English Communication III Chapter 2 [1] The recipe for making any creature is written in its DNA. So last year, when レシピ 生物 geneticists published the near-complete DNA sequence of the long-extinct woolly 遺伝学者 発表する ほぼ 完全な 数列、連続 絶滅した mammoth, there was much speculation about whether we could bring this giant マンモス 憶測 ～かどうか creature back to life. [2] Creating a living, breathing creature from a genome sequence that exists only 創造する 息をする 遺伝子 存在する in a computer's memory is not possible right now. But someone someday is sure to 可能 今すぐ きつと～する try it, predicts Stephan Schuster, a molecular biologist at Pennsylvania State 予言する 分子の 生物学者 University and a driving force behind the mammoth genome project. 第一人者、牽引者 ～の後ろ [3] So besides the mammoth, what other extinct beasts might we bring back to life? ～に加えて 絶滅した 動物 Well, it is only going to be possible with creatures for which we can recover a 回復する complete genome sequence. (1)Without one, there is no chance. And usually when a creature dies, the DNA in any flesh left untouched is soon destroyed as it is 肉 破壊する attacked by sunshine and bacteria. [3] There are, however, some circumstances in which DNA can be preserved. 環境 If 保存する your specimen froze to death in an icy wasteland such as Siberia, or died in a dark 標本 凍る 荒野 cave or a really dry region, for instance, then the probability of finding some intact 洞窟 地域 = for example 可能性 そのままの stretches of DNA is much higher. 列 Even in ideal conditions, though, no genetic information is likely to survive 理想的 条件 = however 遺伝子の ～する可能性が高い 生き残る more than a million years - so dinosaurs are out - and only much younger remains 恐竜 are likely to yield good-quality DNA. 残り物、残骸 "It's really only worth studying specimens もたらす 価値がある 標本 that are less than 100,000 years old," says Schuster. [4] The genomes of several extinct species besides the mammoth are already being 種 sequenced, but (2)turning these into living creatures will not be easy. "It's hard to 配列する ...を～に変える say that something will never ever be possible," says Svante Pääbo of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany, "but it would require 研究所 進化論の 人類学 要求する technologies so far removed from what we currently have that I cannot imagine how ～から引き離す 現時点で it would be done." - 1 - English Communication III Chapter 2 [5] But then (3)50 years ago, who would have believed we would now be able to read the instructions for making humans, fix inherited diseases, clone mammals 指示、マニユアル 直す 遺伝する 病気 ほ乳類 and be close to creating artificial life? Assuming that we will develop the necessary ～に近い 人工の 仮定する 開発する technology, we have selected ten extinct creatures that might one day be resurrected. 選ぶ × Our choice is based not just on practicality, but also on each animal's "charisma" ～に基づいている 実用性 カリスマ性 just how exciting the prospect of resurrecting these animals is. 展望 × [6] Of course, bringing extinct creatures back to life raises a number of further 上げる problems, such as where they will live, but let's not ( 4 ). ← DNA(genome) sequence 1)What is the main topic of this passage? a)Creating a clone from the DNA of extinct animals. b)Finding DNA of extinct animals with computers. 2) [2] コンピュータの中にしかない DNA 配列から生物を創造することは、 a)現在プロジェクトが進行中である。 b)不可能である。 c)いつか可能になるだろう。 3) [3]～[5] 死んだ生物の DNA 配列は、a)肉の中に長期間保存されている。 b)長期間保存することは難しい。 4) [6] 絶滅種の DNA からクローンを作ることは a)絶対に不可能である b)不可能とは言えない c)近い将来可能になる。 5) [7] 遺伝病を治療したり、クローンを作ることは、 a)50 年前から研究が始まった。 b)50 年前は誰も考えつかなかった。 c)50 年前に Svante Paabo が提唱していた。 6) [8] 絶滅種のクローンを作ることは、 a)数多くの問題があるので、やめた方がよい。 b)数多くの問題があるが、それでも可能性は追求したい。 - 2 - たくさんの さらなる English Communication III Chapter 2 INTENSIVE READING Paragraph 1 1) there was much speculation about whether... a) people were wondering if ... b) people were sure that ... c) nobody asked if... Paragraph 2 2) Creating a living, ... a)～すること[動名詞] b)～している[現在分詞] c)～して[分詞構文] 3) Creating a living, ...in a computer's memory とはどういうことか？ a)絶滅してしまい今は存在しない動物のDNA情報から、その動物のクローンをつくること。 b)コンピューターを使って、現存する生物のＤＮＡを変えることで絶滅種のクローンをつくること。 4) sure to try it の it は？ a) a genome sequence b) a computer's memory c)creating a living ... computer's memory Paragraph 3 5) it is only going to be ...の it は？ a) to bring extinct beasts back to life b) to bring the wooly mammoth back to life c) to recover a complete genome 6) the DNA in any flesh left untouched a) 無傷で残った肉の中にある DNA 7) is soon destroyed の主語は？ a) 肉の中にある無傷の DNA a) the DNA of a dead creature b) a dead creature Paragraph 4 8) Why does the author mention "an icy wasteland, a dark cave or a really dry"? a) They are examples of the situation where there is little sunshine or bacteria. b) Any flesh is likely be left untouched in those places. c) They have found some intact streches of DNA in those places. 9) the probability of ... higher. a) we are more likely to find some intact streches of DNA. b) it is harder to find some intact streches of DNA. c) we should leave some streches of DNA intact. (leave O C = O を C のままにしておく） Paragraph 5 10) 死体が（ )、DNA が残っている確率が高い。 a)古ければ古いほど b)新しければ新しいほど c)百万年以上前のものなら d)１０万年以上古いものなら 11) so dinosaurs are out の意味は？ a) DNA of younger dinosaurs are out of a dark cave. b) It is impossible to revover DNA of dinosaurs. c) DNA of dinosaurs is likely to survive more than a million years. Paragraph 6 12) turning these into living creatures の these は？ a) the DNA sequence of extinct species. b) the genomes of the mammoth 13) far removed を別の１語で言うと？→ ............................................. - 3 - English Communication III Chapter 2 Paragraph 7 14) the instructions for making humans とは？ a) a genome sequence of humans b) medical technology. 15) resurrect の意味は？ a) To raise problems. b)To cure a disease. c)To bring back to life. 和訳追加 1) Usually when a creature dies, the DNA in any flesh left untouched is soon destroyed as it is attacked by sunshine and bacteria. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. 2) but it would require technologies so far removed from what we currently have that I cannot imagine how it would be done. (it の内容を明示して） ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. 2, 3, 4, 5 添削希望の場合、以下に書いて提出。 ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. Class/No ( ) Name ( ) - 4 - English Communication III Chapter 2 鈴木君の答え 2 ・日光にあたらず、また微生物が繁殖しないような場所に死体があること。・死後１０万年以上経っていないこと。 ←３～５段落をまとめる。解答欄のスペースを考えて、具体例（icy wasteland など）は入れられないと判断。 3 現存するものとは全く異なるレベルの科学技術が必要になることが予想されるから。← it would require...の部分。 「訳せ」ではなく「説明せよ」なので、うまく「意訳」してみた。 4 私たちは今、人体製造の説明書を解明し、遺伝病を治療し、ほ乳類のクローンを作ることができるし、もう少しで 人工生命をつくることができるだろう。しかし、５０年前にはこんなことが可能になると誰が予想しただろうか。←長 い文の「文構造」通りに訳すと、とんでもない日本語になる。１つの文を複数に分割するなどの工夫が必要。ただし英 語に入っている情報は全て入れ込む。 5 実現可能性とカリスマ性に基づき、よみがえらせるべき動物を１０種選んだ。←「Assuming that we will develop the necessary technology = 今後の技術の進歩を想定して」だから、それに続く部分を訳せばよい。 和訳追加 1)普通は、動物が死んだあとそのまま残っている肉の中にＤＮＡがあっても、日光と微生物に攻撃されるこ とで、ＤＮＡはすぐに損傷してしまう。← as は「～につれて」「～なので」どちらでもよい。 2)絶滅した動物のＤＮ Ａ配列から実際の生物をつくるためには、現存するものとは全く異なるレベルの科学技術が必要になるだろう。だから、 私はどのような形で実現するのか想像もつかない。←「so ... that ～」に注意。これも構文通りでなく日本語として自 然になるように工夫した。 付属解答の答 2. ・死体が自然環境に守られ、DNA が太陽光や細菌にさらされずに残っていること。・死後 100 万年（現実的には 10 万年）未満の経過年数の短い死体であること。3. 予想されるから。4. （絶滅動物の蘇生には）現在とは全く異なった技術が必要になると 50 年前に一体だれが、今日、人間を作るための指示を解読し、遺伝病を治療し、哺乳動物のクロ ーンを作り出すことが可能になり、そして人工生命を作り出すことがほぼ実現するまでになっているだろう、と思った だろうか。5. その実用性とカリスマ性に基づき、いつか蘇生させることができるかもしれない 10 種の絶滅動物を選 んだ。和訳追加 1) 通常は、生物が死ぬと、無傷で残ったどんな肉体の中の DNA も、太陽光や細菌にさらされてす ぐに破壊されてしまう。2) 絶滅種の DNA 配列を生きた生物に変えるためには、現在我々が持っている技術とはあま りにもかけ離れた技術が必要なので、それがどのような方法で実現されるか、私には想像できません。 The recipe for making any creature is written in its DNA. So last year, when geneticists published the near-complete DNA sequence of the long-extinct woolly mammoth, there was much speculation about whether we could bring this giant creature back to life. Creating a living, breathing creature from a genome sequence that exists only in a computer's memory is not possible right now. But someone someday is sure to try it, predicts Stephan Schuster, a molecular biologist at Pennsylvania State University and a driving force behind the mammoth genome project. So besides the mammoth, what other extinct beasts might we bring back to life? Well, it is only going to be possible with creatures for which we can recover a complete genome sequence. Without one, there is no chance. And usually when a creature dies, the DNA in any flesh left untouched is soon destroyed as it is attacked by sunshine and bacteria. There are, however, some circumstances in which DNA can be preserved. If your specimen froze to death in an icy wasteland such as Siberia, or died in a dark cave or a really dry region, for instance, then the probability of finding some intact stretches of DNA is much higher. Even in ideal conditions, though, no genetic information is likely to survive more than a million years - so dinosaurs are out - and only much younger remains are likely to yield good-quality DNA. "It's really only worth studying specimens that are less than 100,000 years old," says Schuster. The genomes of several extinct species besides the mammoth are already being sequenced, but turning these into living creatures will not be easy. "It's hard to say that something will never ever be possible," says Svante Paabo of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany, "but it would require technologies so far removed from what we currently have that I cannot imagine how it would be done." But then 50 years ago, who would have believed we would now be able to read the instructions for making humans, fix inherited diseases, clone mammals and be close to creating artificial life? Assuming that we will develop the necessary technology, we have selected ten extinct creatures that might one day be resurrected. Our choice is based not just on practicality, but also on each animal's "charisma" - just how exciting the prospect of resurrecting these animals is. Of course, bringing extinct creatures back to life raises a number of further problems, such as where they will live, but let's not spoil the fun. - 5 - English Communication III Chapter 2 Grammar Paragraph 1 1) for making ... →前置詞(for, at, by, without, in, of, on...)の後に動詞がくる場合-ing。 2) whether ... = ...かどうか Paragraph 2 3) Creating ... is not possible ←「～すること」 Ｓ Ｖ Paragraph 3 4) to be possible with creatures ... → with ... = ...に関して 5) the DNA in any flesh (left untouched) is soon destroyed ... S V 触られていないままの肉の中にある DNA がすぐに破壊される ※ leave O C = O を C の状態に放置する→ left C = C の状態に放置された（left は過去分詞) Paragraph 4 6) then → if A ..., then B ... → if...の部分が長いときに、後に then を使う。（then =そうしたら） 7) the probability of finding... → 1)と同じ Paragraph 5 8) only much younger remains are... →比較級を強めるのは much, far 9) it's worth doing... = ～する価値がある Paragraph 6 10) are already being sequenced → be doing (進行形）＋ be done（受身）今～されている最中。 11) but turning these into living creatures will be easy. S V → doing = ～すること、turn O into ... = O を...に変える ※ into のニュアンス！変化してそこに入っていく感じ。 → translate O into ... =O を...に訳す、talk O into doing = O を説得して～させる 12) It's hard to say that something will never ever be possible. 難しい/言うことが/ - 6 -
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