Effect of exogenous endoxylanase on growth and feed conversion in

Arch. Geflügelk. 2002, 66 (4), 151 – 157, ISSN 0003-9098. Verlag Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co., Stuttgart
Effect of exogenous endoxylanase on growth and feed
conversion in turkeys fed on wheat-based diets
Einfluss einer Supplementierung von Endoxylanase zu weizen-basierten
Futtermischungen in der Putenmast
Jeanette Boguhn1, R. Timmler1, J. Braun2 and M. Rodehutscord1
Manuskript eingegangen am 26. Oktober 2001, angenommen am 10. Januar 2002
Introduction
Dietary soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), particularly pentosans and beta-glucans, are well known to correlate in concentration with digesta viscosity in the small intestine of growing birds (Jeroch et al., 1995). Negative
effects on ileal digestibility of nutrients and, consequently,
on growth and feed conversion potentially result from this
increase in viscosity. Ingredients which commonly show a
high NSP concentration like wheat, rye and barley were,
therefore, considered in diet formulation only to a very limited extent until enzyme preparations were developed to
be supplemented to the diets. The soluble NSP concentration in grains, however, shows a high variation between
batches. In 76 wheat samples collected in Sachsen-Anhalt
in recent years, the average content of soluble NSP was
42 g/kg dry matter (DM) with a variation between 20 and
67 g/kg DM (Jeroch et al., 1999). In wheat, the soluble
NSP concentration is negatively correlated with its content
of apparently metabolisable energy (AME) (Annison,
1991; Choct and Annison, 1992).
Exogenous NSP hydrolysing enzymes were repeatedly
shown to be efficient in reducing digesta viscosity in broiler chicken when the enzyme was specific for the NSP
dominating in the diet (Bedford, 2000; Choct, 2001; Dänicke et al., 2000). Dusel et al. (1998) and Choct et al.
(1999) reported a reduced digesta viscosity as an effect of
a xylanase supplementation in both jejunum and ileum of
broilers that had been fed a wheat-based diet. Correspondingly, AME and digestibility tended to be increased with
supplementary enzymes. In many cases, growth and feed
conversion ratio (FCR) as well as litter quality were, therefore, positively affected by enzyme supplementation
(Bedford, 2000). However, effects are not consistent. As
mentioned, the supplemental enzyme must show the specific activity that is required to hydrolyse the NSP dominating in the feed. Furthermore, the NSP content must be
sufficiently high to cause anti-nutritional effects.
Male turkeys are commonly fed for 22 weeks under
German market conditions. The amount of feed needed to
achieve 1 kg of BW gain increases from 1.5 kg in week
3–5.5 kg in week 22 (NRC, 1994). Correspondingly, the
concentration of nutrients in the diet, e.g. essential amino
acids, can be continuously reduced with improving BW as
1
Institut für Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität
Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
2
BASF Forschungsstation Ernährung, Offenbach (Queich), Germany
Archiv für Geflügelkunde 4/2002
reflected in current recommendations (NRC, 1994). A dietary allowance for crude protein between 19 and 14% (in
wk 12 to 22) allows for an inclusion of wheat in the diet
which is much higher than known from enzyme studies
with commonly grown broiler chicken. Studies, however,
on the inclusion of wheat and on the potential benefit of
using exogenous xylanases in turkey diets are rare. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of
different enzyme preparations on growth and feed conversion in turkeys fed wheat-based diets over the entire fattening period.
Material and methods
Diets
The feeding trial was conducted for 22 weeks. According
to current practise in the German turkey industry, the fattening period was divided into 6 phases of 2 to 5 weeks
(P1 to P6, see Table 1). Diet composition changed between phases in order to adjust to the respective recommendation for AME and nutrient concentration given by
the breeding company and by the National Research
Council (NRC, 1994). Table 2 shows the composition of
the diets and the calculated concentrations of AME and
major nutrients. A high inclusion of wheat (variety ‘Moldau’) was intended and the proportion of wheat increased
from 45% in P1 to 81% in P6. The wheat was from the
same batch all throughout the experiment. Solvent extracted soybean meal from dehulled seed, wheat and free amino acids were the amino acid sources. Animal fat with
low melting point (beef tallow) was used as the lipid source to adjust ME concentration. Intended concentrations of
crude nutrients were confirmed by analysis. Apart from a
coccidiostat which was used in P1 to P4, no feed antibiotic or anti black head component was included.
Four treatments were considered in the experiment with
four diets prepared in each phase different in the supplemented enzyme preparation only (100 mg product/kg diet).
The intended activities of endoxylanase (EXU/kg) were as
follows:
Treatment
Treatment
Treatment
Treatment
1
2
3
4
EXU supplementation
per kg diet
Product
no
825
5500
5600
no
Natugrain1 Classic
Natugrain1 Blend
Natugrain1 Wheat
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BOGUHN et al., Effect of exogenous endoxylanase on growth and feed conversion in turkeys fed on wheat-based diets
Table 1: Duration of phases and time schedule of the experiment
Einteilung der Phasen und Zeitplan des Versuchs
Phase
Start
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
Age, weeks
Duration, weeks
Date of weighing, 2000
0
––
7.3.
1–2
2
21.3.
3–5
3
11.4.
6–9
4
9.5.
10–13
4
6.6.
14–17
4
4.7.
18–22
5
8.8.
Table 2: Composition of diets and calculated nutrient concentration
Zusammensetzung der Futtermischungen und kalkulierte Nährstoffgehalte
Phase
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
Composition (%):
Wheat
Soybean meal, deh. seed
Beef tallow
Fish meal, 70% CP
L-lysine HCl
DL-methionine
L-threonine
Premix1
MCP
Limestone
NaCl
Cholinechloride
45.31
40.00
6.00
2.50
0.48
0.31
0.09
1.00
2.23
1.62
0.34
0.12
50.98
35.00
6.00
2.00
0.39
0.29
0.12
1.00
2.35
1.45
0.30
0.12
60.72
26.00
6.50
1.00
0.58
0.28
0.13
1.00
1.72
1.70
0.25
0.12
68.02
18.50
6.50
1.00
0.55
0.25
0.19
1.00
1.82
1.80
0.25
0.12
74.10
12.50
7.00
1.00
0.41
0.21
0.11
1.00
1.65
1.65
0.25
0.12
80.95
6.00
7.00
1.00
0.40
0.17
0.08
1.00
1.56
1.47
0.25
0.12
Calculated:
AMEN, MJ/kg
Crude protein,%
Lysine,%
Met þ Cys,%
Threonine,%
Tryptophan,%
Arginine,%
Isoleucine,%
Leucine,%
Valine,%
Histidine,%
Phenylalanine,%
Calcium,%
Phosphorus (total),%
Magnesium,%
Sodium,%
11.6
27.2
1.80
1.16
1.10
0.32
1.81
1.17
2.06
1.25
0.73
1.25
1.41
1.01
0.17
0.18
11.8
25.3
1.60
1.08
1.02
0.29
1.65
1.07
1.90
1.15
0.67
1.14
1.31
1.00
0.16
0.15
12.2
21.2
1.45
1.01
0.86
0.24
1.32
0.87
1.57
0.95
0.56
0.90
1.20
0.80
0.15
0.12
12.4
18.8
1.25
0.90
0.79
0.21
1.12
0.75
1.37
0.83
0.49
0.76
1.20
0.80
0.13
0.12
12.8
17.0
1.00
0.81
0.63
0.18
0.94
0.65
1.20
0.73
0.43
0.63
1.10
0.75
0.12
0.12
13.0
15.0
0.85
0.72
0.52
0.16
0.77
0.55
1.04
0.63
0.37
0.51
1.00
0.70
0.12
0.12
1
composition (per kg, premix for P1 to P4, premix for P5 and P6 in parenthesis): Vit. A 1200000 (800000) IU; Vit. D3 400000 (300000) IU; Vit. E 4000 (4000) mg; Vit. K
240 (200) mg; Vit. B1 210 (200) mg; Vit. B2 720 (600) mg; Vit. B6 400 (300) mg; Vit. B12 2.3 (2.0) mg; Niacin 6600 (6000) mg; Ca-D-Pantothenate 1350 (1100) mg; Folic
acid 150 (100) mg; Biotine 17.5 (12.6) mg; Ca 308 (335) g; Iron 5000 (5000) mg; Copper 1000 (1000) mg; Zinc 6000 (6000) mg; Manganese 8000 (8000) mg; Cobalt
25 (25) mg; Iodine 100 (100) mg; Selenium 35 (35) mg; Butylhydroxytoluol 7500 (5000) mg; Monensin-sodium (C36H61O11Na, as coccidiostat) 10000 mg (none in P5 and P6)
In two of the products, beta-glucanase was contained as
well. Calculated supplementation of beta-glucanase units
was (in BGU/kg): treatment 1: 0, treatment 2: 600, treatment 3: 120, and treatment 4: 0.
Table 3: Analysed activity of endoxylanase (EXU/kg) in the
diets
Analysierte Aktivität der Endoxylanase in den Futtermischungen
(EXU/kg)
Endoxylanase supplementation (EXU/kg)
0
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
1
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
1
Lower limit of detection
825
5500
5600
940
795
775
955
1040
993
4665
4250
4820
5115
4595
4330
5515
4285
5650
5470
5485
5329
Enzyme preparations were supplied by BASF AG, Ludwigshafen. All diets were mixed approximately 2 weeks
before onset of the respective phase and pelleted through
a 3-mm die. For week 1, pellets were crumbled. Enzyme
activities determined in the pelleted diets basically agreed
with intended activities (Table 3).
Animals and housing
The experiment was conducted in the Experimental Centre
for Animal Sciences of the University in Merbitz. Threehundred and sixty one-day old male B.U.T. Big 6 hybrids
(Moorgut Kartzfehn, Bösel) were allocated to pens
(2 2 m) of ten birds each according to body weight. As
space was limited, the number of birds per pen was reduced to 8 at the beginning of P5, with those individuals
being eliminated which were nearest to the respective pen
average. Pens were set up in 4 rows within a separate,
artificially illuminated animal house. Temperature was
36 C on days 1 and 2 and was reduced from day 3 onArchiv für Geflügelkunde 4/2002
BOGUHN et al., Effect of exogenous endoxylanase on growth and feed conversion in turkeys fed on wheat-based diets
153
wards in steps of 0.5 C per day until 16 C were reached.
During summer, room temperature was largely affected by
outdoor temperatures because cooling of the animal house
was not possible. Wood shavings and chaffed straw were
used as basal bedding. When required, pens were supplied
with additional wood shavings in similar amount for each
pen. Nine pens were allocated to each of the 4 dietary
treatments in that way that an equal distribution of all
treatments over the animal house was given.
Birds underwent routine vaccination against Newcastle
Disease in weeks 2, 7 and 16. Vaccination against infectious bronchitis was in weeks 4 and 10. Diets contained a
coccidiostat during phases 1 to 4. No other medical treatment was necessary.
Feed was offered in automatic feeders ad libitum, continuously. Feeders were re-filled with pre-weighed amounts
when required. During the first 5 days of P1, feed was
additionally offered in flat plastic bowls. Birds had permanent access to fresh and untreated drinking water.
Analyses
Data
Results
On day 1 of the experiment and at the end of each phase,
animals as well as the amount of feed remaining in the
feeder were determined. Average body weight (BW) gain
of birds was determined as the average BW within each
pen at the end minus the average BW within this pen
pen at the beginning of each period. Feed consumption
per bird was calculated as the total amount of feed consumed by one pen per phase divided by the number of
birds per pen. In case of any elimination of individuals
between regular weighing dates, the amount of feed needed until this day was recorded and the amount of feed
used subsequently was divided by the reduced number of
animals.
From P3 onwards, the appearance of excreta and bedding was visually evaluated and ranked once weekly before the addition of new wood shavings according to the
following categories: wet (1), semi-wet (2) and dry (3).
Each pen was given one of these three numbers at each
date. For data evaluation, the cumulative number for
each pen at the end of the experiment was divided by
the number of observations. Thus, one value between 1
and 3 was used per pen for statistical analysis. No separate evaluation was made for individual phases as these
were rather rough criteria.
A considerable number of birds had to be removed during
the experiment due to broken wings and leg deformities or
crop development. These removals were similar in number
in all treatments. During P5 and P6, the number of birds
was reduced from 72 to 60, 63, 56 and 56 in treatments 1,
2, 3 and 4.
Birds increased, on average, their BW from 60 g to
20.35 kg during the 22-week period (Table 4). No significant effect of treatment on BW was detectable at any time.
At the end of the experiment, BW of birds fed endoxylanase at 625, 5500 and 5600 EXU/kg exceeded the BW of
birds fed no enzyme by 0.4, 3.0, and 1.0%, respectively.
Correspondingly, average daily BW gain over the entire
experimental period was 0.6, 3.4, and 0.9% higher in birds
which received endoxylanase at 625, 5500 and 5600
EXU/kg, respectively, than it was in birds fed the unsupplemented diet (Table 5). No significant treatment effect
was detectable in any of the phases or over the entire experiment. Average daily BW gain increased from 22.1 g/
bird in P1 to a maximum of 169.8 g/bird in P5, and was,
on average, 145.8 g/bird during P6.
Average daily feed consumption increased from 30 g/
bird in P1 to 550 g/bird in P6 (Table 6). During P6, feed
consumption by birds which received the highest endoxy-
Diets were analysed for Weende crude nutrients, starch
and sugar according to the official VDLUFA methods
(Naumann and Bassler, 1976). AMEN was estimated based on chemical analysis using the generally accepted
equation for poultry mixed diets (WPSA, 1984):
AMEN (MJ/kg) ¼ [15.51 crude protein (g/kg)
þ 34.31 crude fat (g/kg)
þ 16.69 starch (g/kg)
þ 13.01 sucrose (g/kg)] 103
Endoxylanase activity was determined in each diet for
each phase according to the procedure described by Engelen et al. (1996).
Data were subjected to ANOVA procedures using the
software package SPSS for windows 9.0. Significant
differences between treatments were detected by the Tukey-HSD test.
Table 4: Body weight (g) of turkeys at the beginning of the experiment and at the end of each phase (mean SEM, n ¼ 9)
Lebendmasse der Puten (g) zu Beginn des Versuches sowie am Ende jeder Phase
Endoxylanase supplementation (EXU/kg)
at start
end of P1
end of P2
end of P3
end of P4
end of P5
end of P6
P
0
825
5500
5600
(ANOVA)
59
0.6
370
4.3
1795
17.9
5731
66.6
10280
96.0
14914
205.8
20125
305.1
60
0.4
371
6.9
1785
15.5
5622
65.3
10268
160.5
15111
269.6
20206
246.0
59
0.6
369
3.9
1771
18.1
5602
61.8
10343
70.3
15482
188.2
20730
225.3
60
0.7
371
4.1
1801
13.1
5764
46.3
10743
194.7
15326
190.7
20326
318.8
0.92
Archiv für Geflügelkunde 4/2002
0.98
0.60
0.18
0.07
0.29
0.43
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BOGUHN et al., Effect of exogenous endoxylanase on growth and feed conversion in turkeys fed on wheat-based diets
Table 5: Average daily BW gain (g) of turkeys in each phase and during the entire experiment (mean SEM, n ¼ 9)
Täglicher Zuwachs an Lebendmasse (g) in den einzelnen Phasen und während des Gesamtversuches
Endoxylanase supplementation (EXU/kg)
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
total
P
0
825
5500
5600
(ANOVA)
22.0
0.38
67.8
0.91
138.4
2.57
162.2
2.48
164.5
9.82
146.8
10.44
22.3
0.48
67.3
0.53
136.7
1.93
164.3
4.57
174.6
10.23
143.7
10.23
21.8
0.41
66.1
0.80
135.5
1.84
169.6
2.26
178.9
5.98
151.6
4.85
22.2
0.31
68.1
0.76
141.5
1.52
177.9
8.14
161.1
6.53
141.1
5.00
0.83
129.5
1.89
130.4
1.60
133.9
1.48
130.7
1.94
0.27
0.19
0.14
0.41
0.82
0.33
Table 6: Average feed consumption (g/d) of turkeys in each phase and during the entire experiment (mean SEM, n ¼ 9)
Futteraufnahme (g/Tag) in den einzelnen Phasen und während des Gesamtversuches
Endoxylanase supplementation (EXU/kg)
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
Total
P
0
825
5500
5600
(ANOVA)
29.8
0.25
80.9
1.05
239.6
3.69
410.6
6.13
497.1
10.70
564.5a
10.94
29.5
0.33
79.7
1.13
235.7
4.11
414.1
7.18
509.3
10.73
563.5a
10.78
29.5
0.47
78.2
0.98
237.8
4.71
409.4
6.10
503.5
12.08
555.0a
13.50
29.5
0.23
79.5
1.13
238.7
3.60
413.9
7.01
500.3
9.08
518.4b
11.88
0.92
350.6
4.18
352.4
4.66
348.7
5.25
341.0
4.46
0.39
0.92
0.95
0.87
0.03
0.34
a, b
: means not sharing a common superscript are significantly different according to Tukey-HSD test
Table 7: Feed conversion ratio (feed/BW gain) in each phase and during the entire experiment (mean SEM, n ¼ 9)
Futterverwertung (Futter/Zuwachs) in den einzelnen Phasen und während des Gesamtversuches
Endoxylanase supplementation (EXU/kg)
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
total
P
0
825
5500
5600
(ANOVA)
1.34
0.017
1.19
0.011
1.71
0.016
2.53
0.032
3.10
0.172
4.06
0.396
1.33
0.021
1.18
0.009
1.72
0.019
2.54
0.104
2.98
0.141
4.15
0.428
1.34
0.016
1.17
0.010
1.74
0.025
2.42
0.045
2.84
0.100
3.68
0.133
1.33
0.025
1.17
0.011
1.69
0.026
2.36
0.104
3.15
0.159
3.69
0.087
0.96
2.71a
0.048
2.70a
0.023
2.61b
0.036
2.61b
0.024
0.31
0.42
0.31
0.44
0.59
0.05
a, b
: means not sharing a common superscript are significantly different according to Tukey-HSD test
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BOGUHN et al., Effect of exogenous endoxylanase on growth and feed conversion in turkeys fed on wheat-based diets
155
Table 8: Ranking of the appearance of excreta and bedding1 (mean SEM, n ¼ 9)
Beurteilung der Beschaffenheit von Exkrementen und Einstreu
Endoxylanase supplementation (EXU/kg)
Excreta
Bedding
1
P
0
825
5500
5600
(ANOVA)
1.90
0.071
1.65b
0.146
1.91
0.061
1.70b
0.107
2.06
0.048
2.13ab
0.158
2.03
0.081
2.30a
0.201
0.24
0.01
appearance of excreta and bedding was ranked according to the following categories: wet (1), semi-wet (2) and dry (3). The higher the number the drier the bedding was
: means not sharing a common superscript are significantly different according to Tukey-HSD test
a, b
lanase level was significantly lower (P ¼ 0.03) than by
birds receiving no enzyme. Apart from this, no significant
treatment effect was detectable. On overall average, birds
receiving endoxylanase at 5500 and 5600 EXU/kg consumed 0.5% and 2.7%, respectively, less feed than birds receiving no enzyme.
From the total amount of feed consumed by turkeys,
the average distribution to the 6 phases was: P1 0.8%, P2
3.1%, P3 12.4%, P4 21.5%, P5 26.3%, and P6 35.9%
with negligible differences between treatments.
The feed/gain ratio increased from approximately 1.3 in
P1 to 3.9 in P6, with an overall average of 2.66 (Table 7).
This is slightly better than the current average obtained in
hybrids with this genotype (2.7). The fact, that the feed/
gain ratio was slightly worse in P1 than in P2 must not be
paid too much attention because feed wastage is difficult to
handle during the first week when birds are not yet adapted
to the automatic feeders. Less than 1% of total feed was
consumed during P1. While there was hardly any difference between treatments in phases 1, 2, and 3, the endoxylanase supplementation of 5500 and 5600 EXU/kg tended
to improve feed/gain ratio from P4 onwards. Although this
effect was statistically not significant due to the high variation in the control treatment, the differences accounted for
9% in P6. During the entire experiment, birds which
received endoxylanase at 5500 and 5600 EXU/kg needed
3.7% less feed per unit of gain than the control birds did,
with a significant treatment effect (P ¼ 0.05).
The bedding of the pens appeared significantly drier
(P < 0.05) when birds received 5600 EXU/kg as compared to the control pens (Table 8). A similar trend was observed for excreta as well.
composition and on the enzyme were not given in this abstract. In their literature survey, Jeroch et al. (1995) conclude that the effectiveness of enzyme supplementation might
change in broilers with increasing age due to the adjustment
of the gut microflora. Hence, broiler growth studies on enzyme efficiency had to comprise the entire growth period in
order to get meaningful and generally applicable results.
This conclusion must be emphasised in face of the present
results. Although no significant treatment effect could be
determined for any of the phases, it becomes clear from table 7 and figure 1 that the numerical difference between the
control treatment and the treatments with the high inclusion
of endoxylanase become greater with progress in the experiment beyond P3. This is likewise an effect of increasing inclusion of wheat and the corresponding increase in NSP rather than an effect of age of the animal. For practical
application this is important in so far that only approximately 16% of total feed were used in periods 1 to 3. The severe reduction in protein in later phases of turkey feeding and
the consequences for the inclusion of wheat made the endoxylanase more efficient than in the early phases. In so far
this is not in contrast to the hypothesis, that enzymes are
more efficient in younger birds than in older ones due to the
adjustment in the gut microflora. Over the entire experimental period, the enzyme supplementation allowed to reach the
final BW with 2 kg less feed.
relative
100
90
Discussion
It has been extensively reviewed (Bedford, 2000; Choct,
2001; Jeroch et al., 1995) that a high inclusion of wheat in
poultry diets favours the risk for increased digesta viscosity
and subsequent anti-nutritional effects and that this risk can
be reduced by supplementation of a suitable exogenous enzyme. The results indicate that this happened in the present
study as well although we were unable to measure digesta
viscosity or ileal digestibility. At least this theory is supported by the significant improvement in feed conversion and
the appearance of the bedding with supplementary endoxylanase. Dose-response-relationships cannot be concluded
from the present study. A supplementary level of 825 EXU/
kg, however, was not sufficient to achieve any effect.
Comparable studies with heavy turkeys fed on wheatbased diets are hardly available in the peer-reviewed literature. A significant improvement in BW gain and FCR caused by a supplementation of an enzyme complex derived
from Trichoderma viride to a wheat-based diet was reported by Völker and Tüller (1993), but details on diet
Archiv für Geflügelkunde 4/2002
80
70
50
0
P1
P2
P3 P4
Phase
P5
P6
Fig 1. Feed conversion (g feed/g BW gain) in turkeys receiving
a wheat-based diet supplemented with endoxylanase (average
of treatments 3 and 4, relative to the unsupplemented control
diet ¼ 100). The inclusion of wheat in the diet increased gradually from 45% in P1 to 81% in P6.
Futterverwertung (g Futter/kg LM-Zuwachs) bei Puten, die eine
weizen-basierte Futtermischung mit Endoxylanase erhalten haben (Mittelwert der Behandlungen 3 und 4, relativ zur Kontrolle
¼ 100). Der Mischungsanteil des Weizens im Futter stieg schrittweise von 45% in P1 auf 81% in P6 an.
156
BOGUHN et al., Effect of exogenous endoxylanase on growth and feed conversion in turkeys fed on wheat-based diets
Beef tallow was used as the fat source in this study.
Dänicke et al. (2000) fed rye-based diets with incremental
level of beef tallow to the expense of soybean oil (100 g
fat/kg in total) to broiler chicken and found, that the effect
of a xylanase supplementation on metabolisability of energy and on FCR was greater in diets >60 g tallow/kg than
in those with tallow below this level. This interaction between supplementary enzyme and fat source might exist
also in turkeys without inclusion of rye. At this stage it
can only be speculated whether the results of this study
would have been similar with a different type of diet.
Reducing the incidence of wet litter is one of the reasons identified for the use of exogenous enzymes (Bedford, 2000) and a positive effect of endoxylanase on the
appearance of the bedding was found in this study as well.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of uric acid and release of ammonia
from the litter is well known to depend on the water content of the litter. No measurements on dry matter content
of the bedding or on ammonia emission from the pens
were possible in this study. It appears worth, however, to
study whether positive effects on the gaseous N emissions
from intensive turkey production could be achieved by
supplementation of NSP-hydrolysing enzymes.
von Weizen gefüttert. In 6 aufeinander folgenden Phasen wurde
der Weizenanteil von 45% zu Beginn bis auf 81% am Ende des
Versuchs gesteigert. Der Versuch umfasste 4 Behandlungen, die
sich nur in der Supplementierung von Endoxylanase (EXU/kg)
unterschieden: 0 (Kontrolle), 825 (Produkt Natugrain1 Classic),
5500 (Produkt Natugrain1 Blend) und 5600 (Produkt Natugrain1
Wheat). Jede Behandlung umfasste 9 Abteile mit je 10 eingestallten Eintagsküken. Die Lebendmasse und der Futterverbrauch wurden am Ende von jeder der 6 Perioden bestimmt. Die Einstreu
wurde einmal wöchentlich visuell bonitiert und in eine der drei
folgenden Kategorien eingeteilt: nass, feucht und trocken. Während des Versuches nahmen die Tiere von durchschnittlich 60 g
zu Beginn auf 20,35 kg Lebendmasse am Ende zu. Ein signifikanter Einfluss des Zusatzes von Endoxylanase auf den Zuwachs
war nicht gegeben. Der Futteraufwand je kg Zuwachs war über
den gesamten Versuchszeitraum betrachtet in den beiden Behandlungen mit der hohen Enzymdosierung signifikant geringer als in
der Kontrolle (2,61 zu 2,71 kg). Innerhalb der einzelnen Phasen
war der Futteraufwand je kg Zuwachs wegen der höheren Streuung nicht signifikant von dem Enzymzusatz beeinflusst. Allerdings wurde der Enzymeffekt mit zunehmendem Weizenanteil im
Futter immer deutlicher. In der Behandlung mit der höchsten Dosierung von Endoxylanase war die Einstreu signifikant trockener
als in der Kontrolle. Es wird geschlussfolgert, dass ein Zusatz von
Endoxylanase die Futterverwertung und die Einstreubeschaffenheit
in der Putenfütterung auf der Basis von Weizen positiv beeinflussen
kann, besonders in der zweiten Hälfte der Mastperiode.
Summary
In a 156-day feeding trial, male B.U.T. Big 6 turkeys were
fed on wheat based diets with inclusion of wheat gradually
increasing in 6 phases from 45% at the beginning to 81% at
the end. Four treatments were involved, differing in the supplementation of exogenous endoxylanase (EXU/kg): 0
(control), 825 (from Natugrain1 Classic), 5,500 (from Natugrain1 Blend), and 5,600 (from Natugrain1 Wheat). Each
treatment comprised 9 pens with an initial number of 10 turkeys each. Body weight and feed intake were determined at
the end of each of the six phases. The bedding in the pens
was visually evaluated once a week and ranked according to
the three categories wet, semi-wet, and dry. The turkeys increased, on average, their BW from 60 g to 20.35 kg during
the entire experiment without any significant treatment effect. The feed conversion ratio was significantly improved
when either 5,500 or 5,600 EXU/kg were supplemented as
compared to the unsupplemented control diet (2.61 vs.
2.71 kg feed/kg BW gain). No significant treatment effect
on feed conversion was detected in any of the individual
phases due to the high variation. However, there was a trend
towards a more pronounced treatment effect with increasing
inclusion of wheat in the diet. At the highest levels of enzyme supplementation, the bedding appeared significantly
drier as compared to the unsupplemented control. It is concluded, that exogenous endoxylanase at 5,500 EXU/kg is
effective in improving feed conversion and litter quality
when supplemented to wheat-based turkey diets, particularly during the second half of the growth period.
Keywords
Turkey, wheat, endoxylanase, enzyme, growth, feed conversion
Zusammenfassung
Einfluss einer Supplementierung von Endoxylanase zu weizen-basierten Futtermischungen in der Putenmast
Männliche Puten der Herkunft B.U.T. Big 6 wurden in einem Fütterungsversuch über 156 Tage mit Futtermischungen auf der Basis
Stichworte
Pute, Weizen, Endoxylanase, Enzym, Wachstum, Futterverwertung
References
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Correspondence: Prof. Dr. M. Rodehutscord, Institut für Ernährungswissenschaften,
Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Emil-Abderhalden-Str. 26, 06108 Halle
(Saale), Germany. E-mail: [email protected]
Buchbesprechung
Enten und Gänse
Heinz Pingel, Enten und Gänse, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart,
Neuerscheinung 2000, 27 Farb- und 3 s/w-Abbildungen, 45 Zeichnungen, 61 Tabellen, 71 Literaturangaben, 182 Seiten, ISBN
3-8001-3156-0, Preis 1 24,90
Mit diesem informativen Fachbuch, vorgelegt von einem in der Forschung und Praxis der Wassergeflügelzucht international anerkannten Fachmann, wird eine Lücke auf dem Buchmarkt geschlossen. Die Zucht und Mast von Enten und Gänsen, bisweilen
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beachtlichen Stellung in der Geflügelproduktion asiatischer Länder
und einiger anderer Gebiete. Das Buch, reichlich mit Abbildungen
und Tabellen ausgestattet, spiegelt den neuesten Erkenntnisstand
wider. (Die zwei Bilder von Gänsen auf dem Umschlag erwecken
aber den Eindruck, es handele sich um eine nur dieser Geflügelart
gewidmete Ausgabe.) Im Mittelpunkt stehen die Abschnitte über
Zucht und Reproduktion (treffender wäre: Züchtung und Reproduktion), Haltung sowie Fütterung. Eine ausführliche Einführung in
die biologischen Grundlagen erweist sich für das Verständnis der
Zusammenhänge als sehr nützlich. Der Abschnitt über die Rassen
sollte um einige Aspekte erweitert werden (z. B. genetische Ressourcen, die Situation in anderen europäischen Ländern). Der berblick über die Produkte der Enten- und Gänsehaltung offenbart die
Möglichkeiten ihrer gegenwärtigen und künftigen Verwertung. Hinweise zur Gesunderhaltung der Bestände (Krankheiten, Hygiene)
ergänzen die bersicht, doch fehlen im Quellenverzeichnis Verweise auf vertiefende Literatur zu diesem Fragenkomplex.
Die Lektüre des Buches kann selbst für Kenner des Wassergeflügels als eine Bereicherung des Wissens gelten, zumal zu
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diesem Teilgebiet der Geflügelwirtschaft nur ein spärliches Schriftenangebot besteht. Einige wenige Hinweise für eine 2. Auflage:
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Moschusenten, der auch international (Muscovy Duck) üblich ist.
In der Rassegeflügelzucht hat man sich auf die Bezeichnung
Warzenenten geeinigt (weitere Namen wie Türken-, Bisam- oder
Flugenten, sind lokal verbreitet). Man hätte allgemein den Namen
Moschusente beibehalten sollen, denn Synonyme stiften meist
Verwirrung, nutzt man doch im Handel nun die Bezeichnung
Barbarieente.
Der Autor erwähnt die Salztoleranz der Enten. Hierzu wäre ein
Hinweis auf die Nasendrüsen sowie die Nebennieren wünschenswert, die bei der hormonalen Regulation der Salzausscheidung
eine herausragende Rolle spielen. Die Angaben zum Wachstum
der Pekingenten (Abb. 20) beruhen auf der Anwendung mathematischer Wachstumsfunktionen, verwundern aber ein wenig, da die
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