Chapter 4 Study Questions Key

Socials 10 Chapter 4 Study Questions
1.
What was the name given to the territory granted to the HBC in 1670?
Rupert’s Land
2.
How was this area defined?
all land with rivers flowing into Hudson Bay (drainage basin/watershed)
3.
What type of fur used by the HBC as a form of currency?
beaver (MB – made beaver)
4.
In its first century, the HBC followed a trade policy known as:
“stay by the Bay”
5.
By what route(s) did the HBC ship its furs?
to England directly from Hudson Bay
6.
In what three ways was the NWC unlike the HBC?
was based in Montreal, did not have a strict trade policy, had
its employees travel to Aboriginal communities to trade
7.
By what route(s) did the NWC ship its furs?
to England via Montreal (across the Greats and St. Lawr. River valley)
8.
The hivernants of the NWC differed from the factors of the HBC how?
they lived in the Northwest year‒round
9.
Explorers for the NWC were employed primarily to do what?
search out new fur-trading areas
10. The most observable result of the aggressive policies of the NWC was what?
the NWC having many more trading posts than the HBC
11. What were the NWC employees who paddled canoes called?
voyageur
12.
The NWC used what type of watercraft(s)?
canots du nord and canots du maître
13.
Why did the HBC used York boats?
with a sail, they were faster than canoes; they were sturdier than
canoes, they could be used later in the year (in snow and ice)
14.
How did the fur trade disrupt traditional Aboriginal ways of life?
middlemen often cheated Aboriginal traders, the use of
firearms depleted supplies of game, some Aboriginal peoples
converted to Christianity, the demands of the fur trade
forced Aboriginal peoples to trap full time
15.
What was most important to Aboriginal peoples?
sustaining themselves and their families
16.
What things, introduced by Europeans, damaged traditional Aboriginal ways
of life?
smallpox, measles, and alcohol
17.
The fur trade encouraged the movements of Aboriginal groups into new areas
because:
as fur supplies became depleted, trappers had to find new fur sources
18.
What are the advantages of a mind map? What do mind maps not show?
indicate sources of water and other natural resources, show the
location of prominent landscape features, show the approximate travel
times between places. They do not use an accurate scale for distances
19.
As supplies of furs declined:
competition between fur trading companies intensified
20.
The Canadian habit of saying “eh” may come from:
the Cree word “Eha” (I agree)
21.
Aboriginal women in the fur trade contributed how?
made articles like snowshoes, gathered useful items like pine gum
acted as guides and interpreters
22.
The Métis developed mainly because:
the NWC encouraged its traders to take Aboriginal wives
23.
What happened when an Aboriginal woman married a fur trader?
her family gained social status
24.
Why did the NWC encourage intermarriage between its fur traders and
Aboriginal women?
such marriages strengthened ties with local Aboriginal groups
25.
If a fur trader had taken an Aboriginal wife, and then left the Northwest, he
would most likely do what?
abandoned his Aboriginal wife (and often the children, too)
26.
The HBC initially discouraged its employees from marrying Aboriginal women
because:
it did not want to support too many dependents
27.
The term Métis referred to persons of Aboriginal and French‒Canadian
ancestry. Persons of Aboriginal and Scots/British ancestry preferred the
term:
country-born
28.
The Métis were usually of which religious affiliation?
they followed Aboriginal religions
29.
As the Métis began to farm, they used which system to lay out their farms?
the seigneurial pattern
30.
The main product which the Métis supplied to the NWC was:
pemmican
31.
The most important social event for the Métis was:
the bison hunt
32.
The bison hunt was:
organized like a military expedition
33.
In what three ways was the bison hunt significant?
dangerous, a source of community pride,
an important economic activity
34.
Why did Lord Selkirk want to establish agricultural colonies in British North
America?
he was alarmed at the plight of poor Scots farmers
35.
Why was Lord Selkirk was able to obtain a grant of land from the HBC?
he was a director of the HBC
36.
Where was the location of Selkirk’s land grant from the HBC?
at the junction of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers
37.
How did the settlers in the Red River Colony survive their first two years?
the NWC and the Métis assisted them
38.
The governor of the Red River colony, Miles Macdonell, feared that supplies
would run out in 1814. As a result, he:
issued the Pemmican Proclamation
39.
The Pemmican Proclamation was designed to:
provide enough food for the Selkirk colonists
40.
What was the response of the NWC to the Pemmican Proclamation?
they harassed the colonists, set fire to buildings,
destroyed crops, and arrested Miles Macdonnell
41.
When the colonists returned to the Red River colony in the late summer of
1815, their leader, Colin Robertson attempted to take what action?
make peace with the NWC and the Métis
42.
The new governor of the Red River colony, Robert Semple:
attacked and burned Fort Gibraltar
43.
Why did Semple regard the Métis as inferior?
the Métis were of mixed ancestry
44.
Who was the first leader of the Métis in Red River?
Cuthbert Grant
45.
In 1816, Semple and a group of colonists confronted the Métis at Seven
Oaks. What was the result of that battle?
the Métis killed 21 colonists
46.
What did Lord Selkirk do immediately after the Battle of Seven Oaks?
led a military expedition against the Métis
47.
In 1817, Lord Selkirk made a treaty to gain legitimate control over the lands
of the Red River Settlement. With whom did he make this treaty?
the Cree and Anishinabé
48.
The NWC responded to Lord Selkirk’s activities in 1817 by:
filing lawsuits against him
49.
In 1820, both the NWC and HBC were suffering financially, so they decided
to do what?
they merged
50.
Under the merger of 1821, what did partners in the NWC obtained?
55 shares in the new company
51.
How did the HBC retain control of the new merged company?
having furs shipped via Hudson Bay
52.
Aboriginal peoples, besides being trappers, were employed by the HBC how?
as guides, translators, and map-makers
53.
Who was the appointed in 1821 to be the new governor of the HBC’s
holdings in the Northwest?
George Simpson
54.
In order to obtain the cooperation of the Métis, what did Simpson do?
employed Cuthbert Grant as Warden of the Plains
55.
George Simpson’s method of management was:
to spend the summer travelling throughout the Northwest
56.
George Simpson brought his English wife to the Red River Settlement in
1830. How did this caused problems?
the Simpsons were socially isolated and Mrs. Simpson refused to
socialize with the Métis
57.
By 1860, who were the majority of people in the Red River Settlement?
Métis
58.
What was the basis of the economy of the Red River Settlement?
the needs of the HBC, growing crops and supplying produce for them
59.
Why was the Red River cart so noisy?
its axles were not greased
60.
A group which caused social tensions in the Red River Settlement in the
1860s were:
the Orange Order - an anti-French, anti-Catholic movement
61.
Who was the leader of the Canadian Party in the Red River Settlement?
Dr. John Christian Schultz
62.
To which group was the leader of the Canadian Party opposed?
Métis
63.
In 1869, the government of Canada purchased Rupert’s Land from whom?
from the HBC
64.
What did the HBC give up when it sold Rupert’s Land to the Canadian
Government?
2.8 million acres of land
65.
How did Canadian land surveyors cause problems in the Red River Settlement?
they did not recognize existing claims by settlers to their lands
66.
What was Louis Riel’s profession?
lawyer
67.*
In October, 1869, Louis Riel decided to:
stop surveyors because they were trespassing
68.
What did the National Métis Committee do when faced with uncertainty about
the future of the Red River Settlement?
took over Fort Garry and formed a provisional government
69.
What does a provisional government function as?
a means of preserving order until a permanent government
can be created
70.
What was the objective of Riel and the provisional government?
create a province which would respect the rights of all persons
71.
When William McDougall proclaimed himself governor of the North West
Territories, he made Riel’s government the de facto legal authority in the
area, how?
because he was across the border in the US at the time
72.
What did Louis Riel fear the Canadian Party would do in late 1869?
they were armed and prepared to take control of the Red River
Settlement, he was afraid they’d attack the provisional government
73.
John A. Macdonald’s attitude toward the Métis was:
racist
74.
Thomas Scott was executed because:
he was generally unpleasant, but moreso,
he was tried and accused of treason

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