日本語と英語の統語的相違から導き出される、統語処理に関する考察

日本語と英語の統語的相違から導き出される、統語処理に関する考察
松山裕樹
୰ኸᇙࡵ㎸ࡳ(center-embedding)ࡣࠊྑᯞศ࠿ࢀᵓ㐀(right-branching)࡞࡝࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࠊィ
⟬ࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡼࡾᐜㄆᗘࡀୗࡀࡿ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(Miller & Chomsky (1963), Chomsky
(1965), Caplan et al. (1996)࡞࡝)ࠋࡇࡢⓎ⾲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡜ⱥㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ぢࡽࢀࡿ୰
ኸᇙࡵ㎸ࡳᵓ㐀ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡢฎ⌮ࢆᐜ᫆࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ᧯సࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ
ࡲࡎࠊ⌮ㄽⓗ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊFukui & Takano (1998)࡛♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ
࡜ⱥㄒࡢ⤫ㄒⓗ┦㐪ࡣࠊV-raising ࡢ᭷↓࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿࠋ
ࡲࡎࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ(1)[ኴᮁࡀ[ḟ㑻ࡀ[୕㑻ࡀᮏࢆㄞࢇࡔ࡜]ᛮࡗࡓ࡜]ಙࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ]ࡢ
ࡼ࠺࡞ከ㔜୰ኸᇙࡵ㎸ࡳᵓ㐀ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ὀ┠ࡋࡓ࠸Ⅼࡣࠊ(1)ࢆⱥㄒ࡟ヂࡋࡓ(2)
[Taro believes [that Jiro thinks [that Saburo read the book.]]]࡜࠸࠺ᩥࡣࠊ୰ኸᇙࡵ㎸ࡳ
ࢆྵࡲ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ(2)࡟࠾࠸࡚୰ኸᇙࡵ㎸ࡳࡀぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡢࡣࠊV-raising ࡟ࡼࡗ
࡚ືモࡀ┠ⓗㄒ࡟ඛ⾜ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ(1)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ┠ⓗㄒ࡟ S ࢆྵ
ࡳࠊࡑࡢ S ࡢ┠ⓗㄒࡀࡲࡓ S ࢆྵࡴ࡜࠸࠺ࠊከ㔜ᇙࡵ㎸ࡳࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡜ࡶ࠸࠼ࡿࡇࡢᇙࡵ㎸
ࡳᵓ㐀ࡣࠊⱥㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊV-raising ࡜࠸࠺᧯సࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ୰ኸᇙࡵ㎸ࡳ࡜ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠊ
࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ୍ᛂࡢグ㏙ⓗ࡞஦ᐇ࡜ࡋ࡚ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ḟ࡟ࠊ(1)࡟ scrambling ࢆ᪋ࡋࡓ(3) [୕㑻ࡀᮏࢆㄞࢇࡔ࡜][ḟ㑻ࡀᛮࡗࡓ࡜][ኴᮁࡀಙࡌ࡚
࠸ࡿ]ࡣࠊ᭱ࡶᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ S ࠿ࡽࠊNP㸩V ࡟ࡼࡿ parsing ࢆ᪋ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵ
(parsing ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ Berwick & Weinberg (1984)࡞࡝ࢆཧ↷)ࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ┤ឤⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ(1)
࡯࡝ࡢ⌮ゎࡢᅔ㞴ࡉࡣ♧ࡉ࡞࠸࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ㸦ࡼࡾᇙࡵ㎸ࡴᩘࡀከ࠸ሙྜࡣ࡞࠾ࡉࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸧
ࠋ
ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ┤࡟ࠕscrambling ࡣከ㔜୰ኸᇙࡵ㎸ࡳࡢฎ⌮ࢆᐜ᫆࡟ࡍࡿࠗࡓ
ࡵ࡟࠘⾜ࢃࢀࡿ᧯స࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ↓ㄽ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶࠊࠕ᪥ᮏㄒࡣ
scrambling ࡜࠸࠺᧯సࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊከ㔜୰ኸᇙࡵ㎸ࡳࡢゎ㔘ࢆᐜ᫆࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜
ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺グ㏙ⓗ࡞࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢほᐹࡣ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊⱥㄒࡢሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊ(4)The man [who is from the city [which is famous for apples
[which are delicious]]] has just arrived.ࡢࡼ࠺࡟୰ኸᇙࡵ㎸ࡳࡣほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊ(5) The
man has just arrived [who is from the city [which is famous for apples [which are
delicious]]]ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ୰ኸᇙࡵ㎸ࡳࢆ㑊ࡅࡿࡼ࠺࡞ optional ࡞᧯సࢆ᪋ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
௨ୖࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢሙྜ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ
ࠕV-raising ࡸࠊHeavy-NP Shift ࡞࡝ࡢ optional
movement ࡣࠊከ㔜୰ኸᇙࡵ㎸ࡳࡢฎ⌮ࢆᐜ᫆࡟ࡍࡿࠗࡓࡵ࡟࠘⾜ࢃࢀࡿ᧯స࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜
┤࡟⤖ࡧ௜ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ↓ㄽ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶグ㏙ࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
ࠕV-raising ࡟ࡼࡗ
࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࡣከ㔜୰ኸᇙࡵ㎸ࡳ࡟࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᩥࡀࠊⱥㄒ࡛ࡣ୰ኸᇙࡵ㎸ࡳ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊྑ
ᯞศ࠿ࢀᵓ㐀࡟࡞ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇࠊࡲࡓࠊ
ࠕ୺ㄒෆࡢᇙࡵ㎸ࡳ࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡾࠊከ㔜୰ኸᇙࡵ㎸
ࡳࡀ⏕ࡌࡓሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊHeavy-NP Shift ࡞࡝ࡢ optional movement ࢆ᪋ࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊゎ㔘
ࢆᐜ᫆࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇࡣᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶゝ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ␗࡞ࡗࡓูࠎࡢ᪉ἲ࡜ࡣゝ࠼ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡜ⱥㄒ࡜࠸࠺ࠊ㸰ࡘࡢ኱ࡁࡃ
␗࡞ࡗࡓゝㄒ࡝ࡕࡽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊከ㔜୰ኸᇙࡵ㎸ࡳࢆᐜ᫆࡟ฎ⌮࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞᧯సࡀᏑᅾ
ࡍࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟⯆࿡῝࠸஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ

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