Vol. 4
No. ２
生物規範工学
Engineering Neo-Biomimetics
文部科学省
科学研究費
新学術領域
「生物多様性を規範とする革新的材料技術」
CONTENTS
文部科学省 科学研究費 新学術領域
「生物多様性を規範とする革新的材料技術」
***************************************************************************
1) 巻頭言：
・ 異分野連携とバイオミメティックスに託す私の夢
友国
雅章（国立科学博物館名誉館員・名誉研究員） ···································· 8
2)
産業界からのメッセージ：
・ 「生物規範工学」への期待
井須
3)
紀文（(株)LIXIL
R&D 本部
分析・評価センター） ·························· 12
研究紹介
【2015 年 10 月 22 日(木)∼23 日(金)】
Engineering Neo-Biomimetics Ⅵ and Satellite Workshop at Lake Biwa
・ プログラム ·································································································· 16
要旨集
< Oral >
・ Standardization in the Field of Biomimetics An International Challenge
Prof. Dr. Heike Beismann (Westfälische Hochschule, Germany) ··········· 21
・ Biomimetic Bonding Technology
Dr. Naoe Hosoda (NIMS, Japan) ····························································· 23
・ Biomimetics Image Retrieval：Connecting Biology and Engineering
Prof. Miki Haseyama (Hokkaido University, Japan) ································ 25
・ Challenge to anhydro-preservation of cell line inspired by a desiccation tolerant
African insect.
Dr. Takashi Okuda
(National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Japan) ····································· 27
・ FungiUp Cities like Forests: From Coffee Waste Recycling to Sustainability!
Dr. Stephan Hoornaert (Morpho-Biomimicry.Be, Belgium) ···················· 29
1
・ Biomimetic thin membrane, the NanoSuit®, enhancing surface shield effect for living
organism in high vacuo
Prof. Takahiko Hariyama
(Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan) ································ 31
・ Trade-offs, Evolution and Biomimetics
Prof. Julian Vincent (University of Oxford, United Kingdom) ················· 33
・ A Study of Lily Flower Bud from Mechanical Point of View
Prof. Hidetoshi Kobayashi (Osaka University, Japan) ······························ 35
・ Introduction of the Structural Biomimetic Design Method
Dr. Yael Helfman Cohen (Tel Aviv University, Israel) ······························· 37
・ Aerodynamic characteristics of flat-plate wings with serrated leading edges modeled
on an Ural owl s primary feather
Dr. Hiroto Tanaka （Teruaki Ikeda, Tetsuya Ueda, Takeo Fujii, Hao Liu）
(Chiba University, Japan) ·········································································· 39
・ Biomimetic Design of Hip Joint Replacement
Prof. Matej Daniel
(Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic) ························· 41
・ Sliding friction on shape-tunable wrinkles
Dr. Takuya Ohzono (AIST, Japan) ···························································· 43
・ Bio-inspired Innovation Implementation in R&D Strategies ‒ A French Landscape
Overview
Dr. Kalina Raskin (CEEBIOS, France) ······················································· 45
< Poster >
・ Preliminary Study on 3D Data Sampling for Internal Morphology of Insects
Shuhei Nomura, Yuta Nakase
(National Museum of Nature and Science) ···················································· 47
・ The surface structures of suckers and paired-fin pads in teleostean fishes
Eri Katayama, Gento Shinohara and Keiichi Matsuura
(National Museum of Nature and Science) ··············································· 48
2
・ Development of Antifouling Functional Surface using Biomimicking Microstructure
Yasuyuki Nogata
(Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry) ·························· 49
・ Self-Adjustable Adhesion of Polyampholyte Hydrogels
Takayuki Kurokawa (Hokkaido University)················································ 50
・ Multi-Functionalities of Moth-eye Film
Yoshihiro Uozu
(Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd, Yokohama Research Laboratories) ············· 51
・ Formation of corneal nipples in insects
Ken-ichi Kimura
(Hokkaido University of Education, Sapporo Campus) ···························· 52
・ Induction of resistance response of soybean by chemical in the oral secretion of
insects
Ryu Nakata (Kyoto University)·································································· 53
・ Chemical sensing system learned from ant sensillum
Mamiko Ozaki, Masaru K Hojo, Yusuke Takeichi
(Kobe University) ······················································································· 54
・ Development of Functional Material「SLUG」Artificially Mimicking Biological Secretion
System
Chihiro Urata and Atsushi Hozumi (National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology) ·························································· 55
・ Surface design for improving the heat transfer
Hirotaka Maeda (Nagoya Institute of Technology) ·································· 56
・ Flexible wing-and body-based strategies for bio-inspired flight system: aerodynamics
and flight stability
Hao Liu (Chiba University) ········································································ 57
・ Construction of a database supporting development of biomimetic products
Takeshi Yamauchi (Niigata University), Hidetoshi Kobayashi (Osaka
University), Toru Kobayashi (Nagasaki University) ·································· 58
3
・ Biomimetics R&D and Standardization
Mizuki Sekiya (AIST) ················································································· 59
・ Water transportation system of sponges
Mirei Tsubaki
(Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology) ···················· 60
・ Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Powder
Syuji Fujii (Osaka Institute of Technology) ··············································· 61
・ The NanoSuit® method to observe the living mammalian tissue and cell
Chinatsu Nakane*, Yasuharu Takaku, Masatsugu Shimomura, Takahiko
Hariyama (Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chitose Institute of
Science and Technology) ·········································································· 62
【2015 年 10 月 30 日(金)】
4th Nagoya Biomimetics International Symposium (NaBIS)
・ プログラム ·································································································· 63
要旨集
< Oral >
・ Merging synthetic polymers with functional groups from Nature
Prof. Todd Emrick (UMass, USA) ····························································· 66
・ PEM-coated Meshes for Oil/Water Separation
Prof. Su Zhaohui (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China) ························ 69
・ Soft Materials Under Extreme Conditions Mimicking Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vents
Dr. Shigeru Deguchi (JAMSTEC, Japan) ·················································· 72
・ Synthesis of Novel Nanoporous Materials Based on a Self-assembly of Functional
Molecules
Prof. Yusuke Yamauchi (NIMS, Japan) ····················································· 74
・ Smart Interfacial Materials from
Super-Wettability
to
Binary
Cooperative
Complementary Systems
Prof. Lei Jiang (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)···························· 77
4
・ Mussel-inspired Adhesive Polymers: Five-year Story of Chitosan-catechol
Prof. Haeshin Lee (KAIST, Korea) ···························································· 79
・ Do you know what PDMS is?
Prof. Thomas J. McCarthy (UMass, USA)················································ 81
・ Potential of Hydroxyapatite as a Scaffold Material for Microorganisms for Water
Purification
Prof. Masanobu Kamitakahara (Tohoku University) ································· 83
・ Biotemplated 3D Microstructures for Unique Electromagnetic Responses
Prof. Kaori Kamata （TITech, Japan）····················································· 85
< Poster >
・ Structural Color Materials based on Biomimetic Core-Shell Particles that Mimic
Melanin Granules
Michinari Kohri* and Ayaka Kawamura
(Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University) ································ 87
・ Anti-Stick Coatings Using Liquid-impregnated
Chihiro Urata, Gary Dunderdale, Matt England, and Atsushi Hozumi*
(National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology) ······························································································· 88
・ Surface Properties of Clay-containing Transparent Nanocomposite Thin Films
Matt W. England*, Chihiro Urata, Gary J. Dundersale, Avinash Patil,
Stephan Mann and Atsushi Hozumi (National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology, Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry,
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol) ·············································· 89
・ Novel Biomimetic Surfaces Based on Metal-Polymer Hybrid Materials Prepared by
Self-Organization
Ryo Kohsaka*, Yoshinori Fujihira, Ryuzo Furukawa, Takeshi Yamauchi,
Hidetoshi Kobayashi, Daisuke Ishii, Yuta Uchiyama, Frank Ebinger
(Kanazawa University, Tohoku University, Niigata University, Osaka
University, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Technische Hochschule
Nürnberg) ·································································································· 90
5
・ Relationship between the Inner Structure of Feathers and Color Change: Structural
Coloration in the Peach-faced Lovebird
Gen Morimoto*, Naoko Sanada and Yasuyuki Sanada (Yamashina Institute
for Ornithology, Rikkyo University,
Bird s hospital-BIRD HOUSE) ··································································· 91
・ Gas Barrier Properties of Plasma-polymerized Film Nanosuits Made of Amphiphilic
Molecules
Hideto Shibagaki*, Shingo Ito, Ryohei Kawamura, Daisuke Ishii
(Nagoya Institute of Technology) ···························································· 92
・ Control of Friction on Shape-Tunable Wrinkless
Takuya Ohzono*, Kosuke Suzuki, Yuji Hirai (Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry, AIST, Department of Applied Chemistry and
Bioscience, Chitose Inst. Sci. Tech.) ························································· 93
・ Fabrication and Friction Measurement of Durable Shark Skin Mimicking Surfaces
Aki Sato, Yuji Hirai, Takuya Ohzono, Masatsugu Shimomura (Chitose
Institute of Science and Technology, The National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology) ·························································· 94
・ Wettability on the Snail s Shells with Various Surface Layers
Ryota Yamagishi, Hirotaka Maeda*, Daisuke Ishii, Toshihiro Kasuga and
Yasutaka Matuo (Nagoya Institute of Technology, Hokkaido University) 95
4)
トピックス (PEN より)
・ 鳥類における色彩と機能
公益財団法人山階鳥類研究所
・ モミジの葉の展開特性
大阪大学基礎工学部
森本 元························································· 97
小林 秀敏、新潟大学工学部
・ カブトムシにやどる「匠」
国立科学博物館動物研究部
山内 健 ························ 101
野村 周平······················································· 107
6
5)
国内外研究動向紹介
・ 平成 27 年 7 月 7 日(火)
15-1 バイオミメティクス研究会
「生態系バイオミメティクス­持続可能性に向けた新しいトレンド­」に参加して
国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 ナノチューブ実用化研究センター
関谷 瑞木··································································································· 115
・ 平成 27 年 7 月 16 日(木)
科学研究費「生物規範工学」画像検討会（１日目 7/16）について
浜松医科大学
医学部
生物学
高久 康春 ················································· 117
・ 平成 27 年 7 月 17 日(金)
科学研究費「生物規範工学」全体会議（2 日目
大阪工業大学 工学部 応用化学科
7/17）に参加して
藤井 秀司 ············································· 119
・ 平成 27 年 7 月 16 日(木)̶17 日(金)
生物規範工学全体会議に参加して
旭川医科大学医学部化学教室
室崎 喬之 ···················································· 121
6) 新聞・報道 ································································································ 124
7) アウトリーチ活動 ······················································································ 126
8) 各種案内 ··································································································· 128
7
（１）巻頭言
8
異分野連携と
バイオミメティックスに託す私の夢
総括班 評価グループ
友国雅章（国立科学博物館名誉館員・名誉研究員）
この大型プロジェクトの研究期間も余すところ１年半を切り，各研究班の皆さんは
最終報告に向けて各自の研究を加速させておられることと思う．先の中間評価は我々
にとって非常に厳しいものであったが，その後の下村代表をはじめとする関係各位の
ご努力や，外部評価委員の研究現場視察の際の適切なご説明などが功を奏して，進捗
状況確認では予想以上の高い評価が得られたことは誠に喜ばしい．一方，その所見で
は，総括班がより一層の指導力を発揮して，異分野の融合・連携を一層深めること，
A01 班のデータベースを B01 各班が有効に活用すること，および領域として統一的
な学理や方法論にまとめあげることが強く求められている．これらの項目は当プロジ
ェクトの当初からの目標でもあるし，次期プロジェクトに繋げるためにもきわめて重
要なテーマである．これらの達成を目指した各位のさらなるご努力を大いに期待する．
私自身は具体的な研究にほとんどタッチせず，文句を言ったり発破をかけたりするば
かりで誠に心苦しいが，それがこのプロジェクトにおける私の役目なのでお許し頂き
たい．
外部評価委員の指摘にもあるように，「異分野連携」は本プロジェクトの最も重要
なキーワードである．期待されているような成果を上げられるかどうかは，この異分
野連携が目論見どおり機能するかどうかにかかっている．このことについて，私には
9
本プロジェクトの発足当初から強い危惧の念があり，ニュースレター Vol.2, No.1 の
評価委員からのメッセージに私見を書かせていただいた．非常に重要なことだと思う
ので，もう一度ここで簡単に触れておきたい．
異分野連携を目指して励んでおられる皆さんのご努力に水を差すようで申し訳な
いが，私の見解を有り体に言えば，出来上がった異分野の研究者が共同研究をしても，
本当の意味での異分野連携はうまく機能しないだろうということである．これは皆さ
んも大なり小なり実感されているのではないか．では，異分野連携は絵に描いた餅に
過ぎないのだろうか．私はそうは思わない．つまり，すでに独り立ちしている研究者
が，これまで余り意識してこなかった分野の研究に手を出すのは大変辛く，また余り
効率的でもないだろう．それなら，これから独り立ちしようとしている若い研究者を
異分野に通じるように養成すれば良いではないか．それが私の結論である．このこと
は他の方もこのニュースレターに書いておられるし，若手研究者の養成は本プロジェ
クトの目的のひとつでもある．自分が出来なかったことを次世代の若人に託すのはご
く当たり前のことであろう．これを次期プロジェクトの主要課題にして欲しいと私は
考えている．
私には次世代のバイオミメティックスに関してひとつの大きい夢がある．といって
も，私はすでに研究の第一線をリタイアした身分であるし，その夢を叶える力もない
ので，これは上に述べたような，一人で異分野連携の素養を備えた若い研究者に託す
夢である．それが人工光合成だ．
世界の人口が 70 億を超え，それによりさまざまな地球規模の環境問題が引き起こ
されている．この喫緊の課題に対処するため，国連では 1972 年に国際連合環境計画
(UNEP)を設立し，世界の国の政府が「将来の世代の生活の質を損なうことなく自ら
の生活の質を改善できるように，環境の保全に指導的役割を果たすこと」を目的に活
動を始めた．その枠組みの中で 1988 年に設立されたのが気候変動に関する政府間パ
10
ネルで，おもに地球温暖化に関する研究の集約とその評価がなされている．さらに，
地球生態系の重要を強く意識した国連は，ワシントン条約やラムサール条約などの先
行取り決めを補完し，生物多様性を保全するために，1992 年に生物多様性条約を採
択した．これらの枠組みの基本理念が，地球の資源や生態系を含めた「持続可能な利
用(sustainable use)」である．これを実現するための最重要の課題はエネルギー問題
だろう．もちろん，そのエネルギーは再生可能なものでなければならない．これが解
決できれば地球温暖化や食料問題など，いくつもの懸案事項がクリアーできそうであ
る．
現在，我々が利用しているエネルギー資源の大部分は有限の地球資源である．枯渇
の心配がないにも拘わらず，十分活用されてはいない有望なエネルギー資源が太陽エ
ネルギーであることは論を待たない．これを利用するためのアイデアのひとつが人工
光合成だ．今から 27 億年ほど昔の始生代に地球上に現れたとされる酸素発生型の光
合成をするシアノバクテリアから，高等植物に繫がる進化の過程で，光合成のメカニ
ズムは高度に発達した．とくに原生の緑色植物は実に効率よく太陽の光エネルギーを
利用して有機物を生産している．この仕組みを模倣することこそバイオミメティック
スの最たるものだと思う．まさに植物に学べである．
人工光合成の研究はすでにあちこちで行われており，企業ベースでも真剣に取り組
まれている．しかし，研究資金と人材がまったく足りていないのが現状のようだ．お
金のある所に人も集まる．研究者とて例外ではないだろう．日本政府がこれまで原発
の開発と運用に投資してきた予算の全額とは言わないが，せめて 3 割程度でも人工光
合成を含めた再生可能エネルギーの研究と開発に振り向けてくれれば，状況は一挙に
好転すると私は信じている．そして原発を過去の技術にして貰いたい．
11
（２）産業界からのメッセージ
12
「生物規範工学」への期待 所属班：産学連携グループ 所属機関：(株)LIXIL R&D 本部 分析・評価センター 氏名：井須紀文 「なぜバイオミメティクスですか？」と折々に聞かれる事がある。個人的な見解で
はあるが、その回答も含め３つの観点から「生物規範工学」への期待を述べたい。 １．環境負荷低減技術としての体系確立：筆者らは、石田秀輝先生が在社されてい
た当時から、環境負荷を下げながら、同時に、商品価値を上げるモノづくりを実現す
る研究開発に取り組んでいる。その一つのヒントとして、低いエネルギーをカスケー
ド利用しながら物質を非常に効率よく循環している自然や生物の仕組みについて研
究を行っているのであり、生物研究は目的ではなく（冒頭の質問はバイオミメティク
ス＝生物研究という誤解にある）、環境負荷低減のための手段としてとらえている。
また、研究開発は、ユーザーが単に「つかう」モノだけに留まるのではなく、企業責
任として「つくる」、
「もどす」の各場面においても必要であると考えている。生物規
範工学には、単にモノをつくる工学だけでなく、物質循環、エネルギー循環という観
点も入れた環境負荷低減技術としての体系確立を期待したい。 ISOTC266 の国内委員会では、環境負荷低減に関する評価軸を入れ無ければ ISO
の意義が薄れるとして、国際委員会へ提案したものの却下された。しかし、下村先生
はじめ委員の先生方のご尽力で、2015 年 10 月開催の京都での国際委員会において
サステナビリィーに関する作業課題が議論される事になった。今後、大いに期待して
います。 13
２．生命に学ぶレジリエンス：生物はある環境の中で、住み家、食、天敵という生
態的地位（ニッチ）を得ており、様々なスケールで、ニッチ同士が絶妙なバランスを
とって共生しており、環境が変化すればそのバランスは脆くも崩れる。地球が直面し
ている人口爆発、温暖化、森林破壊など、極めて短期間のうちに人間により引き起こ
された急激な環境変化は、多くの生物種のニッチを危機にさらしており、地球史上６
度目の大量絶滅期に入ったという指摘もある。ただ、生命は 5 度の大量絶滅の危機を
越えて、現在もなお、つなぎ続けられており、そこには何らか生命が持つレジエリエ
ンスが働いたものと考えられる。大量絶滅を防ぐためにも、大震災を経験した日本な
らではの生命に学ぶレジリエンスな技術創出を期待したい。 ３．センス・オブ・ワンダーの伝道：レイチェル・カーソンは幼少の頃に、母親に
よる自然の中での教育によって「センス・オブ・ワンダー －自然や生命の神秘さや
不思議さに目をみはる感性－」を身に着け、その後、世界の環境政策を変える事にな
る「沈黙の春」を著した。彼女は、世界中の子供にこの感性を身に着けて欲しいと願
い、地球の破滅を免れ自然との共存する「べつの道」を歩むための希望を託していた。 もう 10 年前になるが、沖永良部コンフェレンス（議長：故・柳田博明東大名誉教
授、実行委員長：石田秀輝先生）で、海ガメの生態調査を行っていた沖永良部高科学
部を訪問した。その時の、目をキラキラと輝かせて海ガメや海を語る高校生の姿が今
でも忘れられない。是非とも、研究成果（できればフィールドで）で子供たちにセン
ス・オブ・ワンダーの伝道をして頂きたい。 冒頭に戻るが、「バイオミメティクス」とは聞かれても「生物規範工学」と聞かれ
る事は少ない。ドイツが先導するバイオミメティクスとは異なる、地球と共生するた
めの生物規範工学体系となる事を期待しています。 14
（３）研究紹介
15
Engineering Neo-Biomimetics Ⅵ
and Satellite Workshop at Lake Biwa
--------------------------------
October 22th (Thu) - 23rd (Fri), 2015
--------------------------------
October 22th (Thu)
島津製作所三条工場内 新本館1F セミナーホール
京都市中京区西ノ京桑原町1
Sanjo Works, Shimadzu Corporation, seminar hall
1 Nishinokyo Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
October 23rd (Fri)
滋賀県立琵琶湖博物館
滋賀県草津市下物町1091番地
Lake Biwa Museum
1091 Oroshimo, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-0001, Japan
ラ コリーナ近江八幡
滋賀県近江八幡市北之庄町615-1
La Collina Omihachiman
615-1 Kitanosho-cho, Omihachiman, Shiga 523-0806, Japan
-------------------------------Organized by
Innovative Materials Engineering Based on Biological Diversity, Ministry of Education,
Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT, Japan)
共催：文部科学省 科学技術研究費補助金（新学術領域）「生物規範工学」 Co-organized by
Ask Nature Japan
協賛：アスクネイチャー・ジャパン 16
PROGRAM
***************************************************************************
October 22th (Thu)
09:30-09:35
Opening Remarks
Prof. Masatsugu Shimomura (Chitose Institute of Science and Technology, Japan)
09:35-10:00
Prof. Dr. Heike Beismann (Westfälische Hochschule, Germany) ·································· 21
「Standardization in the Field of Biomimetics An International Challenge」
10:00-10:25
Dr. Naoe Hosoda (NIMS, Japan) ············································································ 23
「Biomimetic Bonding Technology」
10:25-10:50
Prof. Miki Haseyama (Hokkaido University, Japan) ···················································· 25
「Biomimetics Image Retrieval：Connecting Biology and Engineering」
10:50-11:00
Coffee Break
11:00-11:25
Dr. Takashi Okuda (National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Japan) ······················· 27
「Challenge to anhydro-preservation of cell line inspired by a desiccation tolerant African insect.」
11:25-11:50
Dr. Stephan Hoornaert (Morpho-Biomimicry.Be, Belgium) ·········································· 29
「FungiUp Cities like Forests: From Coffee Waste Recycling to Sustainability!」
11:50-12:35 Plenary
Prof. Takahiko Hariyama（Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan） ·············· 31
「Biomimetic thin membrane, the NanoSuit®, enhancing surface shield effect for living
organism in high vacuo」
12:35-14:00
Lunch and Tour of Shimazu
14:00-14:45 Plenary
Prof. Julian Vincent (University of Oxford, United Kingdom) ········································ 33
「Trade-offs, Evolution and Biomimetics」
14:45-15:10
Prof. Hidetoshi Kobayashi (Osaka University, Japan) ················································· 35
「A Study of Lily Flower Bud from Mechanical Point of View」
15:10-15:35
Dr. Yael Helfman Cohen (Tel Aviv University, Israel) ··················································· 37
「Introduction of the Structural Biomimetic Design Method」
17
15:35-15:5Ω
Coffee Break
15:50-16:15
Dr. Hiroto Tanaka （Teruaki Ikeda, Tetsuya Ueda, Takeo Fujii, Hao Liu） ······················ 39
(Chiba University, Japan)
「Aerodynamic characteristics of flat-plate wings with serrated leading edges modeled on an
Ural owl’s primary feather」
16:15-16:40
Prof. Matej Daniel (Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic) ····················· 41
「Biomimetic Design of Hip Joint Replacement」
16:40-17:05
Dr. Takuya Ohzono (AIST, Japan) ··········································································· 43
「Sliding friction on shape-tunable wrinkles」
17:05-17:30
Dr. Kalina Raskin (CEEBIOS, France) ······································································ 45
「Bio-inspired Innovation Implementation in R&D Strategies – A French Landscape Overview」
17:30-18:30
Poster Session
October 23rd (Fri)
Satellite Workshop of "Engineering Neo Biomimetics VI" at Lake Biwa Museum and "La Collina"
13:30-15:30
Lake Biwa Museum
Science tour of the Lake Biwa Museum and discussion on "role of natural history museum for
biomimetics"
15:30- leave to "La Collina" by bus
16:30-18:00
"La Collina"
A round table discussion on "international collaboration of biomimetics for education, industrial
development, and sustainability"
18:00-20:00
Banquet at "La Collina"
18
Poster Session
***************************************************************************
October 22th (Thu) 17:30-18:30
1.
Preliminary Study on 3D Data Sampling for Internal Morphology of Insects ······················ 47
Shuhei Nomura & Yuta Nakase (National Museum of Nature and Science)
2.
The surface structures of suckers and paired-fin pads in teleostean fishes ························ 48
Eri Katayama, Gento Shinohara and Keiichi Matsuura (National Museum of Nature and
Science)
3.
Development of Antifouling Functional Surface using Biomimicking Microstructure ············· 49
Yasuyuki Nogata (Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry)
4.
Self-Adjustable Adhesion of Polyampholyte Hydrogels ·················································· 50
Takayuki Kurokawa (Hokkaido University)
5.
Multi-Functionalities of Moth-eye Film ········································································ 51
Yoshihiro Uozu (Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd, Yokohama Research Laboratories)
6.
Formation of corneal nipples in insects ······································································ 52
Ken-ichi Kimura (Hokkaido University of Education, Sapporo Campus)
7.
Induction of resistance response of soybean
by chemical in the oral secretion of insects ································································· 53
Ryu Nakata (Kyoto University)
8.
Chemical sensing system learned from ant sensillum ··················································· 54
Mamiko Ozaki, Masaru K Hojo, Yusuke Takeichi (Kobe University)
9.
Development of Functional Material「SLUG」
Artificially Mimicking Biological Secretion System ························································· 55
Chihiro Urata and Atsushi Hozumi (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology)
10. Surface design for improving the heat transfer ····························································· 56
Hirotaka Maeda (Nagoya Institute of Technology)
11. Flexible wing-and body-based strategies
for bio-inspired flight system: aerodynamics and flight stability ········································ 57
Hao Liu (Chiba University)
12. Construction of a database supporting development of biomimetic products ······················ 58
Takeshi Yamauchi (Niiigata University), Hidetoshi Kobayashi (Osaka University), Toru
Kobayashi (Nagasaki University)
13. Biomimetics R&D and Standardization ······································································· 59
Mizuki Sekiya (AIST)
19
14. Water transportation system of sponges····································································· 60
Mirei Tsubaki (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology)
15. Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Powder ········································································ 61
Syuji Fujii (Osaka Institute of Technology)
16. The NanoSuit® method to observe the living mammalian tissue and cell ··························· 62
Chinatsu Nakane*, Yasuharu Takaku, Masatsugu Shimomura, Takahiko Hariyama
(Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chitose Institute of Science and Technology)
20
Dr. Heike Beismann, Prof.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Biology and Biomimetics
Westfälische Hochschule Gelsenkirchen Bocholt Recklinghausen
(Westphalian University of Applied Sciences)
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +49 (0)2871-2155-944
Website: http://www.w-hs.de
Address: Münsterstraße 265, 46397 Bocholt, Germany
Education & Academic Background
1993 Diploma in Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany
1994 Research assistant, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany
1998 Dissertation, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany
1998-2000 Research assistant, Botanic Intitute, University of Basel, Switzerland
2000-2004 Research assistant, Chair of Vegetation Ecology, Department for Ecology and Ecosystem Management,
Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising.
2004-2009 Scientific employee and leader of Technical Division III, Commission on Air Pollution Prevention of VDI
and DIN, VDI - The Association of German Engineers, Düsseldorf, Germany
2009-2012 Secretary VDI-Society Technologies of Life Sciences, VDI – The Association of German Egineers,
Düsseldorf, Germany
since 2012 Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences
Standardization Work
Participant of ISO/TC 266 Biomimetics
Convenor of Working Group1 Terminology and methodology of ISO/TC 266 Biomimetics
Published International Standards: ISO 18458: 2015 Biomimetics - Terminology, concepts and methodology, ISO
18459:2015 Biomimetics - Biomimetic structural optimization
Member of German Standards Committee NA 062-08-60 AA "Bionik”, DIN e.V.
Member of Advisory Board Biomimetics, VDI e.V.
Published VDI Guidelines for Biomimetics: VDI 6220 – 6226
Recent Publications
Züghart W, Beismann H, Schröder W (2013): Tools for a scientifically rigorous and efficient monitoring of
genetically modified organisms (GMOs) – VDI Guidelines to ensure high quality of GMO-monitoring data.
BioRisk 8: 3-13.
Beismann H., M. Finck, H. Seitz (2007): Standardisation of methods for GMO Monitoring on a European
level. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety 2, Supplement 1: 76-78.
Beismann H. (2006): Measuring the effect of air pollution on the environment with standardized methods.
Report of the commission on air pollution prevention of VDI and DIN. In: International Journal of Hygiene
and Environmental Health 209 (2): 207–208.
Beismann H., Franzaring J. (2006): Standardization of bioindication methods for air quality control in
Germany. Environmental Bioindicators 1: 217–222.
Finck, M.; Seitz, H.; Beismann, H. (2006): Concepts for General Surveillance: VDI Proposals
Standardisation and Harmonisation in the Field of GMO-Monitoring. Journal of Consumer Protection and
Food Safety 1, Supplement 1:11–14.
21
Standardization in the Field of Biomimetics
An International Challenge
Heike Beismann
Westphalian University of Applied Sciences
Gelsenkirchen, Bocholt, Recklinghausen, Germany
E-mail:[email protected]
The systematic monitoring of nature and the transfer of complex principles from
biology to engineering (biomimetics) has become increasingly important over the last
few years. The highly innovative potential of biomimetics makes it extremely attractive
to companies.
Biomimetics relies on the interaction between biological and technical knowledge, and
that is where two different worlds collide. It is obvious that the transfer of knowledge
from biomimetics research to technical implementation is key to the companies who
have expressed an interest in this area. Successfully transferring knowledge about
structures, processes, and the properties of living systems to technical systems requires
clear communication, correspondence, and transparency across the disciplines.
One way of achieving this goal is to transfer knowledge via standards and guidelines.
Standards and guidelines are formulated in a technical language that makes it easier for
the engineers involved in the implementation of the idea to grasp the biological aspects.
Definitions and common terminology in recognized regulations are a way of
establishing biomimetic procedures and manufacturing methods. As a result, standards
can represent key elements of the corporate strategy that can be used to demonstrate
process and product quality, meet safety standards, and comply with quality standards.
Currently the standardization process on an international scale via ISO is underway and
is attempting to develop a mutual understanding of the concepts and methods of
biomimetics. Collaboration from business representatives is expressly encouraged, as
this is the only way that the needs of the industry can be incorporated into the standards.
The first ISO standards relating to biomimetics are already published. Additional
standards relating to specific topics are in the pipeline. ISO 18458:2015 “Biomimetics Terminology, concepts and methodology” provides an overview of the various areas of
application and describes how biomimetic methods differ from classic forms of
research and development. This standard also helps to determine from what point a
product is to be regarded as biomimetic. ISO 18459: 2015 “Biomimetics - Biomimetic
structural optimization” specifies the functions and scopes of biomimetic structural
optimization methods.
Alltogether, regulations are an important aid in securing the appeal of biomimetics and
developing it for companies.
22
Dr. Naoe HOSODA, Prof.
Hybrid Materials Unit, Interconnect Design group, Group leader
*National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
**The University of Tokyo
E-mail: [email protected]
•
•
•
•
Telephone: +81 (0)29-860-4529
Fax: +81 (0)29-860-4697
Website: http://www.nims.go.jp/idg
Address: 1-1, Namiki, tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
Education & Academic Background
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ph.D from Stuttgart University
Max-Plank Institute for Metal Research (Germany), (researcher)
The University of Tokyo, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, (research associate)
The University of Tokyo, Department of Precision Engineering (associate professor)
National Institute for Materials Science (2003 – present)
The University of Tokyo, Department of Precision Engineering (professor/ additional post)
Award
•
•
2000, Micro Electronics Symposium, Best Paper Award
1996, 8th Japan Institute of Metals International Symposium Interface Science and Materials Interconnection,
Best Poster Award
Recent Publications
•
R. Tsubaki, N. Hosoda, H. Kitajima, T. Takanashi, “Substrate-Borne Vibrations Induce Behavioral Responses in
the Leaf-Dwelling Cerambycid, Paraglenea fortunei”, ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE Vol.31, (2014) 789–794.
•
N.Hosoda, "The Mechanisms of Organisms as Eco-Materials Design Tools", J.Kauffman, K.-M.Lee(eds),Handbook of
Sustainable Engineering, Springer, 1249-1261, 2013
Naoe Hosoda and Stanislav N.Gorb , “Underwater locomotion in a terrestrial beetle:combination of surface
de-wetting and capillary forces”, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 279, pp.4236-4242, 2012
• Naoe Hosoda and Stanislav N.Gorb,”Friction force reduction triggers feet grooming behaviour in beetles”,
Proceedings of the Royal Society B, doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1772, Published online, 2010, [Proc.R.Soc.B (2011)
278,1748-1752]
• Dagmar Voigt, Naoe Hosoda, Jan Schuppert, Stanislav Gorb “On the laboratory rearing of green dock leaf
beetles Gastrophysa viridula (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)”, 00, 1–6, INSECT SCIENCE, 2010
• E.V.Gorb, N.Hosoda, C.Miksch, S.N.Gorb, “Slippery pores: anti-adhesive effect of nanoporous substrates on the
beetle attachment system”, Journal of the royal society interface, 7, 1571-1579, 2010
• P.P. Goodwyn, Y. Maezono, N.Hosoda and K.Fujisaki, “Waterproof and translucent wings at the same time:
problems and solutions in butterflies”, Naturwissenschaften, Springer, vol. 96, no. 7, pp. 781-787, 2009
• Naoe Hosoda, “Gecko’s wonder world”, Expected materials for the future, Vol.7,no.4,pp5-7 (2007)
• Gerrit Huber, Stanislav N.Gorb, Naoe Hosoda, Ralph Spolenak and Eduard Arzt, “Influence of surface
roughness on gecko adhesion”, Acta Biomaterialia,3.4,pp.607-610,2007
• N.Hosoda, T.Suga, S.Obara and K.Imagawa, “UHV-Bonding and Reversible Interconnection”, Transactions of the
Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences,49.166, pp.197-202,2007
• Naoe Hosoda and Stanislav N.Goeb, “Influence of surface energy and roughness on adhesion of the beetle
Gastrophysa viridula”, Journal of Biomechanics,391,s349,2006
A.G.Peressadko, N.Hosoda and B.N.J.Persson, ”Influence of Surface Roughness on Adhesion between Elastic
Bodies”, Physical Review Letters,95,pp.124301-1 - 124301-4,2005
•
•
23
Biomimetic Bonding Technology
Naoe Hosoda
Hybrid Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science
Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,305-0044 Japan,
E-mail:[email protected]
A design which enables easy disassembly is an important requirement for
environment-friendly products, and interconnection disassembly techniques are the key
technology for this purpose. In many cases, conventional joining techniques were
developed with importance placed only on high joint strength, resulting in joints which
are difficult to disassemble. Thus, while the reliability of the joint in use must be
assured, environment-friendly next-generation joining techniques must also consider
joint separation. This means that joining methods which combine the apparentlycontradictory elements of resistance to separation and easy disassembly are required.
Moreover, with progressive micro-scaling of parts, the development of new joining
techniques which do not result in unnecessarily high strength and allow easy
disassembly is also required in micro-assembly.
The natural world offers valuable suggestions for this purpose. In particular, our
attention was drawn to small animals, which are similar in size to micro-machines.
Single setae of the attachment device at the tip of the legs of insects such as flies and
beetles are several microns in size and has evolved to attach to surfaces by adhesion.
Moreover, it is an excellent mechanism for quick, precise, and reversible attachment.
We investigated the adhesive characteristics of the attachment device of the terrestrial
leaf beetles Gastrophysa viridula. Limit of adhesive ability was found on a surface
structure with a nano scale. we have discovered the remarkable ability of the beetle to
walk on solid substrates under water. These beetles use air bubbles trapped between
their adhesive setae to walk on flooded, inclined substrata or even under water. Inspired
by this idea, we designed an artificial silicone polymer structure with underwater
adhesive properties.
Fig.1 Beetle Gastrophysa viridula. Beetle walking
under water.
Fig.2 Plastic toy bulldozer adhering to the substrate using
structured polymer with trapped air bubbles under water. (a)
Air bubbles trapped between pillars of the structured polymer.
(b)Substrate slope of 30°. (c).Substrate slope of 90°.
24
Dr. Miki Haseyama, Prof.
Graduate School of Information Science and Technology
Laboratory of Media Dynamics
Hokkaido University
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +81 (0)11-706-6077
Fax: +81 (0)-706-6077
Website: http://www-lmd.ist.hokudai.ac.jp/
Address: N-14, W-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0814, Japan
Education & Academic Background
1988 Master of Engineering the Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University
1989-1993 Research Associate, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University
1994-2004 Associate Professor at the Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido
University
1995-1996 Visiting Associate Professor, Washington University, USA
2006 Professor, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University
2007- Associate member of Information and Communications Council, Ministry of Internal Affairs and
Communications, Japan
2008-2010 A Board member/Chief Technical Adviser of the Information Grand Voyage Project, Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry, Japan
2008- A member of NHK Broadcasting Technology Council, Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK)
2011-2013 Vice-President of ITE, Japan
2011- Member of the Science Council of Japan
2013-2014 Director, International Coordination and Publicity, IEICE
2013- Adviser to the President, Hokkaido University
Award: Info-Communications Promotion Month Commendations by Director-General of Hokkaido Bureau of
Telecommunications, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications in 2014, The Institute of Image
Information and Television Engineers, Niwa & Takayanagi Achievement Award in 2015
Recent Publications
Miki Haseyama: " Biomimetics Image Retrieval Platform for Enhancing Serendipity," Taxa : proceedings of
the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, vol. 38, pp. 22-25 (2015)
Miki Haseyama: "Biomimetics Data Retrieval Platform for Enhancing Serendipity," Joint international
symposium on “Nature-inspired Technology (ISNIT) 2014” and “Engineering Neo-biomimetics V”, pp.
56-57 (2014)
Ryosuke Harakawa, Takahiro Ogawa, and Miki Haseyama: "An Efficient Extraction Method of Hierarchical
Structure of Web Communities for Web Video Retrieval," ITE Transactions on Media Technology and
Applications, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 287-297 (2014)
T. Ogawa, D. Izumi, A. Yoshizaki, M. Haseyama, “Super-resolution for simultaneous realization of resolution
enhancement and motion blur removal based on adaptive prior settings”, EURASIP Journal on Advances in
Signal Processing 2013, vol. 2013:30, DOI: 10.1186/1687-6180-2013-30 (2013).
T. Ogawa, M. Haseyama, “Missing texture reconstruction method based on error reduction algorithm using
Fourier transform magnitude estimation scheme”, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 22(3),
1252-1257 (2013).
M. Haseyama, T. Ogawa, “Trial Realization of Human-Centered Multimedia Navigation for Video Retrieval”
International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 29(2), 96-109 (2013).
M. Haseyama, T. Ogawa, N. Yagi, “A Review of Video Retrieval Based on Image and Video Semantic
Understanding” ITE Transactions on Media Technology and Applications, 1(1), 2-9 (2013).
R. Harakawa, T. Ogawa, M. Haseyama, “An Extraction Method of Hierarchical Web Communities for Web
Video Retrieval”, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 2013), 4397-4401 (2013).
M. Haseyama, D. Matsuura, “A Filter Coefficient Quantization Method With Genetic Algorithm, Including
Simulated Annealing” IEEE Letters on Signal Processing, 13(4), 189-192 (2006).
25
Biomimetics Image Retrieval：Connecting Biology and Engineering
Miki Haseyamaa
a
Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University,
N-14, W-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0814, Japan,
E-mail: [email protected]
Biomimetics is a new research area that creates innovation through the collaboration of
different existing research fields. Biomimetics therefore brings together expert
researchers with deep knowledge of various research fields, and there is a need to
facilitate the mutual exchange of their knowledge to create new research areas.
However, this exchange is difficult due to several reasons, e.g., differences in technical
terms between different fields. In order to overcome this problem, we began the
development of a new image retrieval platform. A biological database contains a large
number of images, and by taking advantage of this data, we are able to overcome
limitations of text-only information retrieval. If such an image retrieval which does not
depend on text data is realized, individual biological databases of various species
(insects, fish, etc.) will be integrated. This will allow not only the study of the various
species by researchers in different biological fields, but also access for a wide range of
researchers in fields such as material science and manufacturing. In practice, our
“Biomimetics Image Retrieval Platform” is implemented as shown below. The platform
enables retrieval without relying on any keywords, and researchers can retrieve novel
information from biological image databases by using their own image data. In the
presentation, the latest version of the Biomimetics image retrieval platform is
introduced, and the actual retrieval results are shown. Based on the results, we will
discuss whether the synergy of different research fields is created by Biomimetics
Image Retrieval Platform.
(b) Example of the retrieved results
(a) Interface of the Biomimetics image retrieval Platform
Fig. 1 Biomimetics Image Retrieval Platform
26
Dr. Takashi OKUDA, Senior researcher
Insect Biomimetics Research Unit
National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +81 (0) 29-838-6157
Fax: +81 (0) 29-838-6157
Website:
http://www.nias.affrc.go.jp/anhydrobiosis/Sleeping%20Chironimid/index.html
Address: 1-2, Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634 Japan
Education & Academic Background
1981 Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University (MSc)
1984 Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology (PhD)
1985 Lecturer at Nagoya Gakuin University
1986 Research fellow at Medical School of Mie University
1987-88 Visiting Research Fellow at International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Kenya
1989 Post-doctoral fellow at Mitsubisi-kasei Life Sciencei Research Institute
1989-present National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences
Award: 2001 The Takeda Techno-Entrepreneurship
Recent Publications
・ R. Cornette , Kanamori Y, Watanabe M, Nakahara Y, Gusev O, Mitsumasu K, Kadono-Okuda K, Shimomura M,
Mita K, Kikawada T, Okuda T “Identification of anhydrobiosis-related genes from an expressed sequence tag
database in the cryptobiotic midge Polypedilum vanderplanki (diptera; chironomidae)” Journal of Biological
Chemistry 285 (46) : 35889-35899. (2010)
・ O.Gusev, Cornette R, Kikawada T, Okuda T “Expression of heat shock protein-coding genes associated with
anhydrobiosis in an African chironomid Polypedilum vanderplanki” Cell Stress & Chaperones (2010)
・ O. Gusev, Nakahara Y, Vanyagina V, Malutina L, Cornette R, Sakashita T, Hamada N, Kikawada T, Kobayashi
Y, Okuda T “Anhydrobiosis-associated nuclear DNA damage and repair in the sleeping chironomid: Linkage
with radioresistance” PLoS ONE 5(11): e14008 (2010)
・ K. Mitsumasu, Kanamori Y, Fujita M, Iwata K, Tanaka D, Kikuta S, Watanabe M, Cornette R, Okuda T,
Kikawada T “Enzymatic control of anhydrobiosis-related accumulation of trehalose in the sleeping chironomid,
Polypedilum vanderplanki “FEBS Journal 277(20): 4215–4228 (2010)
・ Y. Kanamori, Saito A, Hagiwara-Komoda Y, Tanaka D, Mitsumasu K, Kikuta S, Watanabe M, Cornette R,
Kikawada T, Okuda T “The Trehalose transporter 1 gene sequence is conserved in insects and encodes
proteins with different kinetic properties involved in trehalose import into peripheral tissues” Insect
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 40(1): 30-37 (2010)
・ Y. Nakahara, Imanishi S, Mitsumasu K, Kanamori Y, Iwata K, Watanabe M, Kikawada T, Okuda T “Cells from
an anhydrobiotic chironomid survive almost complete desiccation” Cryobiology 60(2): 138-146 (2010)
・T.Shimizu, Kanamori Y, Furuki T, Kikawada T, Okuda T, Takahashi T, Mihara H, Sakurai M “Desiccation-induced
structuralization and glass formation of Group 3 late embryogenesis abundant protein model peptides”
Biochemistry 49(6) : 1093–1104 (2010)
・ M.Sakurai, Furuki, T., Akao, K., Tanaka D., Nakahara, Y., Kikawada, T, Watanabe M. and Okuda, T. “Vitrification
is essential for anhydrobiosis in an African chironomid, Polypedilum vanderplanki”Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105(13):5093-5098 (2008)
・ Y.Nakahara, Watanabe M, Fujita A, Kanamori Y, Tanaka D, Iwata K, Furuki T, Sakurai M, Kikawada T, Okuda T
“Effects of dehydration rate on physiological responses and survival after rehydration in larvae of the
anhydrobiotic chironomid” Journal of Insect Physiology 54(8): 1220-1225 (2008)
・ T.Kikawada, Saito, A., Kanamori, Y., Fujita, M., Snigórska, K., Watanabe, M. Okuda, T.”Dehydration-inducible
changes in expression of two aquaporins in the sleeping chironomid, Polypedilum vanderplanki” Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta1778 (2): 514-520(2008)
・ T. Kikawada, Saito A., Kanamori, Y., Nakahara, Y., Iwata, K., Tanaka D., Watanabe M. and Okuda, T.
“Trehalose transporter 1, a facilitated and high-capacity trehalose transporter, allows exogenous trehalose
uptake into cells” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104(28):
11585-11590 (2007)
27
Challange to anhydro-preservation of cell line inspired by a
desiccation tolerant African insect
Takashi Okuda
National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences
1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan,
E-mail:[email protected]
Upon dehydra on
60
80
50
70
Water content (%)
Glycogen or trehalose content
(µg / individual)
“Life and death are mutually exclusive states”. But some organisms which can be
completely desiccated, and show no signs of living are nevertheless able to resume
active life upon rehydration. This peculiar biological state is termed “anhydrobiosis”.
Larvae of the Sleeping Chironomid Polypedilum vanderplanki, living in temporary
rock pools in Africa are able to achieve anhydrobiosis. We have been elucidating the
mechanism and found several molecules responsible for the extreme desiccation
tolerance such as trehalose, LEA proteins, anti-oxidative molecules, DNA repair
enzymes and so on (Fig.1).
Now we are under challenge to establish a anhydro-preservation method of cells or
tissues inspired by the desiccation tolerance mechanism of the African midge. As the
first step we generated a cell line originated from P. vanderplanki embryo, i.e. Pv11
cells which also can stand complete desiccation to such an extent that some cells had
survived after rehydration, but none of the cells proliferated. Lately we improved the
dehydration method so that we could achieve storage of the Pv11 cells for about 200
days at room temperature and followed by the perfect proliferation upon rehydration
(Fig.2). The Pv11 cell line could be an excellent tool for further analysis of desiccation
tolerance mechanism and also contributing to applied sciences including establishment
of the anhydro-preservation technology.
60
40
50
Glycogen
Trehalose
Water
30
20
40
30
20
10
10
0
Rehydra
on
0
8
16
24
32
Desiccation (h)
40
48
70
Content (µg/individual)
Dehydra on
0
Upon rehydra on
60
50
40
30
Trehalose
Glycogen
20
10
0
0
8
16
24
32
40
Hours after rehydration
Fig.1 Anhydrobio c African Chironomid
Significance of trehalose as a compa ble solu on 28
48
Fig.2 Anhydro-preservable Pv11
Image: 3hrs a er rehydra on Stephan Hoornaert
Morpho-Biomimicry; FungiUp Project
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +32 (0) 486 477 015
Fax: +32 (0) 425 966 600
Website: http://www.morpho-biomimicry.be
Address: 23 Avenue Francisco Ferrer, B-4030 liege
Education, Academic Background and professional experiences
1996 Licence in Zoological Sciences; End of Study work: « Caractérisation de l’apoptose induite par le virus de
l’herpes Bovin-1» (Département d’Immunologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Liège University, Belgium)
1997-1999 Research assistant. Study of the effect of EMF on foetal rat hippocampus neuron primary culture.
(European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON) de Maastricht, NL and Neuropharmacology unit, Institut de
Pathologie, Liege University, Be)
2000 Certifications in network management: Microsoft Certified Engineer & database management (Centre Corail &
IBT, Liège,Be)
2000-2003 Research assistant. Study of the potential inhibitory effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on IL1b production
(Unité de recherche sur l’Os et le Cartilage, Institut de Pathologie, Liege University, Be)
2004 Certification in environmental management, End of Study work: « Guide pour un développement durable en
milieu urbain» (Haute Ecole Commerciale, Liège)
2005 Creation of the first Apollo prototype “water for all” to produce drinkable water (Matara, Sri Lanka).
2005-2006 Agregation of the superior secondary school (AESS) (University of Liège, Be)
2006 Feasibility study to install a water treatment at the "colline des projets" (NGO Alliance pour un Développement
Durable, Kinshasa, R.D.Congo)
2006-2007 Professor of Biology at the secondary level, Collège D.I.C. de Liège
2007-2008 Professor of Sciences at the secondary level, Institut Marie-Thérèse Liège
2009 Formation in communication for environment and sustainable development at the Centre d’Enseignement et
de Recherche pour l’Environnement et la Santé (CERES, University of Liège)
2009-2010 Professor at the secondary level, Institut St Remacle Stavelot
2010 English intensive courses, Kaplan International College (Level Advanced, London)
2011 CreaPME Formation: Redaction of a business plan : Apollo & Morpho project in relation with biomimicry
2011-2012 Research assistant at the chemical oceanography unit (department astrophysics, Geomatic and
Oceanography (Liege University)
2011-2013 Certification: Help in relationship using touch (Espace de ressourcement, Liege, Be)
2012 Biomimicry consultancy for the Belgian Owl (www.belgianwhisky.com,)
2012 Biomimicry consultancy for Sarah Santin, eco-designer (sarahsantin.be, award from the Walloon region)
2013-2014 Professor of Sciences and Social sciences in immersive courses at the St Louis College (Liege, Be)
2014 Development of the FungiUp project at the Centre de Technologie Agronomique de Stree
Congress and presentations
1996 S. Hoornaert, E. Hanon, M. Lambot & P.P. Pastoret. Congress: “Characterization of Bovine Herpesvirus-1
Induced Apoptosis”. Third Benelux congress of zoology (Namur, Be)
1997 S. Hoornaert, D. Terwel, D. Delapierre, H.W.M. Steinbusch & A. Dresse. Presentation: “Effect of
electromagnetic fields on brain cells: Study of the expression of c-fos in primary culture”. Second scientific meeting of
Belgian Bioelectromagnetic group (Bruxelles, Be)
1998 Seminaries: Autumn School Prion’s Disease, Alzheimer’s Disease, Apoptosis and Cell Death (MRC Cambridge
Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, UK)
1998 EKN Symposium: Regulation of Synaptic Transmission (Amsterdam, NL)
2005 S. Hoornaert. Exposition: “Sri Lanka: Ceci cela”. To finance water analysis in SriLanka (Liège, Be)
2005 O. Bonfond & S. Hoornaert. Presentation: “Le Développement Durable : du Global au Local” (Liège, Be)
2009 S. Hoornaert & S. Dupont. Conference: Introduction à des notions de techniques de relaxation: Le massage
cervico-facial et autres techniques de relaxation en rapport avec la respiration et la phonation. (Haute Ecole Robert
Schuman, Libramont, Be)
2013 S. Hoornaert & J. Engerisser: Biomimicry and the Blue Economy (Liege, Be)
2014 S. Hoornaert, J.Engerisser & JF Pecheur: FungiUp (Liege, Be)
29
FungiUp
Cities like forests:
From coffee waste recycling to sustainability!
Stephan Hoornaert, Jurgen Engerisser, Guillaume Lamon &
Jean-François Pecheur
Centre de Technologie Agronomique de Stree
16 rue de la Charmille 4577, Stree, Belgium
[email protected]
In a world of less energy and resources, Biomimicry uses Nature as a
Mentor to solve actual problems. Cities may be considered as organisms
and the study of its metabolism may lead to systems optimization and
sustainability using an ecosystemic approach. The objective is to
establish complete ecosystem fulfilling human basic needs (food,
drinkable water, energy, oxygen…).
Coffee waste is actually used for the production of high quality
mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Production may be diversified and other
organic waste tested. Champost (rest of mushroom production) is also
actually tested for biomethanization, compost production and treatment of
polluted soils. The firsts results are promising. Next step is the recycling
of containers as urban mushroom production unit toward establishment of
complete ecosystems.
This will lead to a better comprehension on how ecosystems works, will
help rehabilitating polluted soils and promote sustainability. The positive
side effects will be the establishment of innovative processes in
urbanization and will also help our comprehension about deep space
ecology.
We are looking for partners and funds.
30
Dr. Takahiko HARIYAMA, Prof.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine,
Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +81 (0)53-435-2317
Fax: +81 (0)53-435-2317
Website:
http://www.hama-med.ac.jp/uni_education_igakubu_igaku_seibutsu.html
Address: 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 43103192, Japan
Education & Academic Background
1979 Graduated from Department of Biology at Yokohama City University
1982 Master of Biology, Marine Biology, Graduate School of Biology, Okayama University
1983 Research Associate, Research Center for Applied Information Sciences, Tohoku University
1989 Visiting Research Fellow of Institute of Australian National University
1990 Doctor of Science, Kyushu University
1990 Visiting Research Fellow of Waikato University (New Zealand)
Research Fellow in Antarctica (Scott Base)
1993 International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Kenya)
1994 Visiting Research Fellow of Helsinki University (Finland)
1998 Visiting Research Fellow of Groningen University (Nederland)
2001 Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamamatsu University
2002 Visiting Professor of Firenze University (Italy)
2004 Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamamatsu University
Recent Publications
Y. Takaku, H. Suzuki, I. Ohta, T. Tsutsui, H. Matsumoto, M. Shimomura, T. Hariyama “A 'NanoSuit' surface
shield successfully protects organisms in high vacuum: observations on living organisms in an FE-SEM”,
Proc. Biol. Sci., 282(1802), pii: 20142857, (2015).
I. Ohta., Y. Takaku, H. Suzuki, D. Ishii, Y. Muranaka, M. Shimomura, T.Hariyama, “Dressing living organisms
in a thin polymer membrane, the NanoSuit, for high-vacuum FE-SEM observation”, Microscopy, 1-6 (2014)
T. Ueta, G. Fujii, G. Morimoto, K. Miyamoto, A. Kosaku, T. Kuriyama, T. Hariyama “Numerical study on the
structural color of blue birds by a disordered porous photonic crystal model”, EPL, 107(3), 34004 (2014)
M. Tani, D. Ishii, S. Ito, T. Hariyama, M. Shimomura, K. Okumura “Capillary rise on legs of a small animal
and on artificially textured surfaces mimicking them”, PLoS One, 9(5), e96813 (2014)
H. Suzuki, Y. Takaku, I. Ohta, D. Ishii, Y. Muranaka, M. Shimomura, T. Hariyama “In situ preparation of
biomimetic thin films and their surface-shielding effect for organisms in high vacuum” PLoS ONE, 8(11):
e78563. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078563 (2013)
Y. Takaku, A. Suzuki, I. Ohta, D. I shii, Y. Muranaka, M. Shimomura, T. Hariyama “A thin polymer membrane,
nano-suit, enhancing survival across the continuum between air and high vacuum” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA. 110(19): 7631-7635 (2013)
D. Ishii, H. Horiguchi, Y. Hirai, H. Yabu, Y. Matsuo, K . Ijiro, K. Tsujii, T. Shimozawa, T. Hariyama, M.
Shimomura “Water transport mechanism through open capillaries analyzed by direct surface modifications
on biological surfaces” Scientific Reports 3 : 3024 | DOI: 10.1038/srep03024(2013)
D. G. Stavenga, H.L. Leertouwer, T. Hariyama, H. A. De Raedt, B. D. Wilts “Sexual dichromatism of the
damselfly Calopteryx japonica caused by a melanin-chitin multilayer in the male wing veins” Plos one, 7(11)
(2012)
S. Yoshioka, S. Kinoshita, H. Iida, T. Hariyama “Phase-Adjusting Layers in the Multilayer Reflector of a
Jewel Beetle” J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 81(5), 054801-7 (2012)
D. G. Stavenga, Bodo D. Wilts, Hein L. Leertouwer, T.Hariyama, “Polarized Iridescence of the Multilayered
Elytra of the Japanese Jewel Beetle, Chrysochroa fulgidissima” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 366, 709–723 (2011)
A. Ugolini, G. Borgioli, G. Galanti, L. Mercatell, T. Hariyama, “Photoresponses of the Compound Eye of the
Sandhopper Talitrus saltator (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in the ultraviolet-blue range” Biol. Bull. 219, 77–79
(2010)
31
Biomimetic thin membrane, the NanoSuit®, enhancing surface
shield effect for living organism in high vacuo
Takahiko Hariyamaa,, Hideya Kawasakib, Hiroshi Suzukic, Chinatsu Nakanea,
Satoshi Hirakawad, Isao Ohtae, Daisuke Ishiif,, Masatsugu Shimomura,g, and
Yasuharu Takakua
Departments of aBiology, bRegenerative and Infectious Pathology, cChemistry,
Dermatology and eLaboratory for Ultrastructure Research, Research Equipment
Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
f
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of
Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
g
Faculty of Photonic Science, Chitose Institute of Science and Technology, 75865 Bibi, Chitose, Hokkaido 066-8655, Japan
d
E-mail: [email protected]
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has made remarkable progress, and has
become an essential tool for observing biological materials. However, they are required
to be completely dry, since the specimen chamber is at high vacuum. The living softbodied organisms require chemical fixation and following various complex procedures
to preserve and stabilize their structure. Here we demonstrate a new method with which
living organisms can be observed by a field emission SEM. Using this method, active
movements of living animals were observed in vacuo (10-3-10-7 Pa) by protecting them
with a coating of “biomimetic thin membrane”, the NanoSuit®, and it was found that
the surface fine structure of living organisms is very different from that of traditionally
treated samples. The “biomimetic thin membrane” acts as a flexible ‘Nano-spacesuit’
barrier to the passage of gases and liquids and thus protects the organism. After
observation of living organisms, despite the high vacuum it was possible to rear many
of them subsequently in normal culture conditions. This method will be useful for
numerous applications, particularly for electron microscopic observations in the life
sciences.
A living Drosophila larva was exposed in high
vacuo and showed active movement for 60 min
(a-c). Before SEM observation, a different larva
(light micrograph in (f)) was introduced into the
observation chamber without electron-beam
irradiation. It was collapsed thoroughly when
observed by SEM subsequently (g). TEM images
of vertical sections through the surface of each
animal are shown in (d) and (h). The layer
between the arrowheads in (d) shows the newly
formed outer membrane, not present in (h).
32
Julian FV Vincent, Professor
HochSchüle Rhein-Waal (Hon. Prof.)
University of Oxford (Senior Research Assoc.)
Clemson University (Adjunct Prof.)
e-mail: [email protected]
tel: +44 1225 835076
Education & Academic Background
1965
1968
1968
1970
1971
1982
1987
1990
1991
1993
1998
1997
1999
2000
2001
2004
2007
Natural Sciences, University of Cambridge
BA (2i)
Insect Physiology, University of Sheffield
PhD
Lecturer in Zoology, University of Reading
Elected Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society
FRES
University of Cambridge
MA
Studies on Insect Cuticle, University of Sheffield
DSc
3
MIM
Professional Member, Member of The Institute of Materials
Prince of Wales Environmental Innovation Award
Established Centre for Biomimetics (with G Jeronimidis)
Senior Lecturer, University of Reading
Part-time Lecturer, Royal College of Art
Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of the Arts
FRSA
Professor of Biomimetics, University of Reading
Professor of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath
Director, Centre for Biomimetic and Natural Technologies, U. Bath
Honorary Professor of the University of Jilin, China
Avocational Lecturer at the Steinbeis University, Berlin
Appointed as a Chartered Engineer
CEng
Admitted to Fellowship of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers
FIMechE
2010 First President of the International Society of Bionic Engineering
2011 Mount Changbai Friendship Award, Jilin Province, China
2014 Honorary Professor of Bionics, HochSchüle Rhein-Waal
Senior Research Associate in Zoology, University of Oxford
Adjunct Professor, Dept of Engineering and Materials, Clemson University
Recent Publications
P Riggs, A Bowyer & JFV Vincent (2010). Advantages of a biomimetic stiffness profile in
pitching flexible fin propulsion. J. Bionic Engng. 7, 113-119.
JFV Vincent (2010). New materials and natural design. In Bulletproof Feathers (ed. R Allen).
University of Chicago Press, pp. 132-171.
L Frasson, SY Ko, A Turner, T Parittotokkaporn, JFV Vincent, & F Rodriguez y Baena (2010).
STING: a soft-tissue intervention and neurosurgical guide to access deep brain lesions
through curved trajectories. Proc. I. Mech. E., Part H, 224, 775-788
Vincent, JFV (2012) Structural Biomaterials. (3rd Edn.) Princeton: University Press
JFV Vincent (2012). How can biology inform architects? In Design Innovation for the Built
Environment (ed. Michael U Hensel). Routledge, Oxford. pp. 161-170.
JFV Vincent (2013). Building Bio-Ornaments. In What is the architect doing in the Jungle?
Biornametics (ed. B Imhof, P Gruber) pp. 54-58.
Vincent, JFV (2014). Biomimetics in architectural design Intelligent Buildings International.
Vincent, JFV (2014). Biomimetic materials. Materials Experience (ed. E Karana, O Pedgley,
V Rognoli). Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 235-246
Vincent, JFV (2014). An Ontology of Biomimetics. In: Biologically Inspired Design:
Computational Methods and Tools. (ed. AK Goel et al.) New York:. p. 269-285.
Sunguroğlu Hensel, D and Vincent, JFV (2015). Evolutionary inventive problem-solving in
biology and architecture: ArchiTRIZ and Material-Ontology Intelligent Buildings International
1-20.
33
Trade-offs, evolution and biomimetics
Julian Vincent
Dept of Zoology, University of Oxford
The idea of a trade-off goes back to the ancient Greeks, when
Heraclitus pointed out that it was the basis of defining a
problem. Hegel called it the dialectic, Engels used the idea to
model evolution and Marx applied it to economics. At some
point Pareto pointed out that it was something to do with
optimisation, and Genrich Altshuller used the same notion in
his formulation of TRIZ (Theory of Solving Problems
Inventively). The Pareto set is being introduced into ecological
theory to model adaptive evolution and (almost) to define
“ecological niches” as a series of mutually exclusive trade-offs,
which can co-exist in any number. With such a broad set of
applications, it should come as no surprise that the trade-off can
form the basis of a means of equating biology and engineering,
yielding a tool to describe and analyse biomimetics. I’m doing
this by generating an ontology, based on TRIZ. Part of the
outcome is a series of recommendations for making engineering
‘greener’.
34
Dr. Hidetoshi KOBAYASHI, Prof.
Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering,
Graduate School of Engineering Science,
Osaka University
E-mail: [email protected]. ac.jp
Telephone: +81 (0) 6-6850-6200
Fax: +81 (0) 6-6850-6204
Website: http://fracmech.me.es.osaka-u.ac.jp/days/days.htm
Address: 1-3, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, 560-8531, Japan
Education & Academic Background
1980
Master course of Aeronautical Engineering, Kyoto University
1980-1988 Research Associate, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, National Defense Academy
1983-1987 PhD course in Department of Engineering, Reading University, U.K.
1987
PhD from Reading University
1988-2003 Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Systems Eng., Muroran Institute of Technology
1996
Visiting Researcher, Biomimetics Centre of Reading University, U.K.
2003Professor, Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering,
Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University
Award:
2010 Award of JSMS Committee on Impact
2006 Light Metal Paper Prize, The Japan Institute of Light Metals
Recent Publications
H. Kobayashi, K. Horikawa, K. Ogawa, K. Watanabe, “Impact compressive and bending behavior of rocks
accompanied by electromagnetic phenomena”, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 372, 20130292 (2014)
H. Kobayashi1, T. Yamauchi, K. Horikawa, “Mechanical Characteristics of Materials and Structure of
Giant Water Lilly Leaf”, 15th IUMRS-Int. Conf. in Asia (IUMRS-IC2014), Fukuoka, August 24-30, 2014
H. Kobayashi, F. Okada, K. Ogawa, K. Horikawa and K. Watanabe, “Strength and Temperature Increase
of β -Ti Alloy during Quasi-static and Impact Compressive Deformation”, J. of the Soc. of Mategrials Sci.
Jpn., Vol.62, No.9, pp.562-568 (2013).
M. Daimaruya and H. Kobayashi, “Impact Behaviour of the Japanese Sword”, Engineering Transactions,
Vol.60 Issue 2 (2012), pp.101-112
H. Kobayashi, K. Ogawa, K. Horikawa and K. Watanabe, “Fracture Behavior Accompanying
Electromagnetic Waves of Granite in Dynamic Three Point Bending”, J. of Solid Mech. Mater. Eng., Vol.5,
No.12 (2011), pp.873-881
K. Horikawa, K. Yamaue and H. Kobayashi, “Response of Hydrogen- Induced Deformation in ZrNi
Amorphous Membranes”, Mater. Trans., Vol.51, No.12, (2010), pp.2181-2187.
H. Kobayashi, and K. Horikawa, “Deployable Structures in Plants”, Advances in Science and Technology,
58 (2008), pp.31-40
H. Kobayashi, “Deployable Structure Observed in Leaves and Flowers of Plants”, German-Japanese
Workshop on Boinics and Nature-Inspired Technology, Nagoya (2005) CD-ROM
H. Kobayashi, M. Daimaruya and H. Fujita, “Unfolding of morning glory flower as a deployable structure”,
Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, Vol.106, 207-216 (2003)
H. Kobayashi, M. Daimaruya and J. F.V. Vincent, “Folding/Unfolding Manner of Tree Leaves as
Deployable Structures”, Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, Vol.80, 211-220 (2000)
H. Kobayashi, M. Daimaruya and J.F.V. Vincent, “Effect of Crease Interval on Unfolding Manner of
Corrugated Tree Leaves”, JSME International Journal (Ser.C), Vol.42 No.3, pp.759-767 (1999)
H. Kobayashi, B. Kresling and J.F.V. Vincent, “The Geometry of Unfolding Tree Leaves”, Proceedings of
Royal Society London Ser.B, Vol.256, pp.147-154 (1998)
35
A Study of Lily Flower Bud from Mechanical Point of View
Hidetoshi Kobayashi*a,d, Takeshi Yamauchib, Keitaro Horikawaa,d and
Hirokatsu Aramakic
a
Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University,
b
Niigata University and cToyota Industries Corporation,
d
Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan,
*E-mail:[email protected]
The bud of lily flower has two contradicting roles, one is the role to protect firmly
the inside stamen and pistil from the outside environment, the other is to expose them
to outside safely at flowering. It is very interesting how lily flower performs these
contradicting roles.
In this study, the bud of lily was
observed by using X-ray CT and optical
microscope and projecror, as shown in Fig.1.
One of the most interesting things is that the
edges of sepals run into the tiny space
between petal rib and petal surface. This
petal-sepal assembly structure seems to give
a good hermetic sealing and to make the
protection
strong
against
external
environment forces. From the observation, it
was found that the sepal is wrapped up
inward when it was artificially removed from
the fixation parts before flowering (see
Fig. 1 Bud of lily flower: (a) side view of bud,
Fig.1(c)). This phenomenon gradually
(b) cross section of bud and (c) shape change
becomes small when the bud grows in length.
of sepal cross section from situation in the
bud to situation removed from bud.
In order to examine the meanings of this
change, FEM analysis was carried out.
The mechanical characteristics of peral
and sepal were investigated by tensile tests to
use the data in FEM analysis. Two types of
tensile specimen were prepared. One is Lspecimen whose longer side is parallel to the
longitudinal direction of petal, and the other
one is T-specimen whose longer side is
parallel to the transverse direction of petal.
From Fig.2, it can be clearly found that the
stiffness of petals in the L-direction is more
than twice of that of T-pecimen.
Fig.2 Stress-strain curves of sepal and petal of
lily.
36
Dr. Yael Helfman Cohen
Biomimicry IL – Cofounder and CEO
Biomimicry Lab, Tel Aviv University - Manager
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: 972-52-2811107
Website: (1) www.findstructure.org (1) www.biomimicry.org.il
Address: 54 Hashomer st, Zichron Yacov, POB 1048, 30900, Israel
Education & Academic Background
1998 B.Sc in industrial engineering and management, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology
2006 M.Sc. in Management Science, Tel Aviv University
2008 Cofounder and CEO of Biomimicry IL (NGO)
2010 Lecturer of the course "Biomimicry and Organizations", The IDC Interdisciplinary academic center, Herzliya
2010-15 Editor of the Israeli biomimetic on-line journal
2012-15 Member of the Biomimetic ISO international committee, representative of Israel
2013 Seminar "From Bio-Engineering to Biomimetics, Some contributions of Design theory", MINES ParisTech
2014 Head of biomimicry Lab, Tel Aviv University
2014-15 Initiator and organizer or the yearly conference: "Biomimicry-Academy and Industry"
2015 Ph.D in Biomimetic Design, The porter school of environmental studies, Tel-Aviv University. Research title:
"Biomimicry design method for innovation and sustainability"
2015 Lecturer of the course "Bioinspired Innovation", ECAST- East China University of Science and Technology,
School of Business
Recent Publications
Helfman, C.Y., Reich, Y., Introduction of the ideality tool for sustainable design. The 20th International
Conference on Engineering Design (ICED), Milano, 2015.
Weiss, A., Iko, A., Helfman Cohen, Y., Das Amarendra, K., Mazor, G., The ideality what model for product
design, in 17th International conference on engineering and product design education, Loughborough, 2015
Helfman, C.Y., Reich, Y., Greenberg. S., Biomimetics: Structure-function patterns approach. Journal of
Mechanical Design, 2014.
Helfman, C.Y., Reich, Y., Greenberg. S., Sustainability strategies in nature, in 7th Design & nature
conference, Opatja, 2014.
Helfman, C.Y., Reich, Y., Greenberg. S., Substance field analysis and biological functions, in ETRIA TRIZ
future conference, Lisbon, 2012.
Helfman, C.Y., Reich, Y., Greenberg. S., What can we learn from biological systems when applying the law
of system completeness?. in ETRIA TRIZ future conference, Dublin, 2011.
37
Introduction of the Structural Biomimetic Design Method
a
Helfman, C.Y. , Reich, Y.
a
a
Tel-Aviv University,
E-mail:[email protected]
Understanding the relationships between structures and functions is important for
engineering design in general and for biomimetic design specifically. In nature,
different structures provide a wide range of functions efficiently and with minimal costs.
Based on the analyses of 140 biological systems that are derived from biomimetic
sources by a TRIZ based method, we provide a list and examples of structure–function
patterns that repeat in biomimetic applications. These patterns are presented through a
technical lens and a complete system model, serving as engines or brakes of the
biological system, exploiting energy sources or blocking them, respectively.
This list of structure-function patterns in nature is the core of the structural biomimetic
design method, a platform to lead a systematic biomimetic design process.
The list provides both keywords for search in general biological databases and mainly
leads the search in the FindStructure database, a unique and novel biomimetic database
that organizes biological systems not only by functions but also by structures.
These structure-function patterns are integrated in a TRIZ system modeling tool, the
law of system completeness, providing an abstraction platform for biological
knowledge. Sustainability patterns that are also addressed by this design method are
beyond the scope of this presentation.
Altogether, the structural biomimetic design method suggests a clear design algorithm
and tools to transfer knowledge form biology to technology and to promote innovative
sustainable designs.
Table 1 The patterns table: list of structure–function patterns
38
Dr. Hiroto TANAKA, Research Assistant Professor
Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Chiba University
International Cooperative Research Center,
Chiba University
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +81 (0)43-290-2945
Fax: +81 (0)43-290-2944
Website: http://icrc.chiba-u.jp/
Address: 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba-ken 263-8522, Japan
Education & Academic Background
2003 BS, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
2005 MS, Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The
University of Tokyo
2008 PhD, Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The
University of Tokyo
2006-2009 Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (DC1), Department of
Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo
2009-2011 Postdoctoral Fellow, Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Wyss Institute for Biologically
Inspired Engineering at Harvard
2011-Present Research Assistant Professor, Chiba University
Award:
2008 Young Scientist Award 2nd Prize in SEB2008, Marseille, France.
2008 Student Presentation Award in 40th Fluid Dynamics Conference/Aerospace Numerical Simulation Symposium
(in Japanese), Sendai, Japan
2013 General Biomechanics Best Poster 3rd Prize in SEB2013, Valencia, Spain
Recent Publications
H. Tanaka, H. Okada, Y. Shimasue, H. Liu, “Flexible flapping wings with self-organized microwrinkles,”
Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 10, 046005, (2015).
H. Tanaka, M. Nakamura, Y. Uchida, G. Li, H. Liu, “Hydrodynamics and Energetics in Rapid Acceleration of
a Pacific White-sided Dolphin, Lagenorhynchus Obliquidens,” The 6th International Symposium on
Aero-aqua Bio-Mechanisms (ISABMEC 2014), Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 6 pages, (2014)
H. Tanaka, H. Suzuki, I. Kitamura, M. Maeda, H. Liu, “Lift generation of hummingbird wing models with
flexible loosened membranes,” 2013 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems
(IROS 2013), Tokyo, Japan, pp. 3777-83, (2013)
H. Takahashi, H. Tanaka, K. Matsumoto, I. Shimoyama, “Differential pressure distribution measurement with
an MEMS sensor on a free-flying butterfly wing,” Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 7, 036020 (2012).
H. Tanaka, J. P. Whitney, R. J. Wood, “Effect of flexural and torsional wing flexibility on lift generation in
hoverfly flight,” Integrative and Comparative Biology, 51, 142-150 (2011).
H. Tanaka, R. J. Wood, “Fabrication of corrugated artificial insect wings using laser micromachined molds,”
Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 20, 075008 (2010).
H. Tanaka, I. Shimoyama, “Forward flight of swallowtail butterfly with simple flapping motion,” Bioinspiration
& Biomimetics, 5, 026003 (2010).
H. Takahashi, Y. Aoyama, K. Ohsawa, H. Tanaka, E. Iwase, K. Matsumoto, I. Shimoyama, "Differential
Pressure Measurement Using A Free-Flying Insect-Like Ornithopter with A MEMS Sensor," Bioinspiration &
Biomimetics, 5, 036005 (2010).
E. Hawkes, B. An, N. M. Benbernou, H. Tanaka, S. Kim, E. D. Demaine, D. Rus, R. J. Wood,
“Programmable matter by folding,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 12441-12445
(2010).
H. Tanaka, K. Matsumoto,I. Shimoyama, “Fabrication of a three-dimensional insect-wing model by
micromolding of thermosetting resin with a thin elastmeric mold,” Journal of Micromechanics and
Microengineering, 17, 2485-2490, (2007).
39
Aerodynamic characteristics of flat-plate wings with serrated
leading edges modeled on an Ural owl's primary feather
Hiroto Tanakaa,b, Teruaki Ikedab,c, Tetsuya Uedab, Takeshi Yamasakid,
Yasuko Iwamid, Takeo Fujiib,c, Hao Liua,b
a
SJTU-CU ICRC, Chiba University
Graduate School & Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University
c
Teral Inc.
d
Yamashina Institute for Ornithology
a,b
1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan,
b
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Owls are birds of prey well known for their capablitiy of silent flight. The
wings posess distinctive serrations at the leading edge, which are frequently
assumed to be a key-appratus for the silent flight. The leading-edge serrations,
however, could control airflow around the wings for flight behavior rathar than
noise reduction, and the actual functions of the leading-edge serrations are still
controversial. In this study, aerodynamic force measurement and PIV (Particle Image
Velocimetry) of the 10th primary feather (the leading-edge feather of the wing) of an
Ural owl and artificial feather models were performed in a wind tunnel to investigate
the aerodynamic effects of the leading-edge serrations of the owl wings. The mean
chord length of the owl feather used here was 28.6 mm and that of the models was 30
mm. The lengths of the artificial serrations were 0, 3, 6 mm and the spacing was 1 mm
(figure 1). The wind velocity was set at 3 and 5 m/s. The force measurements revealed
that lift slopes (a slope of a lift coefficient to angle of attack curve) of both the owl
feather and the artificial models with serrations were moderate, while that of the model
without serrations showed rapid change around 10-degrees angle of attack. The PIV
results demonstrated that the serrations suppressed velocity fluctuations in separated
flow when the angle of attack was larger than 10 degrees (figure 2). These results
indicate that the leading-edge serrations are likely capable to enhance the robustness of
the lift generation at large angle of attack.
Figure 1 10th primary feather of an ural owl and
artificial feathers
Figure 2 Velocity fluctuations around the artificial feather
with 0-mm and 6-mm serrations. Angle of attack was 20°.
40
Dr. Matej DANIEL, Assoc. Prof.
Department of Mechanics, Biomechanics and Mechatronics
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Czech Technical University in Prague
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +420 224-352-518
Fax: +420 233-322-482
Website: http://biomechanics.cz
Address: Technicka 4, 16600 Prague, Czech Republic
Education & Academic Background
2001, M.Sc in Biomedical Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Slovakia
2004, Ph.D. in Biomechanics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
2004-2006, Research and Teaching Assistant, Technical University of Ko sice, Ko sice, Slovakia
2006, Junior Researcher, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
2006-2009, Senior researcher, Laboratory of Biomechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical
University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
2009, Senior researcher, Laboratory of Biomechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical
University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
2011, Fullbright Visiting Scholar, University if Iowa, Iowa, USA
2014-, head of Laboratory of Biomechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in
Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
2009-, Bulletin of Applied Mechanics, editor-in-chief
2011-2014, Principal investigator, Project of Technological agency of Czech Republic: New materials and surface
layers for bionic design of joint replacement
Awards:
Slovak Medical Society, Medal for biomechanics development, Bratislava, Slovakia, 2011
Societe Internationale de Recherche Orthopedique et de Traumatologie, Poster Award, Buenos Aires, Argentina,
2006
Siemens AG, Werner von Siemens Excellence Award, Prague, Czech Republic, 2005
Zvonicek Foundation, 1st prize of the Zvonicek Foundation for the best doctoral thesis, Prague, Czech
Republic, 2005
Human Biomechanics Foundation, Prize of Prof. Valenta and Prof. Cihak for a young researcher in biomechanics,
Prague, Czech Republic, 2004
Recent Publications
Horný, L. - Netušil, M. - Daniel, M.: Limiting extensibility constitutive model with distributed fibre orientations
and ageing of abdominal aorta. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. 2014, vol. 38, p.
39-51.
Daniel, M. - Řezníčková, J.: Energy of Quantum Dots Encapsulated in Biological Membrane. Procedia
Engineering. 2014, vol. C, no. 79, p. 137-142. ISSN 1877-7058.
Hikov, T. - Mitev, D. - iglic, A. - Presker, R. - Daniel, M. - et al.: Studying the influence of nanodiamonds over
the elasticity of polymer/nanodiamond composites for biomedical application. Journal of Physics:
Conference Series. 2014, vol. 1, no. 558, art. no. 012060, p. 1-6. ISSN 1742-6588.
Mareš, T. - Daniel, M. - Iglič, A. - Kralj-Iglič, V. - Fošnarič, M.: Determination of the Strength of Adhesion
between Lipid Vesicles. The Scientific World Journal. 2012, vol. 2012, no. 1, art. no. 146804, p. 1-6.
Daniel, M.: Boundary cartilage lubrication: review of current concepts. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift.
2013, vol. 164, p. 88-94.
Elkins, J. - Daniel, M. - Pedersen, D. - Singh, B. - Yack, HJ - et al.: Morbid Obesity May Increase Dislocation
in Total Hip Patients: A Biomechanical Analysis. Clinical Orthopeadics and Related Research. 2013, vol. 471,
no. 3, p. 971-980.
41
Biomimetic design of hip joint replacement
Matej DANIEL
Department of Mechanics, Biomechanics and Mechatronics
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Czech Technical University in Prague
Technicka 4, 16600 Prague, Czech Republic
E-mail:[email protected]
Primary and revision joint replacement market growth is expected to be driven by
increasing demand for joint replacements as the “baby boom” generation nears
retirement and an increasing number of younger patients undergo joint replacement
procedures. Today orthopedic joint replacement market is at a crossroads between timetested conventional procedures with limited lifetime and advanced implant design and
materials to match these socioeconomical changes.
The possible way how to address these challenges is to apply methods of biomimetic
design. The field of arthroplasty strongly need a multidisciplinary approach based on
better understanding the natural design of physiological synovial joint and application
of these methods in artificial joint replacement using advanced engineering materials
and designs. The aim of this lecture is to present selected problems of hip arthroplasty
at various levels: from whole joint replacement to tissue-surface interaction and their
possible solutions originating from biomimetic design.
Two principal problems of joint replacement are discussed: stress shielding and
polyethylene wear. Stress shielding in femur occurs when some of the loads are taken
by prosthesis and shielded from going to the bone. Femur bone remodeling and bone
loss occurs after hip replacement surgery as a result of bone unloading. Bone loss and
cortical thinning eventually lead to joint prosthesis failure. Therefore a prosthesis that
would restore normal force transfer in hip joint is required. There exists two principle
solutions: either shorter femoral stem that would restore normal load to the rest of the
femur or biomimetic material that would match the bone stiffness. Each of the
following solution has its disadvantages and the possible solution may be in application
of novel design drawn after consideration of healing phenomena in bone.
Another great problem in joint replacement is wear. Wear in total joint replacements is
caused by relative motion under load at articulating surfaces or at interfaces between
modular metal-on-polyethylene components. Osteolysis induced by particulate wear
debris from implant materials has been recognized as the major cause of long-term
failure in total joint replacements. However, the development of preventive measures
for this phenomenon has not been successful because the mechanism in which wear
particles cause osteolysis is not quite clear. The possible solution would be in further
understanding of natural hip contact mechanics that is far from ball-and socket joint of
joint replacement and application of design that would mimic this mechanics.
42
Dr. Takuya OHZONO, Group Leader
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST)
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +81 (0)29-861-2865
Fax: +81 (0)29-861-0000
Website: https://unit.aist.go.jp/ischem/en/en/teams/index.html
Address: Cntr.5 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
Education & Academic Background
1995
1997
2000
2000-2001
2001-2007
2007-2010
2010-2014
2014-2015
2015-
Graduated from School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Master of Engineering, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Doctor of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Postdoctoral Researcher, Mechanical Science and Engineering Lab., Surface properties group,
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), US
Researcher, Frontier Research System, RIKEN Institute, Japan
Researcher, Nanotechnology Research Institute (Kansai), National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan
Group Leader, Soft Mechanics Group, Nanosystem Research Institute (NRI), AIST, Japan
R&D Division, Industrial Science and Technology Policy and Environment Bureau, Ministry of
Economy (METI), Japan
Group Leader, Dynamic Functional Materials Group, Research Institute for Sustainable
Chemistry, AIST, Japan
Award: 2013 Honda Memorial Young Researcher Award.
Recent Publications
T. Ohzono, T. Yamamoto, J. Fukuda, “Liquid Crystalline Chirality Balance for Vapours” Nat. Commun. 5,
3755, 2014.
K. Suzuki, Y. Hirai, T. Ohzono, “Oscillating Friction on Shape-Tunable Wrinkles” ACS Appl. Mater. Interface,
6, 10121, 2014.
T. Ohzono, Y. Hirai, K. Suzuki, M. Shimomura, N. Uchida, “Reinforced Shape-Tunable Microwrinkles
Formed on a Porous-Film-Embedded Elastomer Surface”, Soft Matter, 10, 7165, 2014.
T. Ohzono, K. Suzuki, T. Yamaguchi, N. Fukuda “Tunable Optical Diffuser Based on Deformable Wrinkles”
Adv. Opt. Mater. 1 374, 2013.
T. Ohzono, Y. Takenaka, J. Fukuda, “Focal conics in a smectic-A liquid crystal in microwrinkle grooves”
Soft Matter 8, 6438, 2012.
T. Ohzono, J. Fukuda, “Zigzag line defects and manipulation of colloids in a nematic liquid crystal in
microwrinkle grooves” Nat. Commun., 3, 701, 2012.
T. Ohzono, H. Monobe, “Microwrinkles: Shape-tunability and applications” J. Colloid. Interface. Sci., 368, 1,
2012.
H. Monobe, T. Ohzono, H. Akiyama, K. Sumaru, Y. Shimizu, “Manipulation of Liquid Filaments on
Photoresponsive Microwrinkles” ACS Appl. Mater. Interface, 4, 2212, 2012.
T. Ohzono, H. Monobe, K. Shiokawa, M. Fujiwara, Y. Shimizu, “Shaping liquid on a micrometre scale using
microwrinkles as deformable open channel capillaries” Soft Matter, 5, 4658, 2009.
T. Ohzono, H. Monobe, R. Yamaguchi, Y. Shimizu, H. Yokoyama, “Dynamics of surface memory effect in
liquid crystal alignment on reconfigurable microwrinkles” Appl. Phys. Lett., 95, 014101, 2009.
T. Ohzono, M. Shimomura, “Ordering of microwrinkle patterns by compressive strain” Phys. Rev. B, 69,
132202, 2004.
43
Sliding Friction on Shape-Tunable Wrinkles
Takuya Ohzonoa*, Kosuke Suzukia, Yuji Hiraib
a
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, AIST
Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioscience, Chitose Inst. Sci. Tech.
E-mail: [email protected]
a
The excellent performance of soft-microstructures on living surfaces in terms of their adhesion and
friction has attracted considerable attention, as these are key elements in many tribological applications. The
enhanced adhesion and reversible control of gripping in living surfaces are attributed to the deformation of the
soft-microstructures in the attachment surface (e.g., seta, spatula, hexagonal cell, and fingerprint). Herein, we
consider a system, in which a soft-microstructure is dynamically tunable, to further explore the possibility of
dynamic controlling of, e.g., friction, adhesion, and lubrication. As a model system of the shape-tunable softmicrostructures found in living systems, the buckling-induced wrinkles are attracted attention, which is
generated on a compressed elastomer having a hard top layer. The wrinkles show a wide variety of
periodically-undulated structures, depending on the material, while also allowing the alignment direction of the
grooves (or crests) and the sinusoidal shape to be varied.
On this point of view here we show recent results of friction experiments on two different wrinkled
surfaces; wrinkles on a polyimide (PI) film atatched to a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer with the
wrinkle wavelength of hundreds of micrometers: PI-system [1], and those on a PDMS surface, underneath
which a microporous film is embedded to harden the surface effectively, with the wrinkle wavelength of tens
of micrometers: PDMS-system [2,3]. In both cases the anisotropic wrinkles can be induced by adding strain
and the amplitude are tunable in a certain range. The main difference of two experimental systems is the scale
of the wrinkle periodicity. Using an indentor for the friction tests as the counter slider having a round shape
with the diameter of 1 mm for PI-system or of 5 mm for PDMS one, different frictional results are expected on
two wrinkle systems because the size of the indentor is comparable to that of the wrinkle periodicity for the PI
wrinkles and is much larger for the PDMS wrinkles.
The main results of the normal-load-dependent average friction forces on the wrinkled and the flat
surfaces are shown in Figure 1. On the PI surface the friction force increases (~+20%) when the surface is
wrinkled (Figure 1a). On the other hand, the friction decreases on the PDMS surface (~-20%) when the surface
is wrinkled (Figure 1b). On the PI wrinkles, the indenter tip can be stacked between the crests of wrinkles
during the sliding and expect the resistance from one crest ahead to lay over it. This may be explained by socalled Coulombic interlocking and/or the elastic plowing mechanism [1 and references therein]. On the PDMS
wrinkles, however, the indenter must make contacts with multiple wrinkle crests. Consequently, the total area
of contacts decreases and the stick-slip event becomes easy to occur, leading to reduction of friction through
the Bowden-Tabor’s adhesive friction model [3]. We believe that these results will be helpful to understanding
and analyzing the tribological phenomena associated with soft deformable living surfaces, as well as the
development of new mechanically-functional surfaces for soft composite materials.
We thank KAKENHI (Grant No. 24120003) for their supports.
[1] K. Suzuki, Y. Hirai, T.
Ohzono, ACS Appl. Mater.
Interface, 6, 10121, 2014.
[2] T. Ohzono, Y. Hirai, K.
Suzuki, M. Shimomura, N.
Uchida, Soft Matter, 10, 7165,
2014.
[3] K. Suzuki, Y. Hirai, M.
Shimomura,
T.
Ohzono,
submitted 2015.
Figure 1. Average friction force Fav vs. normal load P on wrinkled and
unrwrinkled (flat) surfaces. (a) PI-surface. (b) PDMS-surface.
44
Dr. Kalina RASKIN-DELISLE
Centre Européen d’Excellence en Biomimétisme de Senlis
CEEBIOS
E-mail : [email protected]
Website : ceebios.com
telephone : +33 (0)6 62 49 42 72
Address : 62 rue du Faubourg Saint Martin, 60300 Senlis, France
EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
2002-2006
ECOLE SUPERIEURE DE PHYSIQUE ET DE CHIMIE INDUSTRIELLES DE PARIS (ESPCI) – PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY ENGINEER
DIPLOMA IN
2005- 2009
2006.
RESEARCH FELLOW – PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE UNIVERSITY - PARIS
PhD in Neurosciences
2006-2009
2012-2014
TEACHING
Pierre et Marie Curie University & ESPCI Engineering School - Paris
BIOMIMICRY AND RESPONSIBLE INNOVATION IN
SMES – PARIS REGION INNOVATION CENTER - www.innovation-
idf.org
Since 2014-02
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE CEEBIOS
OTHER RELATED ACTIVITIES
Since 2010
VOLUNTEER – BIOMIMICRY EUROPA FRENCH COMITEE - www.biomimicry.eu
Conferences for corporations, universities and engineering schools. Involvement in exhibitions and
regular events, animation and network expansion.
Since 2012
Expert member of the ISO TC 266 Biomimetics
Since 2013
Editorial advisor for the French « Techniques de l’Ingénieur » journal
2014
Expert for the European Commission – Nature Based Solutions
45
Bio-inspired innovation implementation in R&D strategies A French landscape overview
Kalina RASKINa, Françis PRUCHEa,b , Sylvie GAUTHIER-MORESTAINb,
Gilles BOEUFc, Pascale LOISELEURa,b
a
CEEBIOS,
City of Senlis,
c
University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris
b
E-mail: [email protected]
In order to face societal challenges, new trans-disciplinary and trans-sectorial
approaches have become essential to conciliate human society prosperity, resources
conservation and the decrease of human activity impacts over the long term. These
innovative approaches should involve most of the scientific and social disciplines, as
well as actors from private, public and political sectors.
In this context, bio-inspired innovation is one of the most promising approaches. This
strategy takes advantage of living technologies (chemistry, materials, processes…) and
systems, selected by 3.8 billion years of adaptation and evolution in order to develop
new innovative products, services and organizational models.
Several scientific and methodological obstacles and hurdles regarding bioinspiration
integration still remain to be overcome. In order to go beyond isolated and singular
initiatives, it is required to analyze the mechanisms of biological knowledge transfer:
case studies should allow to experiment and develop systematic tools to introduce
biomimicry in R&D&I processes by setting up trans-disciplinar networks and teams.
Furthermore, promoting the integration of this approach as a driver of responsible
innovation by entrepreneurs, industries, local authorities, educators and political actors,
but also its assimilation by the civil society (citizens, consumers ...) is still necessary.
In September 2012, the City of Senlis, 40 km north of Paris, decided to convert an
ancient military site into a center dedicated to bio-inspiration. Covering 10 hectares, the
CEEBIOS, Centre Européen d’Excellence en Biomimétisme de Senlis, aims at
becoming a campus that will gather research and higher education activities, innovative
start-ups using bio-inspiration, SMEs but also major industrial groups.
46
Preliminary Study on 3D Data Sampling for
Internal Morphology of Insects
● Background
In the course of insect morphology, internal morphology on the system
of muscles and viscera have been observed and measured only by
destructive methods, for example dissection or preparation. In this
study, non-destructive 3D sampling on the thorax of male horned beetle
and the ovary of blister beetle were made by a micro-focused X-ray CT,
SHIMADZU inspeXio SMX-100CT.
Additionally, the external and internal structures of strepsipterans,
Xenos oxyodontes (Insecta, Strepsiptera) parasitized to the abdomen of
Vespa simillina were observed and correctly recorded.
● Results
Shuhei Nomura & Yuta Nakase
Address: Dept. Zoology,
National Museum of Nature and
Science, Amakubo 4-1-1,
Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan.
E-mail: [email protected]
↑Ditto, ovary of
blister beetle
←Ditto, male horn of
horned beetle
Section CT (above) and 3D
(below) images of metathorax of male horned beetle
In the thorax of horned beetle, structures and positions of flight muscles
driving the hind wing were correctly recorded. In the head horn, the external
wall and the internal honeycomb structure could be observed non-destructively.
In the ovary of blister beetle, positions of digestive organ and ovary, and
arrangement of eggs were recorded. The position and the shape of male and
female of strepsipterans, Xenos oxyodontes parasitized to the abdomen of
Vespa simillina were non-destructively observedand recorded. On the other
hand, difficulty for minute and thin parts, and weak resolution of the microfocused X-ray CT for ultrastructure were found.
Ditto, strepsipterans
Xenos oxyodontes
parasitized to the
abdomen of Vespa
Key words
・micro-focused
X-ray CT
・3D data
・internal
structure
● Summary
Internal structures of three species of insects were observed and recorded non-destructively by
a micro-focused X-ray CT. This method is very effective for macro-structures, for example, flight
muscles, digestive organs and ovary. But weak point of the CT for microstructures were also
recognized.
47
The surface structures of suckers and paired-fin pads
in teleostean fishes
Eri Katayama, Gento Shinohara and Keiichi Matsuura
Fish collection of NSMT:
great resource for biomimetics
There are over 3 million wet specimens (preserved
in alcohol) in NSMT. SEM images of the fish skins
have been produced from the fish specimens.
Using such images and the ecological keywords,
we are developing the Biomimetics Database in
cooperation with IT researchers.
We are also studying the functional morphology
together with engineering researchers.
Contact Persons
National Museum of Nature and Science (NSMT)
Eri Katayama: [email protected]
Gento Shinohara: [email protected]
Keiichi Matsuura: [email protected]
Morphology of shark skin (placoid scale) and ecology of shark
A placoid scale of shark
● Mackerel sharks
● Cow sharks
● Carpet sharks
(Lamnidae: Lamna ditropis)
(Hexanchidae: Hexanchus griseus)
(Orectolobidae: Orectolobus japonicus)
KPM-NR 0054509
Photo by H. Senou
The image of a scale of
Nurse sharks by inspeXio
SMX-100CT (Shimadzu
Excellence in Science)
Sharks: about 400 species
Open ocean & fast swimming
Deep waters & bottom dwelling
(slow swimming)
Bottom dwelling
(not fast swimming)
Diversity of the sucker and suction fins
*Perciformes:
● Cling fishes (Gobiesocidae*: Aspasmichthys ciconiae)
KPM-NR 0107074
about 10,000 species
about 3,500 species
**Cypriniformes:
KPM-NR 0088198
Ventral of Lumpfish
Lethotremus awae
Photo by H. Senou
● Flat loaches (Balitoridae** : Balitoropsis leonardi)
Photo by K. Yamasaki
Pelvic fins were transformed to a sucker, making the fish
attach to rocks or sea weeds.
×30
Paired-fins have filiform
structures on the ventral
surfaces
×100 ×500
Pectoral and pelvic fins have filiform surfaces,
making the fish attach to the bottom of river.
×25
×2,000
×15,000
×1000
×500
KPM-NR: photos from Fish PIX of the Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History / Lamna ditropis, photo by F. Tashiro
48
〜Development of Antifouling Functional Surface
using Biomimicking Microstructure〜
● Purpose
Excessive growth of fouling organisms on such as
ship hulls, fisheries nets and power plants causes
technical and economic problem worldwide. To
prevent settlement of sessile organisms, paints
containing organotin compounds and cuprous oxide
compounds have been commonly used. However, the
use of these metal-based compounds has been
brought to public attention by many reports of
environmental contamination. Therefore, antifouling
technologies that are not only effective and but also
environmentally friendly are urgently needed.
In this research, we are trying to develop new type
antifouling surface applying microstructure and
chemical modification technology by mimicking
marine organisms, such as sharks and dolphins. .
Power plant
Contact Persons
Central Research Institute of Electric
Power Industry
Dr Yasuyuki Nogata
[email protected]
Ship hull
Concepts of our research
Microstructure surface
http:/ / farm1.static.flickr.com/ 69/
183199821_b949be5e48.jpg
Investigation of
relationship
between
microstructure and
antifouling effect
Evaluate
antifouling effects
Surface with chemical modification
Development of new type antifouling
surface from mimicking marine organisms
Model surface of sharks and dolphins skins
● Research Details
Evaluation of antifouling effects of microstructure using several fouling organisms
New test systems using flow water
Settlement test using diatoms
The previous assay
methods is tested in
still water situation
Barnacle larvae
5 mm pillar structure
Incubate for
one week
● Summary
15 mm pillar structure
In order to development of environmental friendly antifouling
surface, it is important to develop antifouling evaluation
methods using some fouling organisms and flow water condition
49
Adult barnacles
Self-Adjustable Adhesion of Polyampholyte Hydrogels
●Introduction
Bacteria cells can attach with almost any
surfaces, regardless the diversity in the
surface
chemistry.
The
self-adjustable
capability of the extracellular polymeric
matrix (EPM) of bacteria cells has made this
possible. Inspired from nature, we intend to
find out a self-adjustable hydrogel adhesive
for adhesion to hydrogels and tissues. A selfadjustable surface is such a surface which
can offer its species for the formation of
attractive interaction depending on substrate
charges through dynamic reorganization
process. A possible design for achieving such
a self-adjustable adhesive is a hydrogel
composed of both positively and negatively
charged monomers.
Use polyampholyte
based hydrogels as
adhesive
tissue
•Laboratory of Soft and Wet Matter, Graduate
School of Life Science, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
KUROKAWA Takayuki
[email protected]
PA gel
Copolymerized from
positive and negative
monomers
Ion-complex based
system
●Results
Can form strong ion-complex with either positive charge or negative charge.
Can increase number of adhesion sites through non-specific attractive interaction.
Self-adjustibility of PA hydrogel for adhesion
10 mm
10 mm
No hydrogel
PA hydrogel (±)
10 mm
PNaAMPS hydrogel (-)
PA hydrogel can stick with both positively
charged PDMAEA-Q and negatively charged
PNaAMPS hydrogels.
10 mm
PDMAPAA-Q hydrogel (+)
PA hydrogel strongly sticks to liver tissue for long time and closes notch.
Negatively charged hydrogel does not stick to tissue surface.
Positively charged hydrogel sticks to tissue surface but fails shortly.
●Summary
A neutral PA hydrogel can act as wet adhesive material for the joining of PE hydrogels or
biological tissues based on a self-adjustable ion-bond formation mechanism. This
mechanism, driven by the Columbic interaction and the entropy gain of the counter-ion
release, is specific for polyelectrolyte systems in aqueous environment.
50
Multi-Functionalities of Moth-eye Film
● Purpose
The living body surface develops many functions with one
structure. It is hoped that the structure formed by technique
of biomimetics also develops many functions.
We produce the moth-eye type AR films with the roll type
molds, continuously. Moth-eye structures can prevent
reflection. We have been developing a continuous
manufacturing process of moth-eye structures on a polymer
film with the roll mold. We verified the multi-functionality
of our moth-eye films: reflection, contact angles with water,
insect-slipping phenomena.
Contact Persons
Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd
Yokohama Research Laboratories
Dr. Yoshihiro UOZU
[email protected]
● Research Details
As for the moth-eye surface consisting of a hydrophobic polymer, the contact angle of
the water is around 140 degrees. On the contrary, the value for a hydrophilic polymer is
around 20 degrees. These phenomena reflect characteristics of polymers.
We put an insect on the plastic plate and turned the plastic plate 180 degrees. When the
surface was smooth, the insect was getting on the plastic board. In contrast, on the
moth-eye surface, the insect slipped down from a plastic board for 90 degrees. Most
insects slipped down on moth-eye surfaces.
Contact Angles for water
Reflections of Fluorescent Lamps
● Summary
We have verified the multi-functionality of the moth-eye surface. It is hoped that the
structure formed by technique of biomimetics develops many functions.
Acknowledgements: We thank Prof. Hariyama of Hamamatsu University School of
Medicine for the observation of insect-slipping phenomena.
51
∼ Formation of corneal nipples in insects ∼
● Purpose
Moth-eye structure which was discovered at the outer surfaces of
moth eyes had an array of cuticular protuberances termed corneal
nipples , and was known to serve anti-reflective, self-cleaning and/or
water-repellent functions. Although the morphology and function of
moth-eye structure are relatively studied, the mechanism of the
formation is elusive. Elucidation of self-organizing mechanism on nipple
formation in insects will inspire us to develop the engineering approach
to produce the nanostructured products.
10µm!
3µm!
：
Hilgenfeldt S et al.
PNAS 2008
0.2µm!
Corneal lens in Drosophila melanogaster（nipples on the surface）
● Research Details
Formation of envelop
Corneal lens is formed during pupal stages!
Various nipple patterns are formed
by modification of gene activity
Wild%type
1µm
Accumulation of
cuticular materials
between envelop and
micrivilli
Formation of epicuticle!
Secretion of materials
through exocytosis!
Nipple formation on
the epicuticle
Various patterns formed by Turing’s
reaction-diffusion simulators created
by Dr. S. Kondo Osaka Univ
Accumulation of
cuticular materials on
the tip of cellular
microvilli!
Cuticular materials for
corneal
lens
are
produced by !
four cone cells!
two 1ry pigment cells!
self-assembly/self-organization!
Changes of apical tension enlarge the size of nipples
Formation of
procuticular layer
including chi in
Apical tension by actin filaments through cell adhesion apparatus
↓
Tension at the self-organizing region of lens formation
↓
Pattern formation of corneal nipples
● Summary
Corneal nipples are formed from cuticular materials secreted by lens cells through
exocytosis, probably in self-organizing/self-assembling manners. Modification of some
genetic activities changes the pattern of nipples. Apical tension by cytoskeletal actin
filaments should affect the tension at organizing region and regulate the size of nipples.
52
Induction of resistance response of soybean
by chemical in the oral secretion of insects
● Purpose
It is well-known that insect herbivory commonly elicits rapid plant responses.
Similar to many plants, soybean (Glycine max) leaves emit volatile terpenes when
treated with fatty acid-amino acid conjugate (FAC) elicitors such as volicitin [N(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine] present in the oral secretions and gut
contents of Spodoptera litura. However, outside of few investigations, insectinducible metabolites in soybean remain poorly understood.
The objective of this study was to establish a method to quantitatively evaluate
responses of soybean varieties to S. litura herbivory. Interestingly, we found that
artificial mechanical damage and treatment of extracts of S. litura gut contents
on Soybean leaves induced the same responses as that induced by S. litura
herbivory (Fig. 1).
Mimic
Contact Persons
Kyoto University
Ryu Nakata
[email protected]
Apply
Extract
S. litura
Fig. 1 The mimetic method of
S. litura herbivory
With artificial mechanical
damage
● Research Details
Artificial damage and treatment of the gut content extracts on soybean leaves induced flavonoids, which were
induced by the herbivory (Fig. 2) (Metabolites, 2014, 4, 532-546). These metabolites were analyzed by LCMS and PCA.
O
O
O
OH
O
HO
HO
O
O
OH
Daidzein
Daidzin
Malonyldaidzin
OH
4’,7-Dihydroxyflavone
Fig. 2 Inducible flavonoids in soybean leaves
treated with the extraction
Ononin
Formononetin
O
Malonylononin
Moreover, treatment of gut content extracts with 13C9-phenylalanine (biosynthesis precursor of flavonoids)
showed that labeled phenylalanine was incorporated into formononetin (Fig. 3). Chemicals in the gut contents
activate the biosynthesis pathway of flavonoids in soybean.
Treatment with
phenylalanine
Control
13C
9-
Incorporation
MS spectrum
Non-labeled
9 mass unit
MS spectrum
Non-labeled
13C -Phenylalanine
9
Fig. 3 LCMS chromatograms and MS spectrums of
formononetin and 13C9-formononetin. 13C9-Phenylalanine
was incorporated into flavonoids biosynthesis and that
was observed by mass shift of 9 mass unit in flavonoids.
Labeled
12
13
14
min
12
13C -Formononetin
9
13
14
min
● Summary
Insect herbivory in soybean can be mimicked by using extracts of the oral secretion and gut contents. By using the
extracts, we will study the resistance of soybean to insect herbivory by evaluating the metabolite quantitatively and
reveal the molecular basis of the resistance.
53
Mamiko Ozaki, Masaru K. Hojo, Yusuke Takeichi, Dept. Biol., Grad. Sch. Sci., Kobe Univ., Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
● Purpose
Olfactory sensory system has widely been developed in
animals to detect environmental volatile chemicals. In
ants as a social insect, their body surfaces are coved
with nest-specific multi-components’ odors and a
particular type of chemosensory sensillum is used for
nestmate-and nonnestmate discrimination. With this
sensillum, they exhibit aggressive behavior toward nonnestmates (strangers) but not towards nestmates
(familiar workers). This implies that the ant sensillum
can sensitively detect newly coming odors. Learning
from the ant sensillum, we could find new technology
for sensing of environmental volatile, which can alarm
for unusual changes of environment.
● Research Background
Our proposal for neo-biomimetic engineering of chemical sensing system
Contact Persons:
Dept. Biol., Grad. Sch. Sci.,
Kobe Univ.
Dr. Mamiko Ozaki
ｍ[email protected]
For realizing differential detection of odor in your experiences
● Research Details
● Summary
It has been reported that in the Japanese carpenter ant,Camponotus japonicus, workers discriminate between nestmates and non-nestmates by the sensilla
basiconica on the antennae. We indicated that this type of sensilla house 130 olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) possessing >100 olfactory receptor
molecules, respectively. Here we observed ultrastructure of the sensilla basiconica using serial block face scanning electron microscope (SBF-SEM) and
constructed its 3D model showing the particular shape like a twisted thick rope of ORNs. Dendritic processes of those over hundred ORNs have no
branches but characteristic swellings (1-7 swellings/dendritic process). In this swelling region, cell membranes of ORNs are closely adjacent with
complicated borders. We supposed to exist some interaction among these ORNs at such a swelling region. If it happens, it may affect the functional
mechanism of the sensilla basiconica as a sensory unit to detect difference between odors of self and others.
54
〜Development of Functional Material「SLUG」
Artificially Mimicking Biological Secretion System
● Purpose
In this study, we report novel organogels named ナメクジ：SLUGs
(Self-lubricating organogels), which are capable of spontaneously
releasing liquids from inner gel matrices to their outer surfaces
when triggered by a change in the surrounding conditions (e.g.
temperature). Utilizing this phenomenon known as syneresis, novel
materials can be prepared which possess excellent surface
functionalities, including: 1) sustained anti-sticking properties
against several viscous emulsions (mayonnaise, honey, ketchup,
liquid glue, and worcester sauce) and their dry solidifications; 2)
spontaneous formation/regeneration of superhydrophobicity; and 3)
thermo-responsive anti-icing properties.
Contact Persons
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science
and Technology (AIST)
Dr. Chihiro Urata and Dr. Atsushi Hozumi
[email protected]
These organogels possess autonomic/thermo-responsive liquid-leaching functions that are quite different from
conventional materials prepared using post-treatments such as SLIPSs and swollen gels（J. Mater. Chem. A
2015, 3, 12626.）。
Biological
Surface
Growth・Stimuli
(1) Functional Expression
(2) Function Maintenance
Secretion
Soil
Superhydropobicity
secretion of plant wax
by
Self-cleaning properties
by secretion of mucus
● Research Details
Ice
Pillar
Tilt
Cross section
of SLUG
Sliding of mayonnaise
Sliding of ice pillar
● Summary
Superhydrophobic and
self-repairing properties
Self-lubricating organogels (SLUGs) are successfully prepared via a simple crosslinking reaction of PDMS in the
presence of several organic liquids. Due to the syneresis of organogels, a liquid layer is continuously formed on the
topmost SLUG surfaces under appropriate conditions. The resulting surfaces show multi-liquid repellency,
regenerative superhydrophobicity, and thermo-sensitive anti-icing properties.
55
〜Surface design for improving the heat transfer〜
● Purpose
To release heat generated from electric
devices plays an important role in working
properly. Two approaches for enhancement
of releasing the heat is to activate the
mobility of phonon, related to thermal
conductivity, and to control electromagnetic
waves, related to heat radiation, on the
material surfaces. In this work, we
attempted to construct surface design for
improving the heat transfer.
・Enhancement of
mean free path of phonon
Contact Person
Nagoya Institute of Technology
Dr. Hirotaka Maeda
[email protected]
Saharan silver ants
・Excellent reflectivity and emissivity
by a dense array of triangular hairs
・Consumption of heat
Diatom
→ Utilizing motion of
molecular chains
for increasing the
thermal diffusivity
・Light focusing effect
due to surface geometry
→ Utilizing surface structure
for controlling
electromagnetic waves
● Research Details
70
*CxH2x+1
Glass substrate
with a periodical structure
o
14.2 C/sec
o
Temp / C
60
50
Glass substrate
o
15.0 C/sec
40
Low
High
Effect of molecular
chain lengths on
thermal diffusivity.
30
1
10
Time / sec
100
Temperature change
on graphic cards in
computer.
Mobility of alkyl chains
● Summary
The motion of molecular chains at the material surface influenced the thermal diffusivity.
The heat release rate on graphic cards was enhanced by the periodical structure on the surface.
56
〜Flexible wing-and body-based strategies
for bio-inspired flight system: aerodynamics and flight stability
● Purpose
Flying animals are capable of sophisticated, aerodynamic force
production and precise, agile maneuvering, which are achieved
through more straight-forward sensorimotor pathways to
modulate power output from the steering muscles
to the wing. Flight control requires complicated motor systems in
response to multimodal sensory inputs and the coordination of
multiple muscles across the body. Flexible structures of wing and
body in flying animals have been pointed out to hold great
potentials in enhancing aerodynamic performance and steering
maneuverability in flapping-wing flight. The flexible strategies in
Contact
biological flights and bio-inspired flight system associated with
Chiba University
micro air vehicles very likely play an important role in the control
Prof. Hao Liu
[email protected]
and sensorimotor of flapping-wing flight (Proc B 279, 2012).
In this study we aim at unveiling the novel mechanisms in flexible wing-and body-based
strategies on how the flexible wing and the body flexion work aerodynamically in terms of
aerodynamic force-production and dynamic flight stability as well as application in designing
bio-inspired flapping wings for micro air vehicles.
● Research Details
Flexible wings enhance vortex and force
generation in hummingbird hovering.
● Summary
Body flexion affects hawkmoth hovering:
Time varying and averaged thoracic angles.
Wing flexibility in hovering flights of hawkmoth and hummingbird can create larger
aerodynamic forces and achieve better aerodynamic efficiencies. Bio-inspired wing kinematics
and deformations are more important rather than wing structures (vein, membrane,
musculature).
57
Construction of a database supporting
development of biomimetic products
●Purpose
TRIZ method is useful to solve problems in
sustainable engineering. This problem solving
method was discovered that the evolution of
technical ideas followed predictable patterns. The
tools
used
to
overcome
technological
contradictions are called “principles”, and 40
principles is utilize in problem solving. In this
presentation, Construction of a database for the
application of TRIZ for nature material design was
described. From a biomimetic aspect, 40 principles
would be useful for design of sustainable materials.
Process for
biomimetic products
by International
Organization for
Standardization
Takeshi Yamauchi
Department of
Materials Science
and Technology
Niiigata University
yamauchi@
gs.niigata-u.ac.jp
Problem
Problem
Formulation Reframing
Technical committees
266 - Biomimetics-
Biological
Solution
Search
Hidetoshi Kobayashi
School / Graduate
School of
Engineering Science,
Osaka University
hkoba@
me.es.osaka-u.ac.jp
Defining
Solution
Search
Toru Kobayashi
Graduate school of
Electrical and
Electronic Engineering
Program
Nagasaki University
toru@
cis.nagasaki-u.ac.jp
Extract
Principle
Problem
Application
To solve a contradiction
Database of biomimetic solutions by Nature
BioTRIZ
●Research Details
We have introduced a
problem solution technique
called
bioTRIZ
and
constructed the database
which
could
develop
a
biomimetic product of the ISO.
① Database for development of
biomimetic products by I SO regulation
②Suggest the problem solution that can
create the high quality patent by each
process effectively
Contradiction
Matrix
method for
problem
solution
●Summary
We simplified the new
database that an engineer has
only put a technical problem in
a technical contradiction matrix
and
it
proposes
new
engineering ideas from nature
to solve the problem.
Search Idea
from 40
principles
Products
Inventory
58
Biomimetics R&D and Standardization
●Introduction
Standard development for biomimetics has started
on October 2012 within ISO and new ISO standards
will be published as early as the end of 2015. The
first two ISO standards are on “definitions for
biomimetics (WG1)” and “biomimetic optimization of
industrial products (WG3)” which are closely related
to industry. Launch of a new working group on
“sustainability and biomimetics” is scheduled for the
next TC266 Biomimetics meeting which will be held
on October 2015. This poster provides a brief
overview of current activities in TC266 Biomimetics
and challenges for the future.
Terpsiphone atrocaudata：Male black paradise flycatcher has
bright blue eye ring and beak. The color is created by biological
nanostructures. They build a nest by knitting up moss, cypress skin
and spider silk.
●ISO/TC266 Biomimetics, activities now and the future
ISO/TC266 Biomimetics 《Structure》
《Participating countries》
As of March 2015
As of September 2015
Japan’s ideas for future biomimetics standardization
▷Use international standards to foster innovation, not the other way around.
<< In emerging and interdisciplinary area, Technical Specification (TS) is preferable as it allows
stakeholders to harmonize opinion.
▷Support “Transparency and Stakeholder Communication”
<< Make “better standards” at the initiative of Japan.
▷Develop a strategic approach to “sustainability issue” and appoint the right person.
<< Avoid implementation of rash and indiscreet management.
▷Standards development requires reflection of industry needs.
<< ISO standards rely on the voluntary activities based on industry and other stakeholders
needs. We expect more participants for better ISO standards.
● Need further information ?
＊Subscribe to PEN [email protected]
＊Visit PENGIN http://pengin.ne.jp/
Note: PENGIN undergoes renovation, yet you can download back issues of PEN.
Contact: CNT-Application Research Center, AIST
Mizuki Sekiya＜[email protected]＞
59
〜Water transportation system of sponges〜
●Purpose
・ Construction of robust and extensible network is demanded
in various field such as traffic, telecommunication and water
distributing pipe network.
・ Sponges are sessile aquatic animals. Sponges continuously
flow ambient water through a vast canal system inside their
body, and filter out and feed suspended organic particles. As
sponges have no specialized organ such as digestive tract,
they not only feed, but also breathe and breed by water
flowing through the canal system. Their dependence on the
canal system suggests that the sponge canal system should
be optimized for efficient water transportation, which would
potentially serve as a model system for designing a water
transportation system with high energy efficiency.
Schematic image
Dr. Mirei Tsubaki
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and
Technology (JAMSTEC)
Remi Tsubaki ： [email protected]
Flagellar moving generate water flow
Choanocyte
chamber
▲ Sea sponge
NETWORK STRUCTURE
Keywords
・Robustness
・Network
Flagellum
FLOW GENERATOR
Robust and extensible
network system inspired
by sponge
●Research Details
・ Fundamental information on flagellar movement
was obtained through high-speed recording.
・ We created a computer program to extract
network structure from CT images.
Image banalization of flagellar
basement region
Time course change of center
position
▲ 3D image of sponge
canal system.
▲ Extracted network structure
Average frequency: ca. 20 per sec
●Summary
We demonstrated some key principles of the sponge water transportation system from two
different perspectives, canal network structure and flagellar beating. Further studies are needed
to elucidate the functional mechanism of sponge canal network system.
60
Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Powder
● Purpose
Pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are viscoelastic polymer
materials that instantly adhere to solid surfaces via van der Waals
forces upon application of a light contact pressure. PSAs are
commonly applied in the form of a thin layer on a substrate or
spraying droplets. Although the PSAs are useful functional materials,
their sticky nature often makes them intractable, and there is a
strong demand for development of easy handling PSAs. Here, we
introduce a new concept for synthesizing PSA powder based on
liquid marble technology. PSA powder consists of particles with a
soft adhesive polymer core and a hard nanoparticle shell morphology,
and shows no adhesion in its original form and flows like a powder.
Only after application of shear stress, it then shows its adhesive
nature. Adhesion is induced by rupture of the nanoparticle coating of
the powder and outflow of the inner soft polymer.
Contact Persons
Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of
Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology
Dr. Syuji Fujii
[email protected]
Pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) powder consisting of particles with an adhesive polymer core and a hard
nanoparticle shell morphology have been synthesized based on liquid marble technology. The PSA shows no
adhesion in its original form, and shows its adhesive nature only after application of shear stress.
Schematic representation of PSA powder
consisting of particles with a soft sticky
polymer core and a solid nanoparticle shell
morphology. After application of shear stress,
adhesive nature appeared because of outflow
of the inner soft polymer. Optical photographs
of such PSA materials are also shown. The
PSA shows no adhesion in its original form
and flows freely like a powder. (Inset shows
single PSA particle.) Only after application of
shear stress, it acts as an adhesive.
● Research Details
(a,c) Digital photographs and (b,d) SEM images of a particle
with a soft adhesive PBA core and a hard CaCO3 nanoparticle
shell morphology (a,b) before and (c,d) after application of
shear stress.
● Summary
(a) Stress-displacement tack curves obtained for PSA liquid marble: (i) before and (ii-iv) after
application of shear stress. Pressure applied to PSA liquid marbles: (i, ii) 5.1, (iii) 26 and (iv)
110 kPa. (b) Relationship between pressure applied to PSA materials and maximum stress in
tack measurement. Samples: Liquid marble PSA (yellow bar) before and (green bar) after
application of shear stress, (blue bar) PBA latex film with a thickness of 45 mm and (red bar)
commercially available PSA tape (Scotch® Magic™ Tape 810)
The PSA shows no adhesive character in its initial form and flows like a powder. After application of shear stress,
the adhesive nature appeared induced by rupture of the CaCO3 nanoparticle coating and outflow of soft polymer. The
PSA powder should be particularly useful in bonding in confined and intricate spaces (e.g. fastening screw and
cracking of walls), where sticky polymeric materials are difficult to apply due to their high viscosity.
61
The NanoSuit® method to observe the
living mammalian tissue and cell
Chinatsu Nakane1, Yasuharu Takaku1, Masatsugu Shimomura2, Takahiko Hariyama1
1 Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Department of Biology, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan. 2 Chitose Institute of Science and Technology, Departments of
Bio- and Material Photonics, 758-65 Chitose, Hokkaido 066-8655, Japan
Ⅰ
Ⅲ
Abstract
A field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) has been made remarkable progress, and
has become an essential tool for observing the fine structure of biological materials. However,
various complex procedures are necessary for the observation, therefore, preclude the observation
2
Experimental procedures
Specimens: excised tissues from human stomach. Melanoma
cell. Mouse liver. Drosophila and Hydra.
of living organisms to date. We previously found the simple surface modification (the ‘NanoSuit ®’
Cancer cell (melanoma cell)
A
Conventional image
B
NanoSuit image
Treatment: Specimens were dipped into the SSE solution for 1
min and irradiated by plasma to construct the NanoSuit.
method) can render multicellular organisms strongly tolerant to high vacuum, resulting in a
successful observation of living organisms by FE-SEM (Takaku et al., 2013; Suzuki et al., 2013; Ohta
et al., 2014; Takaku et al., 2015). In brief, animals, which collapsed under high vacuum (10-3-10-7 Pa),
A
can survive and move continuously in FE-SEM if they possess their natural extracellular surface
B
C
layer (or are covered with an artificial solution layer made from a dilute amphiphilic compounds
such as polysorbitan monolaurate) and are irradiated by electron beam or plasma to enhance the
polymer formation covering the whole animal body with NanoSuit. We recently succeeded to apply
+
NanoSuit
this technique to the living mammalian tissues and cells, and found that the fine structure of the
living specimen surface is completely different from that of traditionally fixed sample. The observed
specimens were able to re-culture in a culturing medium, i.e. these specimens seem to reflect the
Before
Plasma treatment
After
１µm
real living structures. The specimens including the human body are observable with a real structure
in a short time without any additional procedures when we use the NanoSuit method. These
FE-SEM observation: All the specimens tolerated the high
vacuum well, exhibiting fine structures (Max. x 100,000).
findings should encourage the development of more sophisticated observation methods for
studying living organisms in a FE-SEM.
Ⅱ
Ⅳ
Introduction
We can observe living and moving specimens with FE-SEM !
(1) Various complex procedures with fixing tissues have precluded the
real fine structure of organisms by a field emission scanning electron
microscope (FE-SEM).
(2) We have reported a new method to observe living organisms; their
surfaces are covered with a thin-layer of irradiated membrane
(the NanoSuit® method: Takaku et al, 2013; Suzuki et al, 2013; Ohta
et al, 2014, Takaku et al, 2015) .
(3) Our method permits the use of a high vacuum（10-3～10-7Pa） and
achieves fine structural observations on live specimens.
(4) Here we present new results observed by the NanoSuit method.
1
Results
Stomach cancer (human)
Conventional image
A
B
cancer
cancer
１µm
Fig. 4. Conventional method resulted in disruption of the surface (A), whereas NanoSuit
technique maintained the nano fiber structures (B).
3µm
Front line ?
C
normal
3
Basic concept of NanoSuit
0min
20µm
B
3µm
NanoSuit image
untreated
A
A
normal
After modification of materials on the surface of organisms by
exposure to electron beam or plasma ionization, the treated animals
showed spontaneous movements in high vacuo (10-3-10-7 Pa).
Nano fiber structures in developmental and regenerated tissue
B
C
60min
D
E
D
E
High
vacuum
cancer
cancer
10-3~-7 Pa
control
F
0min
H
G
electron
beam
60min
0.1mm
200nm
Front line
J
I
F
10-3~-7 Pa
0.1mm
20µm
0 → 30min
M
G
2 µm
H
Front line
I
cancer
0.5mm
1µm
treated
0 → 30min
Q
i
Front line
K
0.2mm
L
R
normal
0.3mm
0.2mm
200nm
J
P
Ⅴ
cancer
normal
1µm
200nm
Fig. 2. (K-M) A living larval mosquito Culex pipiens molestus (which has no natural ECS layer) treated by plasma
irradiation for 3 min and observed by SEM for 30 min. (O-Q) Images of the larval mosquito, following early
electron irradiation, protected by plasma-irradiated Tween 20. (M, Q) High magnification image of the body
surface in each animal. In N and R, TEM images of the surfaces of each animal are shown. Layers between the
arrowheads indicate the newly formed NanoSuit. An outer layer covering the animal an artificial extra cellular
substance (Tween 20) in O.
cancer
cancer
normal
50µm
20µm
20µm
Fig. 3. In the conventional view, the position of the front line between normal and cancer tissues was
indistinct because the specimen collapsed (A-C). In contrast, NanoSuit image clearly showed the line (D-F),
suggesting that new method holds the surface faithfully intact. The combination NanoSuit method with HE
staining directly revealed the area of cancer (G-L).
62
2 µm
Fig. 5. Nano fiber structures were detected in developmental process of Drosophila eye
(A) and Hydra regeneration (B). The fibers were also observed in the liver regeneration in
mouse (C). However, it was not distinct on the cross section of non-regererative tissue (D).
N
0.3mm
+ NanoSuit
3µm
NanoSuit + HE image
normal
O
normal
200nm
untreated
L
D
+
NanoSuit
0.3mm
control
C
normal
Fig. 1. (A-D) Prior to SEM observation, a living larva (light micrograph in A) was placed in the observation chamber
without electron beam irradiation for 60 min. The specimen collapsed completely when subsequently observed by
SEM. (F-I) A different Drosophila larva was exposed to high vacuum with electron beam irradiation for 60 min.
Each small white square in C, H, is shown magnified (D, I, respectively). (E, J) TEM images are shown of vertical
sections through the surface of each animal. The layer between the arrowheads in J indicates the limits of the
newly formed outer membrane, not present in E. An outer layer covering the animal represents extra cellular
substances (ECS) in B, G.
K
3µm
High
vacuum
l
2 µm
2 µm
0.3mm
treated
Conclusion
We have succeeded to apply NanoSuit technique
to the living mammalian tissues and cells, and
found that the fine structure of the living
specimen surface is completely different from
that of traditionally fixed sample. Furthermore,
the method is simpler and less time-consuming
than conventional SEM procedures and greatly
facilitates the imaging of biological samples
hitherto considered unsuitable for the high
vacuum conditions of the conventional SEM.
Contact: Takahiko Hariyama (Hamamatsu University School of Medicine)
Tel:+81-53-435-2351, E-mail: [email protected]
4th Nagoya Biomimetics International Symposium
(NaBIS)
--------------------------------
October 30th (Fri), 2015
-------------------------------WINC AICHI (Aichi Industry & Labor Center), conference room 1001
Meieki 4-4-38, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya-shi, 450-0002 Japan
Access:
5 minutes walk from JR Nagoya Station (As shown below)
To JR Nagoya Station: from JR Tokyo via Shinkansen Bullet Train,
or from Central Japan Airport (NGO) by Meitetsu Train
http://www.winc-aichi.jp/access/
-------------------------------Organized by
Nagoya Institute of Technology
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
主催：名古屋工業大学、国立研究開発法人 産業技術総合研究所
構造材料研究部門
Co-organized by
Innovative Materials Engineering Based on Biological Diversity, Ministry of Education, Culture,
Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT, Japan)
共催：文部科学省 科学技術研究費補助金（新学術領域）「生物規範工学」
Cooperation by
Research Group on Biomimetics of The Society of Polymer Science (Japan)
NBCI at a glance
協賛：高分子学会 バイオミメティクス研究会、NBCIバイオミメティクス分科会
-------------------------------エンジニアリングネオバイオミメティクスを指向した表面・界面，材料に関する最先端の研究を展
開している国内外の第一線の研究者を招き講演会を開催する。また、産学官をはじめ、異分野領域
に所属する研究者、技術者の交流の場として広く開放する。
63
PROGRAM
***************************************************************************
9:00-9:05 Opening Remarks
Prof. Masatsugu Shimomura (Chitose Institute of Science and Technology, Japan)
＜Chair：Dr. Matt England (AIST, Japan)＞
09:05-09:40 Invite Talk1
Prof. Todd Emrick (UMass, USA) ············································································· 66
Merging synthetic polymers with functional groups from Nature
09:40-10:15 Invite Talk2
Prof. Su Zhaohui (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China) ·············································· 69
PEM-coated Meshes for Oil/Water Separation
Coffee Break
＜Chair：Dr. Chihiro Urata (AIST, Japan)＞
10:30-11:00 Invite Talk3
Dr. Shigeru Deguchi (JAMSTEC, Japan) ···································································· 72
Soft Materials Under Extreme Conditions Mimicking Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vents
11:00-11:30 Invite Talk4
Prof. Yusuke Yamauchi (NIMS, Japan) ······································································ 74
Synthesis of Novel Nanoporous Materials Based on a Self-assembly of Functional Molecules
Lunch
＜Chair：Dr. Atsushi Hozumi (AIST, Japan)＞
12:45-13:20 Invite Talk5
Prof. Lei Jiang (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)·················································· 77
Smart Interfacial Materials from Super-Wettability to Binary Cooperative Complementary Systems
13:20-13:55 Invite Talk6
Prof. Haeshin Lee (KAIST, Korea) ············································································· 79
Mussel-inspired Adhesive Polymers: Five-year Story of Chitosan-catechol
13:55-14:30 Invite Talk7
Prof. Thomas J. McCarthy (UMass, USA) ·································································· 81
Do you know what PDMS is?
14:30-15:30 Poster session
＜Chair：Prof. Hirotaka Maeda (NITEC, Japan)＞
15:30-16:00 Invite Talk8
Prof. Masanobu Kamitakahara (Tohoku University) ····················································· 83
Potential of Hydroxyapatite as a Scaffold Material for Microorganisms for Water Purification
＜Chair：Prof. Daisuke Ishii (NITEC, Japan)＞
16:00-16:30 Invite Talk9
Prof. Kaori Kamata （TITech, Japan） ····································································· 85
Biotemplated 3D Microstructures for Unique Electromagnetic Responses
16:30-16:35 Closing remarks
Dr. Atsushi Hozumi (AIST, Japan)
17:00-20:00 Get together
64
Poster Session
***************************************************************************
October 30th (Fri) 14:30-15:30
1.
Structural Color Materials based on Biomimetic Core-Shell
Particles that Mimic Melanin Granules··································································· 87
Michinari Kohri* and Ayaka Kawamura
(Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University)
2.
Anti-Stick Coatings Using Liquid-impregnated ······················································· 88
Chihiro Urata, Gary Dunderdale, Matt England, and Atsushi Hozumi*
(National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology)
3.
Surface Properties of Clay-containing Transparent Nanocomposite Thin Films ·············· 89
Matt W. England*, Chihiro Urata, Gary J. Dundersale, Avinash Patil, Stephan Mann
and Atsushi Hozumi
(National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Centre for Organized
Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol)
4.
Novel Biomimetic Surfaces Based on Metal-Polymer
Hybrid Materials Prepared by Self-Organization ······················································ 90
Ryo Kohsaka*, Yoshinori Fujihira, Ryuzo Furukawa, Takeshi Yamauchi, Hidetoshi
Kobayashi, Daisuke Ishii, Yuta Uchiyama, Frank Ebinger
(Kanazawa University, Tohoku University, Niigata University, Osaka University, Nagoya
Institute of Technology, Technische Hochschule Nürnberg)
5.
Relationship between the Inner Structure of Feathers and Color Change:
Structural Coloration in the Peach-faced Lovebird ··················································· 91
Gen Morimoto*, Naoko Sanada and Yasuyuki Sanada
(Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, Rikkyo University, Bird’s hospital-BIRD HOUSE)
6.
Gas Barrier Properties of Plasma-polymerized Film “Nanosuits”
Made of Amphiphilic Molecules············································································ 92
Hideto Shibagaki*, Shingo Ito, Ryohei Kawamura, Daisuke Ishii
(Nagoya Institute of Technology)
7.
Control of Friction on Shape-Tunable Wrinkles ······················································· 93
Takuya Ohzono*, Kosuke Suzuki, Yuji Hirai
(Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, AIST, Department of Applied Chemistry and
Bioscience, Chitose Inst. Sci. Tech.)
8.
Fabrication and Friction Measurement of
Durable Shark Skin Mimicking Surfaces ································································ 94
Aki Sato, Yuji Hirai, Takuya Ohzono, Masatsugu Shimomura
（Chitose Institute of Science and Technology, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial
Science and Technology）
9.
Wettability on the Snail’s Shells with Various Surface Layers ····································· 95
Ryota Yamagishi, Hirotaka Maeda*, Daisuke Ishii, Toshihiro Kasuga and Yasutaka
Matuo
(Nagoya Institute of Technology, Hokkaido University)
65
Todd Emrick
(a) Professional Preparation
Juniata College
University of Chicago
University of California Berkeley
Chemistry
B.S. 1992
Organic Chemistry Ph.D. 1997
Organic/Polymer Chemistry
1997-2000
(b) Appointments
Director: Materials Research Science & Engineering Center on Polymers
2009-present
Professor
Polymer Science & Engineering, UMass Amherst
Associate Professor Polymer Science & Engineering, UMass Amherst
Assistant Professor Polymer Science & Engineering, UMass Amherst
2011-present
2007-2011
2001-2007
(c) Products
Five most closely related
1. Kratz, K.; Narasimhan, A.; Tangirala, R.; Moon, SC.; Revanu, R.; Kundu, S.; Kim, HS.;
Crosby, AJ.; Russell, TP.; Emrick, T.; Kolmakov, G.; Balazs, AC. (2012) Probing and
repairing damaged surfaces with nanoparticle-containing microcapsules
Nature
Nanotechnology 7, 87-90. doi: 10.1038/NNANO.2011.235.
2. Kosif, I.; Chang, C.C.; Bai, Y.; Ribbe, A.; Balazs, A.C.; Emrick, T. (2014) Picking up
nanoparticles with functional droplets (2014) Advanced Materials Interfaces 1 (5) 1400121
DOI: 10.1002/admi.201400121.
3. Miesch, C.; Kosif, I.; Lee, E.; Kim, J.K.; Russell, T.P.; Hayward, R.C.; Emrick, T. (2012)
Nanoparticle-stabilized Double Emulsions and Compressed Droplets Angewandte Chemie
International Edition 51 (1) 145-149. doi: 10.1002/anie.201106665.
4. Hammer, B.A.G.; Reyes-Martinez, M.A.; Bokel, F.A.; Liu, F.; Russell, T.P.; Hayward, R.C.;
Briseno, AL.; Emrick, T. (2014) ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces 6 (10) 7705-7711.
doi: 10.1021/am500976w.
5. Lee, C.H.; Crosby, A.J.; Hayward, R.C.; Emrick, T. (2014) Patterning Nanoparticles into
Rings by “2-D Pickering Emulsions” ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces 6 (7) 4850-4855.
doi: 10.1021/am405828a.
Five other significant products
1. Page, Z.A.; Liu, Y.; Duzhko, V.V.; Russell, T.P.; Emrick, T. (2014) Fulleropyrrolidine
Interlayers: Tailoring Electrodes to Raise Organic Solar Cell Efficiency Science published
online September 18 2014 doi 10.1126/science.1255826.
2. Chen, X.J.; Lawrence, J.; Parelkar, S.P.; Emrick, T. (2013) Novel Zwitterionic Copolymers
with Dihydrolipoic Acid: Synthesis and Preparation of Non-fouling Nanorods
Macromolecules 46 (1) 119-127 doi:10.1021/ma301288m.
3. Kosif, I.; Cui, M.M.; Russell, T.P.; Emrick, T. (2013) Triggered in situ Disruption and
Inversion of Nanoparticle-Stabilized Droplets Angewandte Chemie International Edition 52
(26) 6620-6623. doi:10.1002/anie.201302112.
4. Cui, M.M.; Emrick, T.; Russell, T.P. (2013) Stabilizing Liquid Drops in Nonequilibrium
Shapes by the Interfacial Jamming of Nanoparticles Science 342 (6157) 460-463.
doi:10.1126/science.1242852.
5. Puodziukynaite, E.; Wang, H.W.; Lawrence, J.; Wise, A.J.; Russell, T.P.; Barnes, M.D.;
Emrick, T. (2014) Azulene Methacrylate Polymers: Synthesis, Electronic Properties, and
Solar Cell Fabrication, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 (31) 11043-11049 doi: 10.1021/ja504670k.
1
66
(d) Synergistic Activities
1. Mentor for Research Experience for Undergraduates, Research Experience for Teachers
and Northeast Alliance (NEA) for Minority Training in the Sciences. Mentored 35
undergraduates, high school students, and high school teachers since 2002.
2. Polymer Community: Chair of 2011 Macromolecular Materials Gordon Research Conference.
3. Service: National Science Foundation MRSEC ‘Director of Directors’ (2012-2013).
4. Patent activity (14 awarded patents) led to selection to National Academy of Inventors.
5. American Chemical Society: 2012 PMSE Chair; 2013 PMSE Fellow; 2014 ACS Fellow; 2015
Marvel Creative Polymer Chemistry
(e) Collaborators & Other Affiliations
Collaborators (past 48 months) and Co-editors (past 24 months). Anna Balazs (U Pitt), Al
Crosby (UMass), Michael Barnes (UMass), Alejandro Briseno (UMass), Anthony Dinsmore
(UMass), Volodimyr Duzhko (UMass), Benny Freeman (U Texas Austin), Marxa Figueiredo (U
Texas Galveston Medical), Greg Grason (UMass), Ryan Hayward (UMass), Arthi Jayaraman
(Colorado Boulder), Won Ho Jo (Seoul National), Jayant Kumar (UMass Lowell), Ka Yee Lee (U
Chicago), Jeremy Marks (U Chicago Medical), Alan Lesser (UMass), Mihri Ozkan (U California
Riverside); Cengiz Ozkan (U California Riverside); Shelly Peyton (UMass), Darrin Pochan (U
Delaware), Tom Russell (UMass), Sallie Schneider (UMass), Ken Shull (Northwestern), Huilin
Tu (Schlumberger, Inc).
Graduate advisors and Postdoctoral Sponsors
Graduate: Philip E. Eaton, Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago
Postdoctoral: Jean M. J. Fréchet, Department of Chemistry, U Cal Berkeley (now KAUST)
Thesis Advisor and Postgraduate-Scholar Sponsor
Thesis Advisor: Kurt Breitenkamp (Exponent, Inc), Rebecca Breitenkamp (Oberon Fuels),
George Chang (UMass), Sirinya Chantarak (UMass), Beth Cooper (Dow), Ken Ellzey (ATK
Thiokol), Aleksandr Gerasimenko (UMass), Elizabeth Glogowski (U Wisconsin Eau Claire),
Brenton Hammer (MPI, Mainz), Cheol Hee-Lee (Samsung), Rui Hong (Ventana Medical
Systems), Yunxia Hu (U North Carolina), Irem Kosif (UMass), Katrina Kratz (DuPont), Jimmy
Lawrence (UMass), Rachel Letteri (UMass), Samantha McRae (Cantor Colburn), Caroline
Miesch (Dow), Zachariah Page (UMass), Bryan Parrish (Chlorox), Christiam Santa (UMass),
Ryan Selhorst (UMass), Kevin Sill (Intezyne), Habib Skaff (Intezyne), Matthew Skinner (UMass),
Ravi Tangirala (Molecular Foundry), Hsin Wei Wang (UMass), Qingling Zhang (Cabot).
Total number of students advised: 28
Postdoctoral in past 60 months: Delphine Chan-Seng (Institut Chalres Sadron); Xiangji Chen
(Medtronic); Nathan Hammer (U Mississippi); Maisie Joralemon (Mt Holyoke College); Aabid Mir
(UMass); Sangram Parelkar (UMass Medical); Emily Pentzer (Case Western Reserve); Egle
Puodziukynaite (UMass); T. Ranganathan (Shocking Technologies); Hemali Rathanayake
(Western Kentucky University); Beom-Young Ryu (KIST); Megan Syzndler (UMass); P.K.
Sudeep (Cabot Electronics); Yue Zhao (UMass) Total number of postdoctoral scholars
advised: 18
2
67
Merging synthetic polymers with functional groups from
Nature
Todd Emrick*
Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
Room: A613, Conte Research Center
University of Massachusetts Amherst
120 Governors Drive
Amherst, MA 01003
E-mail: [email protected]
This presentation will describe the integration of functional groups from Nature
into synthetic polymers. Such functionality includes 1) oligopeptides identified
from as key sequences in virus particles; 2) zwitterions that play a major role in
structural aspects of biology; and 3) moities that function in vital roles of
signalling and transmittance. We seek to build libraries of such macromolecules,
through adapting such natural moities to numerous synthetic polymer backbones,
including polyester, polyolefin, and poly(methacrylate)-based structures.
Biomimetic, biofriendly, and therapeutic systems are emerging from this research,
and these will be described in the lecture.
68
ZHAOHUI SU
Professor
State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
5625 Renmin Street, Changchun,
Jilin 130022, China
Tel: (0431)85262854
Fax: (0431)85262126
Email Address: [email protected]
EDUCATION
B.S. in Chemistry, Xiamen University, 1991
M.S. in Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 1995
Ph.D. in Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 1997
EXPERIENCE
1997.7-2003.7 Polymer Scientist, Technology Department, GE Plastics
2003.7Professor, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of
Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
2007.5-2007.7 Visiting Professor, Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University
2013.12-2014.3 Visiting Professor, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina
RESEARCH INTERESTS
Polymer-based nanoscopic structures; Polymer-based self-assemblies and thin films; Surface science of functional
polymers; Spectroscopy of polymers.
HONORS AND DISTINCTIONS
Hundred Talents Program, Chinese Academy of Sciences (2004)
Rated Excellent (2008)
Jilin Distinguished Young Scholars Fund (2004-2006)
Editorial Board Member, Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry (2004-2009)
Associate editor, Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry (2009-)
Zhuli-Yuehua Excellent Teacher Award (2012)
PUBLICATIONS
1.
B. Zhang, D. A. Hoagland, T. Wang, Z. Su*, Ionic Liquids as Plasticizers for Polyelectrolyte Complexes, J.
Phys. Chem. B 2015, 119 (8), 3603-3607.
2.
Y. Sun, G. Xiao, Y. Lin*, Z. Su, Q. Wang, Self-assembly of Large-scale P3HT Patterns by Confined
Evaporation in the Capillary Tube, RSC Advances 2015, 5, 20491-20497.
3.
M. Su, L. Wang, G. Zhang, Y. Huang, Z. Su*, Effects of Interfacial Tension on Formation of Poly(ethylene
oxide)-block-Polystyrene Micelles from Emulsions, RSC Advances 2015, 5 (6), 4350-4354.
4.
C. C. Chu, Z. H. Su*, Facile Synthesis of AuPt Alloy Nanoparticles in Polyelectrolyte Multilayers with
Enhanced Catalytic Activity for Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol, Langmuir 2014, 30(50), 15345–15350.
5.
L. Chen, X. Zhao, Y. Lin*, Z. Su, Q. Wang, Dual Stimuli-responsive Supramolecular Hydrogel of
Bionanoparticles and Hyaluronan, Polym. Chem. 2014, 5 (23), 6754-6760.
6.
G. Zhang, M. Li, B. Zhang, Y. Huang, Z. Su*, A Switchable Mesh for On-Demand Oil-Water Separation, J.
Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2(37), 15284-15287.
7.
J. Wei, L. Ren, C. Tang, Z. Su*, Electric-stimulus-responsive Multilayer Film Based on a Cobaltoceniumcontaining Polymer, Polym. Chem. 2014, 5(22), 6480-6488.
8.
Y. Han, Y. Guo, Y. Chang, Y. Geng, Z. Su*, Chain Folding in Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Crystals,
Macromolecules 2014, 47(11), 3708-3712.
69
9.
G. Zhang, X. Zhang, M. Li, Z. Su*, A Surface with Superoleophilic-to-Superoleophobic Wettability Gradient,
ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6(3), 1729-1733.
10. M. Su, Z. Su*, Effects of Solvent Evaporation Rate and Poly(acrylic acid) on Formation of Poly(ethylene
oxide)-block-polystyrene Micelles from Emulsion, Macromolecules 2014, 47, 1428-1432.
11. Y. Guo, L. Wang, Y. Han, Y. Geng, Z. Su*, Influence of Molecular Weight on Polymorphs and TemperatureInduced Structure Evolution of Regioregular Poly(3-dodecylthiophene), Polym. Chem. 2014, 5, 1938-1944.
12. W. Xu, B. Wang, Y. Lin, Y. Li, Z. Su, W. He, N. Tan, Q. Wang, Emulsions stabilized by mini cyclic proteins
for bioactive compound delivery, RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 48000-48003.
13. N. N. Liu, Y. Chen, B. Peng, Y. Lin, Q. Wang, Z. H. Su, W. K. Zhang, H. B. Li, J. C. Shen, Single-Molecule
Force Spectroscopy Study on the Mechanism of RNA Disassembly in Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Biophys. Chem.
2013, 105(12), 2790-2800.
14. Y. Guo, Y. Han, Z. Su*, Ordering of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) in Solution and on Substrates Induced by
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid, J. Phys. Chem. B 2013, 117, 14842-14848.
15. J. Wei, L. Wang, X. Zhang, X. Ma, H. Wang, Z. Su*, Coarsening of silver nanoparticles in polyelectrolyte
multilayers, Langmuir 2013, 29(36), 11413-11419.
16. G. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Huang, Z. Su*, A Surface Exhibiting Superoleophobicity Both in Air and in Seawater,
ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5(13), 6400-6403.
17. Y. M. Wang, M. Li, J. H. Rong*, G. T. Nie, J. Qiao, H. Y. Wang, D. Y Wu, Z. H. Su, Z. W. Niu*, Y. Huang,
Enhanced orientation of PEO polymer chains induced by nanoclays in electrospun PEO/clay composite
nanofibers, Colloid Polym. Sci. 2013, 291(6), 1541-1546.
18. X. Ma, Y. Guo, T. Wang, Z. Su*, Scanning tunneling microscopy investigation of self-assembled poly(3hexylthiophene) monolayer, J. Chem. Phys. 2013, 139, 014701.
19. Y. Guo, L. Jiang, X. Ma, W. Hu, Z. Su*, Poly(3-hexylthiophene) monolayer nanowhiskers, Polym. Chem.
2013, 4, 4308-4311.
20. M. Su, H. Huang, X. Ma, Q. Wang, Z. Su*, Poly(2-vinylpyridine)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) single crystals
in micellar solution, Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2013, 34(13), 1067-1071.
21. X. Zhang, G. Zhang, B. Zhang, Z. Su*, Synthesis of hollow Au-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles in polyelectrolyte
multilayers, Langmuir 2013, 29, 6722-6727.
22. Y. Guo, X. Ma, Z. Su*, Interfacial Interactions between Poly(3-hexylthiophene) and Substrates,
Macromolecules 2013, 46(7), 2733-2739.
23. H. Wu, Z. Su, Y. Terayama, A. Takahara*, Polystyrene-based blend nanorods with gradient composition
distribution, Sci. China Chem. 2012, 55(5), 726-734.
24. H. Wu, Z. Su, A. Takahara*, Characterization of an isotactic polystyrene/poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide)
nanorod blend with gradient composition and crystallinity, RSC Advances 2012, 2(23), 8707-8712.
25. B. Wang, Z. Liu, Y. Xu, Y. Li, T. An*, Z. Su, B. Peng, Y. Lin, Q. Wang, Construction of glycoprotein
multilayers using the layer-by-layer assembly technique, J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22(34), 17954-17960.
26. X. Zan, D. A. Hoagland, T. Wang, Z. Su*, Ion dispositions in polyelectrolyte multilayer films,
Macromolecules 2012, 45(21), 8805-8812.
27. G. Xiao, Y. Guo, Y. Lin*, X. Ma, Z. Su*, Q. Wang, Controlled evaporative self-assembly of poly(3hexylthiophene) monitored with confocal polarized Raman spectroscopy, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2012, 14,
16286-16293.
28. X. Zhang, C. Chu, K. Huang, Z. Su*, Preparation of Au@Pt core-shell nanoparticles using polyelectrolyte
multilayers as nanoreactors, Chin. J. Appl. Chem. 2012, 29(12), 1433-1436.
29. M. Li, H. Wu, Y. Huang, Z. Su*, Effects of alkylated nanopore surface of anodized aluminum oxide template
on crystal orientation of syndiotactic polystyrene, Chin. J. Appl. Chem. 2012, 29(12), 1406-1411.
70
PEM-coated Mesh for On-Demand Oil/Water Separation
Zhaohui Su
State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of
Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
In recent years separation of oil/water mixtures has become a topic of intense
research due to increasing concerns on oil and oily wastewater spills. Meshes coated
with various materials have proved effective for this purpose. These meshes,
depending on the wetting characters of the surfaces, can remove (permeate) only oil
or water from oil/water mixtures, but not both. Here we report a device capable of
both oil and water removal on-demand from oil/water mixtures with high separation
efficiency. The mesh, coated with alumina and then an ultrathin polyelectrolyte
multilayer film, permeates typical oils such as diesel rapidly in the “oil-removing”
mode. When handling viscous and sticky oils such as crude oil, the same mesh can be
easily switched into “water-removing” mode to permeate water, avoiding block and
contamination of the mesh by the oil. The switchable coating thus enables handling
of all types of oil/water mixture by one single device.
71
Dr. Shigeru DEGUCHI
R&D Center for Marine Biosciences,
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
(JAMSTEC)
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +81 (0)46-867-9679
Fax: +81 (0)46-867-9715
Website: http://www.jamstec.go.jp/rcmb/e/member/deguchi_shigeru.html
Address: 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
Education & Academic Background
1990 Graduated from Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University
1992 Master of Engineering, Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
1994-1995 Sweden Visiting Fellow, Department of Physical Chemistry 1, Lund University, Sweden (supported by
the Japan-Sweden Foundation)
1996 Doctor of Engineering, Kyoto University
1997 JST Overseas Research Fellow, Department of Physical Chemistry 1, Lund University, Sweden
1999 Research Scientist, Frontier Research Program for Deep-Sea Extremophile, JAMSTEC
2001 Sub Leader, Frontier Research System for Extremophiles, JAMSTEC
2005 Group Leader, Extremobiosphere Research Center, JAMSTEC
2009 Team Leader, Soft Matter and Extremophiles Research Team, Institute of Biogeosciences, JAMSTEC
2014- Director, R&D Center for Marine Biosciences, JAMSTEC
2007- Adjunct Professor, Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University
2014- Visiting Researcher, National Institute for Materials Science
Award: 2011
2008
2006
2006
Ichimura Prize in Technology - Meritorious Achievement Prize
Takagi Award
Osawa Award
Young Scientist Award (Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, The Chemical Society of Japan)
Recent Publications
S. Deguchi, K. Tsujii, K. Horikoshi, “In situ Microscopic Observation of Chitin and Fungal Cells with Chitinous
Cell Walls in Hydrothermal Conditions”, Sci. Rep. 11907; doi: 10.1038/srep11907 (2015).
S. Mukai, T. Koyama, K. Tsujii, S. Deguchi, “Anomalous Long-Range Repulsion between Silica Surfaces
Induced by Density Inhomogeneities in Supercritical Ethanol”, Soft Matter, 10 (35), 6645-6650 (2014).
S. Deguchi, K. Kinoshita, T. Kubota, Aqua Extrema and Vita Incognita Deep below the Waves in “Aqua
Incognita: Why Ice Floats on Water, and Galileo 400 Years on”, P. Lo Nostro, B. W. Ninham eds. (Connor
Court, Ballarat, 2014), pp. 240-255.
S. Deguchi, S. Mukai, Optical Reactors for Microscopic Visualization of Chemical Processes in Sub- and
Supercritical Water in Near-Critical and Supercritical Water and Their Applications in Biorefineries, Z. Fang,
C. Xu eds. (Springer-Verlag, Beijing,2014), pp. 133-156.
S. Deguchi, N. Ifuku, “Bottom-Up Formation of Dodecane-in-Water Nanoemulsions from Hydrothermal
Homogeneous Solutions”, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 (25), 6409-6412 (2013).
K. Numata, K. Morisaki, S. Tomizawa, M. Ohtani, T. Demura, M. Miyazaki, Y. Nogi, S. Deguchi, Y. Doi,
“Synthesis of Poly- and Oligo(hydroxyalkanoate)s by Deep-Sea Bacteria, Colwellia spp., Moritella spp. and
Shewanella spp.” Polym. J. 45 (10), 1094-1100 (2013).
S. Deguchi, H. Shimoshige, M. Tsudome, S. Mukai, R. W. Corkery, S. Ito, K. Horikoshi, “Microbial Growth at
Hyperaccelerations up to 403,367 × g”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108 (19), 7997-8002 (2011).
S. Deguchi, S. Mukai, T. Yamazaki, M. Tsudome, K. Horikoshi, “Nanoparticles of Fullerene C60 from
Engineering of Antiquity”, J. Phys. Chem. C 114 (2), 849-856 (2010).
S. Deguchi, K. Tsujii, K. Horikoshi, “Cooking Cellulose in Hot and Compressed Water”, Chem. Commun.
2006, 3293-3295 (2006).
72
Soft Materials Under Extreme Conditions Mimicking Deep-sea
Hydrothermal Vents
Keigo Kinoshita and Shigeru Deguchi*
R&D Center for Marine Biosciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science
and Technology (JAMSTEC),
2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan,
E-mail:[email protected]
Ocean covers 70% of the earth’s surface. Its mean depth over the globe is 3800
meters, and the deep-sea represents the layer deeper than 200 meters. The deep
sea is characterized by extreme physicochemical conditions that are very different
from those of the surface. Hydrostatic pressure increases 0.1 MPa for every 10
meters of water depth, and reaches 110 MPa at the deepest spot of the ocean. The
deep sea is also a lightless world as sunlight does not reach below 200 meters.
Accordingly, the temperature of the deep water is
always low at around 2-4ºC except hydrothermal
vents, which are hot springs occurring in the
bottom of the ocean. There, extremely hot water,
sometimes in the supercritical state (Tc = 374°C,
Pc = 22.1 MPa), gushes into cold deep-sea water
and forms a steep thermocline (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Photograph of a
Nature is the source of inspiration for new hydrothermal activity at
technological developments, and the extreme the depth of 1492 meters
environments in the deep sea are no exceptions. In near
Ryukyu
Islands,
this talk, novel processes for making organic soft Japan.
materials, which were inspired by the hydrothermal vent, will be presented.
MAGIQ (Monodisperse nAnodroplet Generation In Quenched hydrothermal
solution) is a process for making nanoemulsions.1) It is completely different from
conventional processes in that nano-sized oil droplets are formed by selfassembly of oil molecules. By using a flow-reactor that is designed to mimic
temperature profiles around the hydrothermal vents, nanoemulsions can be
prepared in just 10 seconds. Another process called HIP (Heat-pulse Initiated
radical Polymerization) uses the same reactor, and allows to complete free radical
polymerization within several seconds.
1) Deguchi, S.; Ifuku, N. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 6409–6412.
73
Yusuke Yamauchi
Date of birth:
24 Aug., 1980
Position:
Professor / Group Leader
Place:
National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
E-mail: [email protected]
Homepage: http://www.yamauchi-labo.com/
Education:
1999-2003
2003-2004
2004-2007
2004-2006
2006-2007
B. Eng., Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Waseda
University
M. Eng., Major in Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, Graduate School of Science &
Engineering, Waseda University
Ph.D., Major in Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, Graduate School of Science &
Engineering, Waseda University
21COE Research Assistant, 21COE ‘Practical Nanochemistry’, Waseda University
Research Fellowship for Young Scientists from the Japan Society for the Promotion of
Science (JSPS)
Working History:
2007-Present
Group Leader, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA),
National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
2008-Present
Associate Professor, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Japan
2012-Present
Visiting Prof., Tianjin University, China
2013-Present
Visiting Prof., University of Wollongong, Australia
2013-Present
Associate Editor, APL Materials, The American Institute of Physics (AIP)
2014-Present
Editorial Board Member, Scientific Reports, Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
2015-Present
Visiting Prof., King Sudi University, Saudi Arabia
Academic Awards
The achievements and talent of Prof. Yamauchi have been recognized in Australia, Japan, and overseas. He
has been awarded highly competitive fellowships/awards.
2007 Mizuno Award by Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University; 2010 The Ceramic Society of
Japan (CerSJ) Award for Advancements in Ceramic Science and Technology; 2010 Inoue Research Award for
Young Scientists; 2012 PCCP Prize by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC); 2012 The Tsukuba
Encouragement Prize; 2013 The Young Scientists’ Prize by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science
and Technology (MEXT), and 2014 The Chemical Society of Japan (CSJ) Award for Young Chemists.
Competitive Research Funding
Since April 2007, he has received US$4,360,000 in total. Based on this experience, Prof. Yamauchi has
substantial expertise in the design, synthesis, and characterization of functional nanoporous materials for
diverse applications. He has invented several methods to prepare novel nanoporous materials. To date, he has
been successful as principal/chief investigator in many competitive grants, a total of 20 grants from multiple
sources, such as the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and the Japan Science and Technology
Agency (JST).
Selected Recent Projects
Y. Yamauchi, “Nanoscale design of nanomaterials toward the next generation of magnetic record
media”, PRESTO Program 2008-2014, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) US$1,000,000
Y. Yamauchi, “Functional nanoporous materials toward environmental mediation”, National Project
2013-2015, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) US$400,000
Y. Yamauchi, “Nanoscale controls of functional porous materials”, The World Premier International
Research Program 2013-2015, The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) US$400,000
Y. Yamauchi, “Electrochemical plating of mesoporous metals”, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research
2014-2016, The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) US$200,000
74
Y. Yamauchi, Liang Wang, “Nanostructured electrocatalysts for fuel cells”, Japan-China Joint Project
2014-2016, The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) US$200,000
Y. Yamauchi, “Nanoscale controls of porous metals”, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research 20142016, The Canon Foundation US$200,000
Y. Yamauchi, K. Ariga, “Fabrication of new biosensors using nanoporous materials”, Japan-Taiwan
Joint Project 2014-2017, The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) US$200,000
Publications Lists
Prof. Yamauchi has published more than 300 papers in international refereed journals with more than 6500
citations (h index =41).
Top 7 journals in my carrier:
Chemical Communications (30 papers)
Chemistry - An Asian Journal (30 papers)
Chemistry - A European Journal (23 papers)
Journal of Materials Chemistry (22 papers)
Journal of the American Chemical Society (16 papers)
Chemistry of Materials (15 papers)
Angewandte Chemie International Edition (11 papers)
Other journals
Small (5 papers)
Nano Energy (3 papers)
Advanced Materials (3 papers)
Selected publications in the past 5 years (2011-2015)
*[1]
Polymeric Micelle Assembly with Inorganic Nanosheets for Construction of Mesoporous
Architectures with Crystallized Walls
Bishnu Prasad Bastakoti, Yunqi Li, Masataka Imura, Nobuyoshi Miyamoto, Teruyuki Nakato,
Takayoshi Sasaki, and Yusuke Yamauchi*
Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, in press (DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410942).
*[2]
Thermal Conversion of Core-Shell Metal-Organic Frameworks: A New Method for Selectively
Functionalized Nanoporous Hybrid Carbon
Jing Tang, Rahul R. Salunkhe, Jian Liu, Nagy L. Torad, Masataka Imura, Shuhei Furukawa, and Yusuke
Yamauchi*
Journal of the American Chemical Society, in press.
*[3]
Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Mesoporous Carbon Spheres with Extra Large Pore Sizes through
Diblock Copolymer Micelle Assembly
Jing Tang, Jian Liu*, Cuiling Li, Yunqi Li, Moses O. Tade, Sheng Dai*, and Yusuke Yamauchi*
Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 54, 588-593 (2015).
*[4]
Nanoporous Carbon Tubes from Fullerene Crystals as the π-Electron Carbon Source
Lok Kumar Shrestha,* Rekha Goswami Shrestha, Yusuke Yamauchi*, Jonathan P. Hill, Toshiyuki
Nishimura, Kun’ichi Miyazawa, Takazumi Kawai, Susumu Okada, Katsunori Wakabayashi, and
Katsuhiko Ariga*
Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, in press (DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408856).
[5]
Gigantic Swelling of Inorganic Layered Materials: A Bridge to Molecularly Thin Two-Dimensional
Nanosheets
75
Synthesis of Novel Nanoporous Materials Based on a SelfAssembly of Functional Molecules
Yusuke Yamauchi*
World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA),
National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki
E-mail: [email protected]
Polymeric micelles are formed in solution when the hydrophobic portions are driven to an
interior structure while hydrophilic portions are turned outward facing toward the water. So far, the
polymeric micelles have been utilized for various applications, such as adsorbents, drug carriers.
Recently, we have focused on the polymeric micelles as stable and rigid templates for obtaining
mesoporous materials with ultra large pore sizes.[1-3] Our ‘polymeric micelle assembly’ approach is
highly useful for preparation of novel mesoporous materials which are not easily obtained by general
synthetic approaches. As one example, mesoporous gold (Au) films with tunable pores are expected to
provide fascinating optical properties stimulated by the mesospaces, but they have not been realized
yet because of the difficulty of controlling the Au crystal growth. Very recently, we reported a reliable
synthesis of mesoporous Au films using stable micelles of polystyrene-block-poly(oxyethylene) (PSb-PEO) diblock copolymers, with electrochemical deposition advantageous for precise control of Au
crystal growth.[3] In the electrolyte solution, HAuCl4 is dissolved into H3O+ and AuCl4- ions and then
interacts with the EO shells of the micelles through hydrogen bonding. This interaction favours H3O+
rather than AuCl4-, and consequently creates positively charged micelles that can be directed to the
working electrode surfaces, where the AuCl4- ions are reduced to metallic Au with the electrochemical
deposition of the micelles. The resultant mesoporous Au films actually exhibit high scattering
performance and thus high activity for molecular sensing. Significantly, enhanced electric field (Efield) amplitude is clearly seen inside or at the perimeter of the mesopores. The E-field amplitude and
LSPR frequency are readily tunable by simply tuning the pore size and we demonstrate the new
methodology for tailoring the optical functionality. In this presentation, we would like to introduce our
recent progress on new mesoporous/nanoporous materials as well.[4, 5]
Fig. 1 | (a) Schematic illustration for the
fabrication of mesoporous Au films by using
polymer micelle assemblies. (b, c) TEM images of
PS-b-PEO micelles formed in aqueous solution (b)
without and (c) with HAuCl4 source. The Tyndall
effect is also shown as an inset image.
References
[1]
J. Tang, Y. Yamauchi et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 54, 588 (2015).
[2]
B. P. Bastakoti, Y. Yamauchi et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 54, 4222 (2015).
[3]
C. Li, Y. Yamauchi et al., Nat. Commun., 6, 6608 (2015).
[4]
J. Tang, Y. Yamauchi et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 137, 1572 (2015).
[5]
L. K. Shrestha, Y. Yamauchi et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 54, 951 (2015).
76
Dr. Lei JIANG, Prof.
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +86-10-82621396
Fax: +86-10-82627566
Website: http://jianglei.iccas.ac.cn
Address: Zhongguancun North First Street 2#, 100190 Beijing, P.R. China
Education & Academic Background
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
Dean: School of Chemistry and Environment, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (2008-Present)
Full professor: Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science (1999-Present)
Researcher: Prof. Hashimoto’s project, Kanagawa Academy of Sciences and Technology (1996-1999)
Postdoctoral fellow: Prof. Akira Fujishima’s group in The University of Tokyo(1994-1996)
EDUCATION
1990-1994, Jilin University,China & The University of Tokyo, Japan, Ph. D.
Major: Physical chemistry
1987-1990, Jilin University, China, M.S.
Major: Physical chemistry
1983-1987 Solid state physics, Jilin University, China, B.S.
Major: Physics
AWARDS AND HONORS
1.
In 2000 won the “Excellent Youth Prize” of Chinese Chemistry Committee.
2.
In 2000 won the “Ten Excellent Youths Prize” of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
3.
In 2001 won the “Excellent Youth Funds” of National Natural Science Funding Committee.
4.
In 2002 won the “Excellent Prize of the Plan of Hundreds Scientists in CAS”.
5.
In 2003 won the “Prize for the Excellent Supervisor of Ph. D. Students in CAS”.
6.
In 2003 won the “Youth Innovation Prize of BSF”
7.
In 2003 won the “Youths Science and Technology Prize in China”.
8.
In 2005 won the second-class prize of the “State Natural Science Award”.
9.
In 2011 won the “ ‘Zhuliyuehua’ Award for the Outstanding Teacher in CAS”.
10.
In 2011 won the “TWAS Prize in Chemistry”. (The Academy of Sciences for the developing world)
11.
In 2012 won the first-class prize of the “Beijing Science and Technology Award”.
12.
In 2013 won the Advanced Science and Technology Award of "THE HO LEUNG HO LEE FUNDATION"
13.
In 2014 won The MRS Mid-Career Researcher Award (Materials Research Society, USA)
14.
In 2014 won Thomson Reuters China Citation Laureates, Highly Cited Researcher Award (Chemistry) ,
Highly Cited Researcher Award ( Material Science), International Citation Impact Award.
15.
In 2014 won Outstanding Science and Technology Achievement Prize of the Chinese Academy of
Sciences.
Publications
Published more than 500 SCI journal articles, including 2 papers in Nature, 1 paper in Nature Nanotechnol.,
1 paper in Nature Mater., 4 papers in Nature Commun., 1 paper in Chem. Rev., 5 papers in Chem. Soc. Rev.,
6 papers in Acc. Chem. Res., 30 papers in Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 22 papers in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 80
papers in Adv. Mater. The works have been cited more than 31000 times, the H factor is 80.
77
Smart Interfacial Materials from Super-Wettability
to Binary Cooperative Complementary Systems
Lei Jiang *a,b
a
b
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191,
China
E-mail:[email protected]
Learning from nature and based on lotus leaves and fish scale, we developed superwettability
system:
superhydrophobic,
superoleophobic,
superhydrophilic,
superoleophilic surfaces in air and superoleophobic, superareophobic, superoleophilic,
superareophilic surfaces under water [1]. Further, we fabricated artificial materials with
smart switchable super-wettability [2], i.e., nature-inspired binary cooperative
complementary nanomaterials (BCCNMs) that consisting of two components with
entirely opposite physiochemical properties at the nanoscale, are presented as a novel
concept for the building of promising materials [3-4].
The smart super-wettability system has great applications in various fields, such as selfcleaning glasses, water/oil separation, anti-biofouling interfaces, and water collection
system [5].
The concept of BCCNMs was further extended into 1D system. Energy conversion
systems that based on artificial ion channels have been fabricated [6]. Also, we
discovered the spider silk’s and cactus's amazing water collection and transportation
capability [7], and based on these nature systems, artificial water collection fibers and
oil/water separation system have been designed successfully [8].
Learning from nature, the constructed smart multiscale interfacial materials system not
only has new applications, but also presents new knowledge: Super wettability based
chemistry including basic chemical reactions, crystallization, nanofabrication arrays
such as small molecule, polymer, nanoparticles, and so on [9].
Reference:
[1]. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18 (23), 3063-3078.
[2]. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20 (15), 2842-2858.
[3]. Pure Appl. Chem. 2000, 72 (1-2), 73-81.
[4]. Small. 2015, 11, 1071-1096.
[5]. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23 (6), 719-734.
[6]. (a)Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 40 (5), 2385-2401; (b) Acc. Chem. Res. 2013, 46 (12), 2834-2846; (c) Adv. Mater. 2010, 22
(9), 1021-1024. (d) ACS Nano 2009, 3 (11), 3339-3342; (e) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51 (22), 5296-5307;
[7]. (a) Nature 2010, 463 (7281), 640-643; (b) Nat Commun 2012, 3, 1247.
[8]. (a) Nat Commun 2013, 4, 2276; (b) Adv. Mater. 2010, 22 (48), 5521-5525.
[9]. (a) Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41 (23), 7832-7856; (b) Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21 (17), 3297-3307; (c) Adv. Mater. 2012,
24 (4), 559-564; (d) Nano Research 2011, 4 (3), 266-273; (e) Soft Matter 2011, 7 (11), 5144-5149; (f) Soft Matter
2012, 8 (3), 631-635; (g) Adv. Mater. 2012, 24 (20), 2780-2785; (h) Adv. Mater. 2013, 25 (29), 3968-3972; (i) J.
Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1 (30), 8581-8586; (j) Adv. Mater. 2013, 25 (45), 6526-6533; (k) Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012, 22
(21), 4569-4576; (l) Acs Nano 2012, 6 (10), 9005-9012.
78
Dr. Haeshin Lee, Prof.
Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science
& Technology (KAIST)
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +82 (42)-350-2889
Website: http://sticky.kaist.ac.kr
Address: 291 University Rd. Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea
Education & Academic Background
1997 B.S. Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST)
2002-2003 Researcher, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago
2008 Ph.D. Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University
2009 Research Fellow, Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT (Advisor Robert S. Langer & Daniel G. Anderson)
2009 – present Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, KAIST
2013 – present Director, Center for Nature-inspired Technology (CNiT), KAIST Institute of NanoCentury.
Award: 2015 Excellence in Research Award (KAIST); 2014, 2011, 2010, Excellence in Teaching Award (KAIST);
2011, POSCO T.J.Park Young Scientist Award (ChungAm Foundation); 2008, NASA inventor Award; 2007, Future
Scientist Award (The Ministry of Science and Education)
Recent Publications
G. Jin, M. Shin, S.-H. Kim, Haeshin Lee*, J.-H. Jang* “SpONGE: Spontaneous organization of
numerous-layer generation by electrospray” Agnew. Chemie. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 7587-7591.
J. S. Lee, K. Kim, K. Kim, J. P. Park, K. Yang, S.-W. Cho*, Haeshin Lee* “Surface chemistry of vitamin:
Pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (Vitamin B6) as a multifunctional compound for surface functionalization” Adv. Funct.
Mater. 2015, 25, 4754-60.
S. Ryu, J. B. Chou, K. Lee, D. Lee, S. H. Hong, R. Zhao, Haeshin Lee* “Direct insulation-to-conduction
transformation of adhesive catecholamine for simultaneous increases of electrical conductivity and
mechanical strength of CNT fibers” Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 3250-3255.
Seonki Hong, C. F. Schaber, K. Dening, E. Appel, Stanislav N. Gorb, Haeshin Lee* “Air/Water Interfacial
formation of free-standing, stimuli-responsive, self-healing catecholamine Janus-faced microfilm” Adv. Mater.
2014 26, 7581-87.
S. Hong, J. Kim, Y. S. Na, J. Park, S. Kim, K. Singha, G.-I. Im, W. J. Kim, Haeshin Lee,
“Poly(norepinephrine): Ultra-smooth, Material-independent Surface Chemistry and Nano-depot for Nitric
Oxide” Angew. Chemie. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 9187-9191.
S. Hong, Y. S. Na, S. Choi, I.-T. Song, W. Y. Kim, Haeshin Lee* “Non-covalent self-assembly and covalent
polymerization co-contribute to polydopamine formation” Adv. Func. Mater. 2012, 22, 4711-4717.
I. You, S. M. Kang, S. Lee, Y. O. Cho, J. B. Kim, S. B. Lee, Y. S. Nam, Haeshin Lee “Polydopamine
microfluidic system toward two-dimensional, gravity-driven mixing device” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51,
6126-6130.
S. M. Kang, I. You, Woo Kyung Cho, Hyun Kyong Shon, Tae Geol Lee, Insung S. Choi, Jeffrey M. Karp,
Haeshin Lee “One-step modification of superhydrophobic surfaces by a mussel-inspired polymer coating”
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 9401-9404
Haeshin Lee “Intelligent glue” Nature, 2010, 465, 298-299 (pub. date 2010.05.19)
Haeshin Lee, et al. “Mussel-inspired Surface Chemistry for Multifunctional Coatings” Science 2007, 318,
426-43).
79
Mussel-inspired Adhesive Polymers: Five-year Story of
Chitosan-catechol
Haeshin Leea,b
a
Department of Chemisry,
Center for Nature-inspired Technology
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
Daejeon, Republic of Korea
b
E-mail: [email protected]
Mussel-inspired adhesives representative as poly(dopamine) and poly(norepinephrine) have attracted worldwide attentions because of their materialindependent surface functionalization properties. The common chemical moieties of
poly(dopamine) and poly(norepinephrine) are catecholamines, which are the major
components of mussel-adhesive proteins. Poly(dopamine) and poly(norepinephrine)
have been considered as adhesive materials, but they are in fact not adhesives but
coating materials. The primary reason for the coating properties is their in situ
polymerizing nature initiated by oxidative polymerization of dopamine and
norepinephrine monomers. In my laboratory, we developed polymeric catecholamines
that exhibit wet-resistant adhesive properties similar to mussel adhesive proteins. One
example of catecholamine polymer is chitosan-catechol in which the amine groups
exist along the chitosan backbone and the catechol moieties are chemically conjugated
by carbodiimide coupling reaction utilizing 3,4-dihydroxycaffeic acid. In my talk, fiveyear history regarding development, optimization, application, and commercialization
of chitosan-catechol will be presented.
or
80
Thomas J. McCarthy
Polymer Science and Engineering Department
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
[email protected]
Education
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Chemistry, B.S. 1978
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Organic Chemistry, Ph.D. 1982
Appointments
Assistant Professor, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, June 1982 - August 1986
Associate Professor, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, September 1986 - August 1991
Professor, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, September 1991 - present
Head, Polymer Science and Engineering, July 2000 - October 2003
Guest Professor, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, September 2005 – present
Visiting Professor, Kyushu University, October 2014 - December 2014
Notable Awards and Honors
Society of Polymer Science, Japan, "SPSJ International Award" (2015)
ACS Colloids and Surfaces Division, Langmuir Lecture (2006)
Arthur K. Doolittle Award (1996)
NSF Presidential Young Investigator Award (1986-1991)
National Science Foundation Graduate Fellow (1978-1981)
Notable Students and Postdoctoral Scholars (academics)
Prof. Dhamodharan R. Iyengar, IIT Chennai, INDIA (former Ph.D. advisee)
Prof. Molly S. Shoichet, FRSC, University of Toronto, CANADA (former Ph.D. advisee)
Prof. James J. Watkins, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA (former Ph.D. advisee)
Prof. Wei Chen, Mt. Holyoke College, USA (former Ph.D. advisee)
Prof. Voravee P. Hoven, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, THAILAND (former Ph.D. advisee)
Prof. Zhaohui Su, Changchun Inst. of Appl. Chem., Changchun, CHINA (former Ph.D. advisee)
Prof. Jeffrey P. Youngblood, Purdue University, USA (former Ph.D. advisee)
Prof. Xinqiao Jia, University of Delaware, USA (former Ph.D. advisee)
Prof. Katrina Viviano, University of Wisconsin, USA (former Ph.D. advisee)
Prof. Ilke Anac, Gebze Institute of Technology, TURKEY (former Ph.D. advisee)
Prof. Margarita Hererra, Johns Hopkins University, USA (former Ph.D. advisee)
Prof. Joseph W. Krumpfer, Pace University, USA (former Ph.D. advisee)
Prof. Alexander Fadeev, Seton Hall University, USA (former postdoctoral advisee)
Prof. Padma Rajagopalan, Virginia Tech, USA (former postdoctoral advisee)
Prof. Yasuhiko Iwasaki, Kansei University, JAPAN (former postdoctoral advisee)
Selected Publications
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2015, 112, 2664 (with L. Wang) "Capillary Bridge - Derived Particles
with Negative Gaussian Curvature"
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 2024 (with P. Zheng) "A Surprise from 1954: Siloxane Equilibration Is
a Simple, Robust, and Obvious Polymer Self-Healing Mechanism"
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 5764 (with J. W. Krumpfer) "Dip-Coating Crystallization on a
2
Superhydrophobic Surface: A Million Mounted Crystals in a 1 cm Array"
Langmuir 2010, 26, 2567 (with P. Bian) “Polymerization of Monomer-Based Ferrofluids”
Surf. Finish. Soc. Jpn. 2009, 60, 16 (with A. Hozumi) "Hydrophobization of Metal/Metal Oxide
Surfaces Using Monolayer Films"
Langmuir 2007, 23, 10445 (with L. Gao) “Ionic Liquid Marbles”
Langmuir 2007, 23, 3762 (with L. Gao) “How Wenzel and Cassie Were Wrong”
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 9052 (with L. Gao) “A Perfectly Hydrophobic Surface: θA/ θR =
180°/180°”
Macromolecules 2003, 36, 4253 (with S.I. Moon) “Template Synthesis and Self-Assembly of
Nanoscopic Polymer “Pencils"
Langmuir 2002, 18, 683 (with X. Jia) “Buried Interface Modification Using Supercritical Carbon
Dioxide"
81
Do you know what PDMS is?
Thomas J. McCarthy
Polymer Science and Engineering Department
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
[email protected]
Several examples of recently completed and on-going research will be described in the area
of methylsilicones. Strategies to prepare self-healing materials will be emphasized. These
materials can be considered copolymers of 4 monomers, M, D, T and Q, which are
abbreviations first used
by General Electric, the company that invented these materials in the 1940s. Linear silicone
polymers are formed from D units, crosslinks are introduced using T and Q units and M units
form chain ends. Linear polymers, M-Dn-M, are oils (liquids), DnT and DnQ polymers are
elastomers and Q-rich polymers, such as TQ resins are hard solids used, for example, as
scratch-resistant coatings. Qn is silica. One particular interest of ours concerns (controlling)
the topology of crosslinked materials and we are preparing MQ resins with the objective of
using them as reactive monomers to form materials with regions of high crosslinking. The
chemical structure of a low molecular weight sample is:
MQ resins, although they are commercially available, commodity additives that are used in
silicone formulations, cosmetics, and pressure-sensitive adhesives, have not been studied in
academics, yet they are a much richer platform for materials objectives that are T8
silsesquioxanes (POSS) molecules, that have been overstudied and hyped as nanoparticles.
82
Dr. Masanobu KAMITAKAHARA
Associate Professor
Graduate School of Environmental Studies
Tohoku University
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +81 (0)22-795-7375
Fax: +81 (0)22-795-7375
Website: http://ehtp.kankyo.tohoku.ac.jp/ioku/index.html
Address: 6-6-20 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
Education & Professional Experiences
1998 (March): Bachelor degree of Engineering, Undergraduate Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of
Engineering, Kyoto University
2000 (March): Master of Engineering, Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto
University
2003 (March): Ph.D, Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
2003 (April)-2006 (October): Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science
and Technology
2006 (November)-2011 (March): Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
2011 (April)-Present: Associate Professor, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
Award: 2010 The 64th Award for Young Investigator of The Ceramics Society of Japan
Recent Publications
Masanobu Kamitakahara, Takuya Nagamori, Taishi Yokoi, Koji Ioku, “Carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite
synthesized by the hydrothermal treatment of different calcium carbonates in a phosphate-containing
solution”, J. Asian Ceram. Soc., 3, 287-291 (2015)
Taishi Yokoi, Masanobu Kamitakahara, Chikara Ohtsuki, “Continuous expansion of the interplanar spacing
of octacalcium phosphate by incorporation of dicarboxylate ions with a side chain”, Dalton Trans., 44,
7943-7950 (2015).
Sota Terasaka, Masanobu Kamitakahara, Taishi Yokoi, Hideaki Matsubara, “Ability of hydroxyapatite
synthesized from waste oyster shells to remove fluoride ions”, Mater. Trans., 56, 1509-1512 (2015).
Masanobu Kamitakahara, Yuika Uno, Koji Ioku, “Behavior of osteoblast-like cells on calcium-deficient
hydroxyapatite ceramics composed of particles with different shapes and sizes”, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med.,
25, 239-245 (2014).
Natsuko Ito, Masanobu Kamitakahara, Koji Ioku, “Preparation and evaluation of spherical porous granules
of octacalcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite as drug carriers in bone cancer treatment”, Mater. Lett., 120,
94-96 (2014).
Taishi Yokoi, Masanobu Kamitakahara, “Formation of stacked disc-shaped layered double hydroxides by
homogeneous precipitation method”, Chem. Lett., 43, 234-236 (2014).
Natsuko Ito, Masanobu Kamitakahara, Masahiro Yoshimura, Koji Ioku, “Importance of nucleation in
transformation of octacalcium phosphate to hydroxyapatite”, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 40, 121-126 (2014).
Sota Terasaka, Masanobu Kamitakahara, Taishi Yokoi, Koji Ioku, “Effect of preparation temperature on the
ability of bone char to remove fluoride ion and organic contaminants”, J. Ceram. Soc. Japan, 122, 995-999
(2014).
Masanobu Kamitakahara, Ryohei Imai, Koji Ioku, “Preparation and evaluation of spherical Ca-deficient
hydroxyapatite granules with controlled surface microstructure as drug carriers”, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 33,
2446-2450 (2013).
Taishi Yokoi, Masanobu Kamitakahara, Masakazu Kawashita, Chikara Ohtsuki, “Formation of organically
modified octacalcium phosphate in solutions containing various amounts of benzenedicarboxylic acids”, J.
Ceram. Soc. Japan, 121, 219-225 (2013).
83
Potential of Hydroxyapatite as a Scaffold Material
for Microorganisms for Water Purification
Masanobu Kamitakahara
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
6-6-20 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan,
E-mail: [email protected]
The technology for the water purification is important for our lives. In the treatment
of the sewage, microorganisms are widely used. It has been reported that the scaffold
for microorganisms can raise the treatment efficiency. However, the effects of support
materials on microorganisms are still unclear. We focused on hydroxyapatite (HA,
Ca10(PO)6(OH)2) as a support material. HA is an inorganic component of bones and
shows excellent biocompatibility, a property that would be advantageous in a support
material for microorganisms. Additionally, HA has the ability to adsorb organic
substances, which would consequently be utilized effectively by microorganisms.
At first, we investigated the adhesion behavior of Escherichia coli (E. coli) on HA,
polyurethane (PU), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), and carbon (Carbon) to obtain basic
knowledge for the design of support materials. The number of E. coli adhering on the
samples followed the order of HA ≈ Carbon > PVC > PU. These results implies that
HA has a potential as a support material for microorganisms.
Based on the above results, we prepared a scaffold made of HA for the
microorganisms. Spherical porous -tricalcium phosphate granules were prepared, and
then they were treated with saturated water vapor under the hydrothermal condition.
The spherical porous HA granules composed of rod-like particles were obtained. After
these granules were immersed in a suspension containing microorganisms, the
microorganisms adhering on the surfaces of the HA granules were observed (Fig. 1). It
is suggested that the HA granules can act as a scaffold for microorganisms.
Fig.1 SEM images of microorganisms adhering on the surface of HA granule.
84
Dr. Kaori Kamata
JST-ERATO Iyoda Supra-Integrated Molecular Project,
Tokyo Institute of Technology
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +81-45-924-5277
Fax: +81-45-924-5277
Website: http://www.jst.go.jp/erato/iyoda/
Address: 4259 Nagatsuta-Cho, Midori-Ku, Yokohama,
Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
Education & Academic Background
1997 Bachelor of Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Yamagata University
1999 Master of Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo
Metropolitan University
2002 Doctor of Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo
Metropolitan University
2002-2003 Research Associate, Department of Chemistry, University of Washington
2003-2011 Assistant Professor, Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology
2006-2010 JST-PRESTO Researcher, PRESTO Project “Structure Control and Function”
2011Group Leader, JST-ERATO Iyoda Supra-Integrated Molecular Project
Associate Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Award:
2000
2003
2006
2007
2007
2010
2013
The World Polymer Congress IUPAC MACRO2000 Poster Award
MRS-ICAM Young Scientist Award
ICNME 2006 Award, The 7th International Conference on Nano-Molecular Electronics
ACS-232nd National Meeting, PMSE Division, Arthur K. Doolittle Award
Prizes for Science and Technology, The Commendation for Science and Technology by the Minister of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (shared award)
Excellent Paper Award of The Electrochemical Society of Japan (shared award)
Nano Tech Award 2013: Category Award on “Nano Fabrication Technology” (shared award)
Recent Publications
Komiyama, H., Komura, M., Akimoto, Y., Kamata, K., Iyoda, T., Chem. Mater. 27, 4972－4982 (2015).
Kamata, K., Piao, Z., Iyoda, T., et al., Scientific Reports 4, 4919 (2014).
Komiyama, H., Sakai, R., Hadano, S., Asaoka, S., Kamata, K., Iyoda, T., Macromolecules 47, 1777－1782
(2014).
Kamata, K., Akimoto, Y., Iyoda, T., Cellulose Commun. 20, 69 (2013).
Komiyama, H., Iyoda, T., Kamata, K., Chem. Lett. 41, 110－112 (2012).
Kamata, K., Nakagawa, M., Iyoda, T., Yamada, A., et al., Adv. Mater. 23, 5509－5513 (2011).
Zou, W., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Zhou, A., Li, J., Chang, A., Wang, Q., Komura, M., Ito, K., Iyoda, T.
Nanotechnology 22, 335301－335306 (2011).
Watanabe, R., Iyoda, T., Ito, K., Electrochemistry 77, 214－218 (2009).
Suzuki, S., Kamata, K., Yamauchi, H., Iyoda, T., Chem. Lett. 36, 978－979 (2007).
Li, J., Kamata, K., Komura, M., Yamada, T., Yoshida, H., Iyoda, T., Macromolecules 40, 8125－8128 (2007).
Kamata, K., Iyoda, T., Nanomaterials Research toward Applications Chapter 5, page 171－223 (Ed. by,
Hosono, H., Mishima, Y., Takezoe, H., & MacKenzie, J. D. K., Elsevier, 2006).
85
Biotemplated 3D Microstructures
for Unique Electromagnetic Responses
Kaori Kamata
JST-ERATO Iyoda Supra-Integrated Material Project,
Tokyo Institute of Technology
4259 Nagatsuta-Cho, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan,
E-mail: [email protected]
Microstructures in nature have
been attracting attention of scientists in
all different fields due to the mystery
in mechanism of generation and the
sophisticated system. In the light of
material engineering, most of the
natural microstructures are difficult Figure 1 Spirulina-based biotemplating process.
tasks to be mimicked with artificial
materials. Three-dimensional microstructures are good targeting motifs,
especially helical structures.1,2 Here,
we propose the utilization of Spirulina,
blue-green algae and forming air core
helix, as biotemplate. The structural
parameters of Spirulina such as
diameter, helical pitch, and length can
Figure 2 SEM images of (A) LH and (B) RH microcoils. The Spirulina
be
controlled
by
cultivation templates were cultivated under the controlled condition for tightening the
conditions,3 which should be the helical pitches (15 μm). The insets indicate the magnified images.
greatest benefit for size-tuning of resulting materials. The biotemplating process in our
study was carried out through three steps including fixation of Spirulina, surface activation,
and electroless plating (Fig. 1). The metal coating was successfully formed on Spirulina
surface with the three-step process, which gave metallic microcoil with air core helical
structure (Fig. 2). The dimensions of metallic microcoils are controllable in the range of
30-60 μm in diameter, 5-80 μm in coil pitch, and 50-300 μm with narrow size distributions.
We examined electromagnetic properties of the resulting microcoils. It was found that the
microcoil dispersion sheets effectively absorbed terahertz wave with optical activities
based on the size and also handedness of microcoils. The current biotemplating process
can overcome poor controllability of structural design and difficulty in mass fabrication,
which are the problems in conventional manufacturing approaches like photolithography
or direct printing processes for 2D patterns.
References
[1] Kamata, K., Suzuki, S., Ohtsuka, M., Nakagawa, M., Iyoda, T., Yamada, A. Adv. Mater. 23, 5509-5513 (2011).
[2] Kamata, K., Piao, Z., Iyoda, T., et al., Scientific Reports 4, 4919 (2014).
[3] Ma, Z., Gao, K. Planta 230, 329-337 (2009).
86
Structural Color Materials based on Biomimetic Core-Shell
Particles that Mimic Melanin Granules
Michinari Kohri* and Ayaka Kawamura
Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University
1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
E-mail: [email protected]
Nature produces structural colors, which are thought to depend on the size and
arrangement of nanostructural elements. For instance, the beautiful iridescent structural
colors of male peacock feathers are created by arrays of rod-like black melanin
granules that are produced by DOPA. Herein, we describe a novel and simple method
to create bright structural colors using biomimetic core-shell particles composed of
polystyrene (PSt) core and polydopamine (PDA) shell that mimic black melanin
granules (Figure 1). Figure 2 shows the structural color pellets that were prepared using
PSt@PDA core-shell particles. While PSt particles with different diameters were
worked as components of structural color materials, black PDA shell layers absorbed
light scattering efficiently, giving rise to pellets having bright structural colors.
Changing the PSt core particle diameters and thicknesses of PDA shell layers easily
controlled the structural colors. This simple and novel process of using core-shell
particles containing PDA black shell layers is useful for understanding biological
systems and can be used in basic research on structural color materials and practical
applications.
About Corresponding Author:
Dr. Michinari KOHRI, Assoc. Prof.
Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +81 (0)43-290-3393
Fax: +81 (0)43-290-3393
Website: http://chem.tf.chiba-u.jp/gacb03/saito/toppu.html
Address: 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
Education, Academic Backgrownd and Awards
2007 Research Assistant Professor, IMRAM, Tohoku University
2008 Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University
2012.8-11 Visiting Researcher, University Lyon 1
2015- Associate Professor, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University
Award: Presentation Award (The Chemical Society of Japan, 2012), The Selected
Lectures by Young Chemists (The Chemical Society of Japan, 2013), and the Award for
Encouragement of Research in Polymer Science (The Society of Polymer Science,
2013)
Publications
1) M. Kohri et al., J. Mater. Chem. C, 3, 720-724 (2015).
2) M. Kohri et al., Colloids Surf. A, 449, 114-120 (2014).
3) M. Kohri et al., Polym. Chem., 4, 2696-2702 (2013).
4) M. Kohri et al., Macromol. Rapid Commun., 34, 1220-1224 (2013).
5) M. Kohri et al., Polym. Chem., 3, 900-906 (2012).
6) M. Kohri et al., Polym. Chem., 3, 1123-1125 (2012).
87
Anti-Stick Coatings Using Liquid-impregnated
Transparent Organogels
Chihiro Urata, Gary Dunderdale, Matt England, and Atsushi Hozumi*
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
2266-98, Anagahora, Shimo-Shidami, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
E-mail: [email protected]
Functional coatings with exceptional surface properties, such as liquid-repellency
and low-friction/adhesion, have been commonly prepared by combining textured
surfaces with long-chain perfluorinated compounds (LPFCs). However, unfortunately,
the chemical and physical effects of the LPFCs on human health and environment have
been viewed lately with concern. In addition, once such artificial surfaces are
physically and chemically damaged, they permanently lose their surface properties. In
contrast, some living things maintain their surface properties through secretion of plant
waxes and mucus. Here, we report on novel coatings in-spired by such biological
systems. To realize long-lasting surface properties, we have particularly focused on the
syneresis of organogels, which were prepared by hydrosilylation of 2 types of silicones,
and several guest organic liquids (Scheme1). As compatibility between guest liquids
and polymer matrixes (cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane) is decreased to a certain
critical point which is induced by the chemical and/or physical effects, the guest liquids
begin to gradually leach out to the outmost organogel surface. Thanks to this selflubricating property, adhesion of various objects was effectively reduced, resulting in
the excellent anti-sticking properties. In addition, by using a reactive organic liquid,
nano/micro-architectures showing superhydrophobicity were self-assembled on the
upmost surface of organogel.
About Corresponding Author:
Dr. Chihiro Urata,
Researcher, Department of Materials and Chemistry
Structural Materials Research Institute Advanced Surface
and Interface Chemistry Group,
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology (AIST)
Scheme 1. Conceptual image of this
study
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +81 (0)52-736-7594
Fax: +81 (0)52-736-7406
Website: https://unit.aist.go.jp/smri/ja/group/asichem.html
Address: 2266-98 Anagahora, Shimoshidami, Moriyama, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
Education, Academic Backgrownd and Awards
2011 Ph.D. Applied Chemistry, Waseda Univ, Japan
2011- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
Publication
1) C. Urata, G.J. Dunderdale, M.T. England, A. Hozumi, J. Mater. Chem., 3, 12626 (2015).
2) C. Urata, B. Masheder, D. F Cheng, D. F. Miranda, G. J Dunderdale, T. Miyamae, A. Hozumi, Langmuir,
30, 4049 (2014).
3) C. Urata, B. Masheder, D. F. Cheng, A. Hozumi, Langmuir., 29, 12472 (2013).
88
Surface Properties of Clay-containing Transparent
Nanocomposite Thin Films
Matt W. England1, Chihiro Urata1, Gary J. Dundersale1, Avinash Patil2,
Stephan Mann2 and Atsushi Hozumi1
1
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Anagohora,
Shimoshidami, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya-shi, 2266-98, JAPAN
2
Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol,
Cantock's Close, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS.
E-mail: [email protected]
Extensive research on artificial superhydrophobic coatings for anti-fogging applications
has been reported so far. However, textured surfaces with high static contact angles (CAs,
S) of more than 150° are not ideal for high humidity conditions, because such rough
structures may help promote water condensation, which obscures visibility. In contrast,
superhydrophilic surfaces, with S < 5°, have been shown to prevent fogging by promoting
the formation of a continuous and transparent aqueous film across the surface, rather than
individual droplets. However, such surfaces can be complex to produce, and generally lose
their functionalities when damaged or over extended time periods. To overcome these
shortcomings, we have fabricated superhydrophilic nanocomposite gel thin films, made
from positively-charged nanoscale clay platelets and polyvinylpyrrolidone. At lower
concentrations, it can be spin-coated onto a flat surface, and due to its high hydrophilicity
( S < 5°), the resulting thin film displayed excellent anti-fogging properties, as well as high
transparency and reasonable surface toughness. The films exhibited excellent light
transmission (> 90%) and adhesion to the substrates, and the thickness of the films could
also be controlled in the range of ~3– 1000 nm by varying the concentration of the
precursor solutions. After suffering damage, the film also exhibited self-healing properties
when exposed to humid air. In addition, when cooled to ~3°C and exposed to humid air,
the films showed repeatable antifogging properties, which were retained for several
months after film deposition. We expect such remarkable properties to be readily
applicable to a wide variety of industrial applications.
(a)
(b)
About Corresponding Author:
Matt W. ENGLAND, Dr.
National Institute of Advanced Industrial
Science and Technology (AIST),
Anagohora, Shimoshidami, Moriyama-ku,
Nagoya, 2266-98, JAPAN
Figure 1. (a) Structure of the synthetic AMP-clay. (b)
Upon removal from a refrigerator, the glass slide
partially covered with our nanocomposite thin film
(bottom part) showed an excellent anti-fogging
property.
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +81 (0) 52-736-7388
Fax: +81 (0) 52-736-7406
Education, Academic Background and Awards
2009 MSci, University of Bristol
2014 Doctor of Chemistry, University of Bristol
89
Novel Biomimetic Surfaces Based on Metal-Polymer Hybrid
Materials Prepared by Self-Organization
Ryo Kohsaka*a, Yoshinori Fujihiraa, Ryuzo Furukawab, Takeshi Yamauchic,
Hidetoshi Kobayashid, Daisuke Ishiie, Yuta Uchiyamaa, Frank Ebingerf
a
Kanazawa University, bTohoku University, cNiigata University, dOsaka
University eNagoya Institute of Technology, fTechnische Hochschule Nürnberg
E-mail:[email protected]
The latest trends related to biomimetics and related innovations are reviewed and
analyzed in this paper. The conceptual framework of the project “Innovative Materials
Engineering Based on Biological Diversity” is introduced. The framework is composed
of three pillars, taxonomy, material innovation and interlinkage with the society, where
intellectual property rights play a key role. We conducted the comparative analysis of
the biomimetics related patents versus number of related scientific articles in Japan, the
USA, European, China and Korea contexts. The trend of the patent application
indirectly indicates the approaches of companies for biomimetics and the biomimetics
applications. The trend of related scientific articles reflects the movement of research
and development in scientific fields. We examined the contexts of the social
implementation by comprehending the trend of the patent application and number of
the scientific articles. From the analysis, it is pointed out that the trends of the research
and patents are correlated in general (particularly in the USA and Europe). Japan has
relatively small number of patents and articles but has comparatively more activities in
patents application than in article publications. Private sectors from different areas are
utilizing such technologies.
About Corresponding Author:
Dr. Ryo KOHSAKA, Associate Prof.
Institute of Human and Social Sciences, Kanazawa University
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +81 76 264 5508
Fax:
+81 76 264 4100
Website: http://www.4kbro.com/Pages/default.aspx
Address: Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
Education, Academic Backgrownd and Awards
2008 -12 Associate Professor at Graduate School of Economics, Nagoya City University
2006 -2008 UNEP SCBD (Portfolio: Agricultural and Forest Biodiversity, Sustainable Use)
2004 – 2005 Programme Coordinator/ Post Doc. Univ. Tokyo Chuo Univ.
2000 –2004 Research Fellow at the Institute of Forestry Economics, Freiburg, Germany
1997- 1998 Project Officer at the Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe
(REC) in Szentendre, Hungary.
Award ) Honoured as REC Life Fellow 2000
Publications
Kohsaka,R. Tomiyoshi,M. Saito,O. Hashimoto,S. Mohammed,L. (2015) Interactions of
Knowledge System in Shiitake Mushroom Production : A Case Study on the Noto
Peninsula, Japan, Journal of Forest Research, Vol.20, No.3, ISSN: 1341-6979, DOI:
10.1007/s10310-015-0491-4, pp.491-502
Kohsaka,R. (2010) Developing Biodiversity Indicators for Cities: Applying the DPSIR
Model in Nagoya and Integration of Social and Ecological Aspects. Ecological
Research Vol.25 No.5 pp.925-936
90
Relationship between the inner structure of feathers and color
change: Structural coloration in the Peach-faced Lovebird
Gen Morimotoa,b*, Naoko Sanadac and Yasuyuki Sanadac
a
Yahmashina Institute for Ornithology,
b
Rikkyo University,
c
Bird’s hospital-BIRD HOUSE
E-mail:[email protected]
Structural coloration is a common color-producing mechanism in birds, which
depends on nano/micro-level structures of feathers. Many parrot species are green,
which is a structural color. Sometimes, the feather color of diseased individuals
changes. In an ill Peach-faced Lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis), parts of the body were
an abnormal red color, but the feathers returned to their normal green color with
medication. We hypothesized that the color change is related to differences in the inner
nanostructures of abnormal red feathers and normal green feathers. We measured the
barb nano/microstructure of the bird feathers using scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) and optical microscopy and found that the mesh-like structure (the sponge layer),
which is the inner part of the barb, was slightly different between abnormal red and
normal green feathers. Hypothyroidism may affect feather structure and coloration.
About Corresponding Author:
Dr. Gen MORIMOTO, Resercher.
Division of Avian Conservation,
Yahmashina Institute for Ornithology
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +81 (0)4-7182-1107
Fax: +81 (0)4-7182-4342
Website: http://www.yamashina.or.jp
Address: Konoyama115, Abiko, Chiba 270-1145, Japan
Education, Academic Backgrownd
Fig. 1. In a diseased Peach-faced
Lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis),
parts of the body were an
abnormal red color, whereas other
regions were the normal green
color.
2007 Doctor of Science, Rikkyo University
2007- Visiting researcher, Toho University
2008 Postdoctoral research fellow, Rikkyo University
2011 Supprt researcher, National museum of nature and science, Japan.
2011 Supprt researcher, Yamashina Institute for Ornithology
Publications
1) G. Morimoto, Y. Takahashi, K Tsurui, Japanese Journal of Ecology, 65(1), 39-46
(2015).
2) T. Ueta, G. Fujii, G. Morimoto et al. EPL (Europhysics Letters), 107(3),
34004.(2014) .
3) G. Morimoto, N. Yamaguchi, K. Ueda. Journal of ethology, 24(3), 261-266. (2006).
91
Gas barrier properties of plasma-polymerized film “nanosuits”
made of amphiphilic molecules
Hideto Shibagaki, Shingo Ito, Ryohei Kawamura, Daisuke Ishii*
Nagoya Institute of Technology
E-mail:[email protected]
Lately, it has been reported that a thin film “nanosuits” of amphiphilic
molecules is fabricated by irradiation of an electron beam or plasma under high
vacuum conditions. The nanosuits possessed water evaporation suppression effect
and it enables us to observe living things by scanning electron microscope.
However, it isn’t clearly sure why nanosuits prevent water from evaporating
under a high vacuum condition. We tried to evaluate the relativity between water
evaporation suppression and the inner structures of the nanosuits by comparison
with the change of transmission amount of water vapor through the various
nanosuits at high temperature and high humidity. In the case of 80ºC and 60%RH,
the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of nanosuits fabricated on polymer
substrates (polystyrene, PS and cellulose triacetate, CTA) changes dynamically
between in one day and in four days. GI-SAXS showed that the inner structure of
nanosutis in four days became ordered structure at an in-plane direction. On the
other hand, at 40ºC and 60%RH, the WVTR is constant such as that at 40ºC and
90%RH. These results indicate that the inner structure of nanosuits changes by
annealing over 80ºC and the ordered structure at an in-plane direction produces
caused higher WVTR.
About Corresponding Author:
Dr. Daisuke ISHII, Associate Prof.
Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Nagoya Institute of Technology
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +81 (0)52-735-5392
Website: http://wakate.adm.nitech.ac.jp/node/280
Address: Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
Education, Academic Backgrownd and Awards
2006 Doctor of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
2006-2008 Special Postdoctoral Researcher, RIKEN Institute
2008-2012 Assistant Professor, Tohoku Universi
2012-2015 Assistant Professor, Nagoya Institute of Technology
2012- Associate Professor, Nagoya Institute of Technology
Award: 2013 Young Investigator Award: BAMN2013
2013 OSTEC Award: 2nd Nature Industry Award
Fig.1 Water vapor transmission rate of
sample under various condition
Publications
1) D. Ishii, T. Hariyama, M. Shimomura et al., Scientific Reports, 3, 3024 (2013).
2) H. Suzuki, Y. Takaku, I. Ohta, D. Ishii et al., PLoS ONE, 8(11), e78563 (2013).
3) Y. Takaku, H. Suzuki, I. Ohta, D. Ishii, Y. Muranaka, M. Shimomura, T. Hariyama,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110(19), 7631-7635 (2013).
4) D. Ishii, M. Shimomura, Chem. Mater., 25(3), 509-513 (2013).
5) D. Ishii, H. Yabu, M. Shimomura, Chem. Mater., 21(9), 1799-1801 (2009).
92
Control of Friction on Shape-Tunable Wrinkles
Takuya Ohzonoa*, Kosuke Suzukia, Yuji Hiraib
a
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, AIST
Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioscience, Chitose Inst. Sci. Tech.
a
E-mail: [email protected]
The excellent performance of soft-microstructures on living surfaces in terms
of their adhesion and friction has attracted considerable attention, as these are key
elements in many tribological applications. On this point of view we consider a
system, in which a soft-microstructure is dynamically tunable, to further explore
the possibility of dynamic controlling of, e.g., friction, adhesion, and lubrication.
As a model system of the shape-tunable soft-microstructures found in living
systems, the buckling-induced wrinkles are attracted attention, which is generated
on a compressed elastomer having a hard top layer. The wrinkles show a wide
variety of periodically-undulated structures, depending on the material, while also
allowing the alignment direction of the grooves and the sinusoidal shape to be
varied. Here the recent progresses regarding the sliding friction on the soft
deformable wrinkles are presented, especially the effect of the relative length of
the periodic wrinkles to the apex of the sliding indentor on the frictional
dynamics.
About Corresponding Author:
Dr. Takuya OHZONO, Group Leader
Dynamic Functional Materials Group,
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry,
National Institute of Advanced Industrial
Science and Technology (AIST),
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +81 (0)72-751-9402 or +81(0)29-861-2865
Address: Cntr.5 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
Education, Academic Backgrond
2000
2000-2001
2001-2007
2007-2010
2010-2014
Doctor of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Postdoc., Mechanical Science and Engineering Lab., NIST, US
Researcher, Frontier Research System, RIKEN Institute, Japan
Researcher, Nanotechnology Research Institute, AIST,
Group Leader, Soft Mechanics Group, Nanosystem Research Institute
(NRI), AIST, Japan
R&D division, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)
Group Leader, RI Sustainable Chemistry, AIST, Japan
2014-2015
2015-
Figure. Shape-tunability of wrinkles
and schematic illustration of the sliding
friction system.
Recent Publications
1) K. Suzuki, Y. Hirai, M. Shimomura, T. Ohzono, Tribol. Lett. in press 2015.
2) K. Suzuki, Y. Hirai, T. Ohzono, ACS Appl. Mater. Interface, 6, 10121, 2014.
3) T. Ohzono, Y. Hirai, K. Suzuki, M. Shimomura, N. Uchida, Soft Matter, 10,
7165, 2014.
4) T. Ohzono, T. Yamamoto, J. Fukuda, Nature Commun. 5, 3755, 2014.
5) T. Ohzono, et al. Adv. Opt. Mater. 1, 374, 2013.
6) T. Ohzono, J. Fukuda, Nature Commun. 3, 701, 2012.
93
Fabrication and friction measurement of durable shark skin
mimicking surfaces
Aki Sato1, Yuji Hirai1, Takuya Ohzono2, Masatsugu Shimomura1
1
Chitose Institute of Science and Technology,
758-65, Bibi, Chitose 066-8655, Hokkaido, Japan
2
The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
It is well known that shark skin has drag reduction property, which is generated by
surface riblet structures. Recently, we observed shark skin surfaces by using a scanning
electron microscope (SEM). As a result, it is revealed that some shark skin surfaces
have hierarchical structures of micro-dimple structures and sub-mm scale riblet
structures. In this report, we show the preparation of the hierarchically structured shark
skin surfaces by combinations of dimple structures and wrinkle structures for
investigation of shark skin surface’s
(a)
(b)
(a) Compress
(b)
property.
Honeycomb-patterned films were
Release
prepared by simple casting method [1].
Figure 1. SEM images of (a)before and (b) after appling
After peeling off the honeycomb film
in-plane 10 percent compressive stress
surface, the surface structures were
transferred to polydimethylsiloxane
(PDMS), and then micro lensarrays
(MLAs) were obtained. A polyimide
film was fixed on a PDMS block
surface by using glue. The polyimide
precursor was casted on the sample and
thermaly cross-linked with MLAs as
template. After that, the polyimide
pincushion structure on the polyimide
film / PDMS substrate was formed.
Figure 2. The difference in the frictional drag between
dimple structure surface and plane surfaces.
When the samples were applied inplane compressive stress, sub-mm scale [1] H. Yabu, Y.Hirai, M. Shimomura, Langmuir, 2006, 22(23),9760-9764
[2] T. Ohzono and M. Shimomura, Phys. Rev. B., 2004, 69(13),
buckling (wrinkle structure) was formed
132202-132206
at the surface [2]. By releasing external
About Corresponding Author:
compressive stress, the wrinkle
Aki Sato
structure was reversed (fig. 1). As
Graduate school of Photonics Science, Chitose
institute of science and technology
results, deformable hierarchical dimple
(Master course)
and wrinkle structures were obtained.
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +81-123-27-6068
According to the surface tribological
Address: 758-65, Bibi, Chitose 066-8655, Japan
measurement results, it is suggested that
Education, Academic Backgrownd and
if the surface has microstructures, the
Awards
2012 13 Chitose International Forum Poster Award
friction force were decreased (fig. 2).
2014 Nature-inspired Technology (ISNIT) 2014 and
Engineering Neo-biomimetics V Poster Award
Detail results will be discussed.
15 Chitose International Forum Poster Award
15 µm
th
th
94
15 µm
圧縮
圧縮
解放
解放
15 µm
15 µm
Wettability on the Snail’s Shells with Various Surface Layers
Ryota Yamagishia, Hirotaka Maeda*a, Daisuke Ishiia, Toshihiro Kasugaa and
Yasutaka Matuob
a
Nagoya Institute of Technology,
Gokiso, Syowa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan,
E-mail:[email protected]
b
Hokkaido University,
N21W10, Kita-Ward, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
The surface of snail’s shells has three-types of grooves with the different pitches,
10, 100 and 500 μm (Fig. 1). The surface of snail’s shells is covered with an organic
layer containing a large amount of chitin. Much attention has been paid to its selfcleaning properties, such as no attachment of oil droplet on the surface in water, and so
on. Snail’s shells also have an excellent water spreading ability, despite of 85 o of
contact angle. There is no available information for the spreading mechanism. In this
work, snail’s shells coated with HfO2 and trifluoroacetoxytrimethylsilane (FAS17)
were prepared by atomic layer deposition and chemical vapor deposition to clarify the
effect of surface free energy on the wettability. The contact angles of water droplets on
the snail’s shells coated with HfO2 and FAS17 were estimated to be 91 ± 4 and 124 ±
5o, respectively. The contact angles on the flat HfO2 and FAS17 surface were reported
to be 74 and 115o (Sci. Eng. A (1998)). These results indicated that water droplets on
the snail’s shells are the Cassie-Baxter state. The evaluation on apparent water volume
showed that liquid volume on snail’s shells decreases with increasing time. This
implies that water droplet penetrated into their grooves. The spreading lengths of water
droplets on snail’s shells was longer than those on snail’s shells coated with HfO2 and
FAS17. The organic layer of snail’s shells is assumed to have heterogeneous surface
free energy. Hafnium and silicon are detected homogeneously on the surface of snail’s
shells coated with HfO2 and FAS17, respectively, by X-ray fluoresence analysis. It was
proposed that the water spreading ability of snail’s shells originates from heterogeneous
surface free energy.
10 μm
20 μm
100 μm
500 μm
200 μm
Fig. 1. The SEM images of snail’s shell.
About Corresponding Author:
Dr. Hirotaka MAEDA
Department of Frontier Materials
Graduate School of Engineering
Nagoya Institute of Technology
E-mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +81 (0)52-735-5198
Fax: +81 (0) 52-735-5198
Website: http://ebm.web.nitech.ac.jp/PB/top.html
Address: Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
95
（４）トピックス（PEN より）
96
FEATURES
寄稿
鳥類における色彩と機能
公益財団法人山階鳥類研究所 森本 元
まわりを見渡せば世界は色で溢れています。日々、私たち
私が研究材料としている鳥は「ルリビタキ」という青い鳥
は「色」から様々な刺激を受けています。若葉の緑色の芽
です。この鳥は全身を包む美しい青色ゆえか、
バードウォッ
吹きに春を感じたり、色鮮やかな料理を美味しそうだと
チャーの皆さんにはとても人気があります。最近では幸せ
思ったり、薄暗く陰った空模様に憂鬱になったり、色はさ
の青い鳥などと呼ばれることもあるようです。メーテルリ
まざまな効果をもたらします。生物学的な視点で見れば、
ンクのおとぎ話「青い鳥」における主人公の兄妹チルチル
いわば、
「色」が信号として機能しているといえます。こ
とミチルのごとく、長年に渡りこの鳥を追いかけて研究を
れは人間に限った事ではなく、この地球上に暮らす他の生
続けています。そのきっかけは、この鳥の不思議な色発現
物たちも同じです。
パターンに興味を持ったことでした。
少しばかり自己紹介をさせていただきたいと思います。私
日本の青い鳥には、ルリビタキをはじめオオルリ、コルリ、
はもともと野外で鳥類を中心に観察型の研究を行ってきた
イソヒヨドリ、カワセミなど多くがいますが、いずれも異
生態学者です。そんな私が今回、本稿を執筆させていただ
なる色味を持つだけでなく、生態も異なります。そこでま
いたきっかけは、現在私も参加させていただいている生物
ず本種の生態をご紹介しましょう。私が初めてルリビタキ
規範工学（biomimetics）のプロジェクト「生物多様性を
に出会ったのは子供のころです。野鳥少年だった私は、一
規範とする革新的材料技術」です。さらにはそれ以前か
年中、近所の林へ野鳥観察に出かけていました。冬のある
ら、研究対象としている鳥種の発色への疑問をきっかけと
日、林道を歩いていると目の前の茂みから飛び出てきた茶
して、工学系の研究者の方々へ鳥の羽色についてご相談さ
色っぽい小鳥。その鳥がこちらを向くと、鮮やかな青色の
せていただいたことが、今、わたしがこの原稿を執筆させ
尾羽が目に飛び込んできました。
「ルリビタキだ」
と興奮し、
ていただいた根になっていると思います。そこで今回は鳥
その美しさに驚いたことを今でもよく覚えています。この
類における色彩信号の機能についてご紹介したいと思いま
尾羽が青で全身はオリーブ褐色の外観。これは実は雌なの
す。
97
です（図 1a）
。以下、
簡便に表記するために褐色とします）
。
PEN February 2014
3
1a
1c
1b
図 1 a：ルリビタキの雌、b：高齢な雄。c：雌に極似した姿をもつ若い雄。
（a、c：著者撮影、b：阿多誠文氏提供）
他方、雄は全身が美しい青色です ( 図 1b)。人間とは勝手
ないのは当然の結果だったのです。他の場所へ探しに行く
なもので、褐色のルリビタキを見たあとは、図鑑に載って
べきだったのですね。そして春になれば、鳥達は繁殖地へ
いるのと同じ全身が青色の雄を見てみたいと思うのは当然
と渡っていきます。これが褐色のルリビタキが春先にいな
の欲求でした。そして私は冬の間中おなじ場所に通いまし
くなった理由です。
た。しかし出会えたのは、なぜか青くないルリビタキばか
4
りでした。青い雄を求めて、自分のフィールドをずいぶん
ルリビタキがどんな鳥なのかをご理解いただくために、鳥
歩き回ったのですが、結局、残念なことにその年は一冬を
類の色彩の一般的な話をしたいと思います。同種内の雌雄
費やしたにもかかわらず、青いルリビタキに出会えなかっ
で外観が違う事を「性的二型」と呼びます。たとえば男性
たのです。しかも、春になると褐色のルリビタキさえもい
ならば子供の頃に夢中になったであろうカブトムシ。雄は
なくなってしまいました。青い鳥を追いかけるチルチルミ
立派な角があり、雌にはありません。おなじように、青い
チルは、いつもその鳥を手に入れることができませんが、
鳥のオオルリは、雌が茶褐色で雄が青色をしています。こ
私も同じようなことになったのです。実は、これは今にし
のように、雌雄の外観が違うのが性的二型です。そして、
て思えば当然の結果でした。本種はなわばり性の鳥で、冬
その違いには機能が存在します。カブトムシの雄は餌場を
は半径数百メートルの範囲を 1 個体が一つ保持して、同じ
めぐって雄同士が争うときに、その角を使って戦います。
場所で暮らすのです。同じ場所に通い詰めるということは、
角が大きな雄の方が勝ちやすいという研究例があります。
つねに同一個体を見続けるだけですから、青い雄を見られ
また、性的二型があるコクホウジャクなどの鳥では、雄の
PEN February 2014
98
中で派手な個体の方が雌にモテるということが知られてい
ぜ雄は年齢によって色が違うのか」は、ルリビタキならで
ます。雌はより派手な雄をつがい相手として選ぶというわ
はの大きな謎といえます。研究の結果、この雄の外観の違
けです。これは鮮やかな個体の方が、栄養状態がよかった
いは、雄間闘争に関係があることがわかってきました。
り多くの餌を雛へ運べたりと、雌にとって婚姻相手として
具体的には、なわばり争いの方法に影響していたのです。
メリットがあるからという研究成果があります。
ルリビタキの雄同士が争う際は、まず脇羽をふくらませ、
このように性的二型が明瞭な鳥では、雄は派手、雌は地味
お互いを威嚇するディスプレイから始まります。さらに争
というのが一般的です。雄の個体間で派手さに差があると
いが激しくなると、素早く飛び回り相手を「追いかけ」回
いっても、それは同性内での小さな違いに過ぎません。雌
す行動へと発展します。さらに激しさを増すと、ついには
雄の違いの方はそれ以上に明瞭であり、ぱっとみてすぐに
お互いを脚でつかみあったり、つつきあったりする身体的
雌雄を見分けられる種が一般的です。たとえば、ニワトリ
な接触を伴う「けんか（直接闘争）
」に至ります ( 図 2 参照 )。
の雄には赤く大きな鶏冠がありますが，雌にはありません。
つつきあいなどによる激しい闘争は、鳥にとって怪我に結
オオルリでは雄は青色で雌が茶色。雌雄が明瞭に違うので
びつく危険性が高い行動であり、できれば避けたい行為で
す。しかしルリビタキはそうではありません。ややこしい
す。実際、多くの動物の雄同士の争いは、危険な直接闘争
ことに、ルリビタキの場合、若い雄は雌にそっくりな褐色
ではなく儀式化されたディスプレイのみで行われることも
をしており（図 1c）
、後年、年をとると全身が青色に大き
多く、直接闘争を避けるように進化していると考えられて
く変化します（図 1）
。このように年齢によって外観が変
います。また、より鮮やかな雄や高齢な雄の方が、雄同士
化する現象は遅延羽色成熟（Delayed Plumage Maturation:
の関係においてより優位な雄（強い雄）である傾向が、多
DPM）と呼ばれています。虫や魚などでは、性的に成熟し
くの動物で知られています。こうした状況下では、劣位で
ていない幼体（繁殖年齢に達していない）が、成魚・成虫
地味な若い雄が、わざわざ派手な強い雄と直接闘争を行う
とは全く異なる外観をしていることがありますが、ルリビ
ことは、リスクが大きいのかもしれません。実際、ルリビ
タキでは褐色の雄も青色の雄も繁殖している点が異なりま
タキでは、雄と雄が争う際に、争っている雄同士の色の組
す。
み合わせの違い（青 vs 青、青 vs オリーブ褐色、オリーブ
褐色 vs オリーブ褐色：図 2）によって、闘争方法の激し
このため、繁殖期になると、青い雄も褐色の雄も、各雄が
さが異なっていました。同じ色同士の闘争では、最も激し
1 羽一つのなわばりを所有することになります。冬には関
い闘争方法である「つつきあい」まで発展することが多かっ
東以西の平地の公園などで見る事ができたルリビタキが、
たのですが、異なる色同士の争いでは、そこまで激しくな
夏になると姿をみなくなります。これは彼らが繁殖地であ
らずに「追いかけ」あう段階で勝敗が決する事がほとんど
る山の上へ移動したからなのです。子供だった私が通い詰
でした（図 2）
。これは、ルリビタキが互いの色を雄間闘
めて観察したルリビタキが、春にいなくなったこともこれ
争における信号として利用しており、互いの地位が外観か
が理由です。本種は高山・亜高山で繁殖する、いわゆる高
ら予想できる際にはリスクの高い「直接闘争」に至る前に、
山鳥です。本州中域では標高約 1,500m 以上の森林で繁殖
勝敗を決している可能性を示唆しています。
しています（地域によって標高は上下します）
。その環境
はシラビソやコメツガ・ダケカンバといった樹種を中心と
もう一歩踏み込んで考えてみますと、これは青色の有無が
した針葉樹林・針広混交林です。まだ雪の残る春先の山の
個体間の地位を伝達する信号として機能した例です。さら
中で、なわばりを宣言して盛んにさえずる様子は、春の山
に踏み込んで考えると、この青色は構造色ですので、構造
の風物詩といえるでしょう。繁殖様式は一夫一妻です。つ
色の有無が信号として機能したといえます。鳥類の色彩は
がいを形成しおえると、雌は地面の木の根や岩のくぼみを
主に、カロチノイド、メラニン、構造色によって発色され
利用して、穴の中にお椀型の巣をつくります。抱卵は雌の
ています。前者 2 つは色素による発色です。鳥類の色彩研
みで行い、雄は手伝いません。雛の孵化後は、雌雄が共同
究においては、性的二型などの研究が先行し、派手なこと
で給餌などの育雛を行います。雛たちは約 2 週間で巣立ち
に機能があることが多数の研究よりわかってきました。そ
を迎えます。その繁殖の初期、なわばり形成を行う際に、
の後、研究が進むにつれて、発色のメカニズムによって機
雄同士の争いが起こるのです。私はこの点に着目して研究
能が異なるらしいこともわかってきました。たとえば、赤
を進めました。
色を生じるカロチノイドの例をご紹介しましょう。カロチ
ノイドは体内で生産できないので、食物として体外から得
る必要があります。このため、厳しい自然環境下で生きる
ルリビタキの生態の面白さ、それは前述した通り、雄にお
ける褐色と青色という二型の存在でしょう
（図 1）
。この
「な
99
野生動物にとって、
よりよく餌を食べた個体（餌量が多かっ
PEN February 2014
5
闘
争
回
数
図 2 雄同士の闘争時の体色の組み合わせと、闘争パターンの違い。雄間闘争は、威嚇→追いかけ→直接闘争の順でより激
しい。同色同士では、もっとも激しい直接闘争まで発展することが多いが（上図・下図）
、異色同士の争いでは激しくなら
ない傾向がある（中図）
。
たり、質の良い餌を捕ったり、効率良く採食する等）の方
は一般化し、近年では学際的な様相を呈しています。野生
が鮮やかになり、その結果、個体間でカロチノイド量に差
鳥類学おいて工学的研究分野との連携は少なめですが、構
が生じて鮮やかさの個体差につながります。この鮮やかさ
造色研究や羽毛の保温・撥水機能など多くの研究テーマで
の個体差が、雄間闘争や雌による選択の際に、視覚信号と
連携が可能なことでしょう。自然界は不思議な生物で溢れ
して機能するのです。他方、メラニン色素は体内で生産さ
ており、身近な生物が、あっと驚くような能力を秘めてい
れるのでストレスなどが影響することが知られています。
ることは多々あります。
「生物」や「自然」をキーワード
このように色素系の発色機構はその機能に関する知見が多
として、異分野の研究者同士が「気付き」を共有する事で、
数蓄積されており、発色メカニズムによって機能が異なる
互いの理解を深めるとともに連携するきっかけになると信
ことが分かりつつあります。しかし、構造色は近年になっ
じています。
てようやく研究が進展してきた分野なのです。羽の内部の
微細構造が作り出す構造色は、その発色機構と相まって機
能の解明が求められています。
一昔前、双眼鏡一つあれば研究ができることは野生鳥類学
の利点の一つでした。これは今も変わりません。その一方
で、生理学的・遺伝学的研究分野との連携はこの数十年で
劇的に増加し、野生鳥類学者が DNA やホルモンを扱う事
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PEN February 2014
100
FEATURES
寄稿
モミジの葉の展開特性
大阪大学基礎工学部 小林 秀敏、新潟大学工学部 山内 健
の葉は葉柄の先端を要とする扇のように蛇腹状に折畳まれ
1. はじめに
ている [2]（図 1）
。また黄金虫やバッタ等の昆虫の翅 [3-5]
多くの樹木は、厳しい冬を前に生命活動を下げ、落葉する
にも折畳み構造が観察できる。もちろん、植物の葉や花は、
ことにより激しい風雪に耐える。落葉した痕には、越冬用
折畳み・展開様式を最適化するためだけに進化し、現在の
の厚い皮で覆われた冬芽が秋のうちに準備され、春の訪れ
形状を造り上げたのではなく、ありとあらゆる生活環境へ
とともに、新しい葉が一斉に冬芽から発芽する。この発芽
の適合の掛け合わせにより、現在の形状を造り上げたと考
の様子を観察してみると、春先には 10mm にも満たない
えられる。そして、多くの植物にとってそれらは、生命活
冬芽から、初夏には 100 ∼ 150mm にも及ぶ葉が、幾つ
動を営む際に非常に重要な光合成器官であり生殖器官であ
もついていることが容易に確認できる。サイズ拡大の主役
るから、それらの展開過程の中に、新たな折畳み・展開様
は植物自体の成長にあるが、多くの植物は、葉を小さいツ
式の創成に有益な示唆やヒントが隠されていることは容易
ボミ内部に効率的に格納するために、様々な方法で折畳ま
に想像できる。植物の葉や花の展開構造に関して、生物学
れている。例えば、柳の葉などは細長く巻いているし、ポ
的立場からの研究は比較的多くなされているが、力学的側
プラの葉は両端から中央脈に向かって巻き込んでいるし、
面に焦点を当てた研究は少ない。それゆえ、植物の葉や花
シデの葉等は規則正しく波板状に [1] 折り畳まれ、モミジ
の折畳み・展開様式（構造）に関する力学的考察は、宇宙
（a）
（b）
（c）
図 1 様々な葉の折畳みと展開：
（a）ポプラの葉、
（b）シデの葉、
101 （c）モミジの葉
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7
（a）
図 2 イロハモミジの葉：
（a） 完 全 展 開
（b）
時の葉、
（b）展開途中の葉
空間において、重量や大きさに極度の制限をうける人工衛
線に関する、葉の表側から見た展開角θ Ｖ と、葉身が折り
星の太陽電池パネル [6] やアンテナ [7] などの宇宙構造物
曲げられた山折線における、葉の裏側から見た展開角θ C
をはじめ、大型会場施設の開閉式天井構造、非常用として
は必ずしも等しくない。もし両者が等しければ、扇のよう
コンパクトに格納されなければならないテントやゴムボー
に全ての谷折線が一つの平面上を移動し、最終的に葉が平
トの他、傘等の一般日常品に至るまで適用される可能性が
面になるという二次元的な展開様式を示すはずである。こ
あり、工学的に非常に重要な構造形式の一つと考えられる。
のように、モミジの葉はまず角錐体のような三次元的な形
ここでは、モミジの葉が有する折畳み・展開様式に着目し
状に展開後、ゆっくりと時間をかけて図 2（a）のような
て、ツボミから展開する様子の観察や、植物の葉の近似モ
平面の葉に展開している。展開時の各部の動線は短い方が
デルを用いた展開数値シミュレーション等から得られた、
エネルギ的には有利であるとすると、二次元的な展開様式
興味深い結果について概説する。
の方が有利と考えられるにもかかわらず、である。なぜ、
イロハモミジはこのような展開様式を採用しているのであ
ろうか？この 2 段式展開とも言うべき展開様式に、はたし
て合理性はあるのだろうか？
2. モミジの葉の展開様式
イロハモミジの葉は、図２に示すように、葉柄の先端から
放射状に伸びた掌状脈に沿って谷折線が、また脈間の葉身
3. 葉の形状計測
の切れ込みに向かって山折線が配されており、蛇腹状に比
較的規則正しく折り畳まれている。ここで、ある折線を挟
モミジの葉の展開様式と、展開に要するエネルギとの関係
む二つの葉身要素面間の開き角を、その折線に関する展開
を知るために、まず葉の形状計測を行い、モデル葉の製作
角と呼ぶことにする。実際にモミジの葉の展開の様子を観
を試みた。葉の外形は、一番長い中央脈に対してほぼ対称
察すると、図 2（b）から分かるように、葉脈を含む谷折
なので、ここでは、図 3（a）に示すように中央脈を含む
（a）
図 3 イロハモミジの半葉部位とモデル：
（a）半葉内の各部位、
（b）測定結果を基
にした半葉モデル
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102
（b）
図 4 葉の葉脈とその間の折線長さの分布
図 5 各要素の面積割合
図 6 各要素の要素角の分布
半分の葉を計測対象とした。この半分の葉は、7 本の折線
くなっている。図 5 に、各要素の面積を、半分の葉の面積
と外形線で区切られた①∼⑦の 7 つの葉身要素から構成さ
A 1 で除して無次元化した A e*（=A e/A 1）を示す。実線は、
れており、ここでは、葉の中心から伸びる中央脈上の折線
測定した 17 枚の葉の測定値の平均値を結んだ線で、谷折
を [1] 番とし、折線ではないが便宜上第 7 葉身要素の外形
線を挟む第 2、第 3 要素や、第４、第 5 要素などの面積は
線を [8] 番とした。また、各要素の山折線と谷折線の間の
ほぼ等しく、中央脈から離れるにしたがって、階段状に減
角を要素角αと呼ぶことにする。17 枚の半分の葉につい
少していくことがわかる。図６は、各要素の要素角の分布、
て、各葉身要素の面積、折線の長さ、要素角を計測した。
即ち、各要素角α をそれらの合計α 0 で除して無次元化し
図 4 に、[1] ∼ [8] 番の折線の長さ L の測定結果を示す。
たα * を示している。実線は、測定データの平均値を結ん
全てのデータは、葉のサイズの影響を除くために [1] 番の
だ線である。要素角は図 5 で示した葉身要素の面積分布と
折線の長さ L 0 で除して無次元化している。実線は、各測
反対に、中央脈から離れるにしたがって、ジグザグになり
定値の平均値を結んだ線で、奇数番の谷折線に沿う葉脈の
ながらもしだいに大きくなる傾向にある。なお、測定した
長さは、概ね 1：0.95：0.82：0.56 の比で小さくなっている。
17 枚の葉のα 0 の平均値は約 121̊ であり、このことから、
一方、偶数番目の山折線は、図 2（a）からも明らかなよ
イロハモミジの葉は、概ね全周の 2/3 程度の中心角を持っ
うに、葉身の深い切れ込みのため、谷折線に比べ極端に短
ていることがわかる。
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9
質点とみなした場合の展開時の運動エネルギ w を求めた。
４．展開シミュレーション
図７は、β = 1.0 の平面的な展開とβ = 0.8 の場合に得ら
葉の展開時の消費エネルギを直接見積もることは困難なの
れた w をβ = 1.0 の場合の初期値 w 0 で除して無次元化し
で、ここでは、展開時の葉の各部位の展開運動エネルギ w
て示している。横軸は、無次元時間 T で、T = 1.0 で葉身
が、植物の成長展界エネルギの指標となっていると考えて、
モデルは完全展開平面となる。当然、T = 1.0 までの時間
この w の展開時における変化を求めることにする。その
はどちらの場合も同じにしてある。この図から、β = 0.8
ために、モミジの葉の各部位の測定値に基づいて、図 3（b）
の場合は、全体に渡って大きなエネルギが必要であり、特
に示す数値半葉モデルを作製した。即ち、各葉身要素を三
に T = 0.8 = β = T 1 以降にかなり大きなエネルギを必要と
角形で近似し、各要素の面積比や要素角の測定値、図４で
することがわかる。これは、T = T = 0.8 で、谷折線部の展
示した谷折線の比を用いた。また、[1] 番の折線の長さを
開角θ V が山折線部のθ C より先に 180̊ に達し、
これ以後、
2
L 0 = 100 mm、 半葉の全面積 A 0 = 3000 mm 、要素角の総
山折線部のみが展開し、葉身が角錐体形状から平面へ展開
和α 0 = 121̊ とした。この半葉モデルの面積分布は、図５
するためと考えられる。
の破線で示すように、必ずしも測定値のジグザグ分布に等
しくないが、ほぼそのジグザグ分布の中心を通っており、
次に、展開時の葉身面積を考える。葉の最大の機能は光合
また、モデル葉の形状は、スキャナーで取り込んだ実際の
成であり、一日を通して考えれば、太陽光はあらゆる方向
葉の形状（図 3（a）
）をよく表しており、このモデルでイ
から照射される。したがって、葉の形状が一つの平面でな
ロハモミジの葉の展開様式を概ね表現できると考えられ
く立体的であっても葉の表面に凹型の窪みがなければ、照
る。この半葉モデルを用いて、ベクトル解析により、展開
射面積は葉身の全面積 A 0 に等しいと考えることも不自然
時における各葉身要素や折線の位置を求めた。その解析の
ではない。このことを考慮して、ここでは、展開葉身面積
数学的な式の導出等はここでは省略したが、三角関数と空
A として、一つの谷折線を挟む２つの葉身要素の中央面（折
間図形の知識を駆使すれば、比較的容易に計算式を導くこ
線を含むθ V /2 の面）に垂直な平面への、葉身要素の投影
とができる。以下、それらを用いて展開シミュレーション
面積の総和を採用し、展開葉身面積比 A * (= A /A 0) の時間
行った結果である。
的変化を図８に示す。β = 0.8 の場合に、T = 0.8 =T 1 で A *
= 1.0 となっているのは、この時点で、葉は、完全な平面
さて、図 2（b）から明らかなように、モミジは必ずしも
になっていないけれども、凹型の窪みのない三次元立体形
平面的には展開せず、モミジの葉は角錐体のような三次元
状となっていることを示している。このことから、β = 0.8
的な展開様式を示している。このとき、谷折線に関する展
の場合は、β = 1.0 の場合に比べて、展開面積に関しては、
開角θ V （≤ 180̊）と山折線における展開角θ C（≤ 180̊）
約 20% 短い時間で展開できると考える。
は、θ C > θ C であるから、まず両者の比である展開角比
を β = θ C / θ V と定義し、β を一定に保ちながら等速度
そこで、完全に平面になるまでの T = 1.0 までに必要な聡
で展開する場合を考え、各葉身要素をその重心位置にある
エネルギ W と、θ V = 180̊（T =T 1）までの展開エネルギ
図 7 展開時の運動エネルギの変化
10
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104 図 8 展開時の投影面積の変化
図 9 総展開エネルギへの角速度比の影響
図 10 展開中の展開角の遅れ変化
の総和 W を各β の値について求め、β =1.0 の場合の値
即ち、モミジの葉は、始めに葉脈を含む谷折線を挟む面だ
W 0 で除して無次元化した値、W *、W * を図９に示す。こ
けが開き始め、その展開角がθ v ≥55̊ になった時に山折線
れから、T = 1.0 までの総エネルギは、圧倒的にβ = 1.0 の
を挟む面が展開を開始し、そこから同じ角速度で展開する。
場合が小さく最適であることを示している。さらに、たと
そして谷折線を挟む面が先に展開を終え、次に山折線を挟
え、T = 1.0 までではなく T =T 1 までの展開エネルギを考え
む面が展開を終えて完全な平面となる。この展開角の差を
たとしても、
β ≥ 0.7 の W * は 1.0 よりやや大きく、
β = 1.0
遅れ角⊿θ = θ v - θ c と定義し、展開エネルギ W * や展
の二次元的な展開に対して、β < 1.0 の三次元的な展開が
開面積 A * に及ぼすこの遅れ角⊿θ の影響について解析的
特に有利であるとは考えられない。また、T =T 1 での展開
検討を行った。
状況としては、⑦の葉身同士が重ならないことが暗黙の条
件となっており、θ V = 180̊ のときに、θ c はおおざっぱ
これらの測定結果を基に、葉の展開時の運動エネルギと展
に言って 180̊ ‒ 360̊/7 = 128.6̊ 以下であってはならな
開様式の関係を明らかにするために、⊿θ = 0̊ と⊿θ =
いから、
β ≥ 128.6̊/180̊ ≈ 0.7 である。それゆえ、
β < 0.7
55̊ の場合について、展開過程における葉身要素の運動エ
で W * が W * < 1.0 となっているが、この部分は、現実的
ネルギ w の履歴を求めた。図７と同様に、それらを⊿θ =
には意味の無い領域である。では、なぜモミジは先にθ V
0̊ の場合の初期値 w 0 で無次元化して、無次元時間 T を横
= 180̊ となるような展開様式を採用しているのであろう
の場合、
点 A の T ≈ 0.23
軸にとって図 11 に示す。⊿θ =55°
か？
と点 B の T ≈ 0.77 の 2 カ所で、w * の値が急激に大きく
なっている。葉は折り畳まれた状態から、最初、葉脈を含
む谷折線を挟む面だけが開き始め、点 A から山折線も展開
を始めるため最初の w * の増加が生じ、続いて点 B の T =T 1
5. 展開遅れ角のある展開様式
≈0.77 で、谷折線部が展開を終えθ v = 180̊ となる。この
展開の様子を確実にとらえるために、少し開きかけたモミ
とき、山折線部のθ c はまだ 180̊ に達しておらず、これ
ジの葉を採取し、水分と糖分を補給しながら室内でモミジ
以後、山折線部の展開により葉身が角錐状から平面状へ変
の葉の展開中の様子をビデオ撮影した。得られた画像と動
化するため、点 B で w * の急増が生じたと考えられる。
体解析ソフト（Move-Tr32）を用いて、展開時の葉の各点
の位置を求め、このデータから、谷折線（葉脈）に関する
そこで、折り畳まれた葉の凹部がなくなる時刻の T 1 と、
展開角θ V と、切れ込み部にある山折線に関する展開角θ
T =T 1 までの総エネルギ W を⊿θ =0̊ の場合の総エネルギ
c の時間的変化を求め、図 10 に示す。この図から、ある
W 0 で除して無次元化した W * を併せて図 12 に示す。こ
時間におけるθ v 、θ c の値は異なるが、展開角の速度は
の図から、⊿θ の値が大きくなるにつれて、T =T 1 までの
θ v とθ c の差は約 55̊ であることがわかる。
ほぼ等しく、
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総エネルギ W もまた展開時間 T 1 も一様に小さくなってお
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図 11 遅れ角がある場合の展開時の運動エネルギの変化
図 12 総展開エネルギと展開時間の遅れ角による影響
り、⊿θ =55̊ の場合は、⊿θ =0̊ の場合に比べ、約 25%
の展開にも、エネルギ最小の大原則が脈々と貫かれている
少ないエネルギで展開でき、展開時間 T 1 も約 22% 減少す
ことがわかり、自然の営みの素晴らしさに、改めて感動さ
ると考えられる。しかしながら⊿θ は無限に大きくできな
せられた。
くて、その最大値は、葉の端が重ならず、どこも同じ遅れ
角であると考えると、360̊/7 ≈ 51̊ であるから、図 10 の
測定値である 55̊ は⊿θ の限界値と考えられる。
References：
[1] Kobayashi H, Kresling B. & Vincent J.F.V. , The
以上のことから、光合成を最大の機能とする葉においては、
Geometry of Unfolding Tree Leaves, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B,
出来るだけ早期に、しかも小さなエネルギで受光面積を大
256 (1998), 147-154.
きく出来ることが最良と考えると、モミジの葉の展開角θ
[2] 小林秀敏、臺丸谷政志、機構論、No.982-1、(1998-9)、
v とθ c の関係は、展開時間と展開エネルギーを最小にす
p.129-130.
る最適な関係を採用していると言える。
[3] Wootton R.J., Support and deformability in insect
wings, J. Zool. Lond., 193 (1981), 447-468.
[4] Brackenbury J.H. "Wing folding and free-flight
knematics in Coleoptera (Insecta): a comparative study", J.
6. まとめ
Zool. Lond., 232 (1994), 253-283.
日頃の観察から、イロハモミジの葉は、必ずしも一気に平
[5] Hass F., "Geometry and mechanics of hind-wing folding
面的には展開せず、一旦、角錐体のような三次元的な形状
in Dermaptera and Caleopteta", M.Phil thesis, Exeter Univ.,
に展開した後、平面的な葉に展開する二段式展開様式を示
(1994).
すことがわかり、その不思議さを理解するために、展開時
[6] Miura K. and Natori M., 2-D Array Experiment on
間や展開エネルギの観点から考察した。その結果、自然の
Board a Space Flyer Unit, Space Solar Power Review, 5
中では、四方八方のあらゆる方向から太陽光が当たるため、
(1985), 345-356.
光合成の観点だけから考えれば、葉身は、凹みの無い角錐
[7] You Z. and Pellegrino, Dynamic Deployment of the
体状に展開すれば、必ずしも平面になる必要は無いことが
CRTS Reflector, Proc. 35th Structures, Structural Dynamics
判明。その考え方に立つと、モミジの葉は、最初に葉脈を
and Mater. Conf., Part 3, (1994), 1497-1505.
挟む凹み部が展開し、約 50̊ 程度遅れて山折部が展開する
展開様式を採用し、この展開様式が、展開エネルギや展開
時間の観点から考えて、最良の方法であることが明らかに
なった。大自然の中の極々小さな事象である、モミジの葉
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PEN February 2014
106
FEATURES
寄稿
カブトムシにやどる「匠」
国立科学博物館動物研究部 野村周平
図 1 クヌギの樹液に来たカブトムシ（東京都品川区）
カブトムシ（図 1）というのは、日本でもっとも有名な甲
1. カブトムシはどんな虫か？
虫であるといっても過言ではない。日本人であれば、子供
連載「生物規範工学」に引き続き、本誌に寄稿させていた
からお年寄りまで実によく知っている。子供の時につかま
だけることになった。大変光栄なことである。とはいって
えて遊んだだけではなく、大人になっても外国のカブトム
も難しい物理や工学の話は書けないので、当方が専門の昆
シを熱心に集めたり、飼育している人たちも少なくない。
虫の話をさせていただきたい。
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107
カブトムシについてはもう研究しつくされていて、これ
図 2 カブトムシ♂の頭と胸のツノ（茨城県つくば市）
以上一体何を研究することがあるのか？と訝っておられる
方々も多いのではないだろうか。多分それはそうでもない。
1999 年頃から、それまで植物防疫法で一律に禁止されて
いた、外国産カブトムシの輸入が緩和され、外国産の生き
たカブトムシ、特に中南米産の大型のヘラクレスオオカブ
トムシや、熱帯アジア産のアトラスオオカブトムシが輸入
され、日本全国のペットショップなどで売買されるように
なった。このできごとについて賛否両論激しく対立してい
ることは言うまでもない。しかし、我々のように生物多様
性を研究する立場からすれば、大変怪しからんことで、地
域固有の生物多様性を破壊する恐れが多分にあると考えて
いる。同じ時期に規制が緩和され、全国に生き虫が流通す
るようになった外国産のクワガタは、時に生体が野外で発
見され、日本古来のオオクワガタやヒラタクワガタとの遺
伝子交流がすでに起こっているのではないかと大変心配さ
れている。
それはそれとして、日本古来のカブトムシは、ボディサイ
ズが外国産よりはずっと小さいので、注目度はかなり後退
していると言わざるを得ない。がしかし、今でも子供たち
のよき遊び相手であることには間違いない。ペット動物と
図 3 つくば実験植物園で行われた「昆虫の飛翔に関する
108 ワークショップ」実習風景
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13
してのカブトムシの特性には注目すべき点がいくつもあ
を作って調べてみることにした。カブトムシの角は確かに
る。まず、カブトムシは針で刺したりきばでかみついたり
非常に硬いが、どんな道具を使ってもまったく壊れない、
しない。きれい好きなので、ばい菌をまきちらすこともな
というほどではない。それで、
大型のペンチで挟んでぼきっ
く、安全この上ない子供たちの友達である。
とやる、原始的な方法でやってみた。
そしてカブトムシのオスには立派ないかめしいツノがある
そうするとぽっきりと見事に折れた（図 4）が、その断面
（図２）
。カブトムシの体は子供がいじくったくらいでは容
はどうなっているか、想像がつくだろうか？金属棒を破断
易にこわれないほど頑丈にできている。セミやスズムシの
した時のように、中身は無垢でまったく空洞はないだろう
ようにうるさく鳴いたりしない。どんなにひどいことをし
か？それとも中は空洞で、パイプ状になっているだろう
ても泣き声一つあげない。こんなすばらしい友達が他にい
か？空洞になっているとしたらその空間には何が入ってい
るだろうか。カブトムシがすごいのは、そのように人間に
るのだろうか？
何一つ悪さをしない、おとなしい友達なのに、それでいて
私たちと同じ日本の野山にくらす野生動物であるという
破断面を SEM で観察してみる。すると外側は厚い体壁に
ことだ。ペットというのはしばしば人間が手を加えて、犬
なっているが、中心部は空洞で、よく見ると粗い蜂の巣状
や猫は何百年も人が飼いならした結果、今のように従順に
に薄い膜が張り巡らされたような構造、すなわちハニカム
なっているのだが、カブトムシにはそのような家畜のよう
構造になっている（図 5，6）
。サンプルはよく乾燥させた
な部分は１％もなく、100％野生動物である。親の代から
ものだが、もともとは体液があってそれが乾ききったとい
家の中で育てたカブトムシであっても、野に放てば
註1
、次
うような様子ではなく、初めから空気が入っているものの
の瞬間から野生動物として暮らし始める。これはすごいこ
ようである。
とではないだろうか。
ここで生きているときのカブトムシの振る舞いについて思
このように私たちが日ごろからよく見知っているはずのカ
い起こしてみよう。♂は頭に大きなツノ、胸（前胸背）に
ブトムシには、実はこれまであまり調べられたことのない、
小さなツノを備えている。他のオスと戦って交尾相手を勝
驚くような秘密が隠されている。2013 年 8 月に当館つく
ち取るため、あるいは樹液のレストランで、群がるカナブ
ばキャンパスで、実際にカブトムシを捕まえ、さまざまな
ンやハエなどの小者を追い払うためにツノは必要だ。しか
特性を調べる実習を行った（図 3）が、実習を指導しなけ
しそうであっても、頭の上にこんな大げさなものが乗っ
ればいけない立場の私の方が驚きの連続だった。カブトム
かっているのはいかにも邪魔くさそうである。しかもカブ
シの体と機能はあまりにも精巧にできている。そこには一
トムシはこれをたたんだり、しまうこともせず、前方へ掲
流の工芸家や技術者の仕事を目の当たりにするような感動
げたままで空中を飛び回らなければならない。カブトムシ
がある。その一端をぜひここで読者諸兄にご紹介させてい
にはしかし、それを気にするような気配はない。頭の角は
ただきたい。
意外に軽量なのではないだろうか？外側の体壁さえがっち
りと硬いものであれば、中は空洞で、全体に軽量化したほ
うが都合がよかったのではないだろうか？
2. カブトムシの角はなぜ硬い？
カブトムシの角は非常に硬い。上にも書いたが、乱暴な子
3. カブトムシ外皮の強化構造
供が少々いたずらをしたくらいでは、傷もつかないほど硬
い。そもそもカブトムシの角の構造はどのようになってい
カブトムシ♂頭角の外壁破断面を SEM 観察してみると、
るのだろうか？そのことを調べるためにまずは角の破断面
繊維のようなものが同じ方向に並んだ薄い層が見える。こ
の層は一重ではなく、何重にも重なっている。そして、繊
維の方向がおおよそ 90°位ずつ入れ替わりながら重なって
いるようなのである（図 7）
。つまり、グラスファイバー
の釣竿や、炭素繊維による航空機の外壁などと同様の構造
註１：飼育個体を野外に放すことを奨励しているわけでは
を、カブトムシは何万年も前から保持していたことになる。
ない。上に述べている通り、
飼育個体はたとえ在来種であっ
自然物と人工物のこの見事な一致は、単なる偶然によるも
ても、自然の生態系に悪影響を及ぼす可能性があるので、
のではなく、薄い構造を丈夫にするという共通の必然性に
野外に放すことは厳に慎むべきである。
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109 よるものと考えられる。
図 4 カブトムシ♂頭角破断面の観察部位
図 6 カブトムシ♂頭角破断面の SEM 写真（100 倍）
図 5 カブトムシ♂頭角破断面の SEM 写真（45 倍）
図 7 カブトムシ♂頭角破断面の SEM 写真（200 倍）
実はこの構造は以前からよく知られていて、昆虫の体壁構
側の都合に過ぎない。0°と 90°の繰り返しだけでは、0°
造の基本的な概念である。カブトムシについても実はすで
と 90°に対してしか、十分な強度を保ちえない。斜め 45°
に調べられているのだが、その論文を見て、私は自然の叡
からの攻撃に対する強度は保障されていない。
智に感激した。その論文はツノではなく、カブトムシの前
翅についてのものであったが、ほぼ同様であると思ってい
ところがカブトムシの外皮は、薄層の重ね合わせが 10°ほ
ただいて間違いない。カブトムシの前翅では、ツノと同様、
どずつ、ずれることによって、だんだんとそれがずれてゆ
同じ方向に並んだ繊維の薄膜がある角度をもって重ねあわ
き、結果的にはより多くの方向への強度を支えている。こ
されている。それによって、クワガタに挟みつけられても
れは見方によっては、自然現象の中の誤差であって、たま
容易に穴があいたり破れたりしない、丈夫な外皮を構成し
たまそうなったと考える向きもあるかもしれない。しかし
ている。その互い違いの角度が 90°ではないというのであ
結果的によりすぐれた結果を生んでいるならば、それは自
る。一定ではないが、毎回約 10°
ほどずつズレながら、10
然選択に勝ち残り、自然の生きものの特性として遺伝子に
∼ 20 枚ほどの薄層が重ねあわされているという [1]。
引き継がれていくだろう。ここに私は、単なる「結果オー
ライ」というのではなく、何かむしろ「神業」と呼ぶにふ
ご存知のとおり、ベニヤ板のような人工物は、このような
さわしい匠の技を見るような気がするのである。
場合には 0°と 90°の繰り返しに決まっている。そうする
ことが最も経済的だからだ。しかしそれはあくまでも人間
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15
4. ツノの断面を撮影
以上説明したようなカブトムシ♂の頭角構造が一目でわか
るようなわかりやすいイメージはないだろうか？端的に言
えば上で示したようなツノの断面のもっときれいな写真は
撮れないだろうか？実はカブトムシのツノは外壁があまり
にも硬い点と、中にあまりにも柔らかいこわれやすい構造
が同居しているために、その断面切片を作るのがきわめて
難しい。これまでの技術ではそれは全く不可能だった。
しかし、国立科学博物館の棘皮動物の研究室や地学研究部
で非常勤職員をしている田尻理恵さんが編み出した方法に
よって、それはほぼ可能になった。田尻さんは、岩石の薄
片を作る技術を応用して、カブトムシのような硬い動物構
造の断面を写真撮影することに成功した（図 8）
。それは
かいつまんで言えば次のような方法である [2]。
図 8 カブトムシ♂頭角断面写真の切断面を示す
アルコール液浸のカブトムシのツノを、まずはアセトン上
昇系列に浸漬して脱水を行う。次に減圧により樹脂を含浸
させアセトンと置換する。樹脂を加熱重合させ、硬化させ
る。樹脂に包埋されたサンプルの見たい部分を挟むように
して、両側を岩石カッターで切り落とし、まずは分厚い資
料片を作る。このままだと光を透過しないので、観察や写
真撮影は難しい。そこで岩石薄片の技術を用いて、カーボ
ン研磨剤とグラインダーで削っていって、光を透過する厚
さまで薄くする（カブトムシの角で 0.2 mm 程度、技術的
には 0.01 mm まで可能）
。
そのようにして作った薄片は、1 枚作るのに、大変な手間
がかかるのは事実だが、硬いカブトムシの頭角を一刀両断
したような見事な断面写真を撮影することができた（図
9）
。これを見ると、カブトムシの♂頭角の外壁が、意外に
図 9 カブトムシ♂頭角断面写真（光学顕微鏡）
幅の薄いものであることが見て取れる。さらにその一部を
拡大して、やはり岩石の切片を観察するための偏光顕微鏡
を用いて写真撮影すると、繊維の方向の異なる薄膜が 15
枚以上重なった様子をはっきりと観察することができた
（図 10）
。
5. カブトムシのツノ表面には何がある？
以上のように、カブトムシの頭角は、これまであまり調べ
られてこなかった内部構造によって、丈夫な、そして軽量
な器官として成立していることが分かった。カブトムシの
ツノは先にも述べたように、♂同士のけんか（競争）や、
競合他種との競争に勝つための「武器」である。そうする
と人間の悪い癖として、人間の持っている道具に例えてし 111 図 10 カブトムシ♂頭角断面拡大（偏光顕微鏡）
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図 12 カ ブ ト ム シ ♂ 頭 角 先 端 部 表 面 感 覚 子 SEM 写 真
図 11 カブトムシ♂頭角先端部表面 SEM 写真（200 倍）
（5,000 倍）
まって、あたかも生物の持っているそれが、人間の道具と
あるいは、と想像をたくましくする。古の剣豪や拳法の達
同様のものだと思い込んでしまう。つまり、カブトムシの
人は、仕合う時、1、2 回、剣を、あるいは拳を交えるだ
ツノは、あたかも人間の武器と同様であると思い込んでし
けで相手の力量がわかるという。その感覚は剣豪または達
まっているのではないか？はたしてそうだろうか？
人本人しか知りえないことなので、凡人たる我々には知り
得べくもないが、そういうことはあるかもしれないなと想
カブトムシのツノはカブトムシの身体の一器官であって、
像することはできる。カブトムシのツノ先の感覚はそうい
取り替え可能な人間の武器とは大いに異なる。そのことを
うものであるかもしれない。カブトムシは♂同士戦う際に、
忘れてはいけない。確かにカブトムシは時として、ツノを
どちらかが倒れるまでやりあうのではなく、力量の差が明
突き合わせて互いに戦い、時に深く傷つく。ツノ自体は何
らかな場合には、無駄な争いを避け、1，2 度ツノつき合
も感じない、刀や槍のようなものかというと、どうもそう
わせただけで戦いをやめてしまう場合も多いからである。
ではないらしいのである。
ツノつき合わせた時に、相手が何であるかを知り、相手の
力量を量ることができる、それを感知するセンサーとして、
カブトムシの頭角を SEM 観察してみると、その表面は多
このような感覚子が備わっているとしても何もおかしくは
少の起伏があって、ごつごつした感じである。観察した部
ない。
位について言えば、おおよそ無毛である。がしかし、毛先
が根元で欠けたような微小器官が、まばらに、ほぼ等間隔
に並んでいる（図 11）
。しかも、それに付随して、小さな
6. カブトムシの知られざる世界
孔が表面に一つずつあいている（図 12）
。私の経験から言
えばこれは、感覚器官（受容器）である。どのような機能
実は本稿のお話をいただいたときに、カブトムシの♂の頭
をもつのか、具体的には分からないが、ツノ表面の環境条
角の他にもある、あまり知られていない驚くべき性質につ
件や状態変化を感知する器官であると推定される。
いても言及するつもりだった。例えばカブトムシが鳴くこ
とであるとか、成虫だけではなく幼虫も、蛹も鳴くことで
昆虫は外骨格の生物なので、カブトムシの頭角のような、
あるとか、日本甲虫学会誌に投稿中の、前翅の開閉メカニ
きわめて硬い外殻であっても、その表面には微妙な環境変
ズムとかである。しかしそれらをここで解説しても、いた
化を感知する機構を備えている。同様な器官は、セミ♀の
ずらに冗長になってしまうだけなので、それらは別の機会
硬い産卵管の表面にもあり、極めて微小な丸い感覚子が、
に譲りたい。いずれにしても、カブトムシという、あまり
まばらに等間隔で並んでいる。想像するに、昆虫の硬い外
にもよく知られた虫であっても、いまだに広くは知られて
殻表面といえども、人間が手探りでものを探す程度には何
いない、あるいは未解明の部分でさえ多くあることがお分
か外界の情報をそこから得ているのではないだろうか。少
かりいただけたことと思う。
なくともそれくらいのことができる道具は備わっているよ
うである。
112 末筆ながら、今回の投稿について機会を与えて下さった産
PEN January 2014
17
総研の阿多誠文様、関谷瑞木様、日頃よりバイオミメティ
クスについて多大なご指導をいただいている、東北大学の
下村政嗣先生、札幌の下澤楯夫先生、浜松医大の針山孝彦
先生に厚く感謝の意を申し上げる次第である。カブトムシ
頭角の薄片作成について懇切にご教示いただいた、国立科
学博物館の田尻理恵氏にも深謝したい。また今回特に、工
学研究者のためのテキスト執筆を通じて、多くの示唆を与
えて下さった、
ワシントン大学（シアトル）の田谷稔教授に、
この場を借りて厚く御礼申し上げたい。本研究の一部は、
文部科学省科学研究費新学術領域の計画研究「バイオミメ
ティクス・データベース構築」
（課題番号：24120002；
代表者：野村周平）および JST 受託研究費「階層的に構造
化されたバイオミメティック・ナノ表面創製技術の開発」
の助成を受けている。
References:
[1] 倪慶清・陳錦祥，2011．カブトムシから学ぶ構造材料．
バイオミメティクス研究会編 次世代バイオミメティクス
研究の最前線―生物多様性に学ぶ―．シーエムシー出版，
東京，pp. 252-259．
[2] 田尻理恵・藤田敏彦，2013．樹脂包埋と研磨による動
物組織観察資料作成法―硬組織と軟組織の同時観察―．タ
クサ（日本動物分類学会誌）
，35: 24-34．
113
18
PEN January 2014
（５）国内研究動向紹介
114
15-1 バ イ オ ミ メ テ ィ ク ス 研 究 会
「 生 態 系 バ イ オ ミ メ テ ィ ク ス ­持 続 可 能 性 に 向 け た 新 し い ト レ ン ド ­」 に 参 加 し て
国立研究開発法人
産業技術総合研究所
ナノチューブ実用化研究センター
関谷瑞木＜[email protected]＞
2015 年 7 月 7 日、産業技術総合研究所臨海副都心センター別館で、バイオミメティクス研究会「生
態系バイオミメティクス­持続可能性に向けた新しいトレンド­」が開催された。今回の研究会は、
「生
態系バイオミメティクス」をテーマに、バイオミメティクスの持続可能性への寄与について、トラン
ス・サイエンスの視点から議論する機会を提供するものであった。本研究会は、高分子学会バイオミ
メティクス研究会と ISO/TC 266 Biomimetics 国内審議委員会の主催で行われた。
研究会はバイオミメティクス研究会運営委員長であり、科学研究費新学術領域「生物規範工学」の領
域代表も務める下村政嗣氏の挨拶に始まり、8 名の講演者が登壇した。前半ではバイオミメティクス
研究開発と社会をつなぐ様々な仕組みや動きを紹介する講演が、後半は様々な生物の不思議を紐解く
最先端の研究開発動向を紹介する講演が行われた。
富士通研究所の渦巻拓也氏から、
「環境省の自然模倣技術動向調査と企業から見た同技術への期待」と
のテーマで、環境省の委託を受けて実施されたバイオミメティクス研究開発の動向調査の結果とその
結果を分析して作成された提言を紹介するとともに、民間事業者からバイオミメティクスへどのよう
なことが期待されているのかが述べられた。また、あらゆるものがインターネットでつながった世界
に富士通研究所が描く、新しいイノベーションのアプローチが紹介された。
筆者から「バイオミメティクスの国際標準化と持続可能性
ナノテクノロジーの事例から学ぶこと」
と題して、現在国際標準化機構（ISO）で進んでいるバイオミメティクスの国際標準化の動向や標準作
成の課題について、今後の戦略を練る際に参考となる同じ新興の科学技術であるナノテクノロジーの
国際標準化の事例を交えつつ、紹介した。
2015 年 4 月に、日本のナノテクノロジー関連企業の団体であるナノテクノロジービジネス推進協議
会（NBCI）内に、バイオミメティクス分科会が立ち上げられた。NBCI バイオミメティクス分科会主
査でもある日立製作所の宮内昭浩氏より、分科会の構成や活動内容について紹介された。現在、分科
会にはバイオミメティクスの研究開発や応用に対して様々なスタンスの 16 社が参画している。宮内氏
によると、参画企業それぞれのバイオミメティクスへの期待には多少の温度差はあるものの、企業の
抱える技術的な課題をバイオミメティクスの活用によって解決したいと考えていることに違いはなく、
両者を結び付ける仕組みが重要だと考えているという。
115
国立科学博物館の田中法生氏より「生物の水草の生態と適応進化」とのタイトルで、水草の分類学上
の位置づけの解説、さらには水草の不思議な受粉のための仕組みが紹介された。また、一部の水草で
観察することができる水を媒介とする受粉のための「水媒送粉機構」の獲得に至る水草の進化につい
て紹介がなされた。
広島大学の植木龍也氏より「ホヤ類の被嚢の微細構造および化学的性質­新規接着・防汚染物質の開発
を目指して」と題して、接着・付着防止という 2 種類の相反する機構が同一の個体に存在するメカニ
ズムを解明する研究が紹介された。ホヤ類はセルロースを体内で合成することができ、そのセルロー
スを主成分とする被嚢で体表を保護し、体表面に他の動植物を付着させないという特徴がある。
海洋研究開発機構の椿玲未氏より、
「スポンジボブだけでない、海綿のバイオミメティクス」と題して、
海綿の特異な水循環機構についての研究が紹介された。海綿は、体内に網の目のようになった水路状
の空隙をもち、その水路に海水を循環させて、海水中の有機物を濾しとって食べている。海綿は海水
の循環を鞭毛の非対称な運動によって行っているという。
東北学院大学の松尾行雄氏が、
「音響学におけるバイオミメティクス」とのテーマで、生物のエコーロ
ケーションに関する最新の研究動向を交えつつ、その仕組みの解説を行った。コウモリとイルカを取
り上げ、それぞれどのような仕組みでエコーロケーションを行っているのかについての詳しい解説と、
生物のエコーロケーションの産業への具体的な応用の可能性についても言及された。
最後に、技術情報協会から出版されている『生態模倣技術と新材料・新製品開発への応用』に執筆さ
れている京都工芸繊維大学の萩原良道氏から、話題提供が行われた。
「不凍タンパク質による氷結晶抑
制とその応用の可能性」と題して、これまでよりも高いエネルギー効率を実現するための新規材料と
して注目されている生物が低温環境で生きるために獲得した耐凍性に着目した研究の最新の成果が発
表された。
研究会では、環境に優しくかつ高機能な新規材料の開発のヒントと期待される研究成果に対して、特
に質疑が活発であった。国内外の環境規制が今後も継続的に強化されると見込まれる状況にあって、
出席者のかなりを占めた企業からの参加者は本分野に対して、生物の仕組みに学んで様々な技術的課
題の解決を図りたいと期待していると、鮮明に感じられた。
116
所属班：公募班
所属機関：浜松医科大学
氏名：高久 康春
医学部
生物学
科学研究費「生物規範工学」画像検討会（１日目 7/16）について
初日の画像検討会では、野村周平先生（Ａ班科博）、椿玲未先生（JAMSTEC）、森
直樹先生（京都大学）、村上麻季先生（北大博物館）による新データの紹介がありま
した。本稿では、浜松医大研究チームについての報告を行います。
®
図１ . 発表 の順 番を待 つ竹原 さん 浜松医大では、NanoSuit 法による各種「生きたまま
®
の生物」の観察・解析が試みられています。NanoSuit
法は、生物が生来持つ「対・真空」能力を利用し、電
子顕微鏡（FE-SEM）により超高解像度で観察するこ
とが可能です。しかし、生命は多様であり、高真空下
で生命維持するという新しい概念の基では、まだまだ
分からないことがたくさんあります。本画像検討会で
は、本学・医学科２年の竹原さゆりさん（図１・図２）
が代表になって、生きた植物の FE-SEM による超微細
構造を中心に研究発表を行いました。研究チームにと
って、植物の詳細な報告はこれが初めての機会でした。
（緊 張 し てい ます！ ） ®
NanoSuit 法の基本原理は、生物が体表に持ってい
る細胞外物質（ECS）に、プラズマもしくは電子線を照射し、ナノスケールの薄膜を
®
形成させることによって脱水・脱気を防ぎます。NanoSuit で保護した桜やバラ、タ
ンポポなどの生きた花弁の FE-SEM 像と、これまでの方法による（化学固定・脱水・
®
乾燥させた）試料とを比べると、NanoSuit
試料は瑞々しく立体的な構造を維持してい
ました。このことから、植物においても
®
NanoSuit が効果を発揮することが明らか
になりました。さらに、植物により花弁のサ
ブセルラー・サイズ構造はユニークに異なっ
ており、新たなバイオミメティクス材料とし
ての可能性が示唆されました（図３）。
図２ . マシ ントラ ブルに は、針 山先生 が優しく 対応！
117
®
これまで NanoSuit チームは、医学・
生物学・化学・物理学、および電子顕微
鏡のエキスパートからなる「異分野連携
の研究ネットワーク」によって支えられ
てきました。今回発表を担当してくれた
竹原さゆりさんをはじめ、現在、幾人か
の若い医学生さんが精力的に実験に参
加してくれるようになり、新しい展開を
みせています。
図３. 新規・植物画像の説明をする竹原さん。発表
の後には、下村先生（左から２番目）に、新規サブ
セルラー・サイズ構造について熱烈な質問をいただ
きました。
また、画像検討会の後には、画像検索システム演示会が開催されました。出席者そ
れぞれが質問画像数点を持ち寄り、各自プロジェクターで画像システムを演示しなが
ら、類似画像の検索を行いました。出席者からのコメントを基にした 双方向 の議論
が成されました。
118
所属班：公募班
所属機関：大阪工業大学
氏名：藤井秀司
工学部
応用化学科
科学研究費「生物規範工学」全体会議（2 日目
に参加して
7/17）
2015 年 7 月 15 日(水)∼17 日(金)に北海道大学（札幌市）にて、全体会議および画
像検討会が開催された。本稿では、全体会議 2 日目（7/17 開催）について報告を行
う。
・
「生物規範階層ダイナミクス ∼異分野連携による新たな学術領域の研究開発展開∼」
国立研究開発法人 物質・材料研究機構 細田 奈麻絵
「生物に学ぶ接着機構の開発」をテーマとし、異分野を融合した組織化による研究
が推進され「異分野連携の研究ネットワーク」が構築されていることが報告された。
異分野連携の中で、大学院生に複数の異なる分野の専門家に直接指導を受ける機会が
与えられ、「若手研究者の育成」が良好に推進していることが述べられた。
・「ロバストな表面機能を持つバイオミメティクス材料の開発」
国立研究開発法人 産業技術総合研究所 穂積 篤
生物の多くは，様々な物質を体表に分泌することで表面機能を維持している。生物
の分泌による自己修復メカニズムに学び，機能性分子を何らかの刺激により徐放し，
機能を維持するようなこれまでにないロバストなバイオミメティクス材料について
最近の研究の進捗が報告された。
・「応力応答性粉末状粘着剤の創出」
大阪工業大学 工学部 応用化学科 藤井秀司
高粘度液体である蜜を内部液にしてリキッドマーブルを作製するアブラムシの技
術に倣い、高粘度液体である粘着剤を内部液として含んだリキッドマーブルを作製す
ることで、粘着剤の粉末化を行う研究について報告された。また、粉末状粘着剤の構
造・粘着力の応力応答性について述べられた。
・「生物における「サブセルラー・サイズ構造」の機能解析」
京都大学農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 森 直樹
ガ類昆虫におけるフェロモンブレンドの受容機構の解明と数理モデルの構築を目
指し、2∼4 成分でそれぞれ異なる構成比率から成るフェロモンブレンドを利用する
119
ガ類から性フェロモン受容体の同定を試みる研究について紹介された。また、昆虫の
振動受容について、コオロギの鼓膜器官の機能発現の解明に向けた研究についても報
告があった。
・「培養細胞の常温保存への挑戦: ネムリユスリカの乾燥耐性機構から学ぶ」
独立行政法人農業生物資源研究所 奥田 隆
極限的な乾燥耐性のある生物を模倣しての「簡便な自然乾燥法による培養細胞の常
温保存法」について報告があった。具体的には、ネムリユスリカ由来培養細胞（Pv11）
を用い、その常温保存技術の確立と共にその仕組みを模倣して、乾燥耐性を持たない
培養細胞の乾燥耐性の付与を試みる取り組みについて紹介があった。
・
「生物規範飛行メカニクス•システム̶スケーリング法則，バイオメカニクス及びバ
イオミメティクス̶」
千葉大学工学研究科 劉 浩
生物羽ばたき飛行における流動性と波動性に関する運動、力学およびエネルギーに
対してスケーリング法則を導入することで得られた普遍的な生物運動原理、フクロウ
翼表面セレーション構造のバイオメカニクス、そして鳥翼を規範とした風車翼のバイ
オミメティクス•デザインについて紹介された。
・「分化フラストレート幹細胞のメカノシグナルの計測と制御」
九州大学先導物質化学研究所 木戸秋 悟
幹細胞の品質保持のための培養技術には、生体内においてどのように幹細胞性の保
持がなされ得るかを探求し、その原理を生かした培養材料を開発することが重要であ
る。幹細
胞の未分化維持・増殖の原理として、『幹細胞分化フラストレーション』仮説に基づ
き、その誘導のための基材設計と現象の実証への取り組みについて報告された。
・「生物規範工学での学域での研究・活動 今年度計画と来年度の計画」
金沢大学 人間社会研究域 香坂 玲
実装に向けたエンジニア/科学者の再架橋・特許の動向とデータベースの連動、ISO
等の企業・行政による規格・標準化の効果の評価、社会に科学的な概念と機能を伝え
広く普及させるデルファイ、バックキャスティング、参加型シナリオ構築等 複数の
手法の評価について、今後の研究活動計画が述べられた。
最後に、総括班内部評価委員から講評を頂き、参加者一同、改めて身を引き締めた。
また、外部評価意見への対応について話があった。
120
所属班：公募班
所属機関：旭川医科大学医学部化学教室
氏名：室崎 喬之
開催場所：北海道大学
日時：2015/ 7/ 16 ‒ 17
生物規範工学全体会議に参加して
７月の爽やかな天候の中、北海道大学にて全体会議が開催された。全体会議初日は、
北海道大学工学部フロンティア応用科学研究棟
鈴木章ホールにて開かれ、研究棟入
口では鈴木章先生の銅像が我々を出迎えてくれた。本会議にて行われた講演に関し以
下に紹介する。
初日は、下村領域代表より開会の挨拶後、中間評価に対する対応についてのコメント
があり、本会の開催と同時にサイトビジットが行われる件についてのアナウンスがあ
った。その後、各計画班、公募班からの講演が行われた。
A01 班： 野村班長より、バイオミメティクスデータベースの講演が行われ、マイク
ロ CT による昆虫の３D 画像データの紹介があった。続いて同じく A01 班の長谷山
先生より最新のバイオミメティクス画像検索の紹介があり、また使用方法に関する質
疑応答等が行われた。
公募班：山階鳥類研究所の森本先生より鳥類の色彩・構造色に関する発表が行われ、
鳥の色の発生メカニズムや鳥の構造色に関する研究が紹介された。
公募班：浜松医科大学の高久先生より、ナノスーツ法の様々な応用例（猫の毛、花弁
など）が紹介された。また本講演では浜松医科大学の学生による発表も行われた。
C01 班：石田先生より持続可能な社会に求められるライフスタイルに関する研究発
表があり、今後の厳しい環境資源制約のある中で豊かである為にはどうすればいいの
かという事に関し講演が行われた。
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C01 班：山内先生よりバイオミメティクス製品支援の研究について講演され、バイ
オ TRIZ に関する研究発表が行われた。
公募班：旭川医科大学の室崎より、自己組織化表面微細構造による海洋付着生物の付
着阻害材料に関する研究発表が行われた。
B01-1 班：小林先生より、海洋生物の表面を模倣したポリマーブラシを用いた親水
性防汚材料研究、流体抵抗低減に関する研究発表が行われた。レオメーターを用いた
流体抵抗試験結果などが示された。
B01-1 班：黒川先生より、魚の吸盤を模倣したゲル材料の研究発表があった。水中
で強い接着性を示す脱着可能な材料として期待される。
B01-2 班：木村先生は、昆虫の複眼レンズ表面のニップル構造形成メカニズムにつ
いて発表され、ショウジョウバエをモデルに用い発生の過程におけるニップル構造の
TEM 像などについて説明がされた。
B01-2 班：針山先生より昆虫のモスアイ構造の表面構造と乱れについての発表があ
り、モスアイ構造の構造乱れの定量化などについて議論が行われた。
公募班：海洋研究開発機構の椿先生より、海綿の水輸送機構に関する研究発表があり、
カイメン内水路の３D 像や襟細胞の鞭毛運動による水輸送メカニズムなどについて
説明があった。その後、内部評価委員の先生達より講評を頂いた。
２日目は、場所を創成研究機構大会議室に移し、講演が行われた。
B01-3 班：細田先生より、異分野連携による研究ネットワークの構築、若手研究者
の育成、生物規範工学の国際標準化に関する研究発表が行われた。
B01-3 班：穂積先生からは、蓮の葉とは別のアプローチによる、自己修復機能を兼
ね備えた撥液表面に関する研究発表がなされ、離漿現象を利用した材料表面にてマヨ
ネーズやケチャップが滑落する様子が紹介された。
公募班：大阪工業大学の藤井先生からは、アブラムシにヒントを得たリキッドマーブ
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ルの研究について講演され、リキッドマーブルによるハンドリングが簡便な、粉末状
接着剤の研究が紹介された。
B01-4 班：森先生からは、昆虫と昆虫間、植物間に見られる相互作用についての講
演が行われ、蛾におけるフェロモンブレンドの紹介や、昆虫に食害を受ける植物の葉
に見られる毛茸（トライコーム）の紹介があり、トライコームによって食害する昆虫
が消化不良を起こしている様子等が示された。
B01-4 班：奥田先生からはネムリユスリカの乾燥耐性に関する講演があり、ネムリ
ユスリカがトレハロースや LEA タンパク質を生産する事によって組織を保護した状
態でガラス化する様子などが示された。
B01-5 班：劉先生から、羽ばたき飛行ロボットに関する講演があり、超低速風洞で
の実験やフクロウの羽のセレーション機構と PIV 流体計測、また鳥規範型のマイクロ
風車の研究について説明があった。
B01-5 班：木戸秋先生から幹細胞の分化制御に関する講演があり、幹細胞に弾性率
の異なる基材によってメカノシグナルの振動を入力する事により、未分化保持する事
が示された。
公募班：金沢大学の香坂先生からは、生物規範工学に関する特許の動向などについて
講演があり、生物多様性条約に比べバイオミメティクス標準化は発展途上国の参加が
少ない事などが説明された。
最後に、内部評価委員の諸先生より講評を頂いた後、下村代表より今後の画像検討会、
全体会議などのスケジュールについてアナウンスがあり、閉会した。
新たな公募班の先生方を迎え、よりこの領域の多様性が増したという事と、残りの２
年間で本当の意味での生物規範工学を発展させていく研究者育成を行うという決意
が感じられた 会議であった。
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（６）新聞・報道
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【新聞・報道】
総括班
（1） 化学工業日報（2015 年 4 月 21 日）
「東京で文化勲章受賞記念シンポ」
平成 27 年 4 月 17 日に東京コンベンションホールで開催された、國武豊喜先生文化勲章
受章記念シンポジウム−分子組織化学ならびにナノ高分子科学の創成と発展−が報道さ
れました。
（2） 日刊工業新聞（2015 年 7 月 10 日）
モノづくり日本会議「ネイチャー・テクノロジー研究会」が主催した、第３回「２０３０
年の『心豊かなライフスタイル』コンテスト」の表彰式が行われ、審査委員長の石田秀輝
先生（C01 班、総括班）の総合講評と領域代表の審査講評が掲載されました。
B01-5 班
（1） TBS TV（2015 年 9 月 19 日）
ＥＡＲＴＨ
Ｌａｂ
−次の１００年を考える−において、劉先生が開発したホバリング
能力を有するハチドリ型ロボットが災害現場で活躍する可能性が紹介されました。
http://www.tbs.co.jp/tv/20150919_D33F.html
C01 班
（1） 日刊工業新聞（2015 年 7 月 10 日）
モノづくり日本会議「ネイチャー・テクノロジー研究会」が主催した、第３回「２０３０
年の『心豊かなライフスタイル』コンテスト」の表彰式が行われ、審査委員長の石田秀輝
先生（C01 班、総括班）の総合講評と領域代表の審査講評が掲載されました。
公募班
(1) 接着剤新聞（2015 年 10 月 1 日）
「アブラムシの習性に注目：粘着剤の粉末化に成功」
125
（７）アウトリーチ活動
126
【アウトリーチ活動報告】
(1)
2015 年 9 月 12 日−23 日、名古屋市科学館にて企画展「バイオなものづくり∼生物の
多様性から学ぶ」が開催されました。
１４,９０９人の来場者があり、盛況な企画展となった。愛知県はものづくりの地域でもあ
り、ここに暮らす人々にとっても、バイオミメティクスは新鮮な視点であったようで、熱
心に見学される方が多く見受けられた。
http://www.ncsm.city.nagoya.jp/visit/attraction/special_exhibition/post_30.html
※NHK の取材は下記の通り。
http://www3.nhk.or.jp/tokai-news/20150921/4952422.html
(2)
2015 年 7 月 8 日−10 日、第 60 回高分子夏季大学（新潟観光コンベンションセンター (朱
鷺メッセ)）において、分科会「バイオミメティクス」が開催され、下村政嗣先生（千歳
科学技術大・総括班）、針山孝彦先生（浜松医科大・B01-2 班）、椿玲未先生（海洋研究
開発機構・公募班）らが講演を行いました。
http://main.spsj.or.jp/kaki/program.html
(3)
2015 年 5 月 27 日−29 日、 第 64 回高分子学会年次大会（札幌コンベンションセンタ
ー）にて「バイオミメティクスが拓く技術革新」特別セッションが開催され、井須紀文先
生（㈱LIXIL・産学連携 G）、長谷山美紀先生（北大・A01 班）、亀井信一先生（㈱三菱総
合研究所・評価 G）らが講演を行いました。
http://main.spsj.or.jp/nenkai/64nenkai/jp/64im_p.pdf
(4)
進進研ゼミ小学講座（ベネッセコーポレーション）チャレンジ５年生「未来！発見 BOOK」
の特集「モノ 生き物でパワーアップ！！」でバイオミメティクスが紹介され、LIXIL の
建材や石田秀輝先生が監修した「ヤモリの指から不思議なテープ」などが紹介されました。
またこの特集は領域代表が監修しました。
関連者名 ：石田秀輝（C01 班）、井須紀文（B01-3 班）、下村政嗣（B01-2 班、総括班）
127
（８）各種案内
128
129
130
「生物多様性を規範とする革新的材料技術」ニュースレター Vol. 4 No. ２
発行日
2015 年 10 月 13 日
発行責任者
下村政嗣（千歳科学技術大学）
編集責任者
穂積
制作
篤（国立研究開発法人
産業技術総合研究所）
「生物規範工学」領域事務局
北海道大学電子科学研究所内
〒001-0021
札幌市北区北２１条西１０丁目
電話
011-706-9360
FAX
URL
http://biomimetics.es.hokudai.ac.jp/index.html
131
011-706-9361

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