Constraining Autonomy through Norms Fabiola Lopez ´ y Lopez ´ Michael Luck Mark d’Inverno Electronics and Computer Science Southampton University Southampton, UK Electronics and Computer Science Southampton University Southampton, UK Cavendish School of Computer Science Westminster University London, W1M 8JS, UK [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT !"# $%& '%($)*,+( - .+/#0(1.2345678. 9:3;""*<%! 0=">8.8?@A#853A% B'" - 1C 8.8.(EDGFH%.B /!BIJ9 +K'LIM%N*"K.*/#K+O++($.% *<*8 6%I;P/QR#SUTQS5V/W XZYP T![!D?\($H@4(<."( I]#^2>37"#.+5@M.$)I_*.*$%.+!%B*N0"#>3%9 IJ$H#8 `+4*8.>$ %]<M$H?4a*2M *.+;@2>!$b> $%.+!%cc342(d a*[email protected]<,e%IJ 74a< 8>(*.*/#48.4D,fg; 8 M5%*[email protected]% 0h 34;*.34%% (@A5&+4*8 *$.%6*< B%`IJ8>8 M4/&*?IN"#034.5Ii? - j3.=&9 - ( "M"*DOkK>8.8 <2%434%**5.78>.4lM/.*<A% !+aI44*U+4*8>>+*. - %g. .@2>8 345`+..8 M(ED Categories and Subject Descriptors m#D n2D.o4o5p q`r?satutv'tqBwxt!yjsazwNwLt({`z5y=v'z|~}0>" - (9 C+>8_m:8.8>.3+##P:[WiW X>[!P, L[!P General Terms FH%<Ol/!>*2#0.4 Keywords +>8]#!(< +28<* 1. ~m % INTRODUCTION - 034( - 72Bp M<2M<M2<o(|% N3$N^9 .3*>6&+4**`+>!j( - +4"#.j>`#M5 (@A>&'48.@Ah+4.+<A^Ah3*<(+H+*8.l29 :<j>13!#8K+#%.@47*M # - 8.'+>8O#M(D5FH%. .H%;8>5I_*<$%.+!%*MH$% 0h434%N - ?M4 - e17I5342<L e$%BIJ8 C 8.8.*a+( - 34#8>8 *x - 8..+B342$%c% - C7+( - 6"(( - %10@A#8.8+.:<3A..634p n(|ZDGmE< *NL%*7+!%.@A5%3A8.hIO+.< `%IJ% ;" 2 - +4*.".3MDH;(+#%14 Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. AAMAS’02, July 15-19, 2002, Bologna, Italy. Copyright 2002 ACM 1-58113-480-0/02/0007 ... 5.00. 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M?jI,%jD m:6% 0$h<$Na8.8.($.3%/4 - >8. 6I8 M.3*M IJ9 IJ"#34.Ii;(+!%`I_*D,mB34#8<%?0 IJ4M6I34A8.B%B7" - 1 - @A(¬g+>Mj$%.+!% *HaIi8 C8>8},%5.@A3A8>5!>@4(I4¸%? %. - .3+>E<4%3(d 3448.,% +8> - h%>M9 M( - 6%.5IL.@A3448.<%a3(d ?3448.% 0 *.3%2 - N%.( - 8 M.3;.%*< %H34(d 3A8>?%5*.34% - - C( - `$h0#DFH%a?IN3A8. %. !( - '0>@4;3A8>L+48> - ;*a I%h - 9 .36+>e.`9~+ .+.36jD7m:%7*7$h 3A8>a%.(ß - C - 1.%*#ß0$H#+(e8. - * I,'¯M;.+8. ?%jDO50$< ++#.3 5%h*[email protected]+4*8.+M+ - (7. +.4 a%/4 - 8>"#034.8.."( - 8.($D ýþ]ÿ ø G+8,"#31+( - '4M41$%1+>8,3A8. *O.*/#]%?/!4 83448.DÝN4(8 < +>8234E$>8.8@A - .%(? $.8.8A+.@AO% lM.7«+8 - CM@2> - =$h0#DB\($h9 @A!(<M%.h+(8 .`%8.4IO'+4>M# - 8>2&9 - _IlM>".3;3A8>O IM%,[email protected]+ .+_$.% %jD,k8.8 <2$H+(6.*8 B"#7*?!9 "+ED å/Q(TXZY4W [!P ÉQR#S6ñQS5V/W à R[Jæ0[T:[¢P/QR#S7 Áb ù ù 53a4.3j%.a"#03e+4>a%*I9 Ii+I.%*'4¬% lM.">3g3448.B)+! ++#.38 Dfg7+2*#0aIJ4.".++ Ii48.8.($DHkK "(<M?49~+>+!>3¨.+4*8>.(7$ % 48 B IO%?>%*h%.jlM.">3&3448D hR[!#º2R[¢0 [!PJÉ;É&ñhñQSV/W à ÉQR#S6ñQS5V/W à ö TQP(çNXZTXJP2P/[!´;ð È2XJP/¢[!R[¢£~AQ(Y4W ¼0P[!´;ð4ê V º2PXi"È2S*[!P¼ È2XiP ¢[!R!¤?Á À  m:I%a.%*;IH4M9:+4.+.3B %. 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I?$H#MB¬% lM>".3g3448.Dk8>8 <L%.*. >*.8>'1%*V R[!º2R[¢c+(4Dx9~+ .+.31* ?Ii8 C 8.8.(648 6 IK% ;!$h#M - C4*3A8.D VAVMQR!º2PXJ#XT# L[!PJÉ;É7ñhñQSV/W à ÉQR#S6ñQSV/W à ö TQP(çNXTXiP21P[!´;ð ¹![!P/[iÆ:[¢£~AQ(Y4W ¼P[!´ðAê.R[!´NYR¢¼A¹#[!P/[iƤÁb À  VAVMQR!º2PXJ#XT# L[!PJÉ;É7 ñ ; [Jæ0[T ÉQR#SaÉQP]ñQSV/W à ö TQP(çNXTXiP21P[!´;ð ¹![!P/[iÆ:[¢£~AQ(Y4W ¼P[!´ðAê.R[!´NYR¢¼A¹#[!P/[iƤ Áb m*%;+I_+4.+.3a*<A*[email protected] *.1%($ c+!(DFH% `.<+4.+.3c*`0 +*8..($ %'48 $%a% +>0('$H# - M9 C3448.a$%.+!%x&*7.*/#?% %4&3A8. %.( - `0>@4?3448.D VAVMQR!º2PXJ#XT# L[!PJÉ7ñhñQS5V/W à ÉQR#S6ñQSV/W à T#QP(çNXZTXiP=P/[!´;ð øJù2ú × ÁÁ ¹#[!P[iÆ:[¢£~AQ(Y4W ¼ P[!´;ð4ê.R[!´LYR"¢¼A¹#[!P[iÆ,(¤LÚ øJù2ú Ø ÁÁ È2XiP ¢[!R[¢£~AQ(Y4W ¼ P[!´;ð4ê.P/QR!S&YXi»[ZAQ(Y4W ¼0È2XJP/¢[!R#(¤Ú XiSVMQR!~YP T#[*S&QXi»YXZQPa × XiS5VMQR#~YP/T#[S&QXi»YXQPa Ø VAVMQR!º2PXJ#XT# L[!PJÉ7 ñ [Jæ0[T ÉQR#SaÉQP]ñQSV/W à T#QP(çNXZTXiP=P/[!´;ð øJù2ú × ÁÁ ¹#[!P[iÆ:[¢£~AQ(Y4W ¼ P[!´;ð4ê.R[!´LYR"¢¼A¹#[!P[iÆ,(¤LÚ øJù2ú Ø ÁÁ È2XiP ¢[!R[¢£~AQ(Y4W ¼ P[!´;ð4ê.P/QR!S&YXi»[ZAQ(Y4W ¼0È2XJP/¢[!R#(¤Ú XiSVMQR!~YP T#[*S&QXi»YXZQPa × XiS5VMQR#~YP/T#[S&QXi»YXQPa Ø u ù Kø IiIi8,"#31*(;%?3+> +*8 `$ %&¯48 6.I 5>+8. M*.%*(D 'Ii%;8> - #0.41.4%4D K[YR ³ ºMW L[!P ÉQR#S6ñQSV/W à Ö P}R[Jæ0[T:[¢P QR!S'ÚaPKê V º2PXi"È2S*[!P ÁbÂ Ö P}XiP:[!P ¢[¢P/QR!S'5Ú'PKê V º2PXi"È2S*[!P*Áb À  { ù2ù m:H4*$%_"**!>+_HIi(0Ii82342< %3(2B"#36.;4M4a""hIi;%?8.(I 34!>3`*%.3<E@A= M?+2 - B% 3(d 5lM.".3&3A8>D ½HR[#[¢à( L[!P ÉQR#S6ñQSV/W à Ö P}R[Jæ0[T:[¢P QR!S'ÚaPKê.R[!´LYR"¢ ÁÂ Ö P}XiP:[!P ¢[¢P/QR!S'5Ú'PKê.R[!´LYR¢*Á À  r ù ,ùMøi!ø Jþ" 5 - 8>8..4;342.*8 +8.8]*D [¹![WJW XZQº2" L[!P ÉQR#SaÉQP]ñQSV/W à XiP:[!P ¢[¢P/QR#S7 Áb Ð.@A&%L*H% *4;"#03&+( - ;8..(7(+!% IN+.@Aa*</+4*8.ljM+ILÎ+4*8.+ +( - 7M(EDBkal*8><L[W Æ"Èg+4*8.+ ( - %M(a /.".+H"#34.,+( - !C 7OIJ48.8.0$DNkM%O+4 - . .,I/%8> /4 - 8>< - Mh$H%8.8_lM8.?%ªIJ%;%4D å[W Æ" È #$#%£ hR[!#º2R[¢0 [!PJÉ;É&ñhñQSV/W ' à & HR[!ºMR[¢0 L[!PJÉ5É7 ñ ;[Jæ([T( & HR[!ºMR[¢0 L[!PJÉ&ñhñQS5V/W ) à & HR[!ºMR[¢0 L[!PJÉ& ñ [Jæ0[T+¤ *, £ VAVMQR!º2PXJ#XT# L[!PJÉ;É7ñhñQSV/W ' à & VAVMQR!º2PXJ#XT# L[!PJÉ;É7ñ;[Jæ0[T$ & VAVMQR!º2PXJ#XT# L[!PJÉ7ñhñQS5V/W à & VAVMQR!º2PXJ#XT# L[!PJÉ7 ñ [Jæ0[T¤ 5. AGENT AND SOCIETY PERFORMANCE ma#M,?"# %H.*+OI/*O4 - %7. M 9 @2> 8/3h*+..<$N%0@[email protected]/*$N^ - +#% .g$%.+#%c% - % (@2.4'I;.@AB347+ - "( 6 - @A(DHk+.3*!l+8>.@A8 61¡+4*8>>+I9 Ii+< $Ha*a&5I3%[email protected]>*.8>5+( - .8> .< - .3+448.8.( - %H*hI*DK h+#% .*.80 ><4(+!%a34OM _.?%,"#034.KIJK+4&9 8.>+`%* 7+!%4Dm°%>'$H^ - +!%E<L *# +( - B*4.(°0@A7.*4Dgk&l*8.4<,$N6+(c+# %*2 - I*% - +**+!>@4`M.3j6/+ C + /.2¬£Y4TXi»[*P QR#S7¤!<_%'2 - !IH%'*% 0a 36+4*8..$ %£"XiP:[!P ¢[¢cP QR!S'(¤!<%2 - *I' 3(d +34A8.a3!#(=%434%=*[email protected]<%4 ,%. M( - *< a%4N% - C_IJ4$h0#D \($N@A(<M*0@2>?*IJ8E>MIi.4E<$HaMC % Ii8.8>($.3= #.@Aa*(MDakK "(<E%`!Q(TXZY4WTQPR!XZ¹ºMÊ XZQPIN13+ - aC(6%2 - I,.*h% 3a+4*8>.$ %g a/4 - >8. .6£!lM(x%M434% *#¤5.xM4/>xB%'#8,2 - ?Ih+!>@4&*D +4E<]x3(d &XJP/¢Xi»(X¢ºY4WK!YXi ³ YATXZQP°.?%72 - 5I / 8,0>"C(=34A8.4/.4IL.5#8,2 - I3A8>a34#0(g0@A%***/.2ED`FH%2<O..@2M 8 ."Ii+.4jH%4?/ 8]3A8.;h%. M( - %!?.@A3448.??.%*2DhFH%434%1%*ÈY»[ ¹#[[!PcC(1Ii8.8 <E +&+4"#.% - ?%7.+8.M9 .4jIO%IJ8_MC ..%D 5.1 The Experimental Model §'. >8lM/.*#.°>+8. M& l°^2. 'I3 Ii8.8>($.3`%"#3.%($>FK - 8.o4<$%&É7ñ_É© ñ_É¡?P QP Ê:TQP(çNXTXiP2B =TQPçNXZTXiP2**L/+9 .@A8 Dfg1+#%j%1!l*8. - +1%c2 %7*4"+**4"#3.Ii48.8.($H( - 34$%=%! I+==Ñ+4*8>>+6+..4EDFH%6C"&:$H2 l2* - %[email protected]<% 0H.h3H8.$HN - M.3a*L 3h8 $H(MHIJ.3a%jDKFH%;% #*+(H8.I9 .%c3a$%1+4*8.$ %°*a8 x.I;+!%°1M+..4 0@2>5%Î$.% - C&£i%M434%1$h0##¤!<_ - + %.%*?Ii&7+4*8 M.36$ %g%©*>3%'+ 3A.@A1!+4% B3448.D +>858 C %34 - ! *L8 * I%&H+>+!N$ %*% H($3448.<M%M9 $.e%8 bc8 C %"#3D¯FH%x8>"6$H^2. IN3&8.`@>0>IN8 C%e34<$%73 8 g.%'M(g74/>".+"#34.7IJ&4M9 + .+.3j*<_ x`8 C %x"#3e.x%!+(D&m I+(<@A#8%K+ - >.4]I"#034.K ?*E% (@A - - %)*28>8.(¬"(< - M* +1+"#.*9 " .+'1>31j - (D150$<K4'."'%*. - @A%0$ - %&%Q(TXY4WTQPR#XZ¹º2XZQP67%XiP/¢Xi»(XZ¢4Ê ºY4WE!YXi ³ YATXZQPeIO(+#%=3;+!%3a++#.3& - %6% "#037IiH±+*8.>+5 L+!%4< 7%.+!(5> %2 - LIK+4.+ - $N%5*N.H% L7+*8 $ %1 6 / 8E3448.D q- ùú Eý ú úù - Jù y=v'y +>8 5 - 8.8>. .,( §/.".+ +>8 ýú úù - Jù vay +>8 +>8 ; - 8.8..4 ; - 8.8..4 8 C % / .OM( §/.".+ +>8 8.I §/.".+ .OM( .O 8 C % .,( §/.".+ .OM( § 8 C % §/.".+ §/.".+ .OM( s 0OøJù2143 y þ 65 ú7/ù q - ùEú z 8 5 Oøù þ þ Rebellious 1.2 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0 0 0% 25% 50% 75% / / 0% 100% 25% 50% 75% 100% 75% 100% 75% 100% SocialSelf Selfish 1.2 1.2 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0 0 0% 25% 50% 75% 0% 100% 25% 50% / OppSelfish PressSelfish / L Ii'".4<24*?@> - 8.;Cl`IJ48.8.($D kK "(<M - ;IE3448.N?MH8.8%3448.N%L34 *.3%2H% (@A?.H#*8.+!((D + <#4ª*.@409 .1@48>.5+>(j*(+!%634A8K.6%.;7M %>*/#+'I(+#%=34A8Dm:=4M >]</+#%3A8O>5( 7j0>@4&3448N1+j'I/ - 8.B*D6 L M4.3B%.<$H&3.@A'%7*' - - .8> :168>8,3A8.I - 9 +4*.3%.( - ?;jD_ N%.%*2E ?$h0#< .(+#%=j<E&8.`#*8.634#EDFH%]<]*I 3A8>5.j+4M .+5.;+!((6I4¡% - I,34A8.D;ÝN4M .+ 0'M(? ?IH3448.?$ %%'*7M - - .8. I/(0>3e.¬)!l/!>*2(Dc§+B%6!*I?/ - 8. 3A8>< * B+4M .+;ClM(<2%B0(6>8/% 1I,%alM/.*5;Ii48.8.($D M4¯ - IN3A8. &*l2#+!(7?%+* 3A8>I?(+!%¬3(D¬m:%.7$h<L*7j@48>( - 34NIJ48.8.($>3&M.!N"#034.HIJH+4*8.+<2 %;.*.80;>Mh2+ 2+*D 5.2 Results Social 1.2 m:'O..>8M!l/!>*2#0.4]<0$NN+#( - %%;Q(TXY4W T QPR!X¹ºMXQPG c%eXiP ¢Xi»(XZ¢ºYW!YXJ ³ YATXZQPbI(+#%34 IJH? .+8>L/+#35I+4M .+0@AN?/.2&I/.*4D kK "h+4M .+$H5+4M(<2*(>3?% 0N4;I% *E+4M .+(?$ %a?3A8ZDFH%%,lM/.*$h_9 /(?$ %?%,2 - EIM+4M .+]>+((>hM4/. I5n469 .8L8.8N*+4M .+$ %e3A8.D65xlM/.* $HHBIJ(+!%B2 - !NIK+ .+DL+#%B"h+4."(`I o¶4¶5D_ma(+#%a]<Mo(¶;34A8.L *_$HN(a - 4< e - I56* e3A8>a$H*#^Ax# M4*8 x h%?+!>@4?*H`3A8.h% 0h(+!%[email protected] 0?++#.3** 8.+!(1"#3>DFH%8 I,%. !l/!>*2_L.8>8."#(.'kK.35o<$%N+#%a3#%9 %h0.@A - % (@2.4MLI/%h+/4.334(D FH%?@A.+(8ElM.h%($h%@8.HI - %B%'!Q(TXZYW]TQPR!XiÊ ¹º2XZQP£i$%.+#%)3#%.*>.+(0( - g%6 0#¤&c% XJP/¢Xi»(X¢ºY4WN!YXi ³ YATXQPI34j£i$%.+!%°3#%c.&. M.+(( - =%'38>#¤!D6m:x%.alM.<K%&@48.6o&% 0 a3? %M0@M>M;%lM.7¸+>8O+ - .4 £D 4D7.+4*8..?$ %g8.8*#¤5a+#%.@A?%70lM>' 1.2 1.2 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0 0 0% u 25% - ù 50% :143 75% y þ 100% 65 0% 25% 50% ú /ù q)- ùú=<aù>?7?Jþ" ;7 . M>@2>8K0."I+!>¬£D 4D5aI 3448..%> - %!L0>@4H3448.NL>%*#¤!DKFH%h%>¥4#8lM. %($%?/!+#3I,+ .+h#^A6.`(+#%6"(D 5h+ - - @4(E<M.63#8< +>8]"#3.5^A9 +..&@4g"# - 8. - +(6+>83A8.<LlM°%M434% *<H018.*"*34#ED\($H@A(<H..@2M 8h."9 I+.4I%.`^M.I'3j+(1`%=*1# +4M .+ - :$H0>@4'3A8. 1. .@2>8.3A8.D La+2#"(<A - 8.8..4L. M.@M>M 8.O@A,+ - N+>8 ++H@A%434%*% h($B."I+.4j.Hh+09 .8 B+#%.@A(</+8.8.$%.%*L?8>.(D 8.I9 .%'"#034.<£i%N+*8 M.3H$ %'*E48.$% %! 4*5I_`3(d h."N+( - ?3(E<24* - !9 C5+( - a - #. ¤!<+(0+8 10@2>+>8,+ - .4D §B.*/#2'%.31 - @AB%`>'% & `%. 8 C %<..@2M 8h."I+.4b.B*3 0#(¬$% + .+ - $N34A8. °*7.+(<hI+4 $%>%*;'8.>ED L1+2#"(<E3Ii8>8.($h9 .3+>88 C%B"#034.h/!Ii±(4 - 8 *$H8>8/.&* I% ,+.:a+4 - M>'8 $%'*OM5O+>+! $ %6%.;3A8.D 6. CONCLUSIONS L0@2>.3%.*Ii85MA+!%gò+4*8.+ $HB% (@ABM(°4*BI%B/+7% 07'" - B+4M9 >e.e#Mj.+/#0**>e3D\($H@4(< ."(I#^2.3°"#.+e@2.$ Ia*`.$%.+#%* 1+4*8..(c$.%)"#.34%MIi$H#M8.<h$N=4M4Bx*12M9 *.+7@2.$±.$%>+#%ge34(d *[email protected]<K 1%!Ii M4'<8>¬.*/#&8.4Db§M*Ñ+*8. 9 +;*28>+/#N.%*7$h0#HN*+#%9 .*6Ii=IJ+.3¬1+#3.3¬%x+4*8.>+x$ % *D\($H@4(<+4#e%7*28.<O%°0648 #^41.2B++4 I,%6%. M5 - C5%a3A8>IN 34(DFH%B*2M8N 8 I$h7. ( - e 2+#% j*N$%!342%0@45%5IJ(M4¸*M+>5$%% '+4*8 *H$ %`' p o4<Ì2< 0|~D,\5($H@A!(<h*2M8 M0@M>M*x*63#8"+M6.$%.+!%c%` .+8> +&I²+4*8.+% 0&%0@4 - c+4M(°.8 ($¨+ - 7(.8 e.+/#(e.jg34a+#% +!4D khl*8.4<ÝN4 BÝH"8.I#+!%Lp Ì|E+* 05$N7^2. I5342}6XiP/T#[!PXJ»[ʹY[¢gRYXZQP/Y4Wh¢A[TX¢[!R!` )P/QR!S&YXi»[ Y[!P<K$%!7%aC"+*8 j$ %e*?8 = IN%7.8 9 :xIH - (.+*.%.34%% x%'.8. IH#3.4]< =.@A&34< - 1+4#"(<K8.$HIJ8 C 8.8O%jDa; + - 5]< - %I%53N+( - ;.8 >*8.*( .4M*28K7[W Æ"Èe g!Q(TXZY4WL3425/+.@A8 DaFH% %'8.=+8>.U% 'j+.:e+4*/4gI8 C %e> 9 @2>8.+8.>;.+!^28 BB*.*h+8>8>;.`8>. x%j."C()*<N$%(B+..`>+8. M>3e9 0.@A63478 $hM+#%.@A%.7+>8;3448.Dc\($H@A(< % ?*2M8_.. .@A4<$.%4M? %!5IJ8...el29 /!>*2#0.4'*"#0N%H@8.> :'I %N%2M/%.< 8..^A%?$H^`+ - (`.6%>/(D .*>8>08.<?.3Mb,8D2p |MM+ - Hh*2M8AI N?mE34 .B$%.+!%` - 8>.34.450Ii8 C 8.8.(`8 B.I]%5+4";I]%5M9 .%*5.;%.34%;% `%+"IL+4*8.>+4DHFH%..+9 8>@2.$+( - 5+(&a%.*8.+?.B4H*28/I 34Ii8>8.($.3`V R[!#º2R[¢°"#03DBm%.$h< - M .36B*7+*8.7*2M8KIhM44*4? +&9 8.+<H4M&$H^4M > 8>8 cM@2>*¬8 M>*I% !+INU+4*8.>+& - %+..'x. M>@2>M9 8.Dk?$N^B$>8.8KM0@M>Ma*#.8>1 8 I,% !+IN 2?"#3>>x 2?+..<O 1%($ M @2>!$5IO¯4.46+4*8>.+(0?%.hIiM%(D q Aÿ @?_þ B*øJù -"5 ù Eú 3 FH%=C"1%6.`/( - %k +8 7% +*2C .O43#ÎD£ .;§¦jC .L¤,I/%;¦6l29 .+(&¦6.>"aI4,. - 8>.+NLM+(0>_£ E .L¤_?%H L: !F .# Í5.@A>46;0F 4'G ., - 8>M</H ¦ F lM>+D 7. REFERENCES p o!|aÐ'D/ N8>8>* já,D áE*DM?8. - #0>@4a0>@4 3D m`?8.8>+(? jÝN*p 0|ZD p n(|aÝ5DÝH"8 IJ#+!%</aDÝN2</j¦x0D .O8>++D .@A#0>1B%?+4"5IK+4*8>>+4D I2Qº2R!P Y4WOQ ³ ;R#X ÆNTXY4W]å Q(TX~[!X~[!YP ¢å Q(TXZY4WEåXiS'ºW.YXZQP< oA£Z4¤!<_o(42D p 0|aD ÝN44D,*34£.IJ¤." M>DI2Qº2R!P Y4WOQ ³ ñQPXiXJ»[aåà:[!S7J [![YR"T#È2<En} 4Ko4o(¶2<]n¶¶Mo4D p |aD ÝN4 jÝ5D/ÝH"8 I#+#%DHñQPXiXi»[aYP/¢*å/Q(TXZYW ;TXZQPD Í?ÝHáL.O</,38 <]o4AD p (|aD ÝN4 jÝ5D/ÝH"8 I#+#%D/5*;*2#8 - "+!Dk_4¡.@A - 8.>!Ii&.@A3A8>D mjÝ5DÝH"8.I#+!%ON M0D .KD/: ¦ O 8.8>!(</( <PER"QS ;[YATXQPx~Q1ñQPXJXZQR P Qi¾j 5 ;¾jT SVU WXZY0<á]5mNA4< 34o(Ì K o4Ì2D .349~Ï8>3<Eo(AD p Ì0|aD ÝN4 jÝ5D/ÝH"8 I#+#%D?.+2.@Ah342 3%6*+#%.@4*£>MIiA¤+>8K#!ð6m:6?8.8>+ 1ÝN4*p |ZD p (|aD ÝN44<D k 8.+44< 1Ð'D 0(D535 *},\($b'C 8.8%?34 ð= ;R!X ÆLTXZY4W/#P:[WiW X>[!P T#[aYP ¢ [_Y´,<}.o\K o(2<Ko4MD p 0|aÝ5D ?8>8>0+( BaD ÝN44<(M.DPHRQ(T#[[¢XiP2aQ ³ JÈ] [ S6QRµÈMQ!V°QPjÉQR#S7YP ¢&#PXiº2XZQPXiPj¾j ?: å Q:Y a_½ ^N= É `K0å abbcb\Y(< H0+8.4M< .E< n¶4¶¶MD p |kND?.342j<'D ¦68.</hD 4 - 3< á,D/ÝH(@A ]DF_($h0#+>8.8 14%.".+(1 N?m 34Dmd HRQ(T#[[¢XiP7Q ³ JÈJ[ _Qº2R#JÈ6#P:[!R!P YXZQP Y4W ñQP ³ [!R[!P/T#[7QPj¾=ºMW X [!PNåà:[!S''Qñ_¾6 ?å abcbcb\(Y < 3aoo4eo K o4oM< L4"4E< Í a<n¶4¶4¶2D/m"ÝN4* +.D p o(¶|'¦xD Ed m2@A!' 6¦xD/áE+#^D(fEP/¢[!R#~YP/¢XiP2 [!P åà:[!S'#D .349~Ï8>3< n¶¶MoD p o4o| 0D g!(D/§B%IJ48.8 jI_$h0#.3<M$%.8>%4.37Ii ;DE ;TYA¢A[!S7àBQ ³ ¾xYP Y([!S[!P$I2Qº2R#P/Y4W <]o(£A¤!} Ì4 MK An2< oA2D p o0n0| 0D g 6 6áDÐ?(D§53A.¥(.48_MA+!%; +#..4j.B78. 9:3H"M"*DMF_+!%.+(8//(< m:m*`F_+#%>+8_Í5.@A :<Ð<o(4MD p o(|ÏaD áE5jáD Ð?!(< (M.PD HRQ(T#[[¢XiP2aQ ³ JÈ[ LXJR!#P:[!R!P YXZQP Y4WNñQP ³ [!R[!P T#[7QPj¾=ºMW X L[!P åà:[!S'' Qñ_¾6 ?4å WchZY(< ]Dk#+.+BÝH8. 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