410
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom guramiSvilis msoflmxedveloba
mTlianad gamsWvalulia qristianuli suliT. igi Segnebulad miiswrafvis pirvelwyaroebisaken, bibliuri qristianobisaken, radgan
iqidan Rebulobs poetur STagonebas. amave dros, aqtiurad iyenebs
im filosofiur-esTetikur Teoriebsac, romlebic mis SemoqmedebiT principebs enaTesaveba. guramiSvili ar iqneboda didi poeti,
erTi ganzomilebiT rom Semofargluliyo. sargis caiSvilis xatovani TqmiT, misi poeziis fesvebi Rrmad aris gadgmuli qarTveli
xalxis sulier cxovrebaSi, rac mdidar safanels awvdis mis brwyinvale poetur talants (caiSvili 1974: 232).
daviT guramiSvili, rogorc marTlmorwmune qristiani, ganicdis Suasaukuneobrivi konveciuri poeziis gavlenas, misi pirovnuli
da SemoqmedebiTi buneba gamsWvalulia esqatologiuri ideiT,
romelic `daviTianis~ mTlianobisa da erTianobis safuZvelia.
garda amisa, igi iyenebs meTvramete saukunis evropuli Teoriulliteraturuli azrovnebis elementebs, rac misi Semoqmedebis
mxatvrul-esTetikur raobas gansazRvravs.
damowmebani :
baramiZe 2005: baramiZe r. daviTianSi ganfenili zogierTi problema. Tb.: 2005.
gawerelia 1962: gawerelia a. rCeuli nawerebi. t. I, Tb.: `sabWoTa mwerali~, 1962.
grigolaSvili 1986: grigolaSvili l. daviT aRmaSeneblis `galobani
sinanulisanis~ mxatvruli saxisaTvis. ciskari, № 5, 1986.
daTaSvili 1988: daTaSvili l. `daviTianis~ swavlebisaTvis. Tb.:1998.
maRularia 1982: maRularia g. literaturuli portretebi. Tb.: `merani~, 1982.
norakiZe 1980: norakiZe vl. daviT guramiSvili. fsiqologiuri portreti.
Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1980.
svetlovi 1987: svetlovi p. `aRsrulebul ars!~ saRvTismetyvelo
krebuli. № 3, Tb.: 1987.
siraZe 1978: siraZe r. qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriidan. Tb.: 1978.
tilixi 1998: Тиллих П. Систематическое богословие, т. I, II, ,,Алетейа”, СанктПетербург: 1998.
uznaZe 1964: uznaZe d. Sromebi. t. III-IV, Tb.: saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
akademiis gamomcemloba, 1964.
`qarTlis cxovreba~1959: `qarTlis cxovreba~. teqsti dadgenili yvela
ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. II, Tb.: `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1959.
Rvinjilia 1983: Rvinjilia j. poeturi energia. Tb.: `merani~, 1983.
caiSvili 1974: caiSvili s. SoTa rusTaveli _ daviT guramiSvili. Tb.:
`mecniereba~, 1974.
caiSvili 1985: caiSvili s. werilebi da gamokvlevebi. t. II, Tb.: 1985.
WavWavaZe 1984: WavWavaZe z. daviT aRmaSeneblis aRsareba. ciskari, №10, 1984.
411
ivane amirxanaSvili
daviT guramiSvilis poetika
guramiSvilTan gamoxatvis yvela saSualeba enamde dadis, ena
aris safuZveli misi poeturi ideebis realizaciisa, enis Sinagani
mTlianoba gansazRvravs mxatvruli gamosaxvis sxvadasxva saSualebis efeqturobas.
me-16-18 saukuneebis qarTuli literaturis enaSi ukve kargad
aris fexmokidebuli xalxuri elementebi. xalxuroba saliteraturo enis damaxasiaTebeli niSani xdeba. TvalSisacemia gramatikul
formaTa mravalgvaroba da leqsikuri siWrele. Teimuraz pirvelis,
arCilis, sulxan-saba orbelianis SemoqmedebaSi daZleulia Zveli
qarTuli enis gavlena da farTo gasaqani eZleva dialeqtur formebs.
daviT guramiSvilma ara Tu daarRvia enis arqaizmebis Sabloni,
enis reformatoradac mogvevlina.
`daviTiani~ dafuZnebulia qarTuli saerTo-saxalxo enis ZiriTad struqturul Taviseburebebze, igi arsebiTad axali saliteraturo enis adrindeli periodis yvelaze dasrulebul da srulyofil saxeobas warmoadgens.
`daviT guramiSvilis mxatvruli ena sruliad dazRveulia
brWyviala ornamentebisagan. amasTanave, misTvis ucxoa hiperboluri metyveleba, rac gamomdinareobs avtoris realisturi tendenciebidan~ (ZiZiguri 1980: 5).
mxatvruli enis gaxalxureba iyo gza, risi meSveobiTac guramiSvilma daiwyo qarTuli leqsis demokratizaciis procesi. sworia
mosazreba, rom `enis mxriv guramiSvils qarTul poeziaSi uWiravs is
adgili, rac sulxan-saba orbelians prozaSi~ (gawerelia 1962: 64).
daviT guramiSvilis poetur Semoqmedebaze gavlena iqonia mamuka
baraTaSvilis poetikurma traqtatma `WaSniki~ anu `swavla leqsis
Tqmisa~. arc aris gasakviri, vinaidan im droisaTvis `WaSniki~ warmoadgenda metrikis saxelmZRvanelosac da ideur gzamkvlevsac.
akaki xinTibiZis azriT, daviT guramiSvili aris pirveli, vinc
epigonizmis zRude gaarRvia da 16-marcvliani Sairis gverdiT axali
saleqso formebi Semoitana.
daviT guramiSvili iyenebs 45 sazoms da avtoria 87 saleqso
formisa.
leqsis sazomTa da formaTa kolosaluri raodenoba sxvadasxva
mizezma ganapiroba, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia sami ZiriTadi faqtori:
1) rusTveluri sazomis gamdidreba axali ritmuli variaciebiT; 2)
qarTul xalxur poeziasTan daaxloeba; 3) rusul-ukrainul xalxur
simReraTa ritmebisa da hangebis gamoyeneba (xinTibiZe 2003: 87-88).
`daviTianSi~ aSkarad moCans xalxuri sawesCveulebo tradiciebis kvali da `gabaasebaTa~ folkloruli Zirebi (sparsiaSvili 1985:
4; 37).
412
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, guramiSvili arcTu intensiurad iyenebs metaforebs da saerTod, mxatvrul ornamentebs. misi sayvareli stiluri komponentia gaSlili da rTuli Sedarebebi, romlebic
mTel strofs swvdeba Tavidan bolomde. magaliTad,
gaSlili Sedarebaa:
viT usaWurvlod mamaci, omSigan gulad lomobdes,
gacofebuli gul-brazad vefxvi uklanWod omobdes,
ver aRasrulos sawadi, rac nebavs, misTvis Ronobdes, _
egreT Wkviani uwvrTeli ver mixvdes, rasac ndomobdes.
rTuli Sedareba:
mefem ubrZana Tavis Svils: `Sen, Svilo Cemo baqaro,
ismine Cemi naTqvami, tkbilo, viT Taflo, Saqaro...~
guramiSvilis poetikaSi ornamentebis simwiris faqts Taviseburad xsnis merab RaRaniZe, romelic metaforizaciis originalur
elements poeziisa da realobis gadakveTaze xedavs. misi azriT,
`daviTianSi~ marTlac ar mravlobs tradiciuli, saskolo tipis metafora, magram guramiSvilis metafora gansxvavebulia, `igi poeziisa da cxovrebis gadakveTaze cxovrobs. amaSia misi Semoqmedebis
erT-erTi gamorCeuli da iSviaTi niSani, swored metaforis saSualebiT xorcieldeba warsulis gamowveva da gacocxleba~ (RaRaniZe
2002: 69).
daviT guramiSvilis poeziis gamorCeuli poetikuri erTeulebia
simbolo da alegoria. am figurebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe SeuZlebelia gavigoT `daviTianis~ mxatvruli, Sinaarsobrivi da ideuri
safuZvlebi. daviT guramiSvilis poeturi azrovnebis Sinagani
struqtura agebulia simbolur-alegoriul anu mistikur asociaciebze. simbolur-alegoriuli saxeebis, niSnebisa da plastebis
erTiani kavSiri qmnis poetis Semoqmedebis saerTo fons, romelic
sakmaod TvalsaCino, mkveTrad gamoxatul, realur garegnul qsovilad yalibdeba. Tumca, garegnuli forma TavisTavad arafers
wyvets. igi warmoadgens mxolod da mxolod niSans, romlis saSualebiTac unda veZeboT konkretuli mxatvruli movlenis Sinaarsi.
realuris, sagnobrivis Wvretis gziT Sinaganis, imanenturis aRmoCena da xilva aris simbolur-alegoriuli azrovnebis mTavari mizani.
igavmetyveleba, gadataniTi azrovneba, ideaTa simboluri da alegoriuli warmodgena gansazRvravs daviT guramiSvilis ara marto mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiT koncefcias, aramed misi azrovnebis stilsac.
simbolur-alegoriuli gamoxatva miCneulia qristianuli literaturis safuZvlad. igi gavrcelebas hpovebs agreTve saxviT
xelovnebaSi _ ferweraSi, qandakebaSi, arqiteqturaSi. patristikam
simbolo aqcia samyaros Semecnebis qvakuTxedad: xilulsa da uxilav samyaros aerTianebs simboluri urTierTmimarTeba, romelic
saRvTo werilSia axsnili (lixaCovi 1979: 162).
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simbolur-alegoriuli gamoxatva gaxda erT-erTi saSualeba
qristianobis mier winaqristianuli memkvidreobis gamoyenebisa
(siraZe 1978: 246). es kargad Cans qarTuli qristianuli kulturis
magaliTze. CvenTan warmarTuli simbolur-alegoriuli gamoxatvis
miTologiuri formebi Seicvala qristianuli simbolo-alegorizmis Sesabamisad. gavixsenoT, raoden organulad moergo qristianizms mzisa da vazis qarTuli warmarTuli kultebi.
me-16-18 saukuneebis qarTul literaturaSi gansakuTrebuli
popularobiT sargeblobs gamoxatvis simbolur-alegoriuli principi, romelsac ori xazi aqvs: erovnul-qristianuli da sparsulaRmosavluri. principi saukeTeso gamoxatulebas hpovebs Teimuraz
pirvelis, sulxan-aba orbelianis, daviT guramiSvilisa da sxvaTa
SemoqmedebaSi.
Taviseburia guramiSvilis damokidebuleba am mxatvruli tendenciisadmi. formalurad TiTqos miiRo aRmosavluri alegorizmi,
magram Sinaarsobrivad mTlianad uaryo igi, samagierod, gaaRrmava,
SeiZleba iTqvas, axali TvalTaxedviT warmoadgina qristianuli
simbolo-alegorizmis xerxebi.
misi Semoqmedeba imdenad aris gamsWvaluli simbolur-alegoriuli saxeebiTa da azrebiT, rom `daviTianis~ kiTxvisas mkiTxvelis
goneba TiTqmis gamudmebiT miiswrafvis nawarmoebis formismiRma
azrisaken. am TvalsazrisiT, niSandoblivia erTi strofi leqsidan
`ke. svindisis mxileba daviTisa~, romelSic pirdapir aris miniSnebuli poeturi alegorizmi da misi amoxsnis hermenevtikuli principi:
ahxadeo badeo, TvalTa miec andeo,
scan am leqsTa igavi, Targmne, Tu giyvardeo!
qrTilis puris qerqSia Sig TaTuxi Cavdeo!
qerqi gafrcven, ganagde, SigniT guls-ki sWamdeo.
guramiSviliseuli alegoriis gansazRvrisas erT-erTi mTavari momentia Semoqmedebis lirikuli subieqtis _ daviT winaswarmetyvelis simboluri warmosaxva. mis poetur himnebSi, romlebic fsalmunTa gavleniT aris Seqmnili, dominirebs bibliuri daviTis TvalTaxedva. simbolur-alegoriuloba Seexo `daviTianis~ agebis principebsac. kerZod, nawarmoebi saxarebaoTxTavis analogiiT dayofilia oTx wignad, xolo Sinaarsobrivi wyobiT `daviTiani~ mogvagonebs Zvel aRTqmas _ istoriuli moTxroba `qarTvelT ufalTa megvartomobis igavi~, swavlani, simRerebi, Sesxmani, godebani, samijnuro-alegoriuli Sinaarsis nawarmoebi `mxiaruli zafxuli~, romelSic principuli
sizustiT aris gadmotanili zogierTi epizodi bibliidan.
cnobilia vaxtang meeqvsis Tvalsazrisi `vefxistyaosnis~
alegoriulobis Sesaxeb (vefxistyaosani 1712: 291). mwerlobaSi
alegoriis aucileblobaze saubrobs mamuka baraTaSvili (bara-
414
TaSvili 1981: 7). daviT guramiSvilma ara marto gaiziara aRniSnuli meTodi, aramed mogvca misi sistemuri da rafinirebuli formebi.
upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia leqsi `simRera daviTisa:
zubovka~, romlis Sesaxeb mravali urTierTgamomricxavi interpretacia arsebobs. xSirad miuTiTeben leqsis gamomsaxvelobiT
Zalaze, eqspresiulobaze, masSi Cateul poetur sulze, siyvarulis uwrfeles gancdaze da a.S. Tavis droze naklebi yuradReba eqceoda leqsis alegoriul Sinaarss, imas, rom qalis umSvenieresi saxe, siyvaruliT anaTrToli gulis xma mijnurisa
mizani ki ar aris avtorisaTvis, aramed saSualeba sxva sulieri
gancdis gadmosacemad. es sxva sulieri gancda saRvTo siyvarulia.
leqsis Sinaarsi amgvaria: lirikuli gmiri zubovkis gzaze Sexvdeba metad turfa, mSvenier qals da mSvenierebiT mojadoebuli
guls gadauSlis mas. gagulisebuli qali kadnier ucnobs kets
dauSens, magram Semdeg Seebraleba, Tavretdasxmuls zeze wamoayenebs da dauyvavebs. qali wava da kacs dahpirdeba, kidev movalo,
magram igi aRar dabrunebula. am kacis siyvarulis gamo cemiT mouklavT qali, romlis suli zecaSi davanebula. ubeduri mijnuri
moTqvams da sayvarlis suls SesTxovs isic waiyvanos zecad.
moulodneli Sexvedra da kacis Zlieri gancda orientirdeba
qalis damajerebel mxatvrul saxeze, ris gamoc ukve eqspoziciur nawilSi iqmneba imis myari iluzia, rom saqme gvaqvs yofiT
satrfialo lirikasTan:
zubovkidam momavalman vnaxe erTi qali,
metad turfa, Svenieri, maze damrCa Tvali.
Sav Tval-warbas, pirad TeTrsa, asxda Savi xali,
misman eSxman dacamlewa, Semimusra Zvali.
vkiTxe: mzeo, sidam moxval, xar sad wamavali?
geajebi, macodine Seni gza da kvali;
SenTvis guli qvaT gardmeqca, gaxda, viT klde sali,
masxi wyali, damiSrite, me Seni mwvavs ali.
qalis pasuxic metad miwieria da organulad ganagrZobs eqspoziciaSi warmodgenil viTarebas:
avo kaco, viT gabede, me Sen mTxove Tavi?
bulbulT nacvlad vard kokobman rad dagisva yvavi!
uaryofili mijnuri tiris da zRvaTa SesarTav cremls
Rvris... da kvlav qalis mware sityvebi:
ar mindixar, ar miyvarxar, sxva myavs kargi myvari, _
Sengan Tvalad ukeTesi vaJi-kaci qmari.
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gamomsaxvelobiTi eqspresiuloba kidev ufro izrdeba momdevno suraTSi, sadac qali ketiT nacem sacodav mijnurs wamoayenebs, dauyvavebs da etyvis:
aq nu vsxedvarT, gvnaxos aravina.
axla avdgeT, Cven wavideT TavTavisTvis Sina,
kulav sadme amoivli,
me dagxvdebi wina.
aq dasruldeba leqsis dinamika da zemoaRniSnul, ase vTqvaT,
impresionistuli sinaTlis suraTs TandaTan toni umuqdeba,
ferebi civdeba da kristaldeba. ase iwyeba mijnuris monologi
da uceb Sinaarsobriv-azrobrivi, TiTqosda, absurdi:
Cemis siyvarulisaTvis scemes xelSekrulsa,
saxiT vxedav CemTvis mkvdarsa, sisxliT gabasrulsa.
bolos ki satrfos sulisadmi mimarTva, romelic locvad iqceva:
qvesknelsa var, vera gxedav, megulvebi cada,
geajebi, nu gamwirav, wamiyvane manda!
ras niSnavs Sinaarsobriv-azrobrivi, TiTqosda, absurdi?
cxadia, aq absurdTan saqme ara gvaqvs. ubralod, sakiTxi pirobiTad davsviT: alegoriuli leqsi wavikiTxeT realuri planiT
ise, rom sruliad gamovricxeT ukana plani. daikarga alegoriuli Sinaarsi, gauqmda alegorizmis principi, gaCnda logikuri
winaaRmdegoba. amitom amgvari daskvna _ `zubovkaTi~ guramiSvilma didi paTosiT umRera ukraineli qalis garegnul sikeklucesa da sulis sifaqizes. daviT guramiSvilma pirvelad literaturis istoriaSi Seqmna ukraineli qalis mimzidveli,
simpaTiuri saxe~ (kekeliZe... 1969: 427) _ pirobiTia, radgan ar
iTvaliswinebs simbolur-alegoriuli gamoxatvis princips.
sxvaTa Soris, pirvelad k. kekeliZem miuTiTa `zubovkaSi~
qristianuli tipis alegoriis arsebobaze (kekeliZe 1957: 167).
Tumca garkveuli xnis ganmavlobaSi, ZiriTadad ideologiuri
koniunqturis gamo, mainc gaZnelda imis aRiareba, rom es leqsi
alegoriuli nawarmoebia da mis Sinaarss, masSi dafarul azrs
zubovkis gzaze momxdar Tu armomxdar faqtTan pirobiTi kavSiri aqvs. magram aq Tavs iCens erTi principuli xasiaTis detali. saqme is aris, rom qalis mxatvrul saxeSi koncentrirdeba
ara marto tropuli sistema, aramed is mZafri situaciuri garemoc, romelSic TviT aris moqceuli. amgvarad, iqmneba Rrmad
STambeWdavi simboluri niSani, romelic ikveTeba alegoriis
sqematuri struqturis fonze.
rogorc cnobilia, simbolos struqturaSi niSans, garda imisa, rom Sinaarsis vrcel abstraqcias warmoadgens, damoukide-
416
beli Rirebulebac aqvs. is aSkarad gamokveTili tropuli erTeulia. amitom Znelia imis Tqma, rom `zubovkis~ Sinaarsis interpretaciaSi mxolod alegoriulobis principi monawileobs.
alegoriul struqturas agvirgvinebs `qalis~ mxatvruli saxe,
romelic macxovris simbolur xats warmoadgens.
saRvTo siyvarulis alegoriuli gamoxatva Sua saukuneebSi
da Semdgomac literaturis popularuli meTodi iyo. Teoria
myari da avtoritetuli aRmoCnda, mas erTnairi gatacebiT
iyenebdnen rogorc aRmosavleTSi, ise dasavleTSi. qarTul
mwerlobaSi mas Tavisi istoria aqvs.
vaxtang meeqvse `vefxistyaosanSi~ saRvTo siyvarulis alegorias xedavda da es iyo misi mrwamsi da misi SemoqmedebiTi
praqtika. me-16-18 saukuneebis poeziaSi vaxtangma Seqmna siyvarulis mistikur-alegoriuli gaazrebis sistema, romlisTvisac, revaz siraZis azriT, erT-erTi amosavali unda yofiliyo
`qeba qebaTais~ Targmanebani (siraZe 1978: 276). qarTuli literatura me-9 saukunidan icnobs ipolite romaelis Sromas `Targmanebai qeba qebaTai~, romelSic mocemulia cnobili bibliuri
teqstis mistikur-alegoriuli ganmarteba. magaliTad, aseTi
fraza _ `umjobes arian Cemda ZuZuni Senni ufrois Rvinisa~ _
asea ganmartebuli: `rameTu viTarca CCvilni romelni gamoswoven ZuZuTagan gamosawovad sZisa, egreca saxed yovelni gamoswovdes Sjulisa da saxarebisagan mcnebaTa, saWmelsa samaradisosa moipoveben, rameTu ZuZu qristeisa araTu sxuai rai ars,
aramed orni igi Sjulni, da sZei ese araTu sxuai rai ars, aramed
mcnebani igi Sjulisani~ (mari 1901: 10).
tendencia sruliad gasagebia. simbolur-alegoriuli meTodi
aris yvelaze ufro racionaluri gza RvTaebis warmosadgenad. roca mose sTxovs ufals, saxiT eCvenos, ufali upasuxebs: `ver ZalgiZs
pirisa Cemisa xilvad, rameTu ara ars kaci, romelmanca ixila piri
Cemi da cxovnda~ (gamoslvaTa 33, 20). amitom RvTaebis Wvreta mxolod simbolos meSveobiT moxdeba. fsevdo dionise areopagelis mixedviT, RmerTis simboluri gamoxatva SesaZlebelia anTropomorfuli da zoomorfuli saxeebiT, `nergTa da qvaTa TiTo-ferobiT~.
simbolod SeiZleba miviRoT samkauliT damSvenebuli dedakaci,
SeiaraRebuli barbarosi da ubralo meqoTne. simbolos ukan imaleba uzarmazari samyaro, romlis ganWvretad uZluria urwmuno da ganuswavleli goneba. areopagelis mizania gvaswavlos simbolos xedva. `urwmuno varT mravalni saRmrToTa saidumloTa sityuebsa, rameTu vxedavT martod SemoRebulTa maT Soris grZnobadTa saxeTa.
jer ars ukeTu TaviT TvisiT ganZarcvai maTi SiSulad wmidad saxilvel qmnaTa, rameTu esreT mxedvelni msaxur viqmnneT wyarosa cxorebisasa Tavsa Sina Tvissa aRmomdinaresa~ (petre iberieli 1973: 229).
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`zubovkis~ mSvenieri qali rom qristes simboloa, eWvs ar iwvevs. rom araferi vTqvaT leqsis Sinaarsze, calkeuli tropuli
formebi udavod macxovris warmodgenas ukavSirdeba. magaliTad:
1. `mze~ (vkiTxe: mzeo, sidam moxval), romelic qristes tradiciuli simboloa. d. guramiSvili mas mxolod qristesTan mimarTebiT iyenebs. igi ayalibebs metaforul sistemas: mzeTa-mze
(mama-RmerTi), mze (qriste), TinaTini (materialuri mze);
2. `Semimusra Zvali~ gamoZaxili unda iyos ioanes saxarebis im
adgilisa, sadac weria imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor Seumusres Zvali
(wvivi) qristes gverdiT jvarcmul or gvams da rom amgvari bedi
ar ewia macxovris gvams (naTaZe 1973: 229). `rameTu iyo ese, raiTa
werili aResrulos, viTarmed: Zuali misi ara Seimusros~ (i. 19,
36). `Semimusra Zvali~ _ am fraziT xazgasmulia sulieri distancia RmerTsa da mokvdavs Soris;
3. `cxovrebis puri~ (`me var puri cxovrebisa~. i. 6, 35);
4. `pirad TeTrsa~ (`Tavi da Tmani misni spetak, viTarca matyli spetaki da viTarca Tovli~. apokalifsi, 1, 14);
aRsaniSnavia agreTve isic, rom is tropuli formebi, romlebic metad Zlier mxatvrul efeqts Seicaven da romlebsac ukavSireben mxolod mSvenieri ukraineli qalis saxes, gamoZaxils
poulobs im leqsebSi, sadac mimarTeba qristesTan simboluralegoriuli ki ara, pirdapiria.
ai, zogierTi paraleli:
1. `zubovka~: ,,masxi wyali, damiSrite, me Seni mwvavs ali~.
leqsi `nÀ simRera” (qristes): `Sen damasxi wyalia, damiSrite alia~.
leqsi `ne~ (qristes): `mwvavs cecxli cxeli, mapkure wyali,
damiSrite ali~.
2. `zubovka~: `metad turfa, Svenieri~.
leqsi `nÀ simRera~ (qristes): `amad mindi turfad Sveni~.
3. `zubovka~: `me mis monas numc amxdia misgan safarveli~.
leqsi `nÀ simRera (qristes): `nu amxdi me Sens safarvels~.
leqsi `mzÀ~ (RvTismSobels): `gviTxove Sens Zes sayvarelsa,
nu agvxdis Cven RvTis safarvelsa~.
axla ki konkretulad `zubovkis~ alegoriis Sesaxeb.
korneli kekeliZe werda: `simReraSi~ aseTi azria gatarebuli: codvil kacs, Tu ki is gulwrfelad moinaniebs Tavis Secodebas, RmerTi ar ganagdebs da ar ugulebelyofs sabolood,
aramed Seiwynarebs da Seiyvarebs mas~ (kekeliZe 1957: 167).
ganmarteba dazustebas moiTxovs. kerZod, nawarmoebSi ar
aris xazgasmuli, rom lirikuli gmiri codvilia. misi mxridan
arc SecodebaTa monanieba xdeba. yuradRebas mivaqcevT im garemoebas, rom moqmedeba viTardeba droSi, romelSic siuJeturi
konstruqcia gaSlilia sam Tanmimdevrul punqtad:
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1. lirikuli gmiri martoa; 2. lirikuli gmiri sayvarels
xvdeba; 3. lirikuli gmiri kvlav martoa.
moyvanili struqtura simetriulia, Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom
simetriuloba Sinaarsis Tvisebadac iqceva. aq sxvaoba gvaqvs:
me-3 punqtSi (martoobis meore mdgomareoba) mTavaria molodinis gancda, romelsac 1-li punqti ar gulisxmobs (1-Si sulis
statikuri mdgomareobaa fiqsirebuli. `zubovkidam momavalman...~ miniSnebaa ara marto fizikur, aramed sulier martoobazec. am daskvnas TavisTavad gulisxmobs leqsis finali _ siuJeturi konstruqciis me-3 punqti). amgvarad, Tu 1-l punqtSi fizikur simartoves sulieri simartovec axlavs, me-3 punqtSi fizikur simartoves avsebs imedi (molodinis gancda).
erTi sityviT, es aris ieso qristes amqveynad mosvlis sarwmunoebrivi istoriis struqtura. marTlac, adamiani qristes
mosvlamde marto iyo da misi suli bnels moecva (1-li punqti _
lirikuli gmiri martoa). qristes mosvlam gaanaTla adamianis
suli (me-2 punqti; lirikuli gmiri sayvarels xvdeba), xolo
jvarcmis Semdgom adamiani kvlav martoa fizikurad, magram ganaTlebul suls umagrebs meored mosvlis imedi. amgvarad, qristes pirveli mosvlis istoriisa da leqsis struqturis formebi
identuria. ras gviCvenebs maTi ufro axlo planiT ganxilva?
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, leqsis dasawyisi: `zubovkidam momavalman...~ migvaniSnebs fizikur da masTan erTad sulier martoobas. sityva `momavalman~ asocirdeba `gzad~, romelic warsulis Rrma istoriuli perspeqtivaa. Sexvedra qalTan (qali _
qristes simbolo), siyvarulis dauZleveli gancda. ueWvelad es
aris sulis ganaTleba. esaia winaswarmetyveli ityvis: `eri, romeli sxda bnelsa, ixiles naTeli didi da romelni sxdes bnelsa
da aCrdilTa sikudilisaTa, naTeli gamouCnda maT zeda~ (m. 4,
16). Semdgom qalis risxva... da qristes sityvebi: `nu hgonebT, viTarmed moved me mifenad mSvidobisa queyanasa zeda; ara moved
me mifenad mSvidobisa, aramed maxvilisa, rameTu moved ganyofad kacisa mamisagan Tvisisa~ (m. 10, 34-35). am principiT ganarCevs macxovari warmarTTa Soris suliT marTlmorwmunesa da farisevels...
qalma irwmuna yaribis didi siyvaruli da gulis siTboc gauziara, magram ra moxda? _
Cemis siyvarulisaTvis scemes xelSekrulsa,
saxiT vxedav CemTvis mkvdarsa, sisxliT gabasrulsa.
moxda is, rac winaswar iyo ganCinebuli: ieso qriste jvars
acves. amiT man gamoisyida adamianTa codvebi (`saxiT vxedav CemTvis mkvdarsa~). qali wasvlisas mijnurs dahpirda, `kidev movalo~, mijnuri ki mxurvaled SesTxovs zecas davanebul gulis swors:
419
geajebi, nu gamwirav, wamiyvane manda!
ieso qriste mimarTavs mociqulT: `da ukueTu warvide da
gangimzado Tquen adgili, kualad movide da wargiyvanne Tquen
Tavisa Cemisa Tana, raiTa sadaca me viyo, munca Tqven iyvneT~ (i. 14, 3).
bolos mainc daismis kiTxva: ratom cdilobs poeti qalis saxis STambeWdavi ferebiT gamokveTas, mis, ase vTqvaT, naturalizebas? arsebobs ori pasuxi, romlebic erTmaneTs sruliadac
ar gamoricxavs. jer erTi, `zubovka~ lirikuli leqsia da, bunebrivia, masSi moCans laRi poeturi ferebi da ganwyobilebani.
es rom ase ar yofiliyo, igi sqolastikad iqceoda. meore,
RvTismetyvelebaSi miRebulia, rom gadataniTi azrovnebisas
wina, realuri plani rac SeiZleba mkveTri da emociuri unda
iyos. areopagelis filosofiis mixedviT, simboloTi azrovneba
aracnebiTi azrovnebaa. am SemTxvevaSi win moiwevs simbolos
garegnuli simkveTre, silamaze da emociuroba, raTa masze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebeli gaxdes aracnebiTi Semecnebis _ fantaziis harmoniuli ganxorcieleba. `simbolos aracnebiTi informacia misi Semmecneblisagan pirvel rigSi aRiqmeba Rrmad emociurad, `silamazisa~ da `sinaTlis~ formiT~ (biCkovi 1977: 124).
simbolizaciis amgvari principi aqvs gamoyenebuli dante
aligieris Tavis `axal cxovrebaSi~. didi italieli poeti beatriCe portinaris warmoadgens `ormagi sicocxliT~ _ rogorc
realur qals da rogorc RvTaebriv arsebas. metic, mas mariam
RvTismSobelTan da TviT ieso qristesTanac ki aigivebs. misTvis
beatriCe aris is, `vinc kurTxeul ars ukunisamde~ (dante 1967: 119).
beatriCe SeiZleba mediumad, RmerTTan damakavSirebel Suamavlad iqnes gaazrebuli. analogiurad, `zubovkis~ satrfoc
SegviZlia qal-mediumad warmovidginoT (xinTibiZe 2005: 208).
simbolikaze areopagituli moZRvrebis erT-erTi mTavari
principi, romelic formulad iqceva da poeziaSi koncefciis
roli daekisreba, daviT guramiSvilis leqsSi ganxorcielebulia Tanmimdevrulad, racionaluri simkacriT, aqcentirebulad. yovelive amas poeti aerTianebs im pirobad, rom, rogorc
TviTon ityvis, `vcnaT am leqsTa igavi~, ese igi, amovxsnaT `zubovkis~ alegoriuli Sinaarsi. sabolood, `zubovkis~ Targmaneba aseT suraTs iZleva: leqsi simbolur-alegoriuli nawarmoebia. qristes simbolo (qalis saxe) organulad aris Casmuli
alegoriis struqturaSi, romlis ukana plani (Sinaarsi) warmoadgens qristes pirveli mosvlis istorias.
simbolur-alegoriul anu saxismetyvelebiT azrovnebas
qristianul samyaroSi udidesi roli akisria. simbolo aris
RvTaebasTan goniTi miaxloebis upirvelesi gza. bizantiur esTetikaSi simbolo daxasiaTebulia rogorc `amqveyniuri da
RvTiuri mSvenierebis SemaerTebeli rgoli. qristianul esTe-
420
tikaSi yovelgvari saxe, uwinares yovlisa, simboloa, simbolos
mniSvneloba aqvs mTel xelovnebas. simbolos Sinaarsi pirvelsaxea. misi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa ara mxolod umaRlesi
sikeTe da WeSmariteba~ (siraZe 1975: 175).
mSvenierebis, pirvelsaxis anu RmerTis Semecneba goniTi aqtia, emociuri aRqma ki araTu gvaaxloebs saxis WeSmarit SinaarsTan, aramed gvaSorebs kidec. amitom yuradReba unda gadavitanoT ara saxis (simbolos) materialur bunebaze, aramed masSi
dafarul azrze.
daviT guramiSvili mkacrad icavs qristianuli esTetikis am
principebs. poeti maT Tanmimdevrulad axorcielebs rogorc
calkeul nawarmoebebSi, ise mTlianad `daviTianSi~.
damowmebani:
baraTaSvili 1981: baraTaSvili m. swavla leqsis Tqmisa. Tb.: 1981.
biCkovi 1977: В.В. Бычков, Византийская эстетика. М.: 1977.
gawerelia 1962: gawerelia a. rCeuli nawerebi. t.1. werilebi da narkvevebi.
literaturuli Ziebani, portretebi. Tb.: `sabWoTa mwerali~, 1962.
dante 1967: dante aligieri. axali cxovreba. italiuridan Targmnes baCana
bregvaZem da Tamaz Cxenkelma. Tb.: `nakaduli~, 1967.
vefxistyaosani 1712: vaxtangiseuli vefxistyaosani. Tb.: 1712.
kekeliZe 1957: kekeliZe k. zogierTi sakiTxi daviT guramiSvilis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis istoriidan. // etiudebi. t. IV. Tb.: 1957.
kekeliZe... 1969: kekeliZe k., baramiZe a. Zveli qarTuli literaturis
istoria. Tb.: 1969.
lixaCovi 1979: Лихачов Д.С. Поэтика древне-русской литературы. Л.: 1979.
mari 1901: Марр Н.Я. ipolite. `Targmanebai qebai qebaTai~. gv. i. Тексты и
разыскания по армяно-грузинской филологии, т.III, СПб., 1901.
naTaZe 1973: naTaZe n. literaturuli werilebi. Tb.: 1973.
petre iberieli 1973: petre iberieli (fsevdo dionise areopageli).
Sromebi. Tb.: 1961.
siraZe 1975: siraZe r. Zveli qarTuli Teoriul-literaturuli azrovnebis sakiTxebi. Tb.: 1975.
siraZe 1978: siraZe r. qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriidan. Tb.: 1978.
sparsiaSvili 1985: sparsiaSvili a. daviT guramiSvilis poezia da xalxuri
Semoqmedeba. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1985.
RaRaniZe 2002: RaRaniZe m. sinamdvile da warmosaxva daviT guramiSvilis
`mxiarul zafxulSi~. Tb.: `lomisi~, 2002.
ZiZiguri 1980: ZiZiguri S. daviT guramiSvilis ena. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1980.
xinTibiZe 2003: xinTibiZe a. qarTuli leqsi, istoria da Teoria. Tb.:
`logos presi~, 2003.
xinTibiZe 2005: xinTibiZe e. `zubovkis~ siyvarulis mistikuri interpretaciisaTvis. // daviT guramiSvili _ 300. samecniero Sromebis krebuli. Tb.: 2005.
421
Teoriuli poskriptumi
Tamar lomiZe
XVI-XVIII saukuneebis literaturis kvlevis
meTodologiuri gamocdileba evropul
literaturaTmcodneobaSi
XVI-XVIII saukuneebis literatura yovelTvis iqcevda mkvlevarTa yuradRebas, miT umetes, rom es epoqa mdidari iyo literaturuli stilebiT da JanrebiT; am periodSi moRvaweobdnen servantesi da sterni, Seqspiri da jon doni, fransua rable, gviandeli
aRorZinebis xanis mwerlebi da frangi ganmanaTleblebi. marTalia,
xSirad esa Tu is mkvlevari aRiarebs (rogorc es xdeboda rusuli
formalizmisa da struqturalizmis Teoriul mimdinareobebSi),
rom Semfasebluri TvalsazrisiT ar ekideba saanalizo masalas,
magram maT gamokvlevebSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia swored XVIXVIII saukuneebis evropel klasikosTa qmnilebebis analizs.
Cvens naSromSi mimoxilulia XVI-XVIII saukuneebis evropuli literaturis kvlevebi, romlebic ganaxorcieles Tanamedrove Teoriuli mimdinareobebis warmomadgenlebma. amgvarad, Cveni mizania,
garkveulwilad, XX saukunis humanitaruli azrovnebis ganviTarebis suraTis warmodgena, yovel SemTxvevaSi, imdenad, ramdenadac
es SesaZlebelia im gamokvlevebis mimoxilvisas, romlebic eZRvneba
dasaxelebuli epoqis evropul literaturas. ra Tqma unda, winamdebare naSromis farglebSi srulad da amomwuravad ver gavaanalizebT am sakiTxs. sagangebod SevCerdebiT mxolod TiToeuli meTodologiis yvelaze tipuri da saintereso gamoyenebis nimuSebze.
I
viqtor Sklovskim _ literaturaTmcodneobis formaluri
skolis erT-erTma fuZemdebelma da Teoretikosma, SeimuSava
gaucnaurebis (остраннение) cneba, romelic formalistebis erT-erT
ZiriTad analitikur kategoriad iqca. gaucnaureba aris samyaros
xedvisa da aRweris sagangebo xerxi, romelic gulisxmobs sagnis
`amoglejas~ Cveuli konteqstidan. gaucnaurebuli sagani aRiqmeba,
rogorc uCveulo, ucnauri. es cneba waagavs `rasas~ Zvelindur
ideas, agreTve _ enaTesaveba platonis ideas gaocebis, rogorc
Semecnebis saTavisa da stimulis Sesaxeb. Sklovskis yuradReba
miipyres XVI-XVIII saukuneebis iseTma evropelma mwerlebma, rogorebic iyvnen uiliam Seqspiri, migel de servantesi da, gansakuTrebiT,
lorens sterni.
422
lorens sternis Semoqmedebis seriozuli Seswavla daiwyo mxolod XX saukuneSi. erT-erTi pirveli mkvlevari, romelmac sternis
romanebSi Txrobis agebis xerxebis aqtualizacias miaqcia yuradReba, iyo viqtor Sklovski.
Sklovski amgvarad axasiaTebda sternis romanebis stils: `sternis Semoqmedeba zogjer xumrobad gveCveneba...~ (Sklovski 1983: 197);
`sternTan SeimCneva araseriozulis, saxumaros, TiTqos parodiulis mravali elementi~ (Sklovski 1966: 254); `rodesac sterni werda Tavis romanebs, samyaros Zveli aRqma, romanis Zveli struqturebi misTvis ukve parodiuli iyo, is gandevnida maT parodirebis, mxatvruli SegrZnebis simZafris, axali cxovrebiseuli Sefasebebis simZafris aRdgenis meSveobiT, risTvisac iyenebda paradoqsul agebas... mTeli sterni _ esaa romani remontis dros: Zveli
qvafenilebi dangreulia. Zveli Sefasebebi, zneobis, Cvevebis,
emociebis Sefasebebi ukuRmaa gadmotrialebuli, rogorc gacveTili qsovili~ (Sklovski 1983: 204). gaucnaureba sternTan, Sklovskis
azriT, imaSi vlindeba, rom mTeli yuradReba koncentrirebulia
Txrobis formalur mxareze _ Txrobis danawevrebis xerxebze. romanebis nawilebi aq imgvaradaa SekavSirebuli, rom aSkarad Cans
`nakerebi da winaaRmdegobriobebi~ (Sklovski 1966: 240).
cnobilia, rom sternis romanebis formalur specifikas warmoqmnis Txrobis xazgasmuli pirobiTobebi, erTi siuJeturi xazidan meoreze gadasvlebi, uamravi analefsisi (Tu naratologiis
termins gamoviyenebT), romelTa funqcias, Sklovskis azriT, warmoadgens ukve avtomatizebuli, magram realurad arsebuli movlenebis urTierTgansxvavebulobis SegrZnebis gamZafreba: `sternTan
yvelaferi imgvaradaa organizebuli, rom mkiTxveli Seejaxos
Zveli romanis formebs, rom isini fexqveS moedon mas~ (Sklovski
1966: 239). da, vinaidan Zveli romanis formebi sternamde `avtomatizebulad aRiqmeboda, amdenad, sternis Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iyo
maTi deavtomatizaciisa da gaucnaurebisken.1
aSkaraa, rom Sklovskis mier saanalizo masalis _ am SemTxvevaSi
sternis Semoqmedebis _ SerCeva (da, erTi SexedviT, misi koncefciis Seqmnac) ganpirobebuli iyo am masalis, e.i. sternis Semoqmedebis garkveuli niSan-TvisebebiT2, Tumca Sklovski, rogorc
vTqviT, gaucnaurebas xelovnebis universalur principad miiCnevda.
Seqspiris da servantesis Semoqmedebasac Sklovski miiCnevs im
literaturul faqtebad, romlebSic gaucnaureba organul Tvisebas warmoadgens. is SedarebiT vrclad saubrobs servantesis romanis stiluri Taviseburebebisa da, agreTve, Seqspiris tragediebis
im TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb, romelTa meSveobiTac miiRweoda gaucnaurebis efeqti.
aq unda gavixsenoT, rom formalistebis, da, kerZod, Sklovskis
kvlevebis aSkarad deklarirebul miznad aRiarebuli iyo mecnieruli, `zusti~, obieqturi meTodologiis Seqmna, rac unda ganxorcielebuliyo literaturaTmcodneobaSi lingvisturi meTodebis Semotanis meSveobiT. b. eixenbaumi werda: `literaturaT-
423
mcodneTa mier kulturis an sazogadoebis istoriaze, fsiqologiasa da esTetikaze Cveuli orientaciis nacvlad formalistebma
orientacia aiRes lingvistikaze, rogorc im mecnierebaze, romelic sakvlevis masalis TvalsazrisiT uaxlovdeba poetikas~
(eixenbaumi 1987: 83).
magram gaucnaurebis (romelic literaturuli xerxis saxiT,
rogorc vTqviT, aswleulebiT ufro adre gamoiyeneboda, vidre
moxdeboda misi gacnobiereba literaturaTmcodneobaSi) analitikuri kategoria SklovskisTan araa SemuSavebuli lingvisturi meTodebis analogiiT. lingvistikaSi gaucnaurebis cnebas analogi ar
moepoveba. amdenad, Sklovskis mier am cnebis Semotanis mizezi ar
unda yofiliyo literaturaTmcodneobis daaxloeba zust mecnierebebTan da es `universaluri~ analitikuri kategoria unda SemuSavebuliyo raRac sxva mizezis karnaxiT, da ara sizustisken
miswrafebis zegavleniT (Tumca, Cveulebriv, formalisturi skolis mier SemuSavebuli koncefciebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas `gaucnaurebas~ ar ganixilaven rogorc iseT kategorias, romelic aSkara
gamonakliss warmoadgens formalisturi skolis analitikuri
meTodebis arsenalSi3.
sainteresoa, rom 1919 wels, rodesac gamoqveynda Sklovskis
statia `xelovneba rogorc xerxi~ (romelSic Camoyalibebulia koncefcia gaucnaurebis Sesaxeb), gamoica z. froidis gamokvleva
`Semzaravi~ (Das Unheimliche)4.
am ori naSromis urTierTSejerebisas m. epSteini aRniSnavs: `Tavis formalur enaze Sklovski ambobs imaves, rasac ambobs froidi
fsiqoanalizis enaze: imas, rom Cveuli da nacnobi gardaisaxeba uCveulod da warmoqmnis ucnaursa da Semzaravs...~ amasTan, `gaucnaurebisTvis saWiroa samyaros aRqma Seuryvneli TvalsazrisiT, misi
danaxva `pirvelad~, miukerZoeblad, erTgvari stumroba sakuTar
saxlSi. Semzaravis aRqmisas Cven winaSea akrZalulis sfero: is
imaleba... aracnobieris sardafSi, Semdeg ki gaqceuli katorReliviT texs urduls da iWreba saxlSi... ucnauri _ gulubryvilo stumaria, Semzaravi ki _ mkvleli, gamtacebeli, gamryvneli... magram
esaa gansxvaveba xarisxSi, intensivobaSi, maSin, rodesac `ucnauri~
da `Semzaravi~ struqturulad erTmaneTis izomorfulia. gasakviria, rom erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad orma mkvlevarma _ fsiqoanalitikosma da literaturaTmcodnem _ SeimuSava esoden msgavsi
Teoriebi, romlebmac mZlavri zemoqmedeba moaxdines maT
disciplinebze~.5
gansxvavebul mecnierebebSi _ literaturaTmcodneobasa da
fsiqologiaSi _ ori iseTi koncefciis warmoSoba, romlebic emyareba izomorful, e.i. mxolod xarisxis mixedviT gansxvavebul cnebebs, niSnavs, rom am cnebebis SemuSaveba ganapiroba ara mxolod
konkretulma (ama Tu im mecnierebisTvis) amocanebma, aramed, zogadad, erTgvarovanma msoflaRqmam, da, kerZod, iseTma, romelic
424
gulisxmobs samyaros, rogorc ucnauris, uCveulos, idumalis, Seucnobelis aRqmas6.
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom amave periodSi unda arsebuliyo gaucnaurebis analogiuri cneba an, zogadad, Sklovskis koncefciis
analogiuri koncefcia, romelic daadasturebs mecnieruli koncefciebisa da msoflaRqmis homogenurobas XX saukunis dasawyisSi.
Cveni azriT, amgvar koncefciad SeiZleba miviCnioT m.m. baxtinis
mier SemuSavebuli karnavalizebuli literaturis koncefcia, romelic avtorma Camoayaliba jer kidev 1929 wels gamocemul wignSi
`dostoevskis Semoqmedebis problemebi~.
karnavali, baxtinis miTiTebiT, _ esaa `gadatrialebuli samyaro~, romelSic gauqmebulia Cveulebrivi cxovrebis warmmarTveli wesebi da kanonebi; yovelgvari distancia adamianTa Soris;
sazogadoebis tradiciuli ierarqiuli wyoba. ZiriTad karnavalur
qmedebas warmoadgens karnavaluri mefis kurTxeva da Semdeg gvirgvinis axda.
brbosTan Serwymis saSualeba, _ aRniSnavs Jan deliumo, _ agreTve _ normatiuli gonisa da yofiTi wesebis droebiTi gauqmeba,
sruli Tavisufleba (gansakuTrebiT _ seqssa da nayrovanebasTan
mimarTebaSi), xmaurisa da Zalmomreobis mokle periodi, lanZRvaginebisa da mkrexelobis nebadarTuloba, ierarqiis Setrialeba,
sakralur wes-CveulebaTa gamoyeneba burleskuri miznebiT, niRbebi da niRbosnebi _ yovelive es asrulebda `damcavi sarqvelis~
rols mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi Sekavebuli instinqtebisTvis~
(deliumo 2003: 165).
baxtini Tavis naSromSi `fransua rables Semoqmedeba da Sua
saukuneebisa da renesansis xalxuri kultura~, groteskis Sesaxeb
saubrisas, miuTiTebs, rogor viTardeboda sasacilos formiT warmodgenili ucnauri saSiSisa da Semzaravisken: `Suasaukuneobrivi
da renesansuli groteski, romelic ukavSirdeba sicilis xalxur
kulturas, icnobs saSinels mxolod sasacilo safrTxobelebis saxiT, ese igi, rogorc sicilis meSveobiT ukve damarcxebul saSinels. is aq yovelTvis warmogvidgeba, rogorc sasacilo da mxiaruli~... `groteskis maorganizebeli sicilis gadagvareba, misi amaRorZinebeli Zalis dakargva ganapirobebs romantikuli groteskis
arsebiT gansxvavebas Suasaukuneobrivi da renesansuli groteskisgan. es gansxvavebebi yvelaze TvalsaCinod vlindeba Semzaravisadmi
mimarTebaSi. romantikuli groteskis samyaro _ met-naklebad
Semzaravi da adamianisTvis ucxo samyaroa. yovelive Cveuli, nacnobi, yofili, mkvidri, iqceva ucxo samyarod~ (baxtini 1965: 331) moyvanili citatebi aaSkaravebs, rom baxtini ubralod ucnaurs, uCveulosa da Semzaravs homogenur cnebebad gaiazrebda7.
amgvarad, zemodasaxelebul or koncefcias unda davumatoT
mesame, anu baxtiniseuli karnavaluri literaturis koncefcia.8
sagulisxmoa, rom kulturis amgvari gaazreba refleqtirebulia
baxtinis sxva naSromebSic. kerZod, aseTia baxtiniseuli dialogizmis koncefcia.
425
`dialoguri mimarTebebi, _ wers baxtini `dostoevskis poetikis
problemebSi~ _ ... msWvalavs adamianis mTel metyvelebas, agreTve
_ adamianis cxovrebis yovelgvar mimarTebebsa da gamovlinebebs,
saerTod, yvelafers, rasac mniSvneloba da sazrisi aqvs... iq, sadac
iwyeba cnobiereba, ... iwyeba dialogic~ (baxtini 1972: 71).
rodesac froidi acxadebs, rom `Semzaravi... aris imTaviTve Cveuli sulieri cxovrebisTvis; is, rac cnobierebisgan gaucxoebul
iqna mxolod gandevnis procesis Sedegad~, es niSnavs, rom `mes~
TviTSemecneba xorcieldeba misive gaucnaurebul (gandevnil,
Semdeg ki Secvlili saxiT dabrunebul) ltolvebTan an warmodgenebTan dialogis meSveobiT. mxolod ase xdeba SesaZlebeli sakuTari `mes~ wvdoma _ misi, rogorc sxvis gaazreba.
cxadia, Sklovskiseuli gaucnaurebac, rogorc xelovnebis universaluri kanonzomiereba, erTaderTi SesaZleblobaa am ukanasknelTan dialoguri mimarTebis damyarebisa _ mxolod amgvar situaciaSi (da ara `Signidan~) xdeba SesaZlebeli misi srulyofili
gaazreba.
baxtiniseuli dialogizmis koncefcia gulisxmobs, agreTve,
rom sakuTari kulturis srulyofili aRqma da gaazreba SesaZlebelia mxolod `garedan~, mxolod masTan dialoguri mimarTebebis damyarebis gziT, anu misi gaucnaurebis (sakuTaris, rogorc sxvis aRqmis) meSveobiT.
aqedan gamomdinare, ucnauri warmoadgens sakvanZo (msoflmxedvelobrivi datvirTvis mqone) cnebas XX saukunis dasawyisis
rusuli (SesaZloa, ara marto rusuli) kulturisTvis.
II
Tu, zogadad, rusi formalistebisTvis analizis sayrdens warmoadgenda lingvistikis monacemebi, m.m. baxtinma Tavis naSromSi
`droisa da qronotopis formebi romanSi~, romelSic ganxilvis
sagans, literaturis evoluciis sxva etapebTan erTad, warmoadgens XVI-XVIII saukuneebis evropuli literatura, amosaval analitikur kategoriad gamoiyena qronotopis cneba9. saxeldobr, droiTi da sivrculi mimarTebebis arsebiT urTierTkavSirs baxtini
qronotops uwodebs.
sainteresoa, rom koncefciis agebis logikuri sqema baxtinTan
uaxlovdeba formalistebis mier dasaxul mecnierul ideals. kerZod, rusuli formalizmis Teoriulma skolam wamowia da Tavis
aqtualur amocanad aqcia codnis dafuZneba. aq gamoikveTa ori
mimarTuleba:
1.
literaturaTmcodneoba rogorc lingvistika (r. iakobsoni, i. tinianovi, e. polivanovi);
2.
literaturaTmcodneoba rogorc filosofia (v. Sklovski).
m. baxtini, romelic formalistebis gaerTianebaTa wevri ar iyo
da kritikul mosazrebebsac gamoTqvamda maTi koncefciis mimarT10,
Tavisi koncefciebis dafuZnebisas _ amosavali aqsiomaturi debu-
426
lebebis saxiT _ iyenebda sxva mecnierebaTa (fiziologiis,
enaTmecnierebis, da, gansakuTrebiT _ filosofiis) postulatebs.
baxtinis TqmiT, qronotops literaturaSi Janruli mniSvneloba aqvs, anu Janrisa da Janruli saxesxvaobebis ganmsazRvreli faqtoria droisa da sivrcis asaxvis specifikuri formebi. es iyo
sruliad axleburi midgoma literaturuli Janrebisadmi, romelTac manamde (da, xSirad SemdgomSic) ganixilavdnen mxolod
abstraqtulad, aRweriTad, klasifikaciuri niSan-Tvisebebis gamoyofis gziT.
baxtini gamoyofs romanuli qronotopis formebs da axasiaTebs
TiToeul maTgans. kerZod, is ganixilavs berZnul romans, avantiurul-yofiT romans, biografiul romans, saraindo romans da
Semdeg axasiaTebs rablezianur qronotops. kerZod, baxtinis azriT, rable ebrZvis dro-sivrculi samyaros vertikalur (mxatvruli azrovnebis ufro adreuli etapebisTvis damaxasiaTebel) gaazrebas. rables mizania, aRdgenil iqnas adekvaturi droiT-sivrculi samyaro, rogorc axali qronotopi harmoniuli adamianisTvis
da adamianTa urTierTobis axali formebisTvis. am amocanis gadasawyvetad is arRvevs sagnebisa da ideebis Cveul kavSirebs da qmnis
maT axal mimarTebebs.
baxtinis aRniSvniT, rablesTvis damaxasiaTebelia rigebis11 ageba. amgvari rigebia: 1. adamianis sxeulis rigebi anatomiursa da fiziologiur WrilSi; 2. tansacmlis rigebi; 3. sikvdilis rigebi; 4.
Rvinis smisa da loTobis rigi; 5. sqesis rigebi; 6. sikvdilis rigebi.
yvela es rigi erTmaneTs kveTs da amitom rables saSualeba aqvs,
daaaxloos an gamijnos yvelaferi, rac mis amocanas Seesabameba.
rable cdilobs daubrunos sxeuls sityva da sazrisi, antikuri
idealuroba. sxeuls is asaxavs ramdenime aspeqtSi _ anatomiurfiziologiurSi, saxumaro-cinikurSi, da, bolos, folklorulSi.
mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia rablesTan loTobisa da nayrovanebis rigs, romelic xSirad kveTs sikvdilis rigs (magaliTad,
eSmaki msjelobs adamianTa sulebis sxvadasxvanairi gemos Sesaxeb.
Sariani adamianebis, notariusebis, advokatebis sulebi gemrielia
mxolod damarilebuli saxiT. inkvizicia asustebs adamianebis
rwmenas da amiT uzrunvelyofs gemriel kerZebs eSmakebisTvis).
sagangebo adgili ukavia rablesTan sikvdilis rigs. samyaros
ierarqiul suraTSi, romlis ganadgurebac rables surda, sikvdils
dominirebuli adgili ekava. is aufasurebda sicocxles, aqcevda
mas mxolod mosamzadebel etapad saiqio cxovrebisaTvis. rablem
aCvena, rom sikvdili aucilebeli momentia cxovrebisa da is arasodes araa arsebiTi dasasruli. amitom rables unda warmoedgina sikvdilis materialuri xati misi garemomcveli sicocxlis sazeimo
rigSi, magram eCvenebina is sasxvaTaSorisod, ar gaemaxvilebina
masze yuradReba. Sesabamisad, rable gviCvenebs mxiaruli momakvdavi adamianebis saxeebs, CamoTvlis siciliT gamowveuli sikvdilis
SemTxvevebs.
427
rables, aseve, surda, gaeerTianebina danawevrebuli (Suasaukuneobrivi msoflmxedvelobis rRvevis Sedegad) samyaro axal safuZvelze, romelic daarRvevda Sua saukuneebis istoriul koncefcias
_ samyaros Seqmna, Secodeba, pirvelad mosvla. codvis gamosyidva,
meored mosvla, saSineli samsjavro. am koncefciaSi realuri dro
ganzavebuli iyo zedroul kategoriebSi. saWiro iyo Seqmna axali
qronotopisa, romelic daakavSirebda realur cxovrebas (istorias) realur miwasTan. am rableseuli qronotopis uSualo wyaros,
baxtinis miTiTebiT, warmoadgenda folklori.
Semdgom baxtini aanalizebs rablezianuri qronotopis folklorul safuZvlebs da aRniSnavs, rom `drois Zlieri da diferencirebuli grZnoba SeiZleboda warmoSobiliyo mxolod koleqtiur-SromiT miwaTmoqmedebiT safuZvelze~ (baxtini 1965: 240). `es
dro `Rrmad sivrculi da konkretulia~ (baxtini 1965: 241), erTiani
da cikluri12.
baxtini miuTiTebs, rom rables nawarmoebSi Tavs iCens aristofanesa da lukianes zegavlena. kerZod, rablesTan vxvdebiT iseTsave groteskul fantastikas, komikurisa da sasacilos iseTsave heroikas, sqesTan dakavSirebul iseTsave uxams gamoTqmebs, rogoric
damaxasiaTebelia aristofanesTvis. rac Seexeba lukianes, rables
masTan anaTesavebs maRali sferoebis ideologiis parodiuli
rRveva.
baxtinis gamokvlevis es nawili ar moicavs rablezianuri qronotopebis formalur klasifikacias an daxasiaTebas da, amdenad, is
gamonakliss warmoadgens am teqstSi. savaraudoa, rom baxtinma aq,
ubralod, reziumirebuli saxiT gadmoitana Tavisi adrindeli naSromis ZiriTadi daskvnebi da debulebebi.
XVI-XVIII saukuneebis literaturas baxtini exeba, agreTve, qveTavSi `idiliuri qronotopi romanSi~. is aRniSnavs, rom yvela idilia xasiaTdeba saerTo niSnebiT, romlebic gamoixateba maT sagangebo damokidebulebaSi folkloruli drois erTianobasTan. idiliisTvis damaxasiaTebelia masSi asaxuli cxovrebis `mimagreba~
garkveul adgilTan _ mSobliur qveyanasTan, mSobliur saxlTan da
a.S. idiliuri cxovreba da misi movlenebi ganuyofelia im konkretuli adgilisgan, sadac cxovrobdnen mamebi da papebi, icxovreben
Svilebi da SviliSvilebi. TaobaTa cxovrebis adgilis erTianoba
asustebs droiT mijnebs TaobaTa Soris da erTi da imave sicocxlis etapebs Soris, anu adgilis erTianoba xels uwyobs drois
ciklur ritmulobas, romelic idiliisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
idiliis meore Taviseburebaa misi SezRuduloba cxovrebis mcirericxovani realiebiT. es realiebi idiliaSi warmodgenilia ara
realisturad, aramed _ Serbilebuli da sublimirebuli saxiT.
magaliTad, sqesobrivi sfero TiTqmis yovelTvis warmodgenilia
sublimirebulad.
idiliis mesame Taviseburebaa adamianis cxovrebis Serwyma bunebis movlenebTan, maTi saerTo ritmi, adamianis cxovrebis movlenaTa da bunebis movlenaTa saerTo ena.
428
yofis sirTulesa da pirobiTobebs sasiyvarulo idiliaSi upirispirdeba bunebis wiaRSi cxovrebis aseve pirobiTi sisadave. es
cxovreba dayvanilia sublimirebul siyvarulamde. sasiyvarulo
idilia safuZvlad daedo mis romanul nairsaxeobas da sxva romanuli nairsaxeobebis nawilad iqca (magaliTad, rusosTan).
XVIII saukuneSi, _ aRniSnavs baxtini, _ rodesac drois problema
literaturaSi gansakuTrebuli simZafriT daisva, idiliam sagangebo Rirebuleba SeiZina. warmoiSva meditaciuri tipis elegiis gansakuTrebuli forma Zlieri idiliuri momentiT: sasaflaoze myofi
adamianis fiqrebi, romlebSic momijnave motivebadaa warmodgenili
samare, siyvaruli, axali cxovreba, gazafxuli, bavSvebi, sibere.
rusom gadaiazra idiliuri dro, idiliuri momijnave momentebi
da maTi ukiduresi filosofiuri sublimireba moaxdina. buneba,
ojaxi, siyvaruli, sikvdili masTan cxovrebis Zalebia. isini kurnaven, ganwmenden da amSvideben adamianis cnobierebas.
amgvarad, baxtini aanalizebs, rogor xdeboda qronotopis cnebis Sevseba konkretuli SinaarsiT sxvadasxva epoqis literaturaSi
da axleburad gvixatavs mxatvruli azrovnebis istoriuli
evoluciis suraTs.
baxtinis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi naSromia `fransua rables
Semoqmedeba da Sua saukuneebisa da renesansis xalxuri kultura~.
man miznad daisaxa, daexasiaTebina sicilis xalxuri kultura,
romelic upirispirdeboda Sua saukuneebis saeklesio da
feodalur kulturas, Semdgom ki gaeanalizebina rables Semoqmedeba, romelsac uSualo kavSiri aqvs xalxur wyaroebTan. baxtini
detalurad axasiaTebs Sua saukuneebisa da renesansis periodis
sicilis xalxur kulturas. rac CvenTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovania,
`Sua saukuneebis adamiani gansakuTrebiT mZafrad aRiqvamda sicilSi swored SiSis daZlevas. da es SeigrZnoboda ara marto rogorc
mistikuri SiSisa (`RvTis SiSis~) da bunebis Zalebis SiSis daZleva,
aramed _ pirvel rigSi, rogorc adamianis cnobierebis SemboWveli,
damTrgunveli da dambindveli moraluri SiSis daZleva: es iyo SiSi
yovelive imisa, rac nakurTxi da akrZaluli iyo (`mana~ da `tabu~),
RvTisa da adamianis Zalauflebisa, avtoritaruli mcnebebisa da
akrZalvebisa, sikvdilisa da saiqioSi mosalodneli sasjelisa, jojoxeTisa, yovelive imisa, rac miwasTan SedarebiT, ufro saSiSia~
(baxtini 1965: 104). da, baxtinis TqmiT, meTqvsmete saukune _ esaa
mwvervali sicilis istoriaSi, xolo am mwvervalis pikia rables
romani (baxtini 1965:115).
baxtinis mixedviT, sicilis xalxuri kultura moicavs karnavaluri tipis dResaswaulebs, parodiul nawarmoebebs da, agreTve,
familaruli metyvelebis gansxvavebul Janrebsa da formebs (lanZRva-ginebas, mkrexelobas, fics, xalxur blazonebs13 da sxv.). Sua
saukuneebis kulturis es aspeqtebi baxtinamdec cnobili iyo mecnierebisTvis (rogorc wesi, isini modernizebulad, da, maSasadame,
Seusabamod ganixileboda), magram, misive miTiTebiT, am kulturis
sakiTxi, zogadad, aravis dausvams, e.i. ganumartavi darCa Sua
429
saukuneebis sicilis kulturis saxeobriobis sagangebo tipi.
swored am amocanis gadaWrisken iswrafvis baxtini.
yofierebis Suasaukuneobrivi esTetikuri koncefciis aRsaniSnavad, romelic mkveTrad gansxvavdeba momdevno epoqebis esTetikuri koncefciebisgan, baxtins Semoaqvs e.w. groteskuli realizmis
cneba. groteskul realizmSi materialur-sxeulebrivi sawyisi gaiazreba, rogorc universaluri, da upirispirdeba yovelgvar gankerZoebas, sakuTar TavSi Caketvas, gankerZoebul idealurobas.
sxeuls da sxeulebriv cxovrebas aq kosmiuri da, imavdroulad,
sayovelTao-saxalxo xasiaTi aqvs. materialur-sxeulebrivi sawyisis matarebelia ara calkeuli biologiuri individi, aramed _
xalxi. amasTan, materialur-sxeulebrivi cxovrebis wamyvani momentia nayofiereba, zrda, gadametebuli siWarbe. es ganapirobebs
materialur-sxeulebrivi cxovrebis yvela xatis mxiarul da
sazeimo xasiaTs, esaa sayovelTao nadimi. materialur-sxeulebrivi
sawyisis es Tvisebrioba mniSvnelovanwilad SenarCunebulia renesansis literaturasa da xelovnebaSi da, baxtinis SeniSvniT,
yvelaze srulad mocemulia rablesTan.
groteskuli realizmis ZiriTad Taviseburebas, baxtinis mixedviT, warmoadgens gadayvana materialur-sxeulebriv planSi yvelafrisa, rac miekuTvneba maRalis, sulieris, idealurisa da ganyenebulis sferos. amgvari damdableba niSnavs miwasTan, rogorc
STanmTqmelsa da, imavdroulad, aRmomacenebel sawyisTan ziarebas.
es operacia ambivalenturia, radgan mas ara marto gamanadgurebeli, aramed _ dadebiTi, amaRorZinebeli mniSvnelobac aqvs.
baxtinis azriT, parodiuli damdableba, groteskuli xazi Tavs
iCens servantesis `don-kixotSic~, Tumca, materialur-sxeulebrivi sawyisi servantesTan ukve ramdenadme gaRaribebuli da
dakninebulia.
sanCos didi muceli da mada jer kidev karnavaluri xasiaTisaa;
misi materializmi _ esaa groteskuli realizmis absoluturi qveda polusi; esaa mxiaruli sxeulebrivi samare, romelic gaTxrilia
don-kixotis ganyenebuli idealizmisTvis. `mwuxare saxis raindi~
TiTqos unda mokvdes am samareSi, raTa Semdeg daibados, rogorc
axali, ukeTesi pirovneba. sanCos rols don-kixotis mimarT baxtini
amsgavsebs Suasakuneobriv parodiebs, romlebSic dascinodnen
maRal ideologias. amaRorZinebeli mxiaruleba, Tumca ki Sesustebuli saxiT. SeimCneva am wisqvilebis (gigantebi), samikitnoebis (cixesimagreebi), cxvrebis farebis (raindTa jarebi) da a.S. saxeebSi.
yovelive es sxva araferia, Tu ara tipuri groteskuli karnavali,
Tumca, servantesTan sxeulebi da sagnebi ukve iZenen privatul
xasiaTs, kerZo cxovrebis elementebad iqcevian da kargaven amaRorZinebelsa da ganmaaxlebel Zalas.
baxtinis azriT, groteskuli realizmis ignorirebisas marTebulad ver gaviazrebT literaturis evoluciis im umniSvnelovanesi stadiebis arss, romlebSic esoden mravlad gvxvdeba groteskuli saxeebi.
430
rables groteskuli saxeebi maxinjia klasikuri esTetikis
TvalsazrisiT, e.i. mza, dasrulebuli yofierebis TvalsazrisiT.
magram maTSi sxeuli avlens Tavis arss, rogorc mzardi sawyisi,
romelic scildeba sakuTar sazRvrebs. esaa maradiuli qmnadobis
mdgomareobaSi myofi (momakvdavi _ mSobiare _ Sobili) sxeuli.
baxtini aanalizebs iseT sakiTxs, rogoricaa sajaro metyveleba
rables romanSi. is miuTiTebs, rom im epoqis enaSi uxamsi (Tanamedrove gagebiT) Jestikulaciuri da sityvieri xatebi warmoadgenda
karnavaluri mTlianobis nawils. esaa lanZRva-gineba, mkrexeloba,
wyevla _ anu saxalxo-sadResaswaulo literaturuli da sanaxaobrivi JanrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli metyvelebiTi Janrebi. `araoficialur xalxur kulturas, _ wers baxtini, _ Sua saukuneebSi da
renesansis epoqaSic hqonda Tavisi sagangebo teritoria _ moedani,
da Tavisi sagangebo dro _ dResaswaulebisa da bazrobebis dReebi... aq gabatonebuli iyo urTierTobis sagangebo tipi _ Tavisufali familarul-sajaro urTierToba... moednebze JRerda
sagangebo metyveleba _ familaruli metyveleba, TiTqmis sagangebo ena, romelic SeuZlebeli iyo sxva adgilebSi... mTel msoflio literaturaSi, albaT, araa iseTi nawarmoebi, romelSic ise
srulad da Rrmad aris asaxuli saxalxo-sajaro cxovrebis yvela
mxare, rogorc rablesTan. moednis xmebi masTan yvelaze xmamaRla
ismis~ ( baxtini 1965: 170-171).
baxtini aRniSnavs, rom renesansis periodSi karnavalis zemoqmedeba literaturaze `ara marto uCveulod Zlieri, aramed _ pirdapiri, uSualo da mkafiod gamoxatuli iyo. renesansi _ esaa, Tu
SeiZleba ase iTqvas, cnobierebis, msoflmxedvelobisa da literaturis pirdapiri karnavalizacia~ (baxtini 1965: 300). am suliskveTebis yvelaze TvalsaCino gamoxatulebaa rables romani. baxtini
ramdenime sityviT exeba Seqspiris Semoqmedebasac, da, kerZod, aRniSnavs, rom `radikaluri cvlilebebisa da ganaxlebebis karnavaluri paTosi warmoadgens Seqspiris msoflSegrZnebis safuZvels
(baxtini 1965: 302). rac Seexeba servantess, misi novelebisa da `donkixotis~ karnavaluri safuZveli, baxtinis azriT, sruliad ueWvelia. `servantesiseuli realizmis siRrme da Tanmimdevruloba agreTve ganisazRvreba cvlilebebisa da ganaxlebebis wminda karnavaluri paTosiT~ (baxtini 1965: 303).
bolo wlebSi gaismis kritikuli SeniSvnebi baxtinis mier SemuSavebuli koncefciebis mimarT, magram aSkaraa, rom swored man SeZlo
axali TvalsazrisiT ganexila msoflio literaturis da, maT
Soris XVI saukunis udidesi frangi mwerlis, fransua rables
Semoqmedeba.
III
`dasavlur kanonSi~ (1995) cnobili amerikeli literaturaTmcodne harold blumi msjelobs imis Sesaxeb, rom Seqspiri da
dante warmoqmnian literaturuli kanonis centrs. kanoni, blumis
431
TqmiT, romelic, Tavisi warmomavlobiT, religiuri sityvaa, Semdeg
aRniSnavda arCevans im teqstebs Soris, romlebic ibrZodnen gadarCenisTvis~ (blumi 1998: 75).
ra faqtorma ganapiroba Seqspiris rogorc sagangebo literaturuli fenomenis Camoyalibeba? mis adreul SemoqmedebaSi Tavs
iCens, mkvlevarTa SexedulebiT, Coseris zegavlena. kerZod, es
zegavlena vlindeba falstafis saxeSi, romelsac bevri niSan-Tviseba aaxloebs Coseriseul feiqar alisasTan. es `Tavgadakluli individualistebi da hedonistebi~ (Seqspiri da Coseri), blumis TqmiT,
erTnairad gmobden moarul morals.
garda amisa, blums mohyavs tolbet donaldsonis Tvalsazrisi
am ori `boboqari monologistisa~ da don kixotis msgavsebis Sesaxeb. maTi saerTo niSan-Tvisebaa cxovrebis, rogorc TamaSis aRqmisadmi bavSvuri midrekileba.
Coseris msgavsad, Seqspiri mimarTavs sagangebo xerxs _ personaJebis TviTmiyuradebas, da falstafis saxis Seqmnis Semdeg
kidev ufro farTod iyenebs am xerxs. blumis azriT, swored aq unda
veZioT pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ratom ukavia Seqspirs centraluri adgili kanonSi. iseve, rogorc dantes yuradRebis centrSia adamianis
Sinagani arsis absoluturi ucvleloba da maradisobaSi Cveni adgilis uryevoba (raSic is bevrad aRemateba winamorbedi da momdevno epoqebis yvela mwerals), aseve, Seqspiri adamianis fsiqikuri
mobilobis asaxvis ubadlo ostatia. TviTdakvirvebis meSveobiT
motivirebulia pirovnebis TviTganviTareba. Seqspiramde mxatvruli literatura gvaswavlida, rogor unda gvesaubra sxvebTan. Seqspiri ki, blumis miTiTebiT, gvaswavlis, rogor vesaubroT sakuTar
Tavs. Seqspiris Semoqmedeba xelovneba ki araa, aramed raRac ufro
meti _ esaa maradiuli, dasabamidanve arsebuli ram.
dantesTan, romelic yvelaze metad SeiZleba miviCnioT Seqspiris metoqed, poeturi xelovnebis Zala usazRvroa, magram misi
pirovnuli arsis amocnioba Zneli araa. sxva poetebis mimarT is
didsulovnebas ar amJRavnebs. SeqspirTan malvolio `meTormete
RameSi~ satiraa rezoniorobaze, romelic axasiaTebda jonsons, xolo edmondis uaryofiTi saxe moicavs ara marto marlos gmirebs,
aramed _ masac. miuxedavad amisa, malvolioc da edmondic mimzidveli niSan-TvisebebiT xasiaTdebian. es mowmobs Seqspiris (Tumca ki
ironiulda Seferili) didsulovnebis Sesaxeb.
blumis azriT, dante iyo poeti poetebisTvis, xolo Seqspiri
iyo saxalxo poeti.
dante iyo TviTcnobierebis iseTive poeti, rogorc _ miltoni,
da yoveli maTgvani cdilobda Seeqmna ukvdavi poeturi forma.
Seqspiri ki gulgrilad ekideboda `mefe liris~ bed-iRbals. erTaderTi nawarmoebebi, romelTa koreqturac man waikiTxa da
romelTa bed-iRbalzec zrunavda, iyo `venera da adonisi~, agreTve
_ `pativayrili lukrecia~, romlebic mis saukeTeso nawarmoebebs
sulac ar miekuTvneba.
432
Tavisi mravalferovnebiT Seqspiri aRemateba dantesac da Cosersac. blumi akritikebs tolstois Tvalsazriss Seqspiris Sesaxeb, romelic Camoyalibebulia statiaSi `ra aris xelovneba?~;
Semdeg is aseve kritikulad ganixilavs miSel fukos koncefcias
`avtoris sikvdilis~ Sesaxeb. `Tuki, _ wers blumi, _ `mefe liri~
da `hamleti~ Seiqmna `sociumis energiis~ wyalobiT, maSin ratom
gamoixata es energia ufro srulad stratfordeli xelosnis
vaJiSvilSi, da ara axmax qvismTlelSi _ ben jonsonSi?~ Seqspiris
dayvana konteqstze, blumis azriT, iseve SeuZlebelia, rogorc
dantesi _ florenciaze da misi epoqis italiaze.
da mainc, kiTxulobs blumi, raSi mdgomareobs Seqspiris, rogorc Semoqmedis unikaluroba? misi azriT, Seqspiris sidiade
mdgomareobs im ZalmosilebaSi, romliTac is xatavs adamianis
xasiaTs da adamianis pirovnebas, agreTve _ mis cvalebadobas. es
aRiara ukve ben jonsonma. arc erT dramaturgs ar Seuqmnia egzom
sruli iluzia imisa, rom TiToeuli personaJi metyvelebs Tavisi
ganumeorebeli xmiT.
froidisTvis, iseve, rogorc goeTesTvis, Seqspiris nawarmoebebi ganasaxierebda saero kulturas da imis imeds unergavda, rom
adamianSi sabolood gaimarjvebs racionaluri sawyisi. froids
esmoda, rom, garkveuli gagebiT, Seqspirma Seqmna fsiqoanalizi da
Caswvda adamianis suls, swored imdenad, ramdenadac froids
SeeZlo misi wvdoma da aRwera. adamianisTvis, romelmac ganacxada:
`me Sevqmeni fsiqoanalizi, radgan is ar arsebobda literaturaSi~,
Seqspiris saxiT arsebuli precedenti arc ise sasiamovno unda
yofiliyo. swored amitom, blumis azriT, froidi acxadebda, rom
Seqspiri TviTmarqvia iyo da rom misi piesebi grafma oqsfordma
dawera. blumi ironiulad SeniSnavs, rom `Seqspiris gverdiT
uferuldeba froidis aRmoCenebi, Tumca es, albaT, sulac ar
gaakvirvebda Seqspirs, romelmac icoda, rom plagiati ganuyofelia literaturisgan~.
1815 wels samocdaxuTi wlis goeTem dawera statia Seqspirze. aq
man scada, Seerigebina winaaRmdegobebi, romlebic axasiaTebda mis
damokidebulebas dasavleTis udidesi poetis mimarT. statiam xeli
Seuwyo Seqspiris avtoritetis ganmtkicebas germaniaSi, magram
goeTes meryevma poziciam ufro genialuri poetisa da dramaturgis mimarT xeli SeuSala goeTes, eRiarebina Seqspiris unikaluroba
da maradiuli Rirebuleba. es ganaxorciela hegelma, romelmac
scada gaerkvia, riT gansxvavdebian Seqspiris gmirebi sofoklesa da
rasinis, lope de vegasa da kalderonis gmirebisgan. heglma
ganacxada, rom rasinis gmirebi zedmetad abstraqtulni arian. maTSi personificirebulia esa Tu is vneba. amitom individualuri da
uzenaesi Zalebis Widili abstraqciad iqceva. ufro maRal Sefasebas aZlevs hegeli lope de vegas da kalderons, romlebic miiswrafvodnen sinamdvilis utyuari (Tumca ki ramdenadme sworxazovani)
asaxvisadmi. germanul tragediebs hegeli kidev ufro mdare
qmnilebebad miiCnevs: goeTe ugulebelyofs xasiaTTa individuali-
433
zacias, xolo Sileris dramebSi realobas Zalmomreoba enacvleba.
am dramaturgebs hegeli upirispirebs Seqspirs, romlis TiToeuli
personaJi obieqturad Wvrets sakuTar Tavs rogorc xelovnebis
qmnilebas, rogorc piesis moqmed pirs da esTetikur warmonaqmns,
ris wyalobiTac isini iqcevian sakuTari Tavis Semoqmedebad.
amitom maT ZaluZT sakuTari Tavis Secvlac.
blumi aqve aRniSnavs, rom Seqspirs bevri ram (temperamenti, ideologiisgan Tavisufleba) anaTesavebs molierTan, Tumca molierma,
albaT, araferi icoda Seqspiris Sesaxeb. volterma daupirispira
Seqspiris zegavlenas neoklasicizmi da rasinis tragediebi. romantizmTan erTad frangul literaturaSi gaizarda Seqspiris avtoriteti, rac gansakuTrebiT nayofieri iyo stendalisa da viqtor
hiugosTvis, magram mecxramete saukunis bolo mesamedSi SeqspiriT
sayovelTao gatacebam iklo da franguli literatura amJamad
`araSeqspirulia~.
Seqspirma udidesi zegavlena moaxdina italiur literaturaze,
gansakuTrebiT _ leopardis Semoqmedebaze. rusi mwerlebidan
Seqspiris zegavlena ganicades tolstoim (inglisli dramaturgisadmi kritikuli damokidebulebis miuxedavad) da dostoevskim.
ibseni, blumis TqmiT, yovelnairad cdilobda, Tavidan aeridebina Seqspiris zegavlena, magram per giunti da geda gableri
gamoirCevian swored Seqspiriseuli masStabis vnebebiT da TviTdakvirvebisadmi midrekilebiT.
espanur literaturaSi servantesma, lope de vegam, kalderonma,
tirso de molinam, roxasma, gongoram Semoitanes barokosaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli siWarbe, rac, garkveuli gagebiT, Seqspirulic iyo
da romantikulic. ortega-i-gasetma cnobili ese miuZRvna Seiloks,
madariagam ki wigni _ hamlets.
rac Seexeba inglisur literaturas, Seqspiris zegavlena joisze da beketze, blumis azriT, eWvs ar iwvevs. amerikul literaturaSi Seqspiri aSkarad monawileobs melvilis `mobi dikSi~ da
emersonis `kacobriobis warmomadgenlebSi~, agreTve _ hotornTan.
mTel msoflio literaturaSi, blumis mixedviT, mxolod servantesma da Seqspirma miaRwies srul universalizms. Cvens epoqaSi
mas yvelaze ufro miuaxlovdnen joisi da beketi, magram pirveli
maTganis barokoseulma sirTulem da meoris barokoseulma Sekvecilobam xeli SeuSales maT universalizmis miRwevaSi. Seqspiri da
`don-kixoti~ axdenen kanonis centrirebas, aRniSnavs blumi, da aqve
dasZens: `albaT, Seqspiris Sesaxeb SeiZleba iTqvas raRac ufro
borxesiseuli. vidre `universalizmia~: Seqspiri _ erTdroulad
aravinaa da TiToeulic, arara da yvelaferi, swored Seqspiri aris
dasavluri kanoni~.
cnobili literaturaTmcodne m. iampolski samarTlianad SeniSnavs, rom `blumi ibrZvis filologiis politizaciis winaaRmdeg;
amtkicebs, rom kanonikuri teqstebi principulad apolitikuria da
gankuTvnilia mxolod individualuri moxmarebisTvis... sociumisgan kanonis mowyvetis mcdelobisas is eyrdnoba kants, Tumca ar
434
asaxelebs mas. swored kanti warmoadgens individualuri dauinteresebeli gamocdilebis im modelis wyaros, romelsac Cven sistematurad gvaxsenebs blumi~ (iampolski 1998: 203). gavlenis Teoria
saSualebas iZleva, gansxvavebuli rakursiT ganvixiloT literaturis istoria da, kerZod, XVI-XVIII saukuneebis literatura.
IV
1963 wels gamoqveynda franguli struqturalizmis TvalsaCino
warmomadgenlis, rolan bartis gamokvleva `rasinis Sesaxeb~, romelmac e.w. `sauniversiteto kritikis~ warmomadgenelTa mxriv
mZafri kritikis obieqti gaxda (magaliTad, raimon pikaris azriT,
bartis es naSromi fsevdomecnieruli, subieqtivisturi da TiTqmis
mTlianad dausabuTebeli gaxldaT). am naSromSi aSkarad igrZnoba
baxtinis ideebis, da, kerZod, mxatvruli teqstis sivrcul-droiTi
struqturis baxtiniseuli analizis meTodis garkveuli zegavlena,
rasac qvemoT gamovavlenT. amasTan, bartis naSromis sasargeblod
unda iTqvas, rom Tu baxtini gamoyofs saerTo niSnebs sxvadasxva
mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi. barti ki avlens rasinis mxatvruli azrovnebis individualur niSan-Tvisebebs.
wignSi `rasinis Sesaxeb~ rolan barti gamoyofs da axasiaTebs
rasiniseul qronotopebs, magaliTad, savanes (samyofels), romelic momdinareobs miTologiuri mRvimidan. esaa TvalTaxedvisTvis
miuwvdomeli, saSiSari adgili, Zalauflebis idumali samyofeli.
misi substitutebia neronis savane, artaqserses sasaxle, iudeuri
RmerTis wmidaTa wmida gansasvenebeli.
savanes esazRvreba winkari. esaa qveSevrdomTa (bartis mixedviT,
`daqvemdebarebulobis~) sivrce, radgan aq elodebian, icdian. savanesa da winkars mijnavs kari, romlis substitutia farda.14
mesame tragediuli sivrcea garesamyaro, romlic uSualod esazRvreba winkars. cxadia, savane da winkari tragediis sivrceebia,
xolo garesamyaro aratragediuli sivrcea. tragedia erTdroulad dilegicaa da uwmindurebisgan TavSesafaric, TavSesafari
yvelafrisgan, rac araa tragedia.
sam tragediul sivrces (aqedan mesame _ tragediuli obieqtia
da ara sivrce, esaa kari savanesa da winkars Soris) Seesabameba sami
aratragediuli sivrce: sikvdilisa, gaqcevisa da xdomilebisa.
rasinTan gmirebis umravlesoba kvdeba aratragediul sivrceSi,
maSin, rodesac isini scildebian tragediul sivrces, sadac isini,
maTive TqmiT `esoden ewamebian~. tragediuli atmosferos naklebobiT gamowveuli sikvdilis garda, aratragediul sivrceSi xdeba
sxva movlenebic _ aq moxvedril gmirs sevda eufleba, is wuxs _
mTeli realuri sivrce misTvis zedmeti tvirTia. wuxili sikvdilis
substitutia.
meore garegani sivrce aris gaqcevis sivrce. moqmedebis meorexarisxovani monawileebi gamudmebiT urCeven gmirebs, gaiqcnen
erTi-erTi xomaldiT, imaTgan, romlebic Canan rasinis yoveli tra-
435
gediis ukana planze da Seaxseneben gmirebs, raoden axlo da advilad misaRwevia aratragedia.
bartis TvalsazrisiT, garesamyaro ritualuradaa markirebuli, esaa sivrce, romelic aratragikuli personaJebis saarsebo garemoa da tabuirebulia tragikuli personaJebisTvis. garesamyaro
waagavs invertirebul getos, radgan aq tabuirebulia sivrcis sifarTove, xolo sivrcis SekumSuloba, SezRuduloba, piriqiT,
privilegias warmoadgens.
garesamyaros mesame funqciaa moqmedebis erTgvari karantinis
ganxorcieleba. am karantinis darRveva SeuZliaT mxolod neitralur pirebs (aratragikul personaJebs), romelTa funqciaa movlenaTa tragikuli arsis gamoaSkaraveba da scenaze gare realobis
mxolod calkeuli ganwmendili da gakeTilSobilebuli fragmentebis gadacema axali ambebis an moTxrobebis saxiT (brZolebi,
TviTmkvlelobebi, personaJebis, mkvlelobebi, nadimebi, saswaulebi).
tragikuli gmiri, bartis mixedviT, Caketili adamiania (es daskvna savsebiT bunebrivia tragediuli dro-sivrcis im daxasiaTebis
Semdeg, romelic zemoT moviyvaneT). misi privilegiaa Caketili sivrce (savane). mosamsaxureTa da fareSTa niSania maTi Tavisufleba.
rasinis TerTmet tragediaSi moqmedi gmirebis interpretaciis
safuZvlad barti miiCnevs darvinis, atkinsonis da froidis Tvalsazriss imis Sesaxeb, rom uZveles droSi adamianebi cxovrobdnen
urdoebad, romelTagan TiToeuli emorCileboda Zlier mamrs. es
ukanaskneli flobda qalebs, bavSvebsa da nivTier qonebas. vaJiSvilebs mamis Zalaufleba saSualebas ar aZlevda, moepovebinaT is
qalebi _ debi an dedebi, romlebis mimarTac ltolvas ganicdidnen. Tu isini iwvevdnen mamis eWvianobas, maSin maT klavdnen,
asaWurisebdnen an gandevnidnen xolme. sabolood, vaJebi gaerTiandnen, raTa moeklaT mama da daekavebinaT misi adgili. mamis mkvlelobis Semdeg vaJiSvilebs Soris SuRli Camovarda, radgan isini
ebrZodnen erTmaneTs memkvidreobis uflebis mosapoveblad. xangrZlivi brZolis Semdeg Zmebi SeTanxmdnen: TiToeulma maTganma
uari Tqva dedisa da debis dauflebaze. ase warmoiSva akrZalva
incestze.
bartis azriT, es istoria idealurad gamoxatavs rasinis Teatris arss. mis tragediebSi aisaxa pirvelyofili urdos figurebi da
moqmedebebi: mama, romelic erTpirovnulad ganagebs vaJiSvilebis
sicocxles, qalebi _ erTdroulad dedebi, debi da satrfoebi,
Zmebi, romlebic erTmaneTs mtroben mamiseuli memkvidreobis
xelSi Cagdebis mizniT, maSin, rodesac mama jer kidev cocxalia da
brundeba, raTa dasajos isini, da, bolos, vaJiSvili, romelic
ganicdis SiSs mamis winaSe da, imavdroulad, surs moklas is. sisxlis aRreva, Zmebis metoqeoba, mamis mkvleloba, vaJiSvilebis
damxoba _ ai rasiniseuli dramaturgiis ZiriTadi koliziebi.
aqedan gamomdinare, barti askvnis, rom rasiniseuli Teatris Sinagani mTlianoba Tavs iCens mxolod am Zveli fabulis doneze, romlis Zirebi kacobriobis istoriis an adamianis sulis siRrmeSi unda
436
veZioT. am pirvelyofil qmedebas gaiTamaSeben ara personaJebi (am
sityvis Tanamedrove gagebiT), aramed _ faqtobrivad, niRbiani aqtorebi. maTi damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi gamomdinareoben ara
maTi moqalaqeobrivi mdgomareobidan, aramed _ maTive adgilidan
im saerTo situaciaSi, romelSic isini Caketilni arian _ zogjer
isini ganisazRvrebian funqciiT (magaliTad, mama upirispirdeba
vaJiSvils), zogjer ki _ damoukideblobis xarisxiT imave gvaris
sxva warmomadgenelTan SedarebiT. amitom rasiniseuli diskursi
operirebs didi da daunawevrebeli metyvelebiTi masebiT, ise,
TiTqos yvela gamonaTqvami miekuTvnebodes erTsa da imave pirs;
rasinis ena _ aforistulia da ara realisturi. is gankuTvnilia
citirebisTvis.
bartis naSromis yoveli Tematuri nawili uSualod, logikurad
gamomdinareobs winamorbed nawilSi gamotanili daskvnebidan. ase,
magaliTad, mas Semdeg, rac mkvlevari avlens rasinis tragediebis
erTgvar arqetips _ motivebis uZveles kompleqss da, aqedan gamomdinare, ganmartavs rasinis personaJebis, rasinis enis specifikur
Taviseburebebs, is msjelobs rasiniseuli erosis Sesaxeb. pirvelyofil urdoSi yvela adamianuri urTierTdamokidebulebebi iyofoda or ZiriTad tipad: ltolvis mimarTebebi da Zalauflebrivi
mimarTebebi. Sesabamisad, barti avlens rasinTan or eross. erTi
maTgani warmoiSoba qal-vaJs Soris jer kidev bavSvobaSi. es grZnoba da-Zmur siyvaruls waagavs, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, sanqcionirebulia maTi socialuri garemocviT da ganSualebulia droiT (droSi grZeldeba, SeumCnevlad mwifdeba). meore tipia uSualo siyvaruli, romelic uecrad, moulodnelad ibadeba, araviTari winaswari momwifebis periodi ara aqvs da warmogvidgeba, rogorc dasrulebuli xdomileba, romelic gamoixateba warsuli drois (passé
défini)_ mkacr formebSi. esaa erosi-xdomileba. es ori erosi SeuTavsebelia erTmaneTTan.
uSualo erosi rasinTan satrfos sxeuliT hipnozuri monusxulobis mdgomareobaa, mas yovelTvis vizualuri warmomavloba aqvs
da swored amitom mcired Tu gansxvavdeba siZulvilisgan. siZulvili rasinTan aSkarad fizikuri siZulvilia, esaa sxvisi sxeulis
mZafri vizualuri aRqma. amitom, ambobs barti, faqtobrivad, rasinTan siyvaruli gaucxoebaa. gmirebis seqsualoba ganisazRvreba ara
imdenad bunebiT, ramdenadac _ situaciiT, rasinTan ar gvxvdeba
xasiaTebi, aramed _ situaciebi, ese igi, mdgomareobebi. maSasadame,
askvnis struqturalizmis ZiriTad debulebebis Sesabamisad barti,
yoveli figuris arsi mTlianad gamomdinareobs misi adgilidan
mTel sistemaSi, ZalTa saerTo ganawilebaSi.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa rasinis enis bartiseuli interpretacia. mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom rasinTan Tavs iCens enis WeSmariti
universaluroba. siyvaruli, tanjva, sikvdili aq niSnavs mxolod
laparaks, metyvelebas. rasinTan ena substanciaa, mas damcveli
437
funqcia aqvs (mRelvareba niSnavs laparakis Sewyvetas, e.i. daucvelobas, Riaobas). es ena _ wesrigia, is saSualebas aZlevs gmirs,
gaamarTlos Tavisi agresia an marcxi da amis saSualebiT, miaRwios
samyarosTan harmoniis iluzias. es ena _ moralia, radgan is saSualebas iZleva, piradi vneba uflebad gadaaqcios. laparaki niSnavs
qmedebas. logosi Tavis Tavze iRebs praqsisis funqciebs da enacvleba kidec mas.
bartis mixedviT, tragedia imiT gansxvavdeba miTisgan, rom miTi
emyareba opoziciebs da miiswrafvis maTi mediaciisken. tragediaSi,
piriqiT, opoziciebi gaqvavebulia, mediacia ki _ ugulebelyofili, anu konfliqti Riad rCeba. amitom tragedia, rolan bartis
gansazRvriT, aris miTi miTis damarcxebis Sesaxeb.
***
wignSi `kiTxvis alegoriebi~ dekonstruqtivizmis ielis skolis
warmomadgeneli, XX saukunis cnobili literaturaTmcodne pol
de mani ganixilavs Jan-Jak rusos Semoqmedebas, ufro zustad, is
warmogvidgens `kiTxvisa~ da `weris~ sakuTar koncefcias, romelic
analogiuria romanSi `iulia anu axali eloiza~ asaxuli
Tvalsazrisisa.
de manis azriT, mniSvnelovania nawarmoebis meore winaTqmaSi
avtoris mier gamoTqmuli Sexeduleba `portretisa~ da `suraTis~
ganmasxvavebeli niSan-Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. pirvel maTgans aqvs realuri referenti, meore ki _ gamonagonia. erTi mxriv, iulia,
rusos miTiTebiT, suraTia, magram, de manis SeniSvniT, sakiTxi arc
ise martivia _ portreti da suraTi urTierTgamomricxav opoziciur wyvils sulac ar warmoqmnian. de mans ainteresebs sakiTxi
teqstis referenciuli statusis Sesaxeb. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia
gamonagonisa da WeSmaritebis Sexamebis dasaSvebi proporciebi. ra
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom teqsts aqvs referenti?
rac ufro metad uaryofs teqsti realuri an gamogonili referentis arsebobas da rac ufro fantastikur gamonagonad iqceva
is, miT ufro srulad warmoadgens sakuTar paToss. paTosi rusosTan hipostazirebulia, rogorc brma Zala an rogorc Cveulebrivi
puissance de vouloir,15 magram is simyares aniWebs figuris semantikas da aiZulebs mas, `aRniSnos~ misi (figuris) ugulebelyofis,
gauqmebis paTosi.
suraTi iqceva portretad, magram esaa subieqtis dekonstruqciuli vnebis portreti. amgvarad, xdeba im referenciuli sistem

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