SEAMEO CELLL(Ho Chi Minh City) 2014.11.24~25 Conference on Community Learning Centers (Kominkan) What can Lifelong Learning benefit from Community Education Centers ? -Japanese Postwar ExperienceProfessor Teuchi Akitoshi (University of Tsukuba) Ⅰ. Popularity of Community Learning Centers (Kominkan) Kominkan figures: Number of Kominkan: 17,143 Other social education facilities: +Libraries: 2,979 +Museums: 1,196 Compulsory education: + Elementary schools: 22,476 + Secondary schools: 10,915 公民館創設期の設置率(%) Establishments of Kominkan up to 1954 in % 90 80 70 62 60 79 53 50 43 40 32 30 20 68 74 19 10 0 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 設置率… 近年の公民館設置率(%) Establishments of Kominkan in recent years in % 93 92 91 91.7 90.8 91 91.2 91 90 89.1 89 88.1 88 近年の公民館設置率(%) 87 86.1 86 85 84 83 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 20,000 18,000 17,347 17,562 17,819 18,257 17,947 17,143 15,943 16,000 14,681 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 近年の公民館設置数 2008 2011 Number of Kominkan in recent years 公民館職員数の推移(2011年) Community Learning Center (CLC) Staff (2011) 専任 兼任 非常勤 20% 57% 23% Blue: Full time Red: In concurrent employment Green: Contracted 利用状況(2012年) CLC Participants 学級・講座の参加者数 団体利用者数 個人利用者数 諸集会への参加者数 9% 5% 8% 78% Blue: Participants in courses/classes Red: Group Participants Green: Individual Participants Violet: Participants in associations, societies Ⅱ.公民館構想 寺中作雄『公民館の建設』(1946年)ー新しい町村の文化施設 ORIGIN OF COMMUNITY LEARNING CENTERS (CLC) 「公民館の構想は文部省の創 案にかかるものではない。終戦 後の混乱たる世相の中から、こ れではいけない、何とかせねば ならぬとして起き上がろうとする 人々の胸の中に期せずして湧き 上る鬱勃たる建設の意欲が漠然 と公民館を求める心となったの である。文部省の示した構想 は、これらの人々の欲求に応え る為の一つのイメージに過ぎな い。このイメージに血を通わせ、 肉を付け、活きた文化施設として 育てるのはひとえに町村民の熱 意と努力に俟つものである。」 The idea of establishing CLCs in Japan was not initiated by the Misnistry of Culture. From chaotic postwar times rose a burning desire in everyone’s heart to change the existing situation and look forward to a complete reconstruction. Hence the idea of establishing CLCs took shape as a matter of course. What the Ministry really did was satisfy the public demand. The fostering of a vital cultural center close to everyone’s heart relies on the enthusiasm and efforts made by each locality. 公民館設置要綱(1946年7月15日) REGULATIONS ON CLC ESTABLISHMENT 公民館は全国の各町村に 設置せられ、此処に常時 に町村民が打ち集まって 談論し読書し、生活上産 業上の指導を受けお互の 交友を深める場所である。 それはいわば郷土におけ る公民学校、図書館、博 物館、公会堂、町村民集 会所、産業指導所などの 機能を兼ねた文化教養の 機関である。 A CLC, established in a ward, district, county nationwide, is where local people can get together, discuss things, read books, make friends and get advice on work experience. It may also be regarded as a cultural facility-cum-public school, a library, museum, meeting hall, in general a place where knowledge is obtained. 公民館構想ー寺中構想ー CLC Model CLC is a democratic social education facility. CLC is where local people socialize over a cup of tea. CLC is where local people come close together emotionally. • Instructions on side-jobs • Exchanging experience in product A Driving Force for Work Efficiency improvement • Instructions on new technology • Exchanging means of production • Exploring new lines of work Kominkan is where the idea of democracy (human rights) is fostered. Kominkan is where intercultural activities take place. Kominkan is the lever of new rural development Ⅲ.社会教育法(1949年)と公民館 Social Education Approaches and Kominkan 公民館は、市町村その 他一定区域内の住民の ために、実際生活に即 する教育、学術、及び文 化に関する各種の事業 を行い、もって住民の教 養の向上、健康の増 進、情操の純化を図り、 生活文化の振興、社会 福祉の増進に寄与する ことを目的とする • Kominkan carries out a wide variety of activities related to education, technology, culture which are of practical relevance to local life. • Kominkan is established to contribute to enhancing education, promoting physical fitness, forging good conduct (ethical values), revitalizing cultural life, and improving social welfare for local people. 社会教育施設としての公民館 Kominkan is regarded as a social education establishment 1)住民の学習権の保障、 住民自治の形成 2)公民館は市町村の施設 (社会教育法第2条) 3)公民館運営への住民参 加 公民館に公民館運営審 議会を置くことがで き る(社会教育法第29条) 1. Ensures the right to education for local people, forming a sense of self-governing in the community 2. Belongs to wards, towns (Article 2, Social Education Law) 3. Encourages local people to participate in Kominkan operations. 公民館運営審議会 公民館 公民館長 調査審議 諮問 公民館運営審議会 学校教育関係者 学識経験者 社会教育関係者 家庭教育関係者 委嘱 市町村教育委員会 Ⅳ.生活改善運動の拠点としての公民館 Kominkan is regarded as a starting point of life improvement movement 日本が第二次大戦後の 復興に成功した鍵は、経 済状況の変化を受け止 めるだけの社会的素地 が作り上げられていたこ とに求められる。 日本の農村社会の隅々 にまで経済成長の果実 を受け止める素地を用 意した「社会開発」政策 の一つが「生活改善運 動」であった。 Japan’s key to success after World War II was the formation of a social structure adaptable to economic changes. One of the policies on social development was to prepare a solid foundation on which economic achievements were able to penetrate each and every corner of Japanese rural life, which is “a starting point of life improvement movement” 農村生活の改善ーかまどー The wood stove improves rural life 台所の改善 Kitchen Improvement Ⅴ.公民館のシステムと財源 V. Kominkan system và funding Kominkan (Main office) – Kominkan Local office (Teaching staff Headquarters) Branch office (directly under local office): Director Branch office funding: selfsustaining <Our Kominkan> Distribution of Kominkan Funding (1950 survey by the Ministry of Education) City grants: 71,4% Income from Kominkan operations: 11,7% Town grants: 2,9% Other Incomes: 2% State grants: 0,2% Funding from associations, societies: 16% Fundraising: 4.5% Kinh phí từ hội duy trì: 5.7% 公民館の歳出(1950年文部省調査) Distribution of Kominkan Expenditure (1950 survey by the Ministry of Education) Operating costs: 28.4% Admin costs: 6.2% Investments in equipment: 22.5% Personnel costs: 23.5% Others: 19% Average Kominkan expenditure is calculated by cities nationwide Kominkan Expenditure in K. city (2013) 国庫補 助等 2% k市公民館費(2013年度) 2% from state grants 一般財源 98% 98% covered by organizations, associations… Ⅵ.公民館の機能 VI. Kominkan Functions Kominkan connections Organizations with legal entity National Kominkan Association Establishing national Kominkan Association Conducting seminars, surveys Publishing, editing Kominkan journals Honoring Kominkan staff members Organizing Kominkan conferences in all cities/towns (nationwide: 47) Offering training courses Kominkan established by wards, districts, counties Approximately 80.000 kominkan managed by municipalities 公民館:コミュニティ形成の拠点 Kominkan: The base for Community Establishment 集う Administrative body 行政機関 Gathering 学ぶ Learning 結ぶ Connecting 教育機関 Education Organizations 館長 (公民館) 主事 コミュニティ形成 community establishment Director Standing vice-director 地域住民・自治組織・NPO Local people, self-governing organizations, nonprofit organizations 公民館職員に求められる役割 Tasks required of Kominkan staff 1) 学級・講座を計画し、 教育内容を編成してい く企画力・立案の能力、 技法。 2)地域の住民と直接触 れ合い、住民のニーズ を把握し、学習を組織 化するコミュニティ・ ワーカーとしての役割。 1. Making lesson plans for each level of study, being professionally capable of preparing training/education programs 2. Communicating directly with local people, recognizing their needs, working as a specialist in community education to organize appropriate learning courses
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