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Additional Notes: だいニか (Lesson 2) I. Vocabulary 1. Words That Points A これ this one [object only]
A それ that one [object only]
A あれ that one over there [object only]
A どれ e.g., かさはどれですか。 A この this (noun) e.g., このかさ (this umbrella) A その that (noun) e.g., そのじしょ (that dictionary) A あの that (noun) over there which one [object only]?
Which one is the umbrella? ぺん
e.g., あのペン (that pen over there) A どの e.g., どのかばんですか。 C ここ here [place only] (See Lesson 4)
C そこ there [place only] (See Lesson 4)
C あそこ the place over there [place only] (See Lesson 4)
2. C どこ Food where [place only] (See Lesson 3)
A さかな魚
fish A にく肉
meat A やさい野菜
vegetable A めにゅうメニュー
menu C おいしい delicious; tasty (See Lesson 5) 3. C とんかつ Things for Study Japanese style pork cutlet A えんぴつ鉛筆
which (noun)? Which bag is it? pencil 2 ＊ A しゃあぷぺんシャープペン
mechanical pencil [org. sharp+pencil] A ぺんペン
pen A けしごむ消しゴム
eraser (for pencil) [ゴム = org. “gom” in Dutch] A のおとノート
notebook cf. メモ (notes) A じしょ辞書
dictionary A ほん本
book ＊ A きょうかしょ教科書
textbook ＊ 4. A わあくぶっく Things to Wear ワークブック
workbook A じいんずジーンズ
jeans A てぃいしゃつＴシャツ
T‐shirt 靴
shoes A くつ A ぼうし帽子
hat; cap 5. A とけい Other Common Items 時計
watch; clock A かさ傘
umbrella A かばん鞄
bag A じてんしゃ自転車
bicycle A しんぶん新聞
6. A さいふ In the Classroom 財布
wallet A こくばん黒板
blackboard A てれびテレビ
television A いす椅子
chair A つくえ机
desk A でんき電気
light A まど窓
windows めも
にゅうす
newspaper cf. ニュース (news) 3 A どあドア
door ＊ B てえぶるテーブル
table 7. B かあてん Places
カーテン
curtain C トイレ C きっさてん喫茶店
café; coffee shop (See Lesson 3) C ぎんこう銀行
bank (See Lesson 4) C としょかん図書館
library (See Lesson 3) 8. C ゆうびんきょく Other Noun 郵便局
post office (See Lesson 3) A ひと人
person e.g., このひと (this person) cf. かた (person) [formal] (See Lesson 1) ＊ 9. A かたかな Money Matters カタカナ
Katakana A いくら A ～えん toilet; restroom (See Lesson 4) how much [question word] ～円
C たかい高い
10. Other Words and Expressions
…. yen expensive (See Lesson 5) A だれ e.g., これはだれのほんですか。 who? Whose book is this? A じゃあ then…; if that is the case, … A （～を）おねがいします
A （～を）ください。
Please give me …. (See p. 67 of the textbook) B （～を）どうぞ。
Here it is. (See p. 67 of the textbook) B どうも。 Thank you. [very casual]
B いらっしゃいませ。 Welcome (to our store). （～を）お願いします …., please. [formal] (See p. 67 of the textbook)
4 II. Additional Notes on Vocabulary/Expressions/Grammar 1. Words that Points: これ／それ／あれ／どれこれ, それ, あれ, and どれ are literally mean "this object," "that object," "the object over there," and "which object" respectively. Therefore, you cannot use these words to point people. If you want to point people using the words like “this” and “that”, you must use この／その／あの／ど
の + a noun referring to people (e.g., ひと, がくせい, せんせい, etc.). See the examples below: e.g., ○ あれはわたしのかばんです。[bag = object] めありい
× あれはメアリーさんです。[Mary = person] ○ あのひとはメアリーさんです。(The person over there is Mary.) 2. Number more than 100 (See also “On the pronunciation of number words” and “Big numbers” in Expression Notes on p. 67 of the textbook.) Basic Format: Number (Set 1) + ひゃく／せん／まん a) ひゃく（100） “100” is not いちひゃく since ひゃく means “one hundred”. Sound Changes 

300: ひゃく→びゃく 300→さんびゃく 600 and 800 600→ろっぴゃく 800→はっぴゃく Change Rules: o ひゃく→ぴゃく
o the number 6 and 8: ろく→ろっ; はち→はっ b) せん（1,000） “1,000” is not いちせん since せん means “one thousand”. Sound Changes 

3,000: せん→ぜん 8,000: はち→はっ 3,000→さんぜん 8,000→はっせん c) まん（10,000） “10,000” is いちまん since まん simply expresses a unit of numbers. Also, there is no special sound change in まん. e.g., 10,000：いちまん ×まん 30,000: さんまん Notes: In Japanese, you must say each number unit exactly as it is: e.g., 1,995 えいご： “nineteen ninety‐five (19; 95)” or “one thousand nine hundred ninety‐five” にほんご：せんきゅうひゃくきゅうじゅうご (one thousand nine hundred ninety‐five) ×じゅうきゅうきゅうじゅうご (nineteen ninety‐five) 5 How to Convert a Number into a Japanese Equivalent
Comparison between Western system and Japanese system にほんご: ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 1000 100 10 1 1000 100 10 1 1000 100 10 1 えいご: おくまんせん ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 100 10 1 100 10 1 100 10 1 100 10 1 billions millions thousands Step 1: Move the comma from every third place from the right to every fourth place. 321
4321
e.g., 22,000=>2,2000 ↑ ↑ Step 2： Read the number on the left of the first comma from the right with まん (ten‐
thousand), and continue spelling out each unit (i.e. thousands, hundreds, tenth, etc.). e.g., 2,2000=2(10000)+2(1000)=two ten‐thousand, two thousand=にまんにせん 3. あいづち The Japanese feel uncomfortable if their speech partner does not give adequate and enough あい
づち (interjection and fillers). If not, they wonder if their partner is listening or understanding what they are saying. Some of あいづち 1. そうですか（
）。I see. Ah huh. This is used to show that you are listening or you understood (but not necessarily agree with) what the other person said. 2. あの（う） Um… This is used to draw someone’s attention in an indirect way. Sometimes it is used with すみま
せん. 3. ええと…／あの／あのう… Um…. This is used to show that you are contemplating or trying to find the right words. 4. 「ね」 and 「よ」 at sentence endings (See also “7. ～ね／～よ” on p. 66 of the textbook.) 
～ね
When the speaker is seeking the listener’s confirmation or agreement to what has been said.
→ Shared Information 
～よ
When the speaker wants to assure the listener of what has been said. With よ, a statement becomes an authoritative decree. → The listener does not have or is not sure about the information, but the speaker has (or is confident that he/she has) an accurate information 6 III. Japanese Writing System 2: Katakana 1. Katakana Words in Modern Japan Approximately 10 % of the Japanese vocabulary is written using Katakana today. Katakana is basically used for three purposes: 1) To express foreign borrowed words, typically from non‐Chinese language (Chinese borrowed words are usually expressed in Kanji); 2) To express plant names and animal names; and 3) To emphasize a word much like the usage of italics in English. Recently, the usage of foreign borrowed words seems to have increased. Since they carry the image of foreign and considered fashionable, new, and stylish, such industries as fashion, music, and advertisement that sell certain images are the heavy users of Katakana words. The heavy usage of Katakana, however, has created some problems for the foreign learners of the Japanese language because: a) The “Japanisation” of the foreign words is sometimes so distorted that it is difficult to guess the original words. でぱあと
でぱあとめんとすとあ
e.g., department store →デパート (the abbreviation of "デパートメント・ストア”) b) The Japanese meaning of a Katakana word is sometimes different from the meaning of the original word. まんしょん
e.g., マンション: condominium [origin: “mansion” = a large house typically built for wealthy families] c) The Japanese are creating new Katakana words combining existing Katakana words and, therefore, they do not mean anything to English native speakers. ご
お
る
で
ん
うぃい
く
e.g., ゴールデンウィーク: the name of a period containing several public holidays from the end of April to the beginning of May [Created by combining “golden” and “week”] d) Some Katakana words have the origins in the languages other than English. ごむ
e.g., ゴム： rubber [originally from a Dutch word, “gom”] パン： bread [originally from a Portuguese word, “pão”] ぱん
2. Basic Syllables: Confusing Characters Ⅱ on p. 28 and p. 29 of the textbook for complete charts and other information See ○
on Katakana. Some Katakana symbols look similar to each other. Pay extra attentions to those below. 1. ア a マム ma mu ナメチ na me chi ネヌス ne nu su 2. 3. ホネオ ho ne o 5. ツ tsu シソ shi so 6. エ e コユ ko yu 4. クワウ ku wa u 8. ソ so ンノ n no ケクカ ke ku ka 7. 9. 7 3. Long Vowels Long vowels are expressed with a vowel plus a horizontal bar (when written horizontally) or a vertical bar (when written vertically): Roma‐ji Katakana Roma‐ji Katakana [aa] アー [aa] アー (horizontal) [ii] イーア (vertical) [uu] ウー | [ee] エー [oo] オー 4. Sound Change with Diacritic Symbols “゙” and “゚” When either symbols “゙” (だくてん) or “゚” (はんだくてん) is added to the upper right‐hand corner of a character in か, さ, た, and は gyoos, it changes the sound of the character exactly the same way as in Hiragana. e.g., カ [ka]+ ゛→ガ [ga] シ [shi]+ ゛→ジ [ji] ヘ [he]+ ゛→ベ [be] 5. Combination Sounds Like Hiragana, a combination sound in Katakakana is written with a combination of a character with an “i” vowel (e.g., キ, シ, チ, etc.) and ャ, ュ, and ョ (small [ya], [yu], and [yo]). For example: [jazu] ジャズ [nyuuyooku] ニューヨーク Compare to: [jiyazu] ジヤズ [niyuuyooku] ニユーヨーク 6. Double Consonants A double consonant is written with ッ (small ツ). For example: [nissan] ニッサン [panasonikku] パナソニック Compare to: ニツサン [nitsusan] [panasonitsuku] 7. Katakana Chart & Models of Hand‐written Characters See the next page for the complete chart. パナソニツク 8 Basic Syllables (”gyoo” means “row”) [a] [i]
[u]
[e]
[o] 
ア‐gyoo: ア
イウ
エオ
カ‐gyoo カキク
ケコ
サ‐gyoo サシ
スセ
ソ
タ‐gyoo タ
ナハマヤラ
ワ
チニヒミ
リ
ツ
ヌフム
ユルテネ
ヘメレ
トノホ
モヨ
ロンナ‐gyoo ハ‐gyoo マ‐gyoo ヤ‐gyoo ラ‐gyoo ワ‐gyoo Syllables with Diacritic Symbols [a] [i]
ガ‐gyoo ザ‐gyoo ダ‐gyoo バ‐gyoo パ‐gyoo ガザダ
バパギジ
（ヂ）ビピ [u]
[e]
[o]  グ
ズ（ヅ）ブプゲゼ
デベペゴ
ゾ
ドボ
ポ
Combination Sounds [ya] [yu] Ki+ Shi+ Chi+ Ni+ Hi+ Mi‐ Ri+ キャシャチャニャヒャミャリャキュシュチュニュヒュミュリュ [yo]
[ya]
[yu] [yo]
キョショチョニョヒョミョリョ Gi+ ギャジャビャピャギュジュビュピュギョジョ Ji+ Bi+ Pi+ ビョピョ 9 8. Special Combination Sounds (See also (2) and (3) on p. 30 of the textbook.) In Katakana, there is another set of combination sounds that do not exist in Hiragana. They were developed to express foreign sounds as accurately as possible. When writing these sounds, ァ, ィ, ゥ, ェ, and ォ are written small. [sh‐] [ch‐] [f‐] [t‐] [ts‐] [a] [i] [u] [e] [o] シェ
チェ
ファフィフェフォ
ティトゥ (テュ) ツァツィツェツォ
[a] [i] [u] [e] [o] [v‐]＊ウェウォ
ドゥ (デュ) ジェ
ヴァヴィヴヴェヴォ
[w‐] [d‐] [j‐] ウィ
ディ
＊ Although ヴァ, ヴィ, ヴ, ヴェ, and ヴォ transliterate the sounds in the original language more accurately, they are relatively rare to be used. So, you should use バビブベボ instead. e,g,. violin→バイオリン？ヴァイオリン 9. Converting Non‐Japanese Words to Katakana (1) How to Write Words of Foreign Origin in Katakana The sounds of foreign languages cannot be transliterated with exactly the same sounds in Japanese, but rather they are approximated with the sounds of Japanese. The followings are some helpful hint to convert English words into Katakana. 
The spelling “th” o
voiceless (e.g., “th” in “think”) → sa‐gyoo Katakana (i.e. サ, シ, ス, セ and ソ) o
voiced (e.g., “th” in “their”) → za‐gyoo Katakana (i.e. ザ, ジ, ズ, ゼ, and ゾ) 
The sound [ti] (e.g., ‐ty, tea‐, tee‐. etc.) and [di] (e.g., ‐dy, dee‐, dea‐, etc.) Most commonly transliterated as below (though there are some exceptions): o [ti] → テ or ティ o [di] → デ or ディ e.g., アイスティー (ice tea) e.g., ディスコ (disco) 
Consonants at word ends o [‐t] or [‐d] → [o] is added e.g., バット (bat), ベッド (bed), ロバート (Robert) o other sounds → [u] or [i] are usually added e.g., ホーム (home), チェック (check), ケーキ (cake). 
Consonant “r” It is usually transformed into a long vowel. e.g., パーティー (party), ニューヨーク (New York), ジョージ (George). 10 
The spelling “oo” o Pronounced as a short [u] (e.g., “wood” and “good”) →becoming a double consonant e.g., ウッド (wood), グッド (good) o Pronounced as a long [u] (e.g., mood, smooth) → becoming a long vowel, ー e.g., ムード (mood), スムース (smooth). 
“‐ey” (e.g., ‐ley, ‐tey, ‐ney) It is usually transliterated as a sound with [e] vowel plus long bowel e.g., バレーボール (volleyball), マネー (money). (2) How to Write Non‐Japanese Names Generally speaking, all non‐Japanese names, including Chinese or Korean names, must be written in Katakana. Chinese characters and Japanese Kanji characters are pronounced differently even if the two languages share majority of characters. For instance, one Chinese family name "王" is pronounced as "Wang" in Mandarin Chinese, but the same character in Kanji is pronounced as "おう [oo]" in Japanese. When a non‐Japanese name is written in Katakana, follow the rules below: a. The order of the given and family names must be the same as that in the original language. Also, insert a dot, “・”, between the given name. e.g., Mary Hart → メアリー・ハート
☓ハート・メアリー
given name family name b. For a hyphenated family name (e.g., Jane Smith‐White), insert a “=” between the two last names. e.g., Jane Smith‐White →ジェーン・スミス＝ホワイト given name family name c. For Korean, Chinese or any other names that usually put family names first, the order must be preserved. e.g., Mei Lin, Chin → チン・メイリン Some Korean and Chinese people have English names and use them as their given names. In such cases, given names come first. e.g., Peter Lim → ピーター・リム
d. The names of Japanese descendants, such as Japanese Canadians, are usually written in Katakana. e.g., David Suzuki → デービッド・スズキ 10.Common Mistakes in Katakana Writing  Make sure to use the writing orders below when you write シ &ツ and ソ & ン. 1 2 3 1
1 2
ツシソン
1
2 3
[tsu] 2
[shi] [so] [n] 11 The List of Common Mistakes by Students Katakana Common Mistakes アイ Katakana ネ
ンカヒク
ホ
サマシミセ
ム
ソメチモ
ラツ
テトナニリレ
ワ Common Mistakes 12 11.Remembering Katakana Using Association with Hiragana Some of Katakana characters have the similar shapes with (parts of) corresponding Hiragana characters. You can use the following chart to remember such characters. Katakana Association ウう エ ウ Katakana Association サ
さ  サえ   エシ
し カか セせ セ
キ
き キソ
そ ソケけ ケニに ニノの ノメめ  メフふ  フ
モ
も モヘへヤ
や ヤム
む   ム
ユゆ
ツ
つ  ツラら  ラトと トリ
りナ
な  ナレれ  レ
カ  シ   ユ

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