aquilogic EnvironmentalIssues withHydraulic Fracturing April2014 AnthonyBrown 1 aquilogic It’sanInflammatoryIssue 2 aquilogic TheAtoZofFracking FrackingͲinducedarthritispain FrackingͲinducedzombies 3 aquilogic Outline • • • • • • • • • • Overviewof“fracking” Briefhistory(it’solderthanyouthink) Shalegasandoilplays FrackinginCalifornia TechnicalrequirementsofthenewDOGGR(SB4)Regs Chemicals Environmentalissueswithfracking Environmentalissuesatoilfields AsummaryoftheBaldwinHillsOilFieldstudy Groundwaterinvestigations Theviewsexpressedhereinaresolelythoseofthepresenterforthelimitedpurposeofthisconference anddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsorpositionsofaquilogic,inc. oritsclients,andshallnotbe usedasevidenceorotherwiseinanyadministrative,legislativeorjudicialproceeding. 4 aquilogic HydraulicFracturingOverview • Frackingisawellstimulationprocess • Allowsfortheextractionofoilandnaturalgas frompreviouslyunrecoverabledeposits • Fluidsarepumpedintogeologicformationathigh pressuresatverticalorhorizontalwells • Whenpressureexceedsrockstrength,thefluids openorenlargefractures(fracturescanextend hundredsoffeetfromthewell) • A“proppingagent”(suchassand)ispumpedinto thefracturestokeepthemfromclosing • Increasedpermeabilityallowsforenhancedoil/gas recovery 5 aquilogic FrackingOverview 6 aquilogic 7 aquilogic EnvironmentalIssues 8 aquilogic 9 aquilogic BriefFrackingHistory 1947Stanolind Oil“Hydrafrac”Test Ref:HydraulicFracturing,CarlT.Montgomeryand MichaelB.Smith,NSITechnologies • 1860sͲ liquid(andthenlater,solidified)nitroglycerin wasusedinshallow,hardrockoilwellsinPA,NY,KYand WVto“crack”therock • 1947Ͳ Stanolind Oilconductedthefirstexperimental treatmentof“Hydrafrac”attheHugotongasfield, GrantCounty,KS,usingnaphthenicacid,napalm, gasolineandsand(technologylicensedtoHalliburton) • 1980s– AdvancesindrillingtechnologyanddownͲhole telemetryequipmentmadehorizontaldrillingpractical • 1990s– MitchelEnergydemonstratedfinancialsuccess withfrackingintheBarnettShale,TX • 2000– FurtheradvancesindeepͲoilandhorizontal drilling,downͲholetelemetry,frackingfluids,fracking processledto • 2007Ͳ Exponentialgrowthinshalegasandshaleoil productionacrossUSA 10 aquilogic USShaleOilandGasReserves 11 aquilogic USShaleGasProduction http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=5370 12 aquilogic CONVENTIONALRESOURCES Smallvolumesthatarehard tofindbuteasytodevelop High Medium UNCONVENTIONAL Largevolumesthat areeasytofind,but difficulttodevelop 1,000md 10md TightOilTightGas 0.1md ShaleHeavyCoalͲbed Gas Oil Methane Increasedprices ~10% Improvedtechnology GlobalOil&GasResources 0.001md GasHydratesOilShale 13 aquilogic HydraulicFracturinginCA • MostoilandgasreservoirsinCAare “conventional”:Foundinlayersof “reservoir”rockbeneath“cap”rockor associatedwith“faulttraps”ratherthan in“source”rock • Initiallyoilwells“gushed”butnowmost ofthemneedpumping • Mosthavealsoundergonesome “stimulation”(e.g.waterflood) • InCA,frackingisusedasameansto maximizeproductionofawellvs. installingadditionalwells • InCA,wellsarevertical,frackingismore restricted,andwateruseisminimal 14 aquilogic MontereyShale 15.4billionbarrels(78xCAoilproductionin2012) Averagedepth:8,000Ͳ12,000feet Averagethickness:1,800feet 1427 26 22 OilFields Gasfields ProductiveMontereyFormation ProductiveMontereyandDiatomite 15 aquilogic DOGGR(SB4)Regs InterimWellStimulationRegulationseffectiveJanuary1, 2014.Baselinelevelofenvironmentalprotectionthrough “ZonalIsolation”(injectedfluidsareconfinedtoasingle zoneorreturnedtothesurface) Definesthreetypesofwellstimulationtechniques: • HydraulicfracturingͲ fluidsathighpressuresfracture rockand“proppant”(e.g sand)keepschannelsopen • AcidfracturingͲ usesacidathighpressuresto etch/fracturetheformationcreatingchannels(no “proppant”used) • AcidmatrixstimulationͲ pressureisn’thighenoughto fracturetherock,relyingonaciddissolutionofmatrix 16 aquilogic DOGGR(SB4)Regs Requires: • Wellstobetestedforintegrity • WellStimulationTreatmentnotification(WSTNotice) • senttoeveryneighboringpropertyowner/tenant. • waterwelltestingandsurfacewatertestingmustbeprovided whenrequested • chemicalusedisclosures,agroundwatermonitoringplan,anda watermanagementplan • Pressuretestingofequipmentpriortothetreatment • Disclosureregardingcompositionanddisposalofwaste • SpillcontingencyplanͲ notification,response,and cleanͲuprequirements 17 aquilogic OilFieldChemicals Varioususes: • Dissolverockminerals(acids) • Protectswellcasingfromcorrosion(CorrosionInhibitor) • Eliminatebacteria(Biocides) • Thickenwatertosuspendproppant (Gel) • Allowdelayedgelbreakdown(Breaker) • Maintainviscositywithincreasingtemperature (Crosslinker) • Separateoilandwatermixtures(NonͲemulsifiers) • Reducessurfacetensioninfluidandimprovesfluid recovery(Surfactant) • Preventprecipitationofmetaloxides(IronControl) 18 aquilogic MostCommonChemicalsUsed HydrochloricAcid Glutaraldehyde QuaternaryAmmoniumChloride Tetrakis HydroxymethylͲPhosphonium Sulfate AmmoniumPersulfate SodiumChloride MagnesiumPeroxide MagnesiumOxide CalciumChloride CholineChloride Tetramethyl ammoniumchloride Methanol FormicAcid Acetaldehyde PetroleumDistillate Hydrotreated LightPetroleumDistillate PotassiumMetaborate Triethanolamine Zirconate SodiumTetraborate BoricAcid ZirconiumComplex BorateSalts Polyacrylamide GuarGum PolysaccharideBlend CitricAcid AceticAcid Thioglycolic Acid SodiumErythorbate LaurylSulfate SodiumHydroxide PotassiumHydroxide SodiumCarbonate CopolymerofAcrylamideandSodium Acrylate SodiumPolycarboxylate Phosphonic AcidSalt Ethanol Naphthalene IsopropylAlcohol 2ͲButoxyethanol Isopropanol EthyleneGlycol 19 PotassiumCarbonate aquilogic EnvironmentalIssueswithFracking • • • • • Acquisitionofwater Mixingofwaterwithfrackingchemicals Fluidsimpoundleaks Injectionoffrackingfluid Casingfailures • • • • Flowback andpostͲfrackingproducedwater Disposalortreatmentofthewastewater AirQualityIssues Traffic 20 aquilogic EnvironmentalImpacts • • • • • • • • • • • Wateruse– minimalinCA Surfacespills– responseplans FluidleaksͲ linedimpoundsand/ortanks CasingfailuresͲ telescopecasingsandcementing WellheadblowͲoutsͲ blowͲoutpreventers Upwardmigration– caprockand>7,000feetof geology Flowback Ͳ backflowpreventers Wastewaterdischarges– offͲsitehaulage,deepwell injection GroundwatermonitoringtoidentifyandnearͲwell/near pitspills/leaks Airquality– AQMDregulated Traffic– it’sCalifornia! 21 aquilogic GoodNews– BadNews • Goodnews– frackingpresentsnogreaterenvironmental impactthanconventionaloilfieldoperations • Theissueisnottheenvironmentalregulationoffracking • Badnews– frackingpresentsnogreaterenvironmental impactthanconventionaloilfieldoperations • Theissueistheenvironmentalregulationofupstream oilandgasactivity 22 aquilogic EnvironmentalIssueswithOilFields 23 aquilogic CaseStudy:BaldwinHillsfield • Conductedaspartofasettlement agreementdatedJuly15,2011betweena groupofpetitionersandtheCountyofLos AngelesandPlainsExploration& ProductionCo.(PXP) • Studywastoassess“thefeasibilityand potentialimpacts(includingimpactsto groundwaterandsubsidence)ofthetypes offracturingoperationsPXPmayconduct inthe[Inglewood]OilField” • Specifiedthatitwouldbepeerreviewed byanindependentexpert • Petitioners– CommunityHealthCouncil,Inc.,NaturalResources DefenseCouncil,MarkSalkin (concernedcitizen),theCityofCulver City,CitizensCoalitionforaSafeCommunityandConcernedCitizensof 24 SouthCentralLA. aquilogic StudyActivitiesandFindings ThestudyinvolvedahighvolumesingleͲstagefracking operationontwoverticalwellswhilemonitoringfor potentialnegativeimpacts. Noshorttermimpactswereobservedandstudy concluded: • fracturesdidnotextendbeyondthetargetedrock formation • nogroundwatercontamination • wellintegritypassedtests • methaneconcentrationswerenotaconcern • nogroundsubsidence • noperceptibleearthquakes • Noise/groundvibrationswithinallowablelimits • Airemissionswithinstandards 25 aquilogic StudyCriticisms Maincriticisms: • Thescopewasnarrowbuttheconclusionsdrawn werewidesweepingstatements • Boththeconsultantconductingthestudyandthepeer reviewersreportedlyhavestrongtiestotheoiland gasindustryandcan’tbeconsidered“independent” • Resultswerebasedontheimmediateresultsofthe frackingevents.PotentiallongͲtermrisksdueto cumulativeriskswerenotaddressesordismissedout ofhand • Theeffectsofhorizontaldrillingwerenottested 26 aquilogic TheRealIssues Fluids Impound Monitoring Wells Scale • Monitoringforimpactsat~50feet depthfromanactivityat~10,000feet • Monitoringwithin~50feetofa well/pitwhenimpactsmightoccur 5,000feetaway Time • Fluidsinthesubsurfacemoveat hundredsoffeet/year • Maytake20+yearsforanimpactto beobserved Causation • Ifthereisimpact,howdoyoulinkitto afrack job– onemileawayand20 yearsago? • Costofdatacollection 27 aquilogic GroundwaterInvestigations • Casingleaksandfailuresintheshallowgeology(<1000 feetdepth)atanoilwellarerare • Impactsmorelikelyassociatedwith: • Preferentialverticalpathwaysexist(e.g.faultsoroldwells) • OtheractivitiesassociatedwithHF,suchasimpoundleaksor accidentalspills • Monitoringatawell/impoundmaybewarranted; however,investigationsneedtobe: • ona“field”scale • forthelongͲterm • Studyobjectives: • • • • EstablishbaselineconditionspriortoHF; CharacterizehydrogeologyinthevicinityofHFactivity; Identifypathwaysforverticalmigration;and InstallalongͲtermgroundwaterqualitymonitoringsystem. 28 aquilogic MoreInformation • www.fracfocus.org • http://www2.epa.gov/hydraulicfracturing • http://cogcc.state.co.us/Announcements/Hot_Topics/H ydraulic_Fracturing/Hydra_Frac_topics.html • http://www.conservation.ca.gov/dog/Pages/Index.aspx • www.aquilogic.com/publications.php • FractFinder www.aquilogic.com/subscribe.php 29 aquilogic Questions? LosAngelesOilField1905 30
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