English Communication III ※ Chapter 3 ×がついた単語は辞書で調べないように！ [1] The English language is full of words which have changed their meanings slightly or even dramatically over the centuries. わずかに 劇的に Changes of meaning can be of ～に渡つて a number of different types. Some words, such as nice, have changed gradually. たくさんの =for example 段階的に Emotive words tend to change more rapidly by losing some of their force, so that × 傾向がある 急速に 力 awful, which originally meant 'inspiring awe', now means 'very bad' or, in 元々は 起こさせる 畏怖 expressions such as awfully good, simply something like 'very'. In any case, all × どんな場合であれ connection with 'awe' has been lost. つながり [2] Some changes of meaning, though, seem to attract more attention than others. =but ひきつける 注目 (1)This is perhaps particularly the case where the people who worry about such 特に things believe that a distinction is being lost. For example, there is a lot of concern at the moment about the words uninterested and disinterested. In modern English, × × the positive form interested has two different meanings. The first and older 肯定の meaning is approximately 'having a personal involvement in', as in だいたい 個人的な 関与、関係 He is an interested party in the dispute. 参加者 論争 The second and later, but now much more common, meaning is 'demonstrating or 示す experiencing curiosity in, enthusiasm for, concern for,' as in 体験する 好奇心 熱中 関心 He is very interested in cricket. クリケツト [3] (2)It is not a problem that this word has more than one meaning. Confusion 混乱 never seems to occur, largely because the context will normally make it obvious 起きる 大部分は which meaning is intended. 文脈 普通は 明らかに In all human languages there are very many words 意図する which have more than one meaning - this is a very common and entirely normal (3) state of affairs. 状態 全く Most English speakers, for example, can instantly think of a = things 即座に 思いつく number of different meanings for the words common and state and affairs which I have just used. - 1 - English Communication III Chapter 3 [4] Perhaps surprisingly, according to dictionaries the two different meanings of 驚くべきことに interested have different negative forms. The negative of the first meaning is 否定の disinterested, as in (4)He is an interested party in the dispute, and I am disinterested and × therefore able to be more objective about it. それ故に 客観的 Disinterested is thus roughly equivalent to 'neutral, impartial'. このように だいたい ～に等しい 中立の The negative 偏つていない form of the second, more usual meaning is uninterested, as in × He is very interested in cricket, but I am uninterested in all sports. Uninterested is thus roughly equivalent to 'bored, feeling no curiosity'. 好奇心 [5] Now it happens that interested, in its original meaning, is today a rather むしろ unusual, learned, formal word in English. Most people, if they wanted to convey 普通じやない 伝える this concept in normal everyday speech, would probably say something like not 概念 日常の neutral, or biased or involved or concerned. Recently, this unfamiliarity with the 偏見がある 関与している older meaning of the word ( the same meaning as ( 関心がある 知られていないこと A ) has led to many people now using ( C ): B ) with ～につながる I am disinterested in cricket. They have, perhaps, heard the word ( D ) and, not being aware of the meaning ～に気づいている 'neutral, unbiased', they have started using it as the negative form of ( E ) in the more recent sense. Opponents of this change claim that this is an ignorant misuse 最近の 意味 反対する人 主張する of the word, and that a very useful distinction is being lost. about this? 無知な 区別 要約として適切なものを選べ。 a) 語の意味は時代とともに変化するのが普通であり、そういった変化は避けられない。 b) 語の意味が時代とともに変化していき、同じ語の意味の区別が失われることがある。 c) 語の意味が時代とともに変化していき、１つの語が多くの意味を持つようになる。 d) 語の意味は時代とともに変化することが多いが、その変化をよく思わない人も多い。 - 2 - 誤用 What can we say English Communication III Chapter 3 INTENSIVE READING [2] 1) This is ... the case の意味は？ a) この場合は～のような結果になる。 2) an interested party の意味は？ b) これは～のような場合にあてはまる a)政治家 3) 次のどちらが more common なのか？ b)当事者 c)司会者 a) an interested party b) is interested in cricket [3] 4) It is not a problem →何が「問題じゃない」のか？ a) interested に複数の意味があること。 b) interested を「興味がある」という意味で使うこと。 5) make it obvious の it は？ a) the context b) confusion c) which meaning is intended 6) this is a very common...の this は？ a) There are many words which have more than one meaning. b) The context will make it obvious which meaning is intended c) The second and later, but now much more common, meaning of the word "interested." [4] 7) disinterested を日本語にすると？（辞書禁止！！！） .............................................. 8) is equivalent to...を１語で言うと？ ....................................... [5] 9) its original meaning はどっち？ a) an interested party 10) learned の意味は？ a)誰でも自然に習得できるもの 11) this concept とは？ a) having a personal involvement in b) is interested in cricket b)教養がある人だけが知っているもの b) demonstrating curiosity in 12) Opponents of this change とは？ a) interested の昔の意味が失われていることをよく思っていない人々。 b) disinterested の代わりに not neutral 等を使うことをよく思っていない人々。 c) interested の否定形が複数あることをよく思っていない人々。 - 3 - English Communication III Chapter 3 Summarize in ONE sentence! (Of Course, In English!!) ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. 添削希望者は以下 ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. - 4 - English Communication III Chapter 3 鈴木君の答え １ 語の意味の変化の中には、他と比べてより大きな注目を集めるものがある。例えば、このようなことを心配してい る人が、変化によって意味の区別が失われていると思っているようなときである。→そもそも英語自体が悪文！ such things が何を指すかはっきりしない。the people 以下は回りくどすぎる。そらに、この後の具体例を全部読んでからで ないと、この文の意味自体がわからない。２ 文脈から話者がどの意味を伝えようとしているかが明らかになるので混 乱することはない。Confusion... is intended.の文を訳せばよい。Confusion ... occur は字数によっては削除可。４ 彼 は論争の当事者であるが、私は当事者ではない。だから、問題に関してより客観的に見ることができる。and をあえて but のように訳した。and はいつも「そして」とは限らない。文脈から考えよ。be objective もあえて「客観的に見る」と 「見る」を入れた。about it の it は the dispute を指すが、これもあえて「問題」と訳した。 Summarize Sometimes, a meaning of a word is lost after the meanings of the word have changed as time goes by. 付属解答 1. 意味の変化の中には他の変化以上に注目を集めるものがあるが、それはおそらく、そうしたことを懸念する人々が、 意味の区別が失われつつあると思っている場合に特に当てはまるだろう。2. いるかが明らかになる（ので混乱が起きそうにない）から。4. 普通は文脈から、どの意味が意図されて 彼はその論争の当事者だが、私は利害関係がなく、ゆ えにその論争に関してもっと客観的になれる。 The English language is full of words which have changed their meanings slightly or even dramatically over the centuries. Changes of meaning can be of a number of different types. Some words, such as nice, have changed gradually. Emotive words tend to change more rapidly by losing some of their force, so that awful, which originally meant ‘inspiring awe’, now means ‘very bad’ or, in expressions such as awfully good, simply something like ‘very’. In any case, all connection with ‘awe’ has been lost. Some changes of meaning, though, seem to attract more attention than others. This is perhaps particularly the case where the people who worry about such things believe that a distinction is being lost. For example, there is a lot of concern at the moment about the words uninterested and disinterested. In modern English, the positive form interested has two different meanings. The first and older meaning is approximately ‘having a personal involvement in’, as in He is an interested party in the dispute. The second and later, but now much more common, meaning is ‘demonstrating or experiencing curiosity in, enthusiasm for, concern for,’ as in He is very interested in cricket. It is not a problem that this word has more than one meaning. Confusion never seems to occur, largely because the context will normally make it obvious which meaning is intended. In all human languages there are very many words which have more than one meaning - this is a very common and entirely normal state of affairs. Most English speakers, for example, can instantly think of a number of different meanings for the words common and state and affairs which I have just used. Perhaps surprisingly, according to dictionaries the two different meanings of interested have different negative forms. The negative of the first meaning is disinterested, as in He is an interested party in the dispute, and I am disinterested and therefore able to be more objective about it. Disinterested is thus roughly equivalent to ‘neutral, impartial’. The negative form of the second, more usual meaning is uninterested, as in He is very interested in cricket, but I am uninterested in all sports. Uninterested is thus roughly equivalent to ‘bored, feeling no curiosity’. Now it happens that interested, in its original meaning, is today a rather unusual, learned, formal word in English. Most people, if they wanted to convey this concept in normal everyday speech, would probably say something like not neutral, or biased or involved or concerned. Recently, this unfamiliarity with the older meaning of the word interested has led to many people now using disinterested with the same meaning as uninterested: I am disinterested in cricket. They have, perhaps, heard the word disinterested and, not being aware of the meaning ‘neutral, unbiased’, they have started using it as the negative form of interested in the more recent sense. Opponents of this change claim that this is an ignorant misuse of the word, and that a very useful distinction is being lost. What can we say about this? - 5 - English Communication III Chapter 3 Grammar l.2 can be ... 「～でありえる」 l.2 a number of ...「たくさんの...」→ the number of... 「...の数」 l.4 by losing → by doing 「～することによって」 l.6 has been lost （現在完了＋受身）現在完了は「今までに」というニュアンスが入っている！ 「今までに失われた」→「今ではもう失われてしまっている」 l.7 Some ... more... than others. 「他の物と比べてより...なものもある」 l.9 is being lost (進行形＋受身）「失われつつある」 l.10 at the moment 「現時点で、現在」 l.14 much more common →比較級を強めるときは、much か far l.15 make it obvious which meaning is intended → make O C「O を C にする」＋ it = which ... l.20 Most English speakers →「ほとんどの英語話者」 ※ almost は「ほぼ」、most は「ほとんどの」と覚えろ！ l.21 think of... 「...を思いつく」※ of...「...のことを」 l.31 it happens that ... 「...のようなことになっている」 l.32 Most people, if they wanted ..., would probably say... →仮定法 l.34 this unfamiliarity with ... ← be familiar with ... = ...をよく知っている。 l.35 many people now using...→「多くの人が使っている(という事実）」 ※ many people は using（動名詞）の意味上の主語。 l.35 the same as ... 「...と同じ」、different from ...「...と違う」、other than...「...以外の」 →まとめて覚えろ！ l.37 not being aware of... →分詞構文「～に気づかずに、気づいていないので」 ※分詞構文は文脈を考えて適切につなげて訳す。（訳せ、というのでなえればふつーに読めばよい。） l.39 claim 1)that this is... and 2)that .... 「1)ということと 2)ということを claim する」 l.40 is being lost (進行形＋受身）「失われつつある」 - 6 -
© Copyright 2024 ExpyDoc
