ᮏ᪥䛾䝯䝙䝳䞊䠄6/2䠅 ᮏ᪥䛾䜻䞊䝽䞊䝗 • ๓ᅇ䛾⥆䛝 • • • • • • • – 䛂䠄ே㛫䛾䠅ㄆ▱䛃䚸䛂ᚰ (mind)䛃䜢䛹䛾䜘䛖䛻⪃ 䛘䜛䛛䚸◊✲䛩䜛䛛 э◊✲䛾᪉ἲㄽ䚸䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏 – ᵝ䚻䛺䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䜢ᴫほ䛩䜛䠄䝃䝽䝸䛰䛡䠅 䛂⪃䛘䜛䛃䛣䛸䜢⪃䛘䜛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸 • ဴᏛ䛾ᙺ䠖 䛭䜜䜙䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䛾⫼ᬒ䛻 䛒䜛ᴫᛕ䞉๓ᥦ䞉ᣐ䜚ᡤ䜢᳨ウ䛧䚸ཎ⌮ⓗ䛺 ᐇ⌧ྍ⬟ᛶ䛺䛹䛻䛴䛔䛶ㄽ䛨䜛䚹 • 䜎䛯Ṕྐⓗ䛺㡯䛻䜒ゐ䜜䜛䚹 ᚰ㌟ၥ㢟 ᚰ㌟ඖㄽ ྜ⌮⩏ 㑏ඖㄽ䞉㑏ඖ⩏ యㄽ䞉䠄య⩏䠅 ㄆ㆑ㄽ䞉Ꮡᅾㄽ ᐇᅾㄽ – ⣲ᮔᐇᅾㄽ – ⛉Ꮫⓗᐇᅾㄽ • ㄽ⌮ᐇド⩏ • • • • • • • • • • 䛂ᚰ䛾ဴᏛ䛃䚸ᛮ⪃ဴᏛ ᶵᲔㄽ ⾜ື⩏ ㄆ▱⩏ 䝀䝅䝳䝍䝹䝖 䜽䜸䝸䜰 ᶵ⬟⩏ 䠄⾲㇟⩏䠅 䠄グྕ⩏䠅 ᒁᅾᛶ䞉ᇦ䠄㐢ᅾ䠅ᛶ 1 2 ဴᏛ 䠄Philosophy䠅 ဴᏛ 䠄⥆䠅 • ఏ⤫ဴᏛ䛾㒊㛛䠄ㄆ▱⛉Ꮫ䛾㛵ಀ䛩䜛䜒䛾䠅 • ඖ᮶䚸䛂ဴᏛ䠙Ꮫၥ䛃䛷䛒䛳䛯䠄ྂ௦䜼䝸䝅䝱~୰ୡ䠅 – – – – – ㄆ㆑ㄽ (Epistemology) Ꮡᅾㄽ (Ontology) ᙧ⪋ୖᏛ (Metaphysics) ⌧㇟Ꮫ (Phenomenology) 䠄⌧௦䠅 ゎ㔘Ꮫ (Hermeneutics) 䠄⌧௦䠅 • 䜰䝸䝇䝖䝔䝺䝇䠖 䛂Ꮫ䛾♽䛃 ⮬↛⛉Ꮫ䠄⮬↛ဴᏛ䠅䚸ㄽ⌮Ꮫ䚸⌮Ꮫ䚸ᩥᏛ䚸ᨻ Ꮫ䛺䛹䚸䛒䜙䜖䜛Ꮫၥ䛾㛤♽ • ୰ୡ䚸䝇䝁䝷ဴᏛ䜢⤒䛶䚸㏆௦⛉Ꮫ䛸ᑐ❧䛩䜛⨨ 䛵䛡䛸䛺䛳䛯䚹 • ⮬↛⛉Ꮫ䛸䛾㐪䛔䠖 ⌮ᛶᚿྥ䛷䛿䛒䜛䛜䚸ᐇドⓗ どⅬ䜢䛸䜙䛪䚸ᛮᘚⓗ⪃ᐹ䛜୰ᚰ䚹 • 䛂ᚰ䛾ဴᏛ䛃 (Philosophy of mind) – ㄽ⌮ᐇド⩏ (Logical positivism) – ᶵ⬟⩏ (Functionalism) • 䜽䜲䝈䠖ḟ䛾䕕䛻ධ䜛ேྡ䛿䠛▮༳䛾ព䛿䠛 ĺ䝥䝷䝖䞁 ĺ䜰䝸䝇䝖䝔䝺䝇 ĺ 3 ᚰ㌟ၥ㢟 䠄Mind-body problem䠅 ဴᏛ 䠄⥆䠅 • ᭱ᚋ䛾ྡṧ䠖 䝙䝳䞊䝖䞁䠖 䝥䝸䞁䜻䝢䜰 䛄⮬↛ဴᏛ䛾ᩘᏛⓗㅖཎ⌮䛅 䠄1687䠅 – ㌟య䠄䠙≀㉁䠅䛸䛧䛶䛾ே㛫䛿ཝ↛䛸䛧䛶Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛 – ୍᪉䚸ᚰ䠄䞉⢭⚄䞉ព㆑䞉⮬ᡃ䠅䜒䠄ᑡ䛺䛟䛸䜒⮬ศ䛻䛴䛔 䛶䛿ᐇឤ䛸䛧䛶䠅ཝ↛䛸䛧䛶Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛 (Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica) • ㏆௦௨㝆䚸⮬↛⛉Ꮫ䛜ဴᏛ䛛䜙⊂❧䛧䛶䜖䛟 • 䛩䜛䛸䚸୧⪅䛾㛫䛻䛹䛾䜘䛖䛺㛵ಀ䛜䛒䜛䛛䚸䛭 䜜䜢䛹䛾䜘䛖䛻⌮ゎ䛧䚸᥈✲䛧䛯䜙䛔䛔䛛䛜ၥ㢟 䛸䛺䜛䚹 • 䝥䝷䝖䞁䛾䛂䜲䝕䜰ㄽ䛃䛺䛹䛻㉳※䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䜛䚹 • ဴᏛ䛿ே㛫䛾ㄆ㆑䛾ၥ㢟䛻ྥ䛔䛶䛔䛟 – – – – 4 㝣ྜ⌮⩏䠄䝕䜹䝹䝖䚸䝇䝢䝜䝄䠅 䜲䜼䝸䝇⤒㦂⩏䠄䝻䝑䜽䚸䝠䝳䞊䝮䠅 䝷䜲䝥䝙䝑䝒䛸༢Ꮚㄽ 䝗䜲䝒ほᛕㄽ䠄䜹䞁䝖䚸䝦䞊䝀䝹䠅 5 • 䛂ᚰ䛾ဴᏛ䛃䛾୰ᚰㄢ㢟䛷䜒䛒䜛䚹 “Hard (яEasy) problem of consciousness” 6 ᚰ㌟ඖㄽ 䠄Mind-body dichotomy䠅 䝕䜹䝹䝖䛸ᚰ㌟ඖㄽ䠄䠍䠅 • ᚰ䠄⢭⚄䠅䛸㌟య䠄≀㉁䠅䛸䛿䚸䛔䛻⊂❧䛺ูಶ 䛾Ꮡᅾ䚹 • 䠄René Descartes : 1596-1650䠅 “Cartesian”: ᙧᐜモᙧ䛂䝕䜹䝹䝖ⓗ䛃 – 䛩䜛䛸䚸୧⪅䛿䛹䛾䜘䛖䛻㛵ಀ䛩䜛䛾䛛䚸䛭䜒䛭䜒ู ୡ⏺䛾Ꮡᅾ䛜ὶ䛧䛖䜛䛾䛛䛜ၥ㢟䛸䛺䜛䚹 – ⣲ᮔ䛻䛿䠖 㨦䚸㟋㨦䚸䛂䝂䞊䝇䝖䛃䠄䠘ᨷẆᶵື㝲䠅 (“ghost in the machine” G.Ryle, A.Koestler) • • я୍ඖㄽ (monism) • – 䛔䛪䜜䛛୍᪉䜢䜘䜚᰿※ⓗ䠄᪉䛿ḟⓗ䞉ὴ⏕ⓗ䠅 䛸䛩䜛⪃䛘᪉䚹 – ≀㉁୰ᚰ䛾❧ሙ䠖 ၏≀ㄽ䠄≀⌮⩏䚸䠊䠊䠊䠅 – ⢭⚄୰ᚰ䛾❧ሙ䠖 ၏ᚰㄽ䠄䜲䝕䜰ㄽ䛺䛹䜒䠅 䛂ᡃᛮ䛖䚸䜖䛘䛻ᡃ䛒䜚䛃 䠙䛂䝁䜼䝖㢟䛃 Je pense, donc je suis 䠄䠅 cogito, ergo sum 䠄⨶䠅 ego cogito, ego sum, sive existo 䠄⨶䠅 䛂᪉ἲᗎㄝ䛃 䠄1637䠅 – – ཎ㢟䠖䛂⌮ᛶ䜢ṇ䛧䛟ᑟ䛝䚸䜒䜝䜒䜝䛾⛉Ꮫ䛻䛚䛡䜛┿ ⌮䜢᥈✲䛩䜛䛯䜑䛾᪉ἲᗎㄝ䛃 ᮏᩥ䠇㘓䠄䛂Ẽ㇟Ꮫ䛃䚸䛂ගᏛ䛃䚸䛂ᗄఱᏛ䛃䠅 7 8 䝕䜹䝹䝖䛸ᚰ㌟ඖㄽ䠄䠎䠅 䝕䜹䝹䝖䛸ᚰ㌟ඖㄽ䠄䠏䠅 • ᪉ἲⓗ䠄ᚰ㌟ඖㄽ䛾ฟⓎⅬ䠅 • – ឤぬ䞉ㄽド䞉▱㆑䞉⢭⚄䛺䛹䚸䛒䜙䜖䜛䜒䛾䛻 ㄗㅸ䛜Ꮡᅾ䛧䛖䜛䛸䛔䛖䜢᥎䛧㐍䜑䛯ᮎ 䛻䚸䛭䜜䜢䛖䛂⚾䛃䛿䛹䛖䛧䛶䜒☜䛛䛺Ꮡᅾ 䛸䛧䛶ṧ䜛䚹 䠄⛉Ꮫⓗ᪉ἲㄽ䛾ᇶ♏䠅 ⢭⚄䜢ᑟ䛟4䛴䛾ἲ๎䠖 1. 䠄᫂ドᛶ䠅 ⚾䛜᫂ドⓗ䛻┿⌮䛷䛒䜛䛸ㄆ䜑䜛䜒䛾䛷䛺䛡䜜䜀䚸 䛔䛛䛺䜛䛷䜒䛣䜜䜢┿䛺䜚䛸䛧䛶ㄆ䜑䛺䛔䛣䛸 2. 䠄ศᯒ䠅 ᳨ウ䛧䜘䛖䛸䛩䜛㞴ၥ䜢䜘䜚䜘䛟⌮ゎ䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䚸ከᩘ 䛾ᑠ㒊ศ䛻ศ䛩䜛䛣䛸 3. 䠄⥲ྜ䠅 䜒䛳䛸䜒༢⣧䛺䜒䛾䛛䜙䜒䛳䛸䜒」㞧䛺䜒䛾䛾ㄆ㆑䜈䛸 ⮳䜚䚸ඛᚋ䛾䛺䛔≀䛾㛫䛻⛛ᗎ䜢௬ᐃ䛩䜛䛣䛸 4. 䠄᳨ウ䞉ྫྷ䠅 ᭱ᚋ䛻䛺ิᣲ䛸䚸ᗈỗ䛺᳨ウ䜢䛩䜛䛣䛸 䛂⚾䛿⪃䛘䜛䚸䜖䛘䛻⚾䛿䛒䜛䛃䛸䛔䛖䛣䛾┿⌮䛿䚸ㄽ ⪅䛾䛹䛾䜘䛖䛺ἲእ䛺ᐃ䛻䜘䛳䛶䜒䜖䜚ື䛛䛧䛘䛼䜋䛹䚸 ሀᅛ䛺☜ᐇ䛺䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䜢䚸⚾䛿ㄆ䜑䛯䛛䜙䚸⚾䛿䛣 䛾┿⌮䜢䚸⚾䛾ồ䜑䛶䛔䛯ဴᏛ䛾➨୍ཎ⌮䛸䛧䛶䚸䜒䛿䜔 Ᏻᚰ䛧䛶ཷ䛡ධ䜜䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䚸䛸ุ᩿䛧䛯䚹 9 10 䝕䜹䝹䝖䛸ᚰ㌟ඖㄽ䠄䠐䠅 䝕䜹䝹䝖䛸ᚰ㌟ඖㄽ䠄䠑䠅 • 䛣䜜䛿㏆௦⛉Ꮫ䛾᪉ἲㄽ䛾ᇶ♏䞉⠊䛸 䛺䜛䚹 • 䝁䜼䝖㢟⮬㌟䛜䛩䛷䛻䛭䛾ⴌⱆ䛸䛺䛳䛶 䛔䜛䛜䚸䛾䛱䛾ⴭస䛷䝕䜹䝹䝖䛿䛂ᐇయ ඖㄽ䛃䠄ⱥㄒ∧wiki䠅䜢⾲᫂䛩䜛䚹 – ᐇド㔜ど – ศᯒ䛸⥲ྜ䠖 䝧䞊䝇䛿㑏ඖ⩏ – ⌮ᛶ䜈䛾ಙ㢗䛸㔜ど ୰ୡဴᏛ䞉⚄Ꮫ䛛䜙䛾⬺༷ • ⢭⚄䛸⫗య䛸䛿⬻ෆ䛾ᯇᯝయ 䛷┦స⏝䜢⾜䛖䠄ྑᅗ䠅 э 䠛䠛 – ཧ⪃䠖 䝕䜹䝹䝖⩏⪅䛻䜘䜛䝙䝳䞊䝖䞁ຊᏛ 䛾ᢈุ䚹 11 12 䝕䜹䝹䝖䛸ᚰ㌟ඖㄽ䠄䠒䠅 ཧ⪃䠖䝕䜹䝹䝖䛻䜘䜛䛂⚄䛾Ꮡᅾド᫂䛃 1. ➨୍ド᫂ - ព㆑䛾୰䛻䛚䛡䜛⚄䛾ほᛕ䛾↓㝈䛺⾲⌧ ⓗᐇᅾᛶ䠄ほᛕ䛾⾲⌧䛩䜛ᐇᅾᛶ䠅䛿䚸ᑐᛂ䛩䜛ᙧ┦ⓗ ᐇᅾᛶ䠄⌧ᐇⓗᐇᅾᛶ䠅䜢ᚲ↛ⓗ䛻ᑟ䛟䚹ᡃ䚻䛾▱䛿ᖖ 䛻᭷㝈䛷䛒䛳䛶㛫㐪䛔䜢≢䛩䛜䚸䛣䛾䛂᭷㝈䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔 䛖䛣䛸䜢▱䜛䛯䜑䛻䛿䚸䜎䛥䛻䛂↓㝈䛃䛾ほᛕ䛜䛒䜙䛛䛨 䜑䛘䜙䜜䛶䛔䛺䛡䜜䜀䛺䜙䛺䛔䚹 2. ➨ド᫂ - ⥅⥆䛧䛶Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䛿䚸䛭䛾Ꮡᅾ䜢ಖ ᣢ䛩䜛ຊ䛜ᚲせ䛷䛒䜚䚸䛭䜜䛿⚄䜢䛚䛔䛶䛻䛺䛔䚹 3. ➨୕ド᫂ - 䛺⚄䛾ほᛕ䛿䚸䛭䛾䛖䛱䛻Ꮡᅾ䜢ྵ䜐䚹 䠄䜰䞁䝉䝹䝮䝇௨᮶䛾ド᫂䠅 • 䝕䜹䝹䝖䛾ඖㄽ䛿䚸⣧⢋䛻⌮ᛕ䞉Ꮫㄝ䛾⾲᫂䛸 䛔䛖䜘䜚䛿䚸䜻䝸䝇䝖ᩍ䛸䛾ⴱ⸨䞉ጇ༠䞉ྲྀᘬ䛸 䛔䛖㠃䜒䛒䜛䛾䛷䛿䛺䛔䛛䠛 – 䝤䝹䞊䝜䛾ฎฮ䠄1600䠅 – 䜺䝸䝺䜸ุ䠄1616䞉1633䠅 • ≀㉁⏺䛸⢭⚄⏺䜢ษ䜚㞳䛩䛣䛸䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸⢭⚄⏺ 䠄ᩍ䛾㡿ศ䠅䛻䛿ᡭ䜢䛴䛡䛪䚸≀㉁⏺䜢᥈✲䛩 䜛䝣䝸䞊䝝䞁䝗䜢ᢸಖ䛧䛯䠛 • ≀㉁⏺䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸䝕䜹䝹䝖䛿ᶵᲔㄽⓗୡ⏺ほ䜢 ᣢ䛳䛶䛔䛯䚹 13 ᶵᲔㄽ 䠄Mechanism䠅 14 ᶵᲔㄽ 䠄⥆䠅 • ලయⓗ䛺ᶵᲔ䛻䛺䛮䜙䛘䜙䜜䜛ሙྜ䚸䛭䛾Ⅼ䛾 ᭱᪂㗦䞉᭱⢭ᐦᶵᲔ䛜ᘬ䛝ྜ䛔䛻ฟ䛥䜜䜛䛣䛸䛿䚸 ே㛫䛾ㄆ㆑䛾ᵝែ䜢♧䛩䜒䛾䛸䛧䛶⯆῝䛔䚹 • 䛒䜙䜖䜛⮬↛⌧㇟䠄≉䛻ே㛫䠅䛿≀⌮ⓗ䠄≉ 䛻ྂ䛟䛿ຊᏛⓗ䠅䛺⌧㇟䛸䛧䛶䚸Ỵᐃㄽⓗ䛻 グ㏙䞉ㄝ᫂䛷䛝䜛䛸䛔䛖⪃䛘᪉䚹 • 䝕䜹䝹䝖䛻Ⓨ䛧䛯ᶵᲔㄽ䛿ከ䛟䛾ಙዊ⪅䜢 㞟䜑䚸䝙䝳䞊䝖䞁䚸䝩䝑䝤䝇䛺䛹䛻䜒ᙳ㡪䜢 䛘䛯䚹 • 䝕䜹䝹䝖䛾100ᖺᚋ䛾䝗䞉䝷䞉䝯䝖䝸䛿ே㛫ᑐ ㇟䛾ᶵᲔㄽ䜢ၐ䛘䚸㟋㨦䜢ྰᐃ䛧䛯䚹 䠄௦䛾ኚ䟿䠅 – 䜹䝷䜽䝸ேᙧ䚸ィ – ⌧ᅾ䛿䠖䝕䜱䝆䝍䝹䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍 – ᑗ᮶䛿䠖㔞Ꮚ䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍䠛 ⏕య䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍䠛 • ᶵᲔ䛸䛧䛶䛾ேయ䠖 15 㑏ඖㄽ䛸యㄽ䠄䠍䠅 – ⣽⬊ 60ಶ 䠄䛖䛱⬻䛿⚄⤒⣽⬊ 300൨ಶ䚸䜾䝸䜰⣽⬊䛿䛭䛾10ಸᙅ䠅 – ⌧ᅾ䛾䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍䛿つᶍ䛷䛿 㐯Ⰽ䛺䛟䛺䛳䛶䛝䛶䛔䜛䠛 16 㑏ඖㄽ䛸యㄽ䠄䠎䠅 • 㑏ඖㄽ䠄㑏ඖ⩏䠖 reductionism䠅䛸䛿䚸⣲ᮔ䛻䛿 䛂య䛿㒊ศ䠄㒊ရ䞉せ⣲䠅䛻ศ䛥䜜䚸䛭䜜䛮䜜 䛾㒊ศ䜢⌮ゎ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷య䛜⌮ゎ䛷䛝䜛䛃䛸䛔 䛖⪃䛘᪉䜢ゝ䛖䚹 • 䛥䜙䛻ᑡᩘ䛾ཎ⌮䠄䛘䜀ᇶᮏ≀⌮ἲ๎䠅䛻䜘䛳 䛶䚸య䛜⌮ゎ䛷䛝䜛䛸䛔䛳䛯⪃䛘᪉䜒䛣䜜䛻ᒓ 䛩䜛䚹 • ᶵᲔㄽⓗ䛺⪃䛘᪉䛸䛾ぶᛶ䛜䜘䛔䚹 • ⮬↛⛉Ꮫ䛾ከ䛟䛿䚸䠄⾲䛰䛳䛶ព㆑䛥䜜䛶䛔䛺䛟 䛶䜒䠅㑏ඖ⩏ⓗ䛺⪃䛘᪉䛻ᇶ䛵䛔䛶䛔䜛䛸ゝ䛘 䜛䚹 • యㄽ䠄Holism䠅䛸䛿䚸䛂య䛿㒊ศ䜘䜚䛝䛔䛃䠄 䜰䝸䝇䝖䝔䝺䝇䠅䚸䛴䜎䜚య䛿㒊ศ䛾༢䛺䜛ᐤ䛫 㞟䜑䛸䛧䛶䛿⌮ゎ䛷䛝䛪䚸䛭䛣䛷䛂Ⓨ䠄emerge䠅䛃 䛧䛶䛟䜛ᒓᛶ䛻䜘䜚ᡂ䜚❧䛴䛸䛔䛖⪃䛘᪉䜢ᣦ䛩䚹 • ὀ䠍䠖 䛂య⩏䠄Totaliarianism䠅䛃䛿␗䛺䜛ព䛻䛺䜛䛾䛷 ὀព䚹 • ὀ䠎䠖 ⱥㄒ䛾 whole 䛸㛵ಀ䛿䛒䜛䛜䚸“w” 䛿䛺䛔䛣䛸䛻ὀព䚹 • ᮾὒᛮ䛿䠄௨ୗ䛸䛿⌮⏤䛿␗䛺䜛䛜䠅యㄽⓗ ᚿྥ䛻ᇶ䛵䛔䛶䛔䜛䛸ゝ䛘䜛䚹 17 18 㑏ඖㄽ䛸యㄽ䠄䠏䠅 ㄽ⌮ᐇド⩏ 䠄Logical Positivism䠅 • 䝅䝇䝔䝮䜢ᑐ㇟䛸䛩䜛ሙྜ䠄」㞧⣔䛺䛹䜒ྵ䜐䠅䚸 ≉䛻せ⣲㛫䛾┦స⏝䛜䛝䛟」㞧䛺ሙྜ䛻䛿 యㄽⓗどⅬ䛜䛸䜙䜜䜛䛾䛜ᬑ㏻䛷䛒䜛䚹 • 䠄㈨ᩱ ID [ᇶ♏ 2] 2-4(a) pp.43̺46 ཧ↷䠅 • 䛂ㄽ⌮⤒㦂⩏䠄Logical Empiricism䠅䛃䛸䜒ゝ䛖䚹 • E.Mach, B.Russell, L.Wittgenstein 䜙䛾ᙳ㡪䛾䜒 䛸䚸1920-30 ᖺ௦䛻䜴䜱䞊䞁Ꮫὴ䠄M.Schlick, O.Neurath, R.Carnap䠅䚸䝧䝹䝸䞁Ꮫὴ 䠄H.Rheihenbach䠅䛺䛹䛻䜘䜚ᥦၐ䛥䜜䜛䚹 – 䝀䝅䝳䝍䝹䝖ᚰ⌮Ꮫ䛿䚸ᚰ⌮Ꮫ䛻䛚䛡䜛యㄽⓗ䜰䝥䝻 䞊䝏 – ⬻⛉Ꮫ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸⬻ᶵ⬟䛾ᒁᅾ䞉㐢ᅾ䛜㑏ඖㄽ䠋 యㄽ䛾㐪䛔䛻㏻䛨䜛䚹 – ▱㆑⾲⌧䛾ᒁᡤ⾲⌧䞉ศᩓ⾲⌧䜒䛭䛾ᑐẚ䛾⌧䜜䛸ゝ 䛘䜛䚹 • 19ୡ⣖䜎䛷䛾⮬↛⛉Ꮫ䛾ᡂຌ䜢㋃䜎䛘䚸ᐇドⓗ ᡭἲ䜢㔜ど䛩䜛୍᪉䚸ᙧ⪋ୖᏛ䠄≉䛻Ꮡᅾㄽ䠅䛻 䛴䛔䛶䛿䛂↓ព䛃䛸䛧䛶ྲྀ䜚ୖ䛢䛺䛔䚹 • 㑏ඖㄽ䞉యㄽ䛿ᚲ䛪䛧䜒ᑐ❧䛩䜛ᴫᛕ䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸 䜐䛧䜝┦⿵ⓗ䛺㛵ಀ䛻䛒䜛䛸ゝ䛳䛶䜒䜘䛔䚹 19 20 • logical positivism (Skeptic’s Dictionary) ㄽ⌮ᐇド⩏䠄䠎䠅 Logical positivism, also known as logical empiricism, is a philosophical attitude which holds, among other things, that metaphysics, more or less, is bunk. According to the positivists' "verifiability principle," a statement is meaningful if and only if it can be proved true or false, at least in principle, by means of experience. Metaphysical statements cannot be proved by means of experience. Therefore, metaphysical statements are meaningless. Critics of logical positivism have pointed out that since the verifiability principle itself cannot be proved true or false by means of experience, it is therefore meaningless. • ᇶᮏⓗ䛻䛿ᐇ㦂䞉ゝㄒ䛾ཝᐦ䜢┠ᣦ䛧䚸 䜎䛯䛂ྜ⌮ⓗᵓ⠏䛃䛾᥎㐍䜢┠ᣦ䛩䚹 • ⤒㦂⛉Ꮫ䛸䛾ぶᛶ䛜䜘䛟䚸20ୡ⣖䛾⛉ᏛဴᏛ 䛾୰ᚰ䛸䛺䜛䚹 э䛂⛉Ꮫ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾䝯䝍⌮ㄽ䛃 • ྠᮇ䛻ᖹ⾜䛧䛶䚸䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍䛾⌮ㄽⓗᇶ♏䛸 䛺䛳䛶䜖䛟ᩘᏛᇶ♏ㄽ䠄䝏䝳䞊䝸䞁䜾䝬䝅䞁䛺䛹䠅 䛾◊✲䜒Ⓨᒎ䛩䜛䚹 • せ䝯䞁䝞䞊䛿䝘䝏䝇䛾ྎ㢌䛸䛸䜒䛻⡿䛻ஸ 䛧䚸⡿䛷䛾䛂ศᯒဴᏛ䛃䛾ᬑཬ䞉Ⓨᒎ䛾ᇶ♏ 䛸䛺䛳䛯䚹 21 22 ᶵ⬟⩏ 䠄Functionalism䠅 ᶵ⬟⩏䠄䠎䠅 • 䠄㈨ᩱ ID [ᇶ♏ 0] pp.ix-xiii 䜒ཧ↷䠅 • ဴᏛ䛸䛧䛶䛿 H.Putnam 䛻䜘䛳䛶 1960 ᖺ௦䛻ᥦၐ 䛥䜜䛯䛜䚸⫼ᬒ䛸䛧䛶䚸A.Turing 䜙䛻䜘䜛ィ⟬䞉䜰䝹 䝂䝸䝈䝮䛾ᴫᛕ䛜ᙳ㡪䜢ཬ䜌䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹 • 䛘䜀䛂▱⬟䛾᧯సⓗᐃ⩏䛃䛸䛧䛶䛾䛂䝏䝳䞊䝸䞁䜾 䝔䝇䝖䠄Turing test䠅䛃䠄ᚋ䛾ᅇ䛾ᤵᴗ䛷ྲྀ䜚ୖ䛢䜛䠅 䛿ᶵ⬟⩏ⓗ䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹 • ᚰ䞉⢭⚄䛜㌟య䛸ᑐᓖ䛩䜛䜘䛖䛺䛂䜒䛾䛃䛸䛧䛶Ꮡ ᅾ䛩䜛䛾䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸ືⓗ䛺䝥䝻䝉䝇䛸䛭䛾≧ែ䛸 䛧䛶䜎䛪⪃䛘䜛䚹 • ᚰⓗ≧ែ䛿䚸⬻⣽⬊䛾≉ᐃ䛾≧ែ䛺䛹䛻ᑐᛂ䛵 䛡䜙䜜䜛䛾䛿䛺䛟䚸ᚰ䛾ാ䛝య䛾୰䛷䚸䛹䛾䜘 䛖䛺ᶵ⬟䞉ᙺ䠄function䠅䜢ᯝ䛯䛩䛛䛻䜘䛳䛶≉ ᚩ䛵䛡䜙䜜䜛䚹 䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䛂≀⌮䝺䝧䝹䛃䛺䛹䛻ẚ䜉䛶ᢳ㇟ⓗ䛺 ᴫᛕ䛷䛒䜛䚹 • ᚰ⌮Ꮫ䞉ゝㄒᏛ䛺䛹䛷䜒ᶵ⬟⩏ⓗ⪃䛘᪉䛜ᗈ䜎 䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹 ᥎㐍⪅䛸䛧䛶 J. Fodor, Z.Pylyshyn, D.Dennett 䛺䛹䚹 23 24 ᶵ⬟⩏䠄䠏䠅 ᶵ⬟⩏䠄䠐䠅 • 䛂ᶵ⬟䛃䜢ᐇ⌧䛩䜛䛂፹య䛃䛿ၥ䜟䜜䛺䛔䛯䜑䚸 䛂ᶵᲔ䛾▱䛃䚸䛂ᚰ䜢ᣢ䛴ᶵᲔ䛃䠄ᶵᲔ䠙䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊 䝍䠅䛾ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜ᐜㄆ䛥䜜䜛䚹 • 䛣䜜䜙䜢ྵ䜑䚸ㄆ▱⛉Ꮫయ䛸䛾ぶᛶ䛜䜘䛟䚸 䛔䜟䜀䛭䛾䛂ᶆ‽䝯䝍⌮ㄽ䛃䛸䛔䛳䛯ᛶ᱁䜢ᣢ䛴䚹 䜒䛳䛸䜒䚸◊✲⪅䛾ከ䛟䛿䠄ព㆑䛿ᚲ䛪䛧䜒䛧䛶䛔 䛺䛟䛶䜒䠅䚸䜒䛸䜒䛸䛭䛖䛔䛳䛯⪃䛘᪉䛻౫ᣐ䛧䛶䛔 䛯䚸䛭䜜䛾㏣ㄆ䛸䛔䛳䛯㠃䜒䛒䜛䚹 • 㠃䚸᧯సⓗ䠄operational䠅䚸ᝏ䛟ゝ䛘䜀⾲ᒙⓗ䛺 ᴫᛕ䛾䛯䜑䚸ᢈุ䜒ከ䛔䚹 • ᶵ⬟⩏ᢈุ䛿䛭䛾䜎䜎䚸䛂ᶵᲔ䛿▱⬟䠄ᚰ䠅䜢 ᣢ䛶䛺䛔䛃䛸䛔䛳䛯ྰᐃㄽ䛻䛴䛺䛜䜛䚹䛒䜛䛔䛿 䜐䛧䜝㏫䛻䚸ᶵᲔ䛜▱⬟䞉ᚰ䜢ᣢ䛱䛘䛺䛔䛸䛔䛖 ほⅬ䛛䜙ᶵ⬟⩏䛜ᢈุ䛥䜜䜛䚸䛸䛔䛳䛯䜋䛖䛜 䛔䛔䛛䜒䛧䜜䛺䛔䚹 • ᚰ㌟ၥ㢟䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸୍✀䛾୍ඖㄽⓗ䛺ぢゎ䜢 ♧䛩䜒䛾䛸䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹 • 䛭䛖䛔䛳䛯ᢈุ䛸䛿ู䛻䚸୰㛫ⓗ䞉㐣Ώⓗ䛺ᙇ 䛷䚸ཎ⌮ⓗ䛺ㄆ㆑䛷䛿䛺䛔䛸䛔䛳䛯ឤ䛿䛒䜛䚹 – ⬻ĺ䝝䞊䝗䜴䜵䜰䚸ᚰĺ䝋䝣䝖䜴䜵䜰 25 26 ⌧㇟Ꮫ 䠄Phenomenology䠅 ⌧㇟Ꮫ䠄䠎䠅 • 䛣䛣䛷䛿䚸E. Husserl 䜔ᘵᏊ䛾 M.Heidegger 䛻䜘 䜚ᒎ㛤䛥䜜䛯ဴᏛయ⣔䜢ᣦ䛩䚹୧⪅䛾㛫䛷䛿䛛 䛺䜚ෆᐜ䞉ᛶ᱁䛜␗䛺䜛㠃䜒䛒䜛䚹≉䛻 Heidegger 䛿Ꮡᅾㄽⓗ䛺㠃䜢ᗈ䛢䜛ᙺ䜢ᯝ䛯 䛧䛯䚹 • ⌧㇟Ꮫయ䛿䛝䛺య⣔䛰䛜䚸ㄆ▱䛸䛾㛵ಀ䛷 䛔䛖䛸䚸ㄆ▱䛩䜛ಶయ䛿ୡ⏺䛛䜙Ꮩ❧䛧䛶Ꮡᅾ䛧 䛶䛔䜛䛾䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸ୡ⏺䛾୰䛻䛂ᢞ䛢ฟ䛥䜜䛶䛃䛚 䜚䚸᩿䛻㛵䜟䜚䜢ᣢ䛱䛺䛜䜙Ꮡᅾ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚸䛸䛔 䛖Ⅼ䛜ᇶᮏ䛷䛒䜛䚹 • 䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䚸ㄆ▱㐣⛬䜒㛢䛨䛯䝥䝻䝉䝇䛸䛧䛶䛷 䛿䛺䛟䚸ᖖ䛻ୡ⏺䛛䜙ᖸ΅䛥䜜⥆䛡䜛䠄㏫䛻ୡ⏺ 䛻ാ䛝䛛䛡䜛䠅㐣⛬䛸䛧䛶䛸䜙䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹 • 䝏䝸䛾⏕≀Ꮫ⪅ U.Maturana, F.Valera 䛻䜘䜛ᵓ ᡂⓗ⏕≀⌮ㄽ䛿⌧㇟Ꮫ䛸ඹ㏻ᛶ䜢ᣢ䛴䚹 • 䜎䛯䛂♫䛻䛚䛡䜛ㄆ▱䛃䚸䛂༠ㄪసᴗ䛻䛚䛡䜛ㄆ ▱䛃䛺䛹䛾◊✲䜒䚸⌧㇟ᏛⓗどⅬ䜢ෆໟ䛧䛶䛔䜛 䛸ゝ䛘䜛䚹 27 䜎䛸䜑䠖⛉Ꮫ⪅䛾❧ሙ䛛䜙ゝ䛖䛸䠊䠊䠊 28 • 䛣䜜䜎䛷⛉Ꮫ䛾Ⓨᒎ䛜䚸ே㛫䛾⪃䛘᪉䞉䜒䛾䛾ぢ ᪉䜢ᢤᮏⓗ䛻ኚ㠉䛧䛶䛝䛯䜿䞊䝇䛿ከ䛔䚹㏫䛻䚸⌧ Ⅼ䛷ᑗ᮶ⓗ䛺ᒎ㛤䞉Ⓨᒎ䜢ண 䛩䜛䛾䛿ཎ⌮ⓗ 䛻ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䚹 • 䛘䜀䛂䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍䛷▱⬟䜢ᐇ⌧䛧䜘䛖䛸䛔䛖䛾䛿 䚸᭶䛻⾜䛟䛯䜑ᮌ䛻Ⓩ䜛䜘䛖䛺䜒䛾䛃䛸䛔䛳䛯ᢈุ䛿 Ⰻ䛟ぢ䜙䜜䜛䚹䛧䛛䛧䛭䜜䛸䛶ᐇドⓗ䛺᰿ᣐ䛜䛒䛳 䛶䛾䛣䛸䛷䛿䛺䛔䚹 䠄ẚ႘䛸䛧䛶㠃ⓑ䛔䛸䛔䛖䛾䛸䚸ᢈุ䛸䛧䛶ᙜ䜢ᚓ䛶 䛔䜛䛛䛸䛿ᚲ䛪䛧䜒୍⮴䛧䛺䛔䚹䠅 • ୍᪉䚸⬻⛉Ꮫ䛺䛹䛷䛿䚸䝘䜲䞊䝤䛥䚸ᴦほ⩏䛜┠ ❧䛴ሙྜ䛜䛒䜛䚹 • ᢈุ䛿Ḽ㏄䚸䛯䛰䛧ᘓタⓗ䛺䜒䛾䜢䚹 䠄ဴᏛ⪅䛸䛾᭱䛾䝯䝸䝑䝖䛿䛂ᑐヰ䛃䛻䛒䜛䚹䠅 • ᴫᛕᩚ⌮䜔⏝ㄒฟ䛿⛉Ꮫ⪅䛻䛸䛳䛶䜒᭷┈䚹 • 㠃䚸ၥ㢟ព㆑䜔ㄢ㢟䚸ྲྀ䜚⤌䜏᪉䛿䝢䞁䛸᮶ 䛺䛔䚹 • ဴᏛ䛿ᇶᮏⓗ䛻▱ⓗ䞉ᛮᘚⓗ䛷䛒䜚䚸ᛮ⣴䜔 ㆟ㄽ䚸≉䛻ẚ႘䜔႘䛘䛻䜘䛳䛶᪂䛧䛔▱ぢ䛜ᚓ 䜙䜜䜛䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ⮬య䚸⤒㦂⛉Ꮫ䛻䛿䛺䛨䜎䛺䛔䚹 • 䜎䛯⛉Ꮫⓗ䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䛿୍Ṍ୍Ṍ⤖ᯝ䜢✚䜏㔜 䛽䛶䛔䛟䜒䛾䛷䛒䜚䚸㧗㋃ⓗ䞉㉸㉺ⓗ䛻୍ᣲ䛻⤖ ㄽ䛻㐩䛧䜘䛖䛸䛔䛖⪃䛘᪉䛸䛿ྜ䜟䛺䛔䚹 • ⌧Ⅼ䛷䛾↓▱䛿䛒䛘䛶ཷ䛡ධ䜜䚸ᑗ᮶ⓗ䛻 䛝䛺ᡂᯝ䜢ᚓ䜙䜜䜛䛾䜢ᮇᚅ䛩䜛⪃䛘᪉䛻䛧䛯 䛜䛳䛶䛔䜛䠄୍✀䛾ணᐃㄪㄽ䠅䚹䛭䜜䜢ᚅ䛴㎞ ᢪ䛻䛿័䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹 29 30 ᤵᴗᒚಟ䛻䛴䛔䛶 • ᤵᴗ䛷ᢅ䛳䛯ෆᐜ䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸㓄ᕸ㈨ᩱཬ䜃㛵㐃㈨ᩱ䞉ᩥ⊩䛾 Ꮫಟ䜢㏻䛨䛶Ꮫಟ䛧䛶䛚䛟䛣䛸䚹䛸䜚䜟䛡䛂䜻䞊䝽䞊䝗䛃䛸䛧䛶ᥖ 䛢䛯㡯䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿ᑠ䝔䝇䝖䚸䝺䝫䞊䝖䚸ᮇᮎ䝔䝇䝖䛺䛹䛷⌮ ゎᗘ䜢ၥ䛖䚹 • ≉䛻 Web ᥖ㍕㈨ᩱ䛾[ᇶ♏ 0 ,1, 2]䚸䛸䜚䜟䛡 [ᇶ♏ 1]䠖Ᏻす ♸୍㑻䛂ㄆ▱⛉Ꮫ䛸䛿ఱ䛛䛃䛿ᚲ䛪┠䜢㏻䛧䛶䛚䛟䛣䛸䚹 • 㓄ᕸ㈨ᩱ䛻䛴䛔䛶 • ᘬ⏝䝨䞊䝆䛾 URL 䛿䚸ぢ䛵䜙䛟䛺䜛䛾䛷㈨ᩱ୰䛻᫂♧䛿 䛧䛶䛒䜚䜎䛫䜣䚹䝝䜲䝟䞊䝸䞁䜽䛿㈞䛳䛶䛚䛟䛾䛷䚸බ㛤 PPT/PDF 䝣䜯䜲䝹䛷ཧ↷䛧䛶䛟䛰䛥䛔䚹 • ᩥ୰䛷䛂㈨ᩱ ID䛃䛸䛒䜛䛾䛿䚸ᤵᴗ Web 䝨䞊䝆ᥖ㍕ᩥ⊩ 䛾ᕥ➃䛻䛒䜛グྕ䛾䛣䛸䛷䛩䚹 31 32 䠄వㄯ䠅 ேྡ • 䜰䝸䝇䝖䝔䝺䝇䠄Aristotle, ǹȡȚıIJȠIJȑȜȘȢ䠅 384-322 B.C. • 䜰䝺䜻䝃䞁䝎䞊⋤䠄䜰䝺䜻䝃䞁䝗䝻䝇䠅 䠄Alexander the Great, ǹȜȑȟĮȞįȡȠȢȠȂȑȖĮȢ䠅 356-323 B.C. • 䝥䝷䝖䞁 䠄Plato, ȆȜȐIJȦȞ䠅 427-347 B.C. • 䝋䜽䝷䝔䝇 䠄Socrates, ȈȦțȡȐIJȘȢ䠅 469-399 B.C. • 䝕䜹䝹䝖䠄René Descartes : 1596-1650䠅 㒊㛛 Ꮡᅾㄽ ㄆ㆑ㄽ ⌮䞉どⅬ ⢭⚄ᐤ䜚 ၏ᚰㄽ ほᛕㄽ ⌮⩏ ྜ⌮⩏ ≀㉁ᐤ䜚 ၏≀ㄽ 䠄ᐇᅾㄽ䠅 䠄၏≀ㄽ䠅 ⌧ᐇ⩏ ⤒㦂⩏ ⛉Ꮫ⪅䠖 ⤒㦂⩏ⓗ၏≀ㄽⓗ⣲ᮔᐇᅾㄽ⪅ ሗ⛉Ꮫ⪅䠖ᶵ⩏ⓗᙧᘧ⩏䝥䝷䜾䝬䝔䜱䝇䝖䠛 33 34
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