Archäoseismologie Archäoseismologie Fragen Fragen • viele Fragen sind in der jungen Wissenschaftsdiziplin noch offen – welche Methoden sind die richtigen? – Verhältnis zur historischen Seismologie – Verhältnis zur Paläoseismologie – Gefahr der Zirkelschlüsse – Hypothesen - Earthquake Storm(s) - Fallrichtung von Säulen zeigt Bodenbewegung - etc. … KGH Archäoseismologie Prof. Dr. K.-G. Hinzen Slide 2 4/1 Archäoseismologie Topics KGH Archäoseismologie Nur, 2002 Int. Handbook of Earthq. and Eng. Seismology Slide 3 Nur, 2002 Int. Handbook of Earthq. and Eng. Seismology Slide 4 Topics KGH Archäoseismologie Prof. Dr. K.-G. Hinzen 4/2 Archäoseismologie A. Nur's Earthquake Storm Hypothese KGH Archäoseismologie Nur, 2002 Int. Handbook of Earthq. and Eng. Seismology; Karnik, 1968 Slide 5 A. Nur's Earthquake Storm Hypothese • as pointed out by Nur (1998) and Nur and Cline (2000). it appears that earthquakes, most likely through an earthquake storm, could have been responsible for ushering in the physical collapse at the end of the Bronze Age • of course eathquakes alone probably have not destroyed entire societies or powers. More likely they rendered cities and population centers vulanerable, even defenseless to human attack and at times even invited attack .... KGH Archäoseismologie Prof. Dr. K.-G. Hinzen Nur, 2002 Int. Handbook of Earthq. and Eng. Seismology; Karnik, 1968 Slide 6 4/3 Archäoseismologie A. Nur's Earthquake Storm Hypothese • Intensitäten (I-IX) gibt es nur von Gegenden, die besiedelt sind • das führt tendenziell dazu, dass zerstörte Orte in Regionen mit hohen beobachteten Intensitäten liegen • hier ein Modell der Bevölkerungsdichte 2000 BCE KGH Archäoseismologie Lemmen, 2009, Geomorpholigie Slide 7 Hypothesis • The hypothesis is today widely accepted in archaeology •Izmit, 1999, M7.6 •Shake Map USGS • It is part of an earthquake storm (1225– •- 10% g 1175 ) proposed by A. Nur and Cline (2000): Therefore, we offer the hypothesis that a number of the sites were partly or totally destroyed in a 50-year period at the end of the Late Bronze Age as a result of seismic events occurring as an ‘‘earthquake storm’’ along the geological faults of the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean KGH Archäoseismologie Prof. Dr. K.-G. Hinzen Slide 8 4/4 Archäoseismologie Kilian's Hypothese zur Argolis • K. Kilian entwickelte in den 1980-er Jahren die Hypothese des Untergangs der Mykenischen Kutur im 13. Jahrhundert BCE durch Erdbeben • besonders Bauschäden in der Argolis (Mykene, Tiryns und Midea) wurden von ihm als Erdbebenfolgen interpretiert KGH Archäoseismologie Kilian, 1996, Archaeoseismology Slide 9 Kilian's Hypothese zur Argolis • Gründung • K. Kilian entwickelte in den 1980-er Jahren die • Auffüllung Hypothese des Untergangs der Mykenischen Kutur im • creep 13. Jahrhundert BCE durch Erdbeben • hydrologische Einwirkungen • besonders Bauschäden in der Argolis (Mykene, Tiryns • ... und Midea) wurden von ihm als Erdbebenfolgen interpretiert KGH Archäoseismologie Prof. Dr. K.-G. Hinzen Kilian, 1996, Archaeoseismology Slide 10 4/5 Archäoseismologie Direktivität in archaeodamage Korjenkov and Schmidt (2008) Mallet (1857) KGH Archäoseismologie Slide 11 Direktivität in archaeodamage Sekiya: ‘A model showing the motion of an Earth particle during an earthquake’ Parkfield (2004), M 6.0 D 8.4 km; PGANS 8.03 m/s2 KGH Archäoseismologie Prof. Dr. K.-G. Hinzen Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University, Japan, 1 (1887), 359-363, p. 360 Slide 12 4/6 Archäoseismologie Common Sense Argumente 'Cathedral', Sussita, Sea of Galilee KGH Archäoseismologie Slide 13 Common Sense Argumente • The site of Susita (Lake of Galilee) is situated close to the surface trace of the Dead Sea Transform Fault. Granite columns from a Roman palace complex have fallen parallel to each other and testify to an earthquake, probably that of AD 363, which caused destruction in the wider area. • The direction in which the columns are lying is believed to indicate the direction of strong seismic motion. 'Cathedral', Sussita, Sea of Galilee KGH Archäoseismologie Prof. Dr. K.-G. Hinzen Nur and Ron, 1996, Archaeoseismology Slide 14 4/7 Archäoseismologie Common Sense Argumente • The site of Susita (Lake of Galilee) is situated close to the surface trace of the Dead Sea Transform Fault. Granite columns from a Roman palace complex have fallen parallel to each other and testify to an earthquake, probably that of AD 363, which caused destruction in the wider area. • The direction in which the columns are lying is believed to indicate the direction of strong seismic motion. 'Cathedral', Sussita, Sea of Galilee KGH Archäoseismologie Nur and Ron, 1996, Archaeoseismology Slide 15 Common Sense Argumente • The final blow, however, was struck not by the Arabs but by the earthquake of AD 749, which destroyed the citiy's large temple, and much else beside. • Among the massive piles of rubble ... are nine stone columns ... which all fell in the direction oposite to the ground motion caused by the quake ... This is what we would expect from a strong earthquake. 'Cathedral', Sussita, Sea of Galilee KGH Archäoseismologie Prof. Dr. K.-G. Hinzen Nur and Burges, 2007, Apocalypse Slide 16 4/8 Archäoseismologie Common Sense Argumente • Looking more closely at the columns ... we see .. all lie with thier axes pointing southwest. However, if we draw lines that connect the center of each stone base with the center of the column ... most of those lines point southeast. This is because in an eathquake the ground moves back and forth ... 'Cathedral', Sussita, Sea of Galilee KGH Archäoseismologie Nur and Burges, 2007, Apocalypse Slide 17 Common Sense Argumente • The southward component of motion, at least, is expected; the long-term motion of the Arabic plate is to the north, and we expect the initial northward jump of the plate – the jerked tablecloth – to result in the columns toppling to the south. 'Cathedral', Sussita, Sea of Galilee KGH Archäoseismologie Prof. Dr. K.-G. Hinzen Nur and Burges, 2007, Apocalypse Slide 18 4/9 Archäoseismologie Common Sense Argumente • The southward component of motion, at least, is expected; the long-term motion of the Arabic plate is to the north, and we expect the initial northward jump of the plate – the jerked tablecloth – to result in the columns toppling to the south. 'Cathedral', Sussita, Sea of Galilee KGH Archäoseismologie Nur and Burges, 2007, Apocalypse; Karcz and Kafri, 1978 Slide 19 Common Sense Argumente KGH Archäoseismologie Prof. Dr. K.-G. Hinzen Hinzen, 2009 (BSSA) Slide 20 4/10 Archäoseismologie Common Sense Argumente 'Cathedral', Sussita, See Genezareth KGH Archäoseismologie Slide 21 Common Sense Argumente 'Cathedral', Sussita, See Genezareth KGH Archäoseismologie Prof. Dr. K.-G. Hinzen Slide 22 4/11 Archäoseismologie Fragen • Wie verlässlich sind GM Parameter, die aus archaeodamage abgeleitet wurden? Basic Concepts KGH Archäoseismologie Slide 23 Fragen • Wie verlässlich sind EQ Parameter, die aus archaeodamage abgeleitet wurden? • Was sind geeignete Modelle und Methoden, um die Parameter abzuleiten? • Was können wir prinzipiell aus archaeodamage lernen? – Rotational Seismology Basic Concepts KGH Archäoseismologie Prof. Dr. K.-G. Hinzen Slide 24 4/12 Archäoseismologie Fragen • Wie verlässlich sind EQ Parameter, die aus archaeodamge abgeleitet wurden? • Was sind geeignete Modelle und Methoden, um die Parameter abzuleiten? • Was können wir prinzipiell aus archaeodamge lernen? – Rotational Seismology Basic Concepts KGH Archäoseismologie Prof. Dr. K.-G. Hinzen weiter Slide 25 4/13
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