㞧㋃㡢ሙࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡼࡿබඹ✵㛫ࡢ㡢⎔ቃ༳㇟ホ౯ Subjective Evaluation of Crowd Noise in Public Spaces Using Sound Field Simulation. Ꮫ⡠␒ྕ 47-136761 Ặ すᮧ ⿱႐Ꮚ(Nishimura, Yukiko) ྡ ᣦᑟᩍဨ బஂ㛫 ဴဢ ᩍᤵ 1 ࡣࡌࡵ 1.1 ◊✲⫼ᬒ 㥐ࡸ✵ ࡢࢥࣥࢥ࣮ࢫ㸪ࢺ࣒ࣜ࢘➼ࡢබ ඹ✵㛫࡛ࡣ㸪ᐊ⏝㏵ࡸே㛫⾜ືࡢከᵝᛶక ࠸ከ✀ከᩘࡢ㡢※ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ᭦㸪タィ⪅ ࡢ㡢ᑐࡍࡿㄆ㆑㊊ࡽ㸪ṧ㡪ࡢไᚚࡀ㞴 ࡋ࠸ࠋᚑࡗ࡚බඹ✵㛫࡛ࡣ႖㦁ឤ࣭ṧ㡪㐣ከ ࡼࡗ࡚ᛌ㐺ᛶࡸᏳᛶࡢ☜ಖࡀ༑ศ࡛࡞ Fig. 1 Sound ray tracing method. ࠸ሙྜࡀከ࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛㡢⎔ቃࡢண ࣭ホ౯ ࡼࡿᛌ㐺࣭Ᏻ࡞බඹ✵㛫ࢆ┠ᣦࡋ㸪ᣑኌᨺ ㏦ࡢ㡢ኌఏ㐩[1]ࡸ㦁㡢ୗࡢヰ[2]╔┠ࡋࡓ ◊✲ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ᮍࡔタィࡢᣦ㔪ࡸண ࣭ホ౯ᡭἲࡢᵓ⠏ࡣ⮳ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ 1.2 ◊✲┠ⓗ ௨ୖࡢ≧ἣࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼㸪ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣබඹ✵ 㛫ࡢ㡢⎔ቃࡢண ࣭ホ౯ᡭἲࡢᵓ⠏ྥࡅ ࡚㸪⫼ᬒ㡢ࡉࢀࡿ㞧㋃㡢ࡢྍ⫈ࡼࡿ 㞧㋃㡢ሙࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᵓ⠏ ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋᮏࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ༑ศබඹ✵㛫ࢆ ⌧ྍ⬟࡞ࢀࡤ㸪タィࡢ๓ẁ㝵࠾ࡅࡿṧ 㡪ࡢไᚚࢆ┤ឤⓗ⾜࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ㸪ᚋᅇ ࡋࡉࢀࡀࡕ࡛࠶ࡿබඹ✵㛫ࡢ㡢⎔ቃタィ Fig. 2 6-channel reproduction system ✵㛫ࡢ㡢※ࡸṧ㡪ሗࢆసᡂࡋ㸪↓㡪ᐊෆ ࡢ 6ch 㡢ሙ⏕⣔[3]ࡼࡗ࡚⌧ࡍࡿࠋࢩ ࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ⌧ᛶࡢ᳨ドࡣほホ౯ᐇ㦂ࡼ ࡗ࡚⾜ࡗࡓࠋ ࡀᐜ᫆࡞ࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚㡢⎔ቃࡢព㆑ྥୖ 2 ◊✲ᡭἲ ࡸᇶ‽ࡢᩚഛࡀᮇᚅ࡛ࡁ㸪ᛌ㐺࣭Ᏻ࡞㡢⎔ 2.1 ᩘ್ゎᯒᡭἲ ቃタィ㈉⊩ࡍࡿࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡿࠋ ゎᯒࡣᗄఱ㡢㡪ゎᯒ(㡢⥺ἲ)ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋ 1.3 ◊✲ᴫせ 㡢⥺ἲࡣᅗ 1 ♧ࡍࡼ࠺㸪㡢※ࡽᨺ ᮏࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣ㸪ᗄఱ㡢㡪ゎᯒࢆ⏝࠸බඹ ฟࡉࢀࡓከᩘࡢ㡢⥺ࢆ㏣㊧ࡋ㸪ཷ㡢Ⅼ฿ ᮶ࡍࡿ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡢศᕸࢆࣥࣃࣝࢫᛂ⟅ ࡋ࡚ồࡵࡿᡭἲ࡛㸪ࡇࢀࡀ㡪ࡁࡢሗࢆ ᣢࡘࠋྍ⫈ࡣࣥࣃࣝࢫᛂ⟅ࢆ㡢※ ␚ࡳ㎸ࡳ㸪✵㛫ࡢṧ㡪ࢆຍࡍࡿࠋ 2.2 㡢ሙ⏕ᡭἲ ⏕ࡣᅗ 2 ♧ࡍ 6 ࢳࣕࣥࢿࣝ㡢ሙ ⏕ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋ↓㡪ᐊෆタ⨨ࡉࢀ ࡓ 6 ྎࡢࢫࣆ࣮࢝ࡽྛ᪉ྥᑐᛂࡍࡿ㡢 ※ࢆ⏕ࡍࡿࡇ࡛㸪୰ኸࡢཷ⫈⨨࡛ 3 Fig. 3 An image of public space for simulation. ḟඖ㡢ሙࡀ⌧ࡉࢀࡿࠋ 3 ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢩࢫࢸ࣒ᴫせ 3.1 㡢※ࣔࢹࣝ ᅗ 3 ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡛ᐃ ࡍࡿබඹ✵㛫ࡢ࣓࣮ࢪࢆ♧ࡍࠋࢩ࣑ࣗࣞ ࣮ࢺࡍࡿ࠶ࡓࡗ࡚㡢ሙࢆ༢⣧ࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪 ᅗ 4 ♧ࡍࡼ࠺㡢※ࡣṌ⾜⪅ࡢ㊊㡢࣭ ヰኌ✵ㄪ㡢ࡢ 3 ✀ࢆⅬ㡢※⩌ࡋ࡚ᐃ ࡋ㸪㊊㡢ࡣᗋ㠃㸪ヰኌࡣ㧗ࡉ 1.5m㸪✵ㄪ㡢 ࡣኳ㠃㓄⨨ࡍࡿࠋࢻࣛࢯ࣮ࢫࡋ࡚㸪 Fig. 4 Arrangement of sound sources. ⏨ዪᩘྡࡢ㊊㡢࣭ヰኌࢆ㘓㡢࣭⦅㞟ࡋ㸪✵ㄪ 㡢ࡣ Hoth ࣀࢬ[4]ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋ㡢㡪ࣃ࣮࣡ ࣞ࣋ࣝࡣ୍ேᙜࡓࡾᖹᆒ࡛㊊㡢 74dB㸪ヰኌ 69dB㸪✵ㄪ㡢ࡣኳ㠃 8m 㛫㝸ࡢ㡢※ᙜࡓ ࡾ 72dB㸦54dB/m2㸧ࡋࡓࠋṌ⾜⪅ࡣ 1m/s ࡛ 4m 㛫㝸ࡢ᱁ᏊⅬࢆྠ୍᪉ྥ┤⥺⛣ ືࡍࡿࡶࡢࡋ㸪ヰኌࡢ㡢※ᩘࡣ᮲௳ ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿྜ࡛㓄ศࡍࡿࠋ 3.2 ఏᦙィ⟬ ୖグ㡢※ࡢྛ᱁ᏊⅬࡽཷ㡢Ⅼᑐࡋ࡚㸪 㡢⥺ἲࡼࡾ 6 ᪉ྥࡢ࣮࢝ࢹ࢜ࢻ≉ᛶ ࢆࡅࡓࣥࣃࣝࢫᛂ⟅ࢆ⟬ฟࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ 㝿㸪ቨ㠃ࡢ྾㡢⋡✵Ẽࡢῶ⾶ಀᩘࢆ࢜ࢡ Fig. 5 Convolution of IRs for a moving sound source. ࢱ࣮ࣈᖏᇦẖᫎࡍࡿࠋḟ㸪ࢻࣛࢯ࣮ ࢆࡅ࡚㔜ࡡྜࢃࡍࡇࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ 5㸧 ࠋ᭱ ࢫྛ᱁ᏊⅬࡢࣥࣃࣝࢫᛂ⟅ࢆ␚ࡳ㎸ࡳ㸪 ⤊ⓗ㸪ྛࢳࣕࣥࢿ࡛ࣝṧ㡪ࡀຍࡉࢀࡓ ㊊㡢࣭ヰኌࡣ᱁ᏊⅬ㛫ࡢ⛣ືࢆᶍᨃࡍࡿࡓ ㊊㡢࣭ヰኌ࣭✵ㄪ㡢ࢆ࡚ྜᡂࡋ㸪6ch ⏕ ࡵ㸪୧ഃ᱁ᏊⅬࡢᛂ⟅ṇᘻ༙Ἴࡢ㛫❆ 㡢※ࢆ⏕ᡂࡍࡿࠋ Tab. 1 Conditions of four simulated sound fields. 4 ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢጇᙜᛶࡢ᳨ド 4.1 ᐇ✵㛫ࡢẚ㍑ ᐇ㝿ࡢබඹ✵㛫࠾ࡅࡿᐇ㡢ሙ㸪ᐇ㡢ሙ ࡢ㘓㡢㡢※ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ 6 ࢳࣕࣥࢿࣝ㡢ሙ⏕ ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡛⏕ࡋࡓ⏕㡢ሙ㸪๓㏙ࡢࢩ࣑ Field A B C D Volume Floor area (m2) (m3) 7,531 1,839 12,196 252,000 769 334 623 4,200 W / D / H (m) 14.5 / 53 / 9.8 12.2 / 27.4 / 5.5 8.9 / 70 / 19.6 28 / 150 /60 Absorb. Num. of wall persons w/o w/o w/o w/ 10 10 30 30 ࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ᶍᨃࡋࡓ௬ 㡢ሙࢆ⏝ពࡋ㸪ྛ㡢ሙ࠾࠸࡚㡢㡪 ᐃ ࠾ࡼࡧ⫈ឤᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ ᑐ㇟✵㛫 ᑠ㸲ࡘࡢࣟࣅ࣮ࢺ࣒ࣜ࢘ ࢆ㑅ᐃࡋ㸪௬㡢ሙ࡛ࡣྛ✵㛫ࢆ༢⣧ࡋ ┤᪉యᙧ≧ࡢ㸲㡢ሙࢆタᐃࡋࡓ㸦⾲ 1㸧 ࠋ㡢 Fig. 6 LAeq (left) and Reverberation times (right) for simulated sound fields. ሙ D ࡣ 1 㠃྾㡢ቨ㸪ࡑࡢࡣᑕᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ Ṍ⾜⪅ᩘࡣ㸪ᐇ✵㛫ࡢᴫᩘࢆᐃࡋ㸪Ṍ⾜⪅ ヰ⪅ࡢ㡢※ᩘࢆ 4:1 ࡛㓄ศࡋࡓࠋ 㡢㡪 ᐃ⤖ᯝ ᅗ 6 ᐇ✵㛫௬㡢ሙࡢ ➼౯㦁㡢ࣞ࣋ࣝ㸦ᕥ㸧㸪௬㡢ሙࡢṧ㡪 㛫㸦ྑ㸧ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ➼౯㦁㡢ࣞ࣋ࣝࡣ㡢ሙ A ࡛ᐇ✵㛫ࡀ⣙ 5dB 㧗࠸ࡀ㸪యⓗ௬㡢 ሙẚ㍑ⓗ㏆࠸ࠋṧ㡪㛫ࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ㠀ᖖ 㛗࠸ࡀ㸪ᐜ✚ࡀࡁ࠸㡢ሙ D ࡛ࡣ㧗㡢ᇦ ࠾࠸࡚྾㡢ቨ✵Ẽ྾ࡼࡿ㢧ⴭ࡞ప ୗࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ ⫈ឤᐇ㦂⤖ᯝ ྛ㡢ሙ࡚㡢ࢆ⿕㦂⪅ᥦ ♧ࡋ㸪11 㡯┠ࡢホ౯ㄒ SD ἲ㸦7 ẁ㝵㸧 ࡛ᅇ⟅ࡉࡏࡓࠋ࡞࠾㸪ྛᑐࡢ๓ࡢㄒࡀṇ್ ᑐᛂࡍࡿࠋᅗ 7 ྛホ౯ㄒࡢᖹᆒ್ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ ඖศᩓศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ᐇ㦂ࡢ 5 㡯┠࡛㡢 ሙࡢຠᯝࡀ᭷ព࡞ࡾ㸦ᅗ୰ᫍ༳㸧 㸪ᐇ㦂 㛫࡛ഴྥࡀ୍⮴ࡋࡓࠋᐇ㦂࡛㈰ࡸࡉ࣭㡢 ࡢࡁࡉࡣ㦁㡢ࣞ࣋ࣝ᫂☜ᑐᛂࡋ㸪㡢 ࡢ✀㢮࣭ᩘࡶ㸪㦁㡢ࣞ࣋ࣝ࡞ࡾᑐᛂࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋṧ㡪㛫ࡢ▷࠸㡢ሙ B ࡛ࡣṧ 㡪ឤࡀ᭱ࡶ㧗ࡃ㸪ṧ㡪ឤࡣ௬㡢ሙࡢṧ㡪 㛫ᑐᛂࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ㡢ࡢ㧗ప࡛ࡣ㡢ሙ B ࡛᫂ࡽ㧗࠸༳㇟࡛㸪㧗㡢ᇦࡢ༳㇟ࡀ ṧ㡪ឤᑐᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀணࡉࢀࡿࠋ Fig. 7 Average scores and two-sided 95% confidence intervals for 11 evaluation terms. 4.2 ᮲௳ኚࡼࡿᙳ㡪 ᐊ᮲௳࣭Ṍ⾜⪅ᐦᗘࢆኚࡉࡏࡓ௬ⓗ ࡞බඹ✵㛫ࢆ」ᩘసᡂࡋ㸪୍ᑐẚ㍑ࡼࡿ ⫈ឤᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜࠸㸪≀⌮㔞ࡢẚ㍑ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ ᑐ㇟✵㛫 ᐊᑍἲ 16m24m8m(H)㸪 ቨ㠃ᑕᛶ㸪 Ṍ⾜⪅ 1 ே࠶ࡓࡾᗋ㠃✚ 16 m2 ࡢ✵㛫ࢆ㡢ሙ A 㸪 ࡑࢀᑐࡋ࡚ྛᐊ᮲௳࣭ Ṍ⾜⪅ᐦᗘࢆኚࡉࡏࡓ 5 㡢ሙࡢィ 6 㡢ሙ ࢆタᐃࡋࡓ㸦⾲ 2㸧 ࠋ྾㡢⋡ࡣ 4.1 ྠᵝ ࡋ㸪 Ṍ⾜ヰኌࡢྜࡶྠᵝ 4:1 ࡋࡓࠋ Tab. 2 Conditions of simulated sound fields. ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ 㡢ሙ A ࢆᇶ‽ࡋẚ㍑ᑐࢆ㡢 ሙ B㹼F ࡋࡓ 5 ᑐ㸪㡢ሙ C ࢆᇶ‽㸪㡢 ሙ D ࢆẚ㍑ᑐࡋࡓィ 6 ᑐࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࢆ タᐃࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ 9㸧 ࠋ࡞࠾㡢ሙ X ࡀᇶ‽㸪㡢ሙ Y ࡀẚ㍑ᑐࡢࡁ Y/X ⾲グࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 㡢㡪 ᐃ⤖ᯝ ᅗ 8 ➼౯㦁㡢ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᕪ Field A B C D E F Area Volume Floor area W / D / H Absorb. Num. of /1person 3 2 (m) wall persons (m ) (m ) (m2) 3,072 384 16 / 24 / 8 w/o 24 16 24,576 1,536 32 / 48 / 16 w/o 96 16 6,144 768 16 / 48 / 8 w/o 48 16 6,144 384 16 / 24 / 16 w/o 24 16 3,072 384 16 / 24 / 8 w/ 24 16 3,072 384 16 / 24 / 8 w/o 48 8 ศ್㸦ᕥ㸧ṧ㡪㛫ࡢኚ⋡㸦ྑ㸧♧ࡍࠋ Ṍ⾜⪅ᐦᗘࡀ㧗࠸㡢ሙ F ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡀ᫂ࡽ ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋṧ㡪㛫ࡣᐊᐜ✚ࡢ ࡁ࠸㡢ሙ B ࡛ࡣ㠀ᖖ㛗ࡃ㸪྾㡢᮲௳ࡢ 㡢ሙ E ࡛ࡣ㠀ᖖ▷࠸ࠋ ⫈ឤᐇ㦂⤖ᯝ ⿕㦂⪅ᇶ‽㸪ẚ㍑ࡢ㡰࡛ 㡢ሙࢆᥦ♧ࡋ㸪ᇶ‽ᑐࡍࡿẚ㍑✵㛫ࡢ༳ Fig. 8 Difference level of LAeq (left) and change ratio of reverberation times (right) for simulated sound fields. ㇟ࢆ 4 㡯┠ࡢホ౯ㄒᑐࡋ୍࡚ᑐẚ㍑ἲ㸦7 ẁ㝵㸧࡛ᅇ⟅ࡉࡏࡓࠋྛᑐࡢ๓ࡢㄒࡀṇ್ ᑐᛂࡍࡿࠋᅗ 9 ྛホ౯ㄒࡢ⿕㦂⪅ᖹᆒ್ ࢆ♧ࡋ㸪t ᳨ᐃ࡛᭷ពᕪࢆᚓࡽࢀࡓ㡯┠ᫍ ༳ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋB/A㸪C/A㸪D/A㸪D/C ࡛ࡣ㸪 ᐊᐜ✚ኚࡼࡿṧ㡪㛫ࡢኚࡀṧ㡪ឤ ᑐᛂࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋD/A㸪D/C ࡛ࡣ㧗ࡉࡢୖ ᪼క࠸㦁㡢ࣞ࣋ࣝࡀୗࡀࡾ㸪࠺ࡿࡉࡉឤ ࡀపୗࡍࡿࡀ㸪C/A ࡛ࡣ㦁㡢ࣞ࣋ࣝ᭷ព ࡞ᕪࡣ࡞࠸ࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎ࠺ࡿࡉࡉឤࡀ㧗ࡲ ࡿࠋE/A ࡛ࡣṧ㡪ឤࡀ㠀ᖖᑠࡉࡃ㸪྾㡢 ࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓࠋF/A ࡛ࡣṌ⾜⪅ᐦᗘ ቑຍక࠺㦁㡢ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢୖ᪼ࡀ㸪࠺ࡿࡉࡉ ឤᑐᛂࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࡁṧ㡪㛫ࡣኚࡋ Fig. 9 Average scores and two-sided 95% confidence intervals for 4 evaluation terms by pairs. ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀṧ㡪ឤࡀ㠀ᖖࡁࡃ㸪㦁㡢ࣞ 㦁㡢ࣞ࣋ࣝᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ♧ࡉࢀ ࣋ࣝᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࡓࠋᚑࡗ࡚බඹ✵㛫ࡢṧ㡪ࡢタィࡣ㸪㞧㋃ 5 ࠾ࢃࡾ ⫼ᬒ㞧㡢╔┠ࡋࡓࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢩ ࢫࢸ࣒ࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ㸪ほホ౯ࡼࡿ⌧ᛶࡢ ᳨ドࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪ᐇ㡢ሙࡣᴫࡡⰋ࠸ᑐ ᛂࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓ㞧㋃㡢ሙ࠾࠸࡚࠺ ࡿࡉࡉឤࡣ㦁㡢ࣞ࣋ࣝᑐᛂࡍࡿ୍᪉࡛㸪 ṧ㡪ឤࡣṧ㡪㛫ᑐᛂࡋ࡞࠸ሙྜࡀከࡃ㸪 ࡢࡁࡉࡶ⪃៖ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ ࡿࠋᚋࡣᣑኌᨺ㏦ࡸࢧࣥ㡢ࡢ⌧࡞ ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ࡼࡾᛅᐇ࡞බඹ✵㛫ࡢ㡢ሙ⌧ ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ㛤Ⓨ࣭㐠⏝ࡀᮃࡲࢀࡿࠋ ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ [1]ྜྷ㔝ࡽ, 㡢ㅮㄽ, 1135-1136, 2013.9. [2] ᶓᒣࡽ, 㡢ㅮ ㄽ , 737-738, 2000.9. [3] ୖ ᮡ ࡽ , 㡢 ㅮ ㄽ , 419-420, 2007.3.[4]D.F.Hoth, JASA 12, 499-504, 1982.
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