♫఍䞉ᩥ໬㻌 㻟㻼㻹㻜㻡㻡㻌
᪥ᚰ➨ 㻣㻡 ᅇ኱఍䠄㻞㻜㻝㻝䠅㻌
ⴱ⸨ฎ⌮᪉␎ࡢᩥ໬ᕪࡢⓎ⏕㐣⛬㸦㸶㸧
̿᪥୰㡑⡿ࡢᗂඣ࣭ඣ❺ࡢⴱ⸨ฎ⌮᪉␎̿
‫℈ۑ‬ᐙᚫᏊ㸯࣭㧗஭ḟ㑻㸯࣭㧗℈⿱Ꮚ㸰࣭ᰘᒣ┿⍆㸱࣭⚟ඖ┿⏤⨾㸲࣭ᆏୖ⿱Ꮚ㸳
࣭஧ᐑඞ⨾㸴࣭㏆Ụ⋹㸰࣭ᓥ⩏ᘯ㸯࣭୰ᒣ␃⨾Ꮚ㸵࣭ᯇ஭ᏹᶞ㸯
㸦㸯ྡྂᒇ኱Ꮫ࣭㸰࠾ⲔࡢỈዪᏊ኱Ꮫ࣭㸱኱ጔዪᏊ኱Ꮫ࣭㸲ᮾிᏛⱁ኱Ꮫ࣭㸳㟷ᒣᏛ㝔኱Ꮫ࣭㸴ឡ▱Ꮫ㝔኱Ꮫ࣭㸵୕㔜኱Ꮫ㸧
࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ: ⴱ⸨ฎ⌮᪉␎㸪ᩥ໬ᕪࡢⓎ⏕㐣⛬㸪ẚ㍑ᩥ໬◊✲
Cross-cultural comparison of the developmental process of conflict management skills in early childhood
: Comparing Japan, South Korea, China, and USA
Noriko HAMAIE1, Jiro TAKAI1, Yuko TAKAHAMA2, Makoto SHIBAYAMA3, Mayumi FUKUMOTO4, Hiroko SAKAGAMI5,
Katsumi NINOMIYA6, Rei OMI2, Yoshihiro SHIMA1, Rumiko NAKAYAMA7 and Hiroki MATSUI1
(1Nagoya Univ., 2Ochanomizu Univ., 3Kamakura Women's Univ.,
4
Tokyo Gakugei Univ., 5Tokyo Keizai Univ., 6Aichi Gakuin Univ., 7Mie Univ.)
Key words: conflict management skills, developmental process, cross-cultural comparison
┠ ⓗ
ᮏ◊✲ࡣⴱ⸨ฎ⌮᪉␎ࡢᩥ໬ᕪࡀ࠸ࡘ㸪࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡍ
ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ㸪᪥ᮏ㸪㡑
ᅜ㸪୰ᅜ㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ 4 ࢝ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᗂඣᮇ࠿ࡽඣ❺ᮇ࡟࠿
ࡅ࡚ࡢᶓ᩿ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪ⴱ⸨ฎ⌮᪉␎ࡢⓎ㐩㐣⛬ࢆẚ㍑㸪
᳨ウࡋࡓࠋⴱ⸨ฎ⌮᪉␎ࡣ㸪཯ᢠᮇ௨㝆࡟ࡋࡘࡅࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚⾜
ࢃࢀࡿ♫఍໬ࢆዎᶵ࡜ࡋ࡚⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀண᝿ࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵ㸪
ᗂඣᮇ࠿ࡽඣ❺ᮇࡲ࡛ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪ᩥ໬ᚰ⌮Ꮫࡢ㡿
ᇦ࡛ࡣḢ⡿࡜ᮾὒࢆᑐẚࡋ࡚ㄽࡌࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࡀ㸪ᮾὒ
ᩥ໬ࡢ୰࡟ࡶከᵝᛶࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ (Yi & Park, 2003)㸪
ᮏሗ࿌࡛ࡣ᪥ᮏ㸪㡑ᅜ㸪୰ᅜ࡜ࡢẚ㍑ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ᩥ໬ᕪࢆ᳨ウ
ࡋࡓࠋ
᪉ ἲ
ᑐ㇟⪅㸸᪥ᮏ㸪㡑ᅜ㸪୰ᅜ㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ᗂඣ㸦3㸪
4㸪5 ṓඣ㸧࡜ᑠᏛ 1㸪3 ᖺ⏕㸦6㸪8 ṓඣ㸧㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟࠾࠸࡚
ࡣ㸪ᗂඣ㸦3㸪4㸪5 ṓඣ㸧࡜ᑠᏛ 1㹼5 ᖺ⏕㸦6㹼10 ṓඣ㸧ࡢ
ࡑࢀࡒࢀ⣙ 300 ྡࡢぶ࡜ಖ⫱ኈ࣭ᢸ௵ᩍᖌࢆᑐ㇟࡟㉁ၥ⣬ㄪ
ᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ
㉁ၥ⣬ࡢෆᐜ㸸Rahim & Bonoma (1979) ࡞࡝ࢆཧ⪃࡟ⴱ⸨
≧ἣ࡜ᑐฎ᪉␎㸪࠾ࡼࡧⴱ⸨ࡢ┦ᡭࢆタᐃࡋࡓࠋⴱ⸨ࡀⓎ⏕
ࡍࡿ≧ἣࡣ͆1㸬⮬ศ࡜┦ᡭࡢពぢ࣭ᕼᮃ࡟┦㐪ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦௨ୗ㸪
ពぢࡢ┦㐪㸧͇㸪
͆2㸬฼⏝ྍ⬟࡞㈨※࡟㝈ࡾࡀ࠶ࡿ͇
㸦௨ୗ㸪㈨
※ࡢไ㝈㸧㸪
͆3㸬⮬ศࡢᶒ฼ࢆ౵ᐖࡉࢀࡿ㸦௨ୗ㸪ᶒ฼ࡢ౵ᐖ㸧͇㸪
࡜࠸࠺ 3 ࡘࡢሙ㠃࡛࠶ࡿࠋⴱ⸨ฎ⌮᪉␎࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ሙ㠃 1࣭2
࡟ࡣ(1)♫఍ⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ㐺⏝㸦ࡌࡷࢇࡅࢇࡸࡃࡌࡧࡁ㸧㸪(2)➨
୕⪅௓ධ㸦ぶࡸඛ⏕࡟ຓࡅ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺㸧㸪(3)ጇ༠㸦཮᪉ࡀᑡࡋ
ࡎࡘㆡࡾྜ࠺㸧㸪(4)⤫ྜ㸦཮᪉ࡀ⣡ᚓ࡛ࡁࡿ᪉ἲࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ㸧㸪
(5)ᨭ㓄㸦⮬ศࡢ୺ᙇࢆᢲࡋ㏻ࡍ㸧㸪(6)➇த㸦᪩࠸⪅຾ࡕ㸧㸪(7)
᭹ᚑ㸦┦ᡭࡢពぢ࡟ᚑ࠺㸧ࡢ 7 ࡘࢆ㸪ሙ㠃 3 ࡟ࡣ(1)ᶒ฼ࡢ୺
ᙇ㸦ᢠ㆟࣭ᩥྃࢆゝ࠺㸧㸪(2)㌟యⓗᨷᧁ㸦ຊࡎࡃ㸧㸪(3)➨୕⪅
௓ධ㸪(4)ឤ᝟ⓗ཯ᛂ㸦Ἵࡃ㸧㸪(5)᭹ᚑࡢ 5 ࡘࢆ⏝ពࡋࡓࠋࡲ
ࡓ㸪ⴱ⸨ࢆ⤒㦂ࡍࡿ┦ᡭࡀ͆a. ࠸ࡘࡶ୍⥴࡟㐟ࡪᏊ͇࡛࠶ࡿ
ሙྜ࡜͆b. ᬑẁ୍⥴࡟㐟ࡪᏊ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸͇ሙྜࢆタࡅࡓࠋྛ≧
ἣ࡟࠾࠸࡚Ꮚ࡝ࡶࡀ 7 ࡘࡢⴱ⸨ᑐฎ᪉␎ࢆ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘ౑⏝ࡍࡿ
࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ 4 ௳ἲ࡛ᅇ⟅ࢆồࡵࡓࠋ
ᡭ⥆ࡁ㸸2007 ᖺ 11 ᭶࠿ࡽ㸪᪥ᮏ㸪㡑ᅜ㸪୰ᅜ㸪࢔࣓ࣜ࢝
ࡢᗂ⛶ᅬ㸪ಖ⫱ᅬ㸪ᑠᏛᰯࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ಖㆤ⪅࡟㉁ၥ⣬ࢆ㓄ᕸࡋ
ࡓࠋಖㆤ⪅ࡀᅇ⟅ࡋࡓ㉁ၥ⣬ࡣᢸᙜಖ⫱ኈࡲࡓࡣᢸ௵ᩍᖌࡢ
ࡶࡢ࡜ేࡏ࡚㸪ᅬ࣭Ꮫᰯࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ᅇ཰ࡋࡓࠋ
⤖ᯝ࡜⪃ᐹ
ⴱ⸨ሙ㠃㸪ᅜ㸪ᖺ㱋ู࡟㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢⴱ⸨ฎ⌮᪉␎ࡀ౑⏝
ࡉࢀࡿ⛬ᗘࢆ⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋሙ㠃ࡈ࡜ࡢⴱ⸨ᑐฎ᪉␎ࡢ≉ᚩࡣḟ
ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
1㸬ሙ㠃ࡈ࡜ࡢഴྥ
(1)͆ពぢࡢ┦㐪͇ሙ㠃 a㸸┦ᡭࡀ཭ே࡛࠶ࡿሙྜࡣ㸪᪥㡑
࡛ࡣጇ༠ࡸ⤫ྜࡀ㸪୰ᅜ࡛ࡣ⤫ྜࡸ᭹ᚑࡀ㸪࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣጇ
༠ࡀከࡃ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
b㸸┦ᡭࡀ཭ே࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ሙྜࡣ㸪᪥୰㡑࡜ࡶ࡟ 5 ṓࡲ࡛㸪࢔࣓
࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣᑠᏛ 1 ᖺ⏕ࡲ࡛➇தࡀከࡃ㸪5 ṓ௨㝆ࡢ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣጇ
༠ࡸ᭹ᚑࡀ㸪㡑ᅜ࡜࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣጇ༠ࡸ⤫ྜ㸪୰ᅜ࡛ࡣ⤫ྜ
ࡸ᭹ᚑࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
(2)͆㈨※ࡢไ㝈͇ሙ㠃 a㸸┦ᡭࡀ཭ேࡢሙྜ㸪᪥㡑࡛ࡣࡌ
ࡷࢇࡅࢇ࡞࡝ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࢆᣢࡕฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࡀ㸪୰ᅜ࡛ࡣᑡ
࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ୰ᅜ࡛ࡣ㸪⤫ྜࡸ᭹ᚑࡀከࡃ㸪 ͆ពぢࡢ┦㐪͇ࡢ
ሙ㠃࡛࡜ࡽࢀࡿ᪉␎࡜୍㈏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣጇ༠ࡀከ
࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
b㸸┦ᡭࡀ཭ே࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ሙྜ㸪᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ᭹ᚑࡀከࡃ㸪࣮ࣝࣝࡢ
㐺⏝ࡀከ࠸ࡢࡣᖺ㛗ࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㡑ᅜ࡛ࡣ㸪ᖺᑡ᫬࡟ࡣ➨
୕⪅࡟ຓࡅࢆồࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡛ⴱ⸨ࡢゎỴࢆヨࡳ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୰ᅜ࡛
ࡣ 5 ṓࡲ࡛ࡣ➇தࡀከࡃ㸪5 ṓ௨㝆ࡣ᭹ᚑࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ࢔࣓
࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣ㸪3,4 ṓࡲ࡛ࡣ➨୕⪅௓ධࡀከࡃ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ㸪5 ṓ㸪ᑠ
Ꮫ 3 ᖺ⏕࡛ࡣጇ༠ࡀ㸪ᑠᏛ 1 ᖺ⏕࡛ࡣ➇தࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
(3)͆ᶒ฼ࡢ౵ᐖ͇ሙ㠃 a, b㸸᪥୰㡑࡜ࡶ㸪┦ᡭࡀ཭ே࡛࠶
ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿࡟㛵ࢃࡽࡎ㸪ᶒ฼ࢆ౵ᐖࡉࢀࡓሙྜ࡟ࡣ⮬ᕫࡢᶒ฼
ࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿഴྥࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡶ┦ᡭࡀ཭ே࠿ྰ࠿
࡟㛵ࢃࡽࡎ㸪➨୕⪅௓ධ࡜ᶒ฼ࡢ୺ᙇࡀከࡃࡳࡽࢀࡓࠋ
2㸬Ⓨ㐩ⓗኚ໬
౑⏝㢖ᗘࡢ㧗࠸᪉␎ࡣ㸪➇த࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ➨୕⪅௓ධ࠿ࡽጇ༠㸪
ࡑࡋ࡚⤫ྜ࡬࡜࠸࠺ഴྥࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ᪥㡑୧ᅜ࡟࠾࠾
ࡴࡡඹ㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪୰ᅜ࡛ࡣ᪥㡑࡟ẚ࡭࡚ 3 ṓඣ࠿
ࡽ⤫ྜࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከࡃ㸪୰ᅜ࡜᪥㡑࡛ࡣⴱ⸨ฎ⌮᪉␎ࡢ
Ⓨ㐩ࡀ␗࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ᘬ⏝ᩥ⊩
Rahim, A., & Bonoma, T. V. (1979). Managing organizational
conflict: A model for diagnosis and intervention. Psychological
Reports, 44, 1323-1344.
Yi, J.-S., & Park, S. (2003). Cross-cultural differences in
decision-making styles: A study of college students in five
countries. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 35-48.
ࡇࡢ◊✲ࡣ㸪ᖹᡂ 19 ᖺᗘ⛉Ꮫ◊✲㈝⿵ຓ㔠㸪ᇶ┙㸦B㸧ᾏ
እᏛ⾡ㄪᰝ㸦ㄢ㢟␒ྕ 19402042㸪◊✲௦⾲⪅Ặᐙ㐩ኵ㸧ࡢ⿵
ຓࢆཷࡅ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
̿ 254 ̿

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