1395 2 6 3 2 *1 -1 -MBA 1394/12/18 : -2 -3 1394/5/5 . . . . 40 . E-mail: [email protected] * 1395 2 6 _______________________ . . -1 .[214 1] .[43 3] .[421 2] 4] .[65 . [5 ] . .[140 . 6] ( ( ) .[288 ) 7] . 196 _________________ ... ( ) 1 .[399 .[432-416 9] .[239-231 10] 8] .[471 11] . . [1 . . 1. Young Blood 197 12] 1395 2 6 _______________________ . . -2 .[95 (2001) 1 13] 25 2 . . ) . ( . (2007) 3 . . (1984) .[238-233 4 14] . 1. Long & ormsby 2. Hammer & Landau 3. Labriola & et al. 4. Steers & Rhodes 198 _________________ ... [15] : : ( . ) . -534 . 16] .[550 . . . : ( . . . . : . 199 1395 2 6 _______________________ (1982) 1 (.... ) .[927-921 1 1 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 10 . 11 . 12 . 13 14 . 15 . 16 . 17 18 . . 19 20 . . 1. Markham, Dansereau & Alutto 200 17] _________________ ... 21 . 22 . 23 . 24 . 25 . . 26 27 . 28 . 29 . 30 . 31 . 32 . 33 . 34 . 35 . 36 . 37 38 . . 39 . 40 . 41 . -3 : -1 -2 201 1395 2 6 _______________________ -4 . (1392) : (1393) (1390) .[20 19 18] :1( ) -1 . . . :2 -2 . . .[562 21] :3 -3 . 1. Research philosophies 2. Research method 3. Place of conductive research 202 _________________ ... . :1 -4 . . 2 : -5 . -6 : . . : -7 . . 1930 4 -5 3 .[925-917 1. Research strategies 2. Data gathering method 3. Q-Methoddology 4. William Stephenson 203 22] 1395 2 6 _______________________ . 1929 1926 1 . » .[297-293 23] : « » 1935 2 .[24] . [24] ) 3 . 4 « » .[342-332 . 25] 5 « » . . . . 1. Charles spearman 2. The study of behavior : Q-technique and Its methodology 3. Subjective 4. Q Item 5. Q set 204 . « _________________ ... 2 . 1 -1 -2 -3 10 2 . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Balanced block design 2. Fisher 205 -1 -1 4 -4 -2 1 -2 -2 -3 2 1 4 -3 -2 3 -2 -1 0 -4 0 -2 -3 3 4 -5 -3 -1 3 2 -1 -6 0 2 -2 -2 -1 -7 -4 -1 0 1 3 -8 4 0 -4 -2 2 -9 1 -2 0 2 2 - 10 2 3 4 -3 1 - 11 -1 1 -1 0 1 - 12 2 1 2 -1 3 - 13 4 0 0 0 0 - 14 3 1 2 2 1 1395 2 6 _______________________ - 15 0 0 0 2 0 - 16 0 0 2 -4 -2 - 17 -1 0 4 -2 3 - 18 -1 2 -3 0 2 - 19 -1 -2 2 0 2 - 20 0 -4 2 1 -2 - 21 1 -2 -1 -1 2 - 22 3 -4 -2 0 -3 - 23 0 -3 2 -1 0 - 24 0 2 2 0 1 - 25 1 0 0 4 -1 - 26 1 1 0 3 -1 - 27 -2 -2 -2 -1 -1 - 28 -3 0 -1 -1 -3 - 29 1 1 3 1 0 - 30 2 1 2 4 0 - 31 -2 3 -2 1 -2 . - 32 -3 2 3 -4 -2 . - 33 -2 -3 0 0 -3 - 34 2 -1 -1 2 0 - 35 0 -1 2 -3 1 - 36 2 2 2 0 -1 - 37 1 0 -1 2 0 - 38 3 -1 -3 -3 -4 . - 39 -1 4 0 3 -2 . - 40 -4 -1 -1 1 -4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 _________________ ... «+4» 1 « -4 » . . 40 . 40 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 40 7 32 34 9 15 10 30 13 1 33 28 35 36 25 29 12 38 (2) 3 5 18 22 16 26 2 (2) (3) 31 20 19 24 23 (3) 11 17 21 37 14 (5) 27 39 8 (5) (6) 6 (6) 4 (8) 1 207 1395 2 6 _______________________ . SPSS 1 . 2 3 KMO4 . .[36 -35 26] 0/6 0,812 0/794 . (KMO ) 0/01 . . 861 5 40 68/638 -6 77 23 : 21 . 39 . 10 . 40 52 28 . 1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 2. Varimax 3. Bartlett test of sphericity 4. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin 208 _________________ ... 3 77 23 79 21 50 40 10 . (1 ) . 2 1 . 23 4 4/577 . 69 . . . . 5 1. Eigenvalue 2. Communality 209 1395 2 6 _______________________ . 4 ) 1 4/577 22/887 22/887 2 3/168 15/840 38/728 3 2/693 13/464 52/192 4 1/767 8/833 61/025 5 1/523 7/613 68/638 1 5 . 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 0/211 - 0/131 0/077 - 0/106 0/083 2 0/267 - 0/103 - 0/009 - 0/161 0/028 3 0/271 - 0/021 - 0/020 - 0/264 0/028 4 - 0/084 - 0/103 0/003 0/557 0/029 5 0/057 0/093 0/005 0/017 - 0/317 6 0/194 - 0/022 - 0/057 - 0/027 0/033 7 0/083 - 0/050 0/011 0/221 0/029 210 _________________ ... 1 2 3 4 5 8 0/097 0/052 - 0/105 0/157 0/003 9 0/111 0/061 - 0/011 0/066 - 0/172 10 - 0/163 0/062 0/105 0/362 0/264 11 - 0/091 0/287 0/036 0/040 - 0/078 12 - 0/033 0/310 - 0/149 - 0/067 - 0/040 13 0/083 - 0/078 - 0/142 - 0/042 0/569 14 0/064 0/117 - 0/105 0/057 0/148 15 0/006 0/246 - 0/015 - 0/031 0/029 16 0/029 0/232 0/078 - 0/259 - 0/055 17 - 0/050 0/059 0/328 - 0/039 - 0/165 18 - 0/034 - 0/043 0/354 - 0/014 - 0/063 19 - 0/074 - 0/046 0/026 0/058 0/381 20 0/002 - 0/138 0/356 0/029 - 0/020 . 69 . 5 5 . 5 5 6 211 . 1395 2 6 _______________________ 6 -4 -3 40 7 28 5 32 31 27 24 18 15 11 3 22 20 33 23 2 34 27 21 19 15 14 13 9 8 1 18 38 4 37 34 31 27 15 13 11 6 3 32 16 38 10 35 24 17 13 12 6 40 38 28 33 22 30 29 28 26 25 15 14 13 39 36 31 +3 +4 36 34 14 38 22 13 8 1 28 24 18 11 6 3 31 10 39 1 2 33 24 23 20 19 16 10 29 32 5 36 35 40 37 34 33 27 15 9 4 26 39 27 21 19 18 11 9 17 12 7 :( 17 25 30 4 2 3 4 5 ) (8:+4) 13:+4) (22:+3) (24:0) (11:-1 . (34:+2 38:+3) (40:-4) (31:-2) (18:-1) (3:-2) . (5:-3) . . (15:0) 212 (7:-4) _________________ ... (27:-2) (28:+2) .(36:+2) . . . :( (6:+2) (1:+4) (2:-3) ) . . (3:+3) (33:-3) . (28:0) (27:-2) (34:-1) (21:-2) (31:+3 39 :+4) . (18+2) . (24:+2) (22:-4 23:-3) (13:0 11:+1) 213 1395 2 6 _______________________ (20:-4 19:-2) . (9:-2) . (14:+1) . . . . . ( ) . :( ) (5:+3) (19:+1) (6:-2) (16+1) (15:0) . . (8:-4) (22:+2) (24:+2) (13:0 11:-1) (10+4) 214 _________________ ... (17:+4) (20:27) (29:+3) . (36:+2) -1 (35:+2) .(34: (33:0) . (32:+3) (3:-2) :( ) (25:+4) .(1:-4) (10:-3 9:-2) - 1) .(12: . . (24:0) (30:+4) (40:+1) (27:-1) (34:+2) (15:+2) (6:-2) (16:-4) (37:+2) . (35:-3) 215 (26:+3) 1395 2 6 _______________________ . (33:0) (32:-4) :( ) (4:+4) .(33:-3) (2:+4) . (12:+3) (9:+2) (14:+1) { (13:0 11:+1) . (21:+2) (27:-1) (28:-3) (30:0) (40:-4) (39:-2) (18:+2) (29:0) (19:+2) (15:0) (26:-1) . . (38:-4) 216 (31:-2) _________________ ... -7 . . . 7 7 33 1 16 2 13 3 9 4 8 5 79 33 . (1 (4 3 ) 19 . 8. .[29 28 27] 217 (2 ) ) 16 1395 2 6 _______________________ . . 1 . : 5 5 - :2 . : : -1 : -2 : : -4 : -5 1. Steers & Rhodes 2. Organizational structure 218 -3 _________________ ... : :1 -1 : ( -2 : :2 . . . :3 : . . :4 ( : : . . . 1. Demographic 2. Job expectations 3. Job Satisfaction 4. Family responsibilities 219 1395 2 6 _______________________ -8 [1] Punnet B. J., Greenidge D., Ramsey J. (2007) "Job attitudes and absenteeism: A study in the English speaking Caribbean", Journal of World Business, 42(2): 214–227. [2] McHugh M. (2001) "Employee absence: An impediment to organizational health in local government", The International Journal of Public Sector Management, 14(1): 43-58. [3] Sheikha A., Ahmad N., Abdul Razeq Y. (2006) "Administrative factors affecting employees absenteeism in academic and public libraries in Jordan", The International Information & Library Review, 38: 64-88. [4] De Paola M. (2010) "Absenteeism and peer interaction effects: Evidence from an Italian public institute", The Journal of Socio-Economics, 39: 420–428. (1376) [5] . [6] Hammer J., Dinardo J. (1997) "Econometric methods (fourth). USA: McGraw Hill. [7] Goodman P, Atkin R. (1984) "Effects of absenteeism on individuals and organizations", In Absenteeism, Goodman P, Atkin R, Jossey Bass: San Francisco; 276-321. [8] Nicholson N., Johns G. (1985) The absence culture and psychological contractwho's in control of absence?", Academy of Management Review, 10(3): 397407. [9] Cohen A., Golan R. (2007) "Predicting absenteeism and turnover intentions by past absenteeism and work attitudes an empirical examination of female employees in long term nursing care facilities", Career Development International, 12(5): 416-432. 220 _________________ ... » (1388) [10] « .239-231 :(19) 5 [11] Sallis A., Birkin R. (2014) "Experiences of work and sickness absence in employees with depression: an interpretative phenomenological analysis", Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 24(3): 469-483. [12] Wilday S., Dovey A. (2012) "Occupational mental health and the real cost of sickness absence: a cognitive behavioural perspective", Available from: http:// www.working-minds.org.uk/documents/sickness-absence.pdf. [13] Long, J., Ormsby J. G. (2001) "Stamp out absenteeism", Personnel Journal, 66(11): 94-96. [14] Labriola M., Lund T., Christensen KB., Albertson K., Bultmann U., Jensen JN., Villadsen E. (2007) "Does self-efficacy predict return-to-work after sickness absence? A prospective study among 930 employees with sickness absence for three weeks or more. Work", 29(3): 233–8. [15] Steers R. M., Rhodes S. R. (1984) "Knowledge and speculation about absenteeism", In P. S. Goodman & R. S. Atkin [16] Semyonov Moshe (1980) "The social context of women’s labor force participation: A comparative analysis", American Journal of Sociology, 86(3): 534-550. [17] Markham S. E., Dansereau F., Alutto A. (1982) "Group size and absenteeism rates: A longitudinal analysis", Academy of Management Journal, 25(4): 921927. : : (1392) . [18] : (1393) 221 : [19] 1395 2 6 _______________________ (1390) : . [20] [21] Brown S. R. (1996) "Q methodology and qualitative research", Qualitative Health Research, 6(4): 561-567. [22] Barker J. H. (2008) "Q-methodology: An alternative approach to research in nurse education", Nurse Education Today, 28(8): 917-925. [23] Corr S. (2001) "An introduction to Q Methodology, a research technique", British Journal of ccupational therapy, 4(6): 293-297. (1386) : [24] [24] . [25] Exel J. V., Graaf G., Brouwer W. (2007) "Care for a break? Aninvestigation of informal caregiver attitudes toward respite care using Qmethodology", Health Policy, 83: 332–342 (1389) . [26] : [27] Steers R.M., Spencer D.G. (1977) "The role of achievement motivation in job design", Journal of Applied Psychology, 62: 472-479. [28] Fitzgibbons D., Moch M. (1980) "Employee absenteeism: A multivariate analysis with replication", Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 26: 349-372. [29] Lucas O., Kiprotich Bill P., Sulo T., Keter B., Yano E. M., Koskey N. (2012) "School Principal’s Leadership Style: A factor affecting staff absenteeism in secondary schools", Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS), 3(4): 444-446. 222