公民館創設期の設置率 - SEAMEO CELLL

SEAMEO CELLL(Ho Chi Minh City)
2014.11.24~25
Conference on Community Learning Centers
(Kominkan)
What can Lifelong Learning benefit from
Community Education Centers ?
-Japanese Postwar ExperienceProfessor Teuchi Akitoshi
(University of Tsukuba)
Ⅰ. Popularity of Community Learning Centers
(Kominkan)
Kominkan figures:
Number of Kominkan: 17,143
Other social education facilities:
+Libraries: 2,979
+Museums: 1,196
Compulsory education:
+ Elementary schools: 22,476
+ Secondary schools: 10,915
公民館創設期の設置率(%)
Establishments of Kominkan up to 1954 in %
90
80
70
62
60
79
53
50
43
40
32
30
20
68
74
19
10
0
1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
設置率…
近年の公民館設置率(%)
Establishments of Kominkan in recent years in %
93
92
91
91.7
90.8
91
91.2
91
90
89.1
89
88.1
88
近年の公民館設置率(%)
87
86.1
86
85
84
83
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
2008
2011
20,000
18,000
17,347
17,562
17,819
18,257
17,947
17,143
15,943
16,000
14,681
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
近年の公民館設置数
2008
2011
Number of Kominkan in recent years
公民館職員数の推移(2011年)
Community Learning Center (CLC) Staff (2011)
専任
兼任
非常勤
20%
57%
23%
Blue: Full time
Red: In concurrent employment
Green: Contracted
利用状況(2012年)
CLC Participants
学級・講座の参加者数
団体利用者数
個人利用者数
諸集会への参加者数
9%
5%
8%
78%
Blue: Participants in courses/classes
Red: Group Participants
Green: Individual Participants
Violet: Participants in associations, societies
Ⅱ.公民館構想
寺中作雄『公民館の建設』(1946年)ー新しい町村の文化施設
ORIGIN OF COMMUNITY LEARNING CENTERS (CLC)
「公民館の構想は文部省の創
案にかかるものではない。終戦
後の混乱たる世相の中から、こ
れではいけない、何とかせねば
ならぬとして起き上がろうとする
人々の胸の中に期せずして湧き
上る鬱勃たる建設の意欲が漠然
と公民館を求める心となったの
である。文部省の示した構想
は、これらの人々の欲求に応え
る為の一つのイメージに過ぎな
い。このイメージに血を通わせ、
肉を付け、活きた文化施設として
育てるのはひとえに町村民の熱
意と努力に俟つものである。」
The idea of establishing CLCs in
Japan was not initiated by the
Misnistry of Culture. From chaotic
postwar times rose a burning desire
in everyone’s heart to change the
existing situation and look forward
to a complete reconstruction.
Hence the idea of establishing CLCs
took shape as a matter of course.
What the Ministry really did was
satisfy the public demand. The
fostering of a vital cultural center
close to everyone’s heart relies on
the enthusiasm and efforts made
by each locality.
公民館設置要綱(1946年7月15日)
REGULATIONS ON CLC ESTABLISHMENT
公民館は全国の各町村に
設置せられ、此処に常時
に町村民が打ち集まって
談論し読書し、生活上産
業上の指導を受けお互の
交友を深める場所である。
それはいわば郷土におけ
る公民学校、図書館、博
物館、公会堂、町村民集
会所、産業指導所などの
機能を兼ねた文化教養の
機関である。
A CLC, established in a ward,
district, county nationwide, is
where local people can get
together, discuss things, read
books, make friends and get
advice on work experience. It
may also be regarded as a
cultural facility-cum-public
school, a library, museum,
meeting hall, in general a
place where knowledge is
obtained.
公民館構想ー寺中構想ー
CLC Model
CLC is a democratic
social education facility.
CLC is where local people
socialize over a cup of tea.
CLC is where local people come
close together emotionally.
• Instructions on side-jobs
• Exchanging experience in product
A Driving Force for Work Efficiency
improvement
• Instructions on new technology
• Exchanging means of production
• Exploring new lines of work
Kominkan is where the idea of democracy (human rights)
is fostered.
Kominkan is where intercultural activities take place.
Kominkan is the lever of new rural
development
Ⅲ.社会教育法(1949年)と公民館
Social Education Approaches and Kominkan
公民館は、市町村その
他一定区域内の住民の
ために、実際生活に即
する教育、学術、及び文
化に関する各種の事業
を行い、もって住民の教
養の向上、健康の増
進、情操の純化を図り、
生活文化の振興、社会
福祉の増進に寄与する
ことを目的とする
• Kominkan carries out a wide
variety of activities related to
education, technology, culture
which are of practical relevance
to local life.
• Kominkan is established to
contribute to enhancing
education, promoting physical
fitness, forging good conduct
(ethical values), revitalizing
cultural life, and improving social
welfare for local people.
社会教育施設としての公民館
Kominkan is regarded as a social education establishment
1)住民の学習権の保障、
住民自治の形成
2)公民館は市町村の施設
(社会教育法第2条)
3)公民館運営への住民参
加
公民館に公民館運営審
議会を置くことがで
き
る(社会教育法第29条)
1. Ensures the right to education
for local people, forming a
sense of self-governing in the
community
2. Belongs to wards, towns
(Article 2, Social Education Law)
3. Encourages local people to
participate in Kominkan
operations.
公民館運営審議会
公民館
公民館長
調査審議
諮問
公民館運営審議会
学校教育関係者
学識経験者
社会教育関係者
家庭教育関係者
委嘱
市町村教育委員会
Ⅳ.生活改善運動の拠点としての公民館
Kominkan is regarded as a starting point of life
improvement movement
日本が第二次大戦後の
復興に成功した鍵は、経
済状況の変化を受け止
めるだけの社会的素地
が作り上げられていたこ
とに求められる。
日本の農村社会の隅々
にまで経済成長の果実
を受け止める素地を用
意した「社会開発」政策
の一つが「生活改善運
動」であった。
Japan’s key to success after World War
II was the formation of a social
structure adaptable to economic
changes.
One of the policies on social
development was to prepare a solid
foundation on which economic
achievements were able to penetrate
each and every corner of Japanese
rural life, which is “a starting point of
life improvement movement”
農村生活の改善ーかまどー
The wood stove improves rural life
台所の改善
Kitchen Improvement
Ⅴ.公民館のシステムと財源
V. Kominkan system và funding
Kominkan (Main office) –
Kominkan Local office
(Teaching staff
Headquarters)
Branch office (directly under local
office): Director
Branch office funding: selfsustaining
<Our Kominkan>
Distribution of Kominkan Funding
(1950 survey by the Ministry of Education)
City grants: 71,4%
Income from Kominkan
operations: 11,7%
Town grants: 2,9%
Other Incomes: 2%
State grants: 0,2%
Funding from associations,
societies: 16%
Fundraising: 4.5%
Kinh phí từ hội duy trì: 5.7%
公民館の歳出(1950年文部省調査)
Distribution of Kominkan Expenditure
(1950 survey by the Ministry of Education)
Operating costs: 28.4%
Admin costs: 6.2%
Investments in equipment: 22.5%
Personnel costs: 23.5%
Others: 19%
Average Kominkan expenditure is
calculated by cities nationwide
Kominkan Expenditure in K. city (2013)
国庫補
助等
2%
k市公民館費(2013年度)
2% from state grants
一般財源
98%
98% covered by organizations,
associations…
Ⅵ.公民館の機能
VI. Kominkan Functions
Kominkan connections
Organizations with legal entity
National Kominkan Association
Establishing national Kominkan Association Conducting seminars, surveys
Publishing, editing Kominkan journals
Honoring Kominkan staff members
Organizing Kominkan conferences in all cities/towns (nationwide: 47)
Offering training courses
Kominkan established by wards, districts, counties
Approximately 80.000 kominkan managed by municipalities
公民館:コミュニティ形成の拠点
Kominkan: The base for Community Establishment
集う
Administrative body
行政機関
Gathering
学ぶ
Learning
結ぶ
Connecting
教育機関
Education
Organizations
館長
(公民館)
主事
コミュニティ形成
community establishment
Director
Standing vice-director
地域住民・自治組織・NPO
Local people, self-governing organizations,
nonprofit organizations
公民館職員に求められる役割
Tasks required of Kominkan staff
1) 学級・講座を計画し、
教育内容を編成してい
く企画力・立案の能力、
技法。
2)地域の住民と直接触
れ合い、住民のニーズ
を把握し、学習を組織
化するコミュニティ・
ワーカーとしての役割。
1. Making lesson plans for each
level of study, being
professionally capable of
preparing training/education
programs
2. Communicating directly with
local people, recognizing their
needs, working as a specialist in
community education to
organize appropriate learning
courses