Efficacy of Quinaldine Sulphate as an Anaesthetic for the

tl
S r i L a n k dJ . A q u a t S . / 4 ( 1 0 9 9 ) :l l 2 2
Efficacy of QuinaldineSulphateas an Anaestheticfor the
OrnamentalCarp (Cyprinuscarpio)in SimulatedPackaging
for Long DistanceTransport
M HETTIARACHCHI*andS.P.S.D.SENADHEERA
Department
ofzoology, Universityof Kelaniya,Kelaiiya 11600,Sri Lanka
+Conespondins
aurhor(E-mail [email protected])
Abstrscl
High costincunedin trrnsportingfish in largelolume of waleris a malorproblenr
rn airlifling omamental fish !o foreign markets The present study was canied ou! to
investigatethe efficacy of lhe anaesthetic,
qlinaldine sulphatebuffercd wrlh sodium
bicarbonate
on omamentalcaas (Koi carps;Cyprinuicaryio, in simuiatedpackasinefor
air transpon QuinaldinesulphatesigDificantlyreducedthe rate of oxygen consumptionand
the accumulationof ammoniain water The mo$ emcrenrconcentration
of buffered
quinaldin€sulphatewhich was responsible
for the greatestreductionin accumularion
of
ammoniaandthe rateof oxygenconsumpdon
\ras 50 ppm.Youngkoi carpsof7 5 , 9.0 cm
in total lengthanaesthetised
with 50 ppm quinaldinesulphateat rhedensiryof40% offish
bodywerght to weightofwater rauodid not showanymonaliry at roon tenperabreof28
0C durng the 40 hours of exposuretime while unanaesthenzed
fish ai the same densiry
sufibred i00% mortaliry. The recovery time during the post packagingperiod was found to
be lessthan5 mmutes The presentstudy mdrcatesthat young koi carpscould be rransported
at higherpackingdensities,using,thesuitabledosageof qrinaldinesulpharewhich will
maxmizethe effectiveutilizatronofspaceandweighrdlring rransponadon.
Introduction
The export of live tropical omamental fish from Sn I-anka has incleased in an
unprecedentedmanner dunne the past decade eaming a substanrialamounr of foreign
exchargeto the county Accordingto the tradestanstics,
Sri Lankahaseamedl0 millon
rupeesin 1986 and rt was envisagedto eam 250 million rupeesby 1994 (Shariff &
Subasinghe
1992;Anon. 1989).Efficient packagingof fish causingminlmrlmmorrality
during transpof plays an i'nportant role ln the successof $is trade. This is panicularly
importantwhen thesefish aretransportedovef long disturcesto foreign markers
The pnmary problernspertainingto the curent closedsystempackagingare the low oxygen
capacrb,of water and the accumulationof loxic excretorywastes.Another problen is the
handling stressthat resultsfrom initial capture,loadhg into fansport containen, rhe actual
transport,unloadingand stocking.Hrgh transpondensityand poor warerqualiryrnay be
additionalsresses(Robertson
er /]/. 1988).Transportation
oftenresultsm morraliries
offish
which Inayoccurirnm€diately
followmgihe transpodor secondanly
dueto osmoregulatory
maltunctions
or infectiousdiseases
1970,citedby Robertson
eral 1988)
Oved€'neyer
Even thoughthe iow oxygen capacitycanbe solved by th€ useof pure oxygen,the
accumulanon
of both ammonraard carbondioxrde!s ioxic to fish directlv and also
14
M Hettiaruchch & S.P S D Stnudhetu
indi.ectly by dccreasrngthe ability offish to exLractoxvsen f.om waLer(Teo & Chen 1989)
lhis can be agg.avaledby an rncrelse in temPeraturc(Brookwav 1950. crted bv Teo &
Chen 1993) which also incrcascsLheoxygen consLrmptionrales thus makrng the sjtuatron
for the fish in ordcr to avert thcse adversecflecls the orranental fish
exponers use vanety of methods such as pre t.ansporl stanarion. use of chilled shiPping
waler, addition of salts to the Freshwater and usc of anaesthcticsCucrcntlv, the use of
anaestheticsto rranquillize the fish to reduce the metabolc activities and s!rcssresponses
during the transportationis becoming increasinglycommon The presenlstudv was carried
out io investigatethe effects and efficacy of rhe anaesthetic.quinaldine sulphate(buffered
wiih NaHCO,) on omamenlal carys (Clprinus .a?ro) in simulaled packaging for aif
Materials& Methods
rangingfrom25 ppm t''
sulphatesolutionswith drfferentconcentrations
Quinaldine
for everyI g oi
ofNaHCOr
using
0
45
with
NaHCOT
s
70 ppmwereprepafedandbufte.ed
from ? 5 cm
48
bourc
ranging
carps
fot
pre
starved
koi
sulphateAcclirnatedand
Ouinaldin€
offish
at
a
weight
separat'elv
in
each
conceDtralion
to 9 0 cm in total lenglhwereimmersed
quinaldine
of
buffered
concentration
to weight of waler ratio of 1.10.The approxmate
in relationto th€
usrngbehaviouralrespoDse
carpswas seLected
suiphaieto anaesthetize
(Tablel)
stageofanaesthesia
to find
designed
experimen!
bagswereusedfor thepackagrng
Doublepolyethylene
carps
under
koi
to
keep
of quinaldinesulphalerequi.ed
voong
the besl concentralion
were
bags
six
such
concentration'
for a period of 40 houn For a selectel
anaesthesla
three
rePltcates
employed,s in Fig I and experimentwas canied out with
andfish, thebagswereflattenedto expelthear and%
After addingthe chemicals
ofthe volumeofeachbagwasinflatedwlth industrialoxvgen ThesebagswerethenseaLed
(28 05 I
ed placedin a sryrofoambox for 40 hoursat.oom tenperahrre
wrtl rubberbands
0 280C) At the endofthe lestperiod(40 hours),waterin eachbag was analvsedfor pH'
oxygen(DO) and total ann1oniaThe amountofExcessDissolved
drssolv€d
iempe|atufe.
wasobtainedas
after40 hoursof exposure
Oxygen(EDO) in the bagswith the anaesthetic
EDO in cst water
(with anassthetic)
: AmounrofDO - AmouniofDO
in thecontrol
in testwater
The waler in the bass was then replaced sraduallv with aged laP water and
davsin aqraflaand
nortalig offish was reco.dedThe fish were keptfor five subsequent
that resulledin the highest
of anaesthetic
the mortaliwwas recorded.The concentration
EDO aft€r 40 hours of exposlre was usedto determinetbe maximrm loading capacilv oi
youngkoi carpsunderanaesthesra.
Results
obsewedin young kor carpsfor the
Table I shows the stagesof anaesth€sia
quinaldine
solutionsAt 25 ppm quinaldine
sulphate
of
buffered
differentconcentrations
at45 ppm,fish wereunderlight
and
ofslighi
sedanon
to
show
the
signs
fishbegan
sulphate,
lower than that of the unbecame
movements
of
opercular
anaeslhesia
and the speed
l)
Anaesthenc
Jbr ornanentalkoi carp
(control) fish. At 60 ppm, fish beganro show some srgnsof stressand
ana€sthetized
increased
mlcous secretion
wasobservedFishstoppedresponding
to anystimuliat 70 ppm
quinaldine sulpbateandwe.e at thestageof sufgicalanaesthesla
Al 90 ppm, the opercular
rnovements
of fish stoppedwithin ten minutesand fish werc in the stageof rnedullary
Table2 showsthe effectsofdifferentconcentrations
ofquinaldinesulphateon the
packagingwater and the suflrval of young koi carps-A slight drop in the pH was r€corded
ln thebagswith quinaldinesulphate.
The amountof totalammoniawas lowerin thewater
wrth quinaldrnesllphatethan in the controlexceptat the concentration
of 70 pprn. The
(9
lowestvalue 9 rng/l)was recordedal 50 ppm quinaldinesulphatewhich is about23%
Iowerthanthatof the control.This valuewas srgnificantlydifferentfrom the amountsof
ammoniaat otherconcentEtions
ofquinaldinesrlphaie(p<00001).
Table2 alsoshowstheamountofexcessoxygenin thepackaging
waterat different
concenlration\
sulphale.
ofquinaldine
lhe amountol ercesso\)genin lhewarerincrcaed
up to theconcentration
of50 ppm of qr inaldinesulphe.eandthendecreased
The recorded
valuesofdrssolvedoxygenin packagrng
waterat 70 pprnwaslessthanthatofthe control.
Oxygenconsunptronrate (OCR) of koi carpsdecreased
with increasingconcentration
of
quinaldinesulphatefrom 25 ppm to 50 ppn in thepackaging
waterandthenincreaed The
OCR of koi carpsat the concent.ation
of 50 ppm of quinaldinesulphatewas smallerthan
that of th€ control A negativesecond order relationshipbetweenthe anaesthelc
concentration
andtheoxygenconsumpiion
mlewasevident(Fig,2).
penodof40 hours,therewasno significantdifference
At theend of the exposure
theamountsofdissolvedoxygenin thebaeswith qurnaldrne
berween
sulphate
only (BagNo
4 ) andtheblank(BagNo 6 - withoui anaesthetc)Thrsrndrcates
thatthe chernicaldid not
havea srgmficanleffecton the dissolvedoxygencontentof paakaging
water
/r t)\
r't\ .
f,-'lr-(i\l\
:-l_:--.-::
.td"t.t
& SUFFER
Q STJLPHATE
O SULPft^rE
- - --ER
ICl'rll.F]
BLJqNK
CONTRoL
AGED
FIs'l &
TAP
AGEDTAP
WATER
WATER
Fig i Anangementoipolfhene bass
Table3 showsthe effectsof packingdensityon the survivalof youngkoi caQs
anaesthelsed
with 50 ppm quinaldinesulphate.
Up to the packingdensrryof 30% of body
weight to weight of water ratio, there was no morrality in the controls and test fish.
M. Hettiaractuhi & S P S D Senadheen
of 35% and
Morialities oF 66.6% and 100% wore .ecorded in the confols at the densitles
qurnaldine
sulphale
ppm
50
40% respectively,while no monalitv in test fish treatedwirh
were rccordedat thesedensities
There was no significant differenceln pH' waterremperaNreand d$solved oxvgen
th€re was a
levels in the lreated bags and controls at all the densiliesof fish How€ver'
(9
9
mg/l) and
lreated
significant difference (p<0 05) in the amount of total ammonia in
control (20 mg/l) bass at 40% densitv of fish
o.@25
0w)0
-c.
ro
o)
u)
E
0.0015
t
oc010
o
00006
10
n
30
&
50
60
70
ration(PPm)
Concent
rig 2- The relahonshiPbetween concentBtionof quinaldinesllphate
consumptionrate (OCR) of kol carpsunder anaesthesia
and oxvgen
Discuision
for fi\h ir shouldhaveraprdand'moorh
rs lo be a goodanaestheric
lfa chemical
at doseswhrchare
shouldbe achreved
and recov€ryAnaesthesia
inductionof ana€slhesia
in water(Brown
be
soluble
shouldalso
noi toxic eitherto thefish orto theuser'Anaesthetic
hen
buffered-n'ith
iSs:i n*rlo of the presenlshrdv show that quinaldinesulphate
anaesthelrc
as
an
be
us€d
to
almostall the abovecharact'ers
sodiumbicarbonaapossess€s
of about
long
duration
for a
i"t vou.g Lt *.pr. if ,fte fish are to b€ kept under anaesthesia
result
this.would
appeanto be 50 ppm Higherdosagethan
+Ohours,thetest concentration
p'.lrposes'
in a hrsher degreeof anaesthesja(Table i ) whjch wor'ld be suitablefor medical
11
AnaestheticJar
ornamentul
koi &rp
Tablel. Slagesofanaesthesia
in youngkoi carpsanaesrhetised
wrrhquinaldinesulphare.
Concentation
Shgeof daesthesia Behavroural
response
in fish
(pPm)
l5
Fi\h weeenle
ed behavednomallr .
20
25
I- I
Vollntaryswimminsantrnued Nochdge inthe
speedofoperold movmenrs. Equilibriumnomal
Stghtlos of ractivity tolisual@drdhle stimlli.
Lishr
- sedaiion
l0
|-2
DeD €daron
volunhry swimningstopledSlightreduclron
in the
sPed tupmuldmoveme L Lqu bdu- .mal
T o l r ll o * o l r e d n \ ' r , r o\ , u a ld d u o i l e : r m u l , o u r
respondedro posjtionalcldges.
t5
II - I
Lossofequilibrium,
but erortswerenadeto ight
itsell Fish becaaeexcrteded drespeedofopftular
ots inftased; weaklyraponded to positional
cndges.
Lisht ndcosis
40
Il 2
Speedof opduld mov€menrsd@reded
apprcrrmdelyto omrl rn al lor\ of€qur|bnumdd
no eiTon5.oash, rLe I wstl ,e\pondcd
rosrong
tactileed vibEtionalstimuli;No respoDsk)
positional
chdges
DeD nmo5 \
,
45
III - I
Li8hlaacrhesia
Speedof ope.cuh movementsbecme lowq lhe
nomal- Otbd behaviouEa in deePnNosis
50
III ' 2
L ghrmeshe$a
Furtherde.l%e in the speedof ope.@l& novdentsOrhe behavrouE
a rndep nmois
60
nl - 3
SragebeMeenLisht
mEsrhecia&
A slight inftase in thespeedoi opercul&movedots
Fsh showedsi.as ofstres Indased muss secretion
onrnegrlls.
70
III-4
Surgicald@slhsia
Totallossofreactiviryto ey stinuli Sped of
oPe@le movments v€'v law
IV
Total lossof opmuld novenents
90
Modifiedfrom M. K Sooskopf,
citedby Brown(1993).
llt
M Hc tura.hiht&SPSD
Senadhctru
Ae 9
o-ooooo<Io
E
oo*-NN-s
v1 qvr"l?\vt!
,
9
g
.>l
:- "-"dz
.. 4
=:;=;d.\,
.+;
ci -;6i
-.i?
d9cn:qn09v'aq
9
z
6 -rr
q . : . - 1 < ? . . 1- \ q q q
€FqiaeEq
Kn?93s€Rb
9.1
F>.6
s*.=
9
096vlc9C9
;R3t33a3;
t9
Anae:thenclor ornanental koi carp
?
i:
s
ooooo
AE
-
o9sa
€
.j09n6
-;
:' (,
.:G
AF
u9
+ e""
-6
zoe
& S.PS D Senadheer.l
M Hettiarachchi
!o be a
Blasiola(1976,citedby Brown 1993)statedtha!quinaldineis considered
of 200
a
concentratjon
andhe recommended
fo. fish by someresea'cheN
€ood anaesthetrc
15 of
a
concentralion
lpm for tropicalmarinensh Generally,for warmwabr nshspecies
ppm
is
16
in
manv
species
lO ppm is used The doserequi.edto reachstageIII anaesthesia
that concen!-ations
@r;wn 1991).Howevef,Sado(1985.cited bv Brown 1993)repofted
(1993)
statodthatquinaldine
iangingfrom 50 ppm to 1000ppm arcusedfo. tilapia Bfown
morepotentat highpH valuesDuflng
is l;ss efiectiveat pH valueslessthan5 andbecomes
rn
water rangedbelween6.3 and6 7 andincrcase
thepresentstudy,thepH oI thetreatment
quinaldine
mav reducethe effectivedoseof
pH usinghigherdosesof sodiumbicarbonaie
young
koi
carpsfor
sulphate
'
Accordingto Teo & Cben(1989),the pefiod betweenpackingand unpackingof
and
tropicalomamentalfish vanes fiom 12 to 40 bours dependingon the destinatron,
fish
in
of
packaging
system
in
a
factors
lwo
most
imponant
are
ihe
and
oxygen
arnmonia
in
the
levels
oxvgen
the
dissolved
present
show
that
studv
of
the
bags.Results
polyethylene
packaeingwate.ai the endof40 hourswerehish evenjd thebagswithoutth€ anaesthetrc
lTable 2) This showslhat the currentPmcliceof supplvrngoxygen bv chargtngpu'e
oagsro marntair1 . I mlioot puteo\)gento $drer volumecdn
o\)eeninlopollerh)lene
poftionoftbe space
for
eniwe suficienroxygen thefish allhoughit lakesup a considerable
(1994)
for
clown fish and'Teo
€r
a1
bv
Chow
were
made
in thebags Simrlarobservations
Teo
& Chen (1989)
expenments
transport
in
simulated
& Chen (1989) for suppy
into the
quantity
ofoxvgen
a
large
to
charge
s+ch
necessary
that it mighi not be
suggested
waler
so that
add
more
used
to
could
be
less
oxvgen
bags;the spacesavedlion charging
due
to
more
increase
ofweighi
the
However,
harmtulnetabolicwasreswould be dilured
bv
exporters
warerln the packingbagsmight not be accepted
Resultsof ihe presentstudyshowthat€venthoughthedissolvedoxygensupplyls
up to 35% of bodv weight to weighi-of
whenthe packingdensiryis increased
adequate,
mortaliryof voungkoi ca+s was verv high (66 6old
war;r rdtio without th€ anaesthetic,
ofmetabolicwastes,especialtv
This couldperhapsbe largelyaftributedto theaccumulation
(1976),
high
levels of oxvgen reduce
arnmonia According'to Winstone& Solornon
joumev'
sucha
Some"pecres
on
'ons
strainano promotesunival of'lsh
respiutory
under
arnnonia,
to
less
susceplible
to
be
minbo* irout, pe.ch and roach have been found
(1958'
&
Noms
McFarland
However
high oxysenlensions(Merkens& Downins 1957)
lv Coo or 1995)havercporledthatnerabolicwaslel€velmustbe low enoushto
"r uptake of oxygen by l'ish even at adequatelevels of dissolved oxvgen
"it!a
allow sufficient
levelsof mortaliiesoccur in the
Chowet at (Igg4) aho pointedoui that unacceptable
currentsystemof packagingfish in polvethvlenebags,althoughthe dissolvedoxvgen
supplyis adequate
During the presenrstudy,carpswerc starvedfor 48 hoursbeforethe expenmenl
in orderto reducedefecaiionas well as to stop 'egurgitationof food which,
commenced,
wouldcaus;pollutionofpackagingwater.Manv studieshaveindicaledtbattheproblemof
ammoniaaccumulatronin closedsystemssuch as packagingbags is panlv solved bv
on theirsize(Ar.'endet al 1982;Frose1986;Teostafr'ingthe fish for 2 - 3 daysdepending
& Che; 1989;Guo er al 199s).However,accordinsto Teo & Chen(1989),starvationof
effecron themetabolc|atesof guppi€s'
fish prior !o packagingdid not havea consrdefable
Memwhile.Phillip; & Brookwav(1954,cited bv Teo & Chen1993)found thatstarvation
on the metabollcrate Brown
theeffectoFanaesth€tic
ofbrook rroutfor 63 hou6, enhanced
(1993) slatedthat food shouldbe withheld for up to 24 hours and fish shouldnot be
pnor to anaesthesta
disturbed
AnaestheticJtu
o amentatkoi cary
Duringtbe presentstudy,itwas obsepedthat theamountof ammoniaexcretedby
anaesrherised
)oung [o, carpsal l50dish body\re,ghrIo uerghtof warermuoandat a
concentmhon
of50 ppm of quinaldinesulpbate
was23%lowerthantbatof thecontrol Guo
e/ al. ( 1995) reportedsimilar results for platy fish (xri'ophorus naculatus). Even i't z densiry
ol'40%offish weightto weigbtofwater ratio,no moftaljtywasobserved
dunngthepresent
study in the bagswith 50 ppm of quinaldinesulphateand the recordedtotal ammonia
contentin thesebagsweresrgnjficanllylowerthanthatin thecontrol(p<0.02)Therefore,
it
was evidentthat use of quinaldinesulphatehas signjficantlyreducedthe amountof
ammoniareleased
by youngkoicaQs evenat highdensiiies.
Many authorshavepojniedout thataccurnulation
ofanmonia couldbe suppressed
by additionof an ion exchangeresinsuchas clinoptilolitein to transportwater (Nemato
to
1957;Amender a/. 1982iBower& Tumer 1982).Toxic carbondioxidecanbe converted
bicarbonate
by mai.tainiDgtb€ pH oF the water above7; however,ammoniatoxrcrty
increases
at pH valuesabove7 (Teo & Chen 1989).Thereforc,useof a suitabl€bufferto
in
maintainpH at or closeto neutrallevelswill reducethe toxicityolboth thesemeiabolites
transportwater Meanwhile, some expoiers try to reduce the activify of lropical fish by
lowenngthe tempemture.
During the presentstudy,the cerlng of loadingcapacrryfor
young koi carps,anaesthetised
with 50 ppm of quinaldinesulphatewas 6ot detemi.ed
Furtherresearchis suggested
to determinethe maximumloadingcapacilyfor youDgkoi
qurnaldrne
carpswith
sulphateas theanaesthe.ic,
rn the presence
of an ion-exchange
resin,
an anti microbial agent and an efficieni buffer at low temperaturewhich would ftrther
increasethe survivalof fish dunng transportation
while reducingthe weight and space
rFnilFrino
hioLPr
^r^fir(
AcknowledgemeDts
We \fish to expressour kind gmtitude !o Mr. Ananda Pathrrdna,Propnetor of
qulnaldmesulphate
AquaMarineLtd., Sri Lanka,forthe gift of amesthetic,
Referencet
AmendD F , T. R Croy,B. A. Goven,K A. Johnson& D H. Mccartby i982
Transportationof fish in closed systems:Melhods to control ammonia,
pH and bacterialgrowth. Transacnons
carbondroxrde,
of American F'sheries
s o c i e tlyl l : 6 0 3 6 1 1 .
Anonyrnous1989
andAquatic
NationalFisheries
Development
Plan I 990-1994,Ministryof Fisheries
Resources,
Sfi Lanka
BowerC.I. & D T. Tumer 1982.
Ammonia removal by clinoptitolitein the transportof omamentalfreshwaler
fishes.Progressive
FishCultu.ist44 19-23
BrownL A. 1993.
Anaesthesia
and restraint.Ini Fish Medicinq (M.K Stoskopfed) 79 90 pp W.B.
Saunders
Conpany,Philadelphia.
ChowP. S , T. W Chen& L. H. Teo 1994.
Physrological
responses
of the comrnonclownfish,Anphipion ocellans(Cryter),
to factors related to packing and long distancetransponby air Aquaculture 127:
347-361
22
M. Hettiatuchchi& S P S D Senadheeru
FroseR 1986
How to transportlive fishin plasticbags lnfofishMarketingDigest4:35 16
G u o F C . L . H T e o & T . w C h e n1 9 9 5
in a sinulaledtranspodexperimenr
on rhewaterparameters
Effectof anaesthetics
(G'rnther)
Aquaculture Res€arch26: 265nacutatu\
on platy ish, Xiphophorus
211
J C &K M Downng1957.
Merkens
The effectof tensionof dissolvedoxvgenon the toxiciryofunionizedammoniato
offish Annalsof Applied Bioloev4s(3) 521-527
severalspecies
NenaroC. M 1957
Fish Cultunst
with methodfor air lransponof live fish Progressive
Experiments
19: 147-15'7
L. P Thomas&C R Arnold1988.
Robeason
of cuiluredred dflrn|,(Sciaenops
Plasmacortisoland secondarystress.esPonses
68 115 I30'
procedurcsAquaculture,
o.uIll,r) to several!$nsportation
1992
ShariffM &R P Subasinghe
6: 43 47
Aquaflumfishhealth do we rcallvcare?INFOFISHIntemational
T e o L H & T W C h e n1 9 8 9
Packingof ihe GupPy,Pc,eciliareticuldta fot ai' trdspon in a closedsystem'
78: 12I --132
Aquaculture
Ieo I H & l. \\ Cher lqoj
A studyofmetabolc raiesof PoeciliureticulataPeters.underdifferentconditions
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Management
Theuseofoxyg€nin thetranspodof nsh:Fisheries

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