Issue infomation - Global Science Books

Japanese Journal of Plant Science (日本植物学雑誌)
Abbreviation: Jpn. J. Plant Sci.
Print: ISSN 1750-2292
Scope and target readership: Japanese Journal of Plant Science accepts reviews and original papers that focus on any aspect of plant
science, fundamental or applied. The Japanese Journal of Plant Science forms part of the Global Science Series that focuses on plant
science research originating from Japan, reflecting a Japanese cultural and/or geographical influence. In general the author(s) should be
Japanese, or if a foreign team of researchers is involved, then at least one of the authors should be Japanese.
Editor-in-Chief
Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva, Japan
Technical Editor
Kasumi Shima, Japan
Linguistic (Japanese) & Scientific Editor
Hiroaki Kodama, Japan
Editorial Board and Advisory Panels
Agricultural and Agronomic
Science (D1)
Emilio Cervantes, Spain
Suriyan Cha-um, Thailand
Thomas Dubois, Uganda
Hany A. El-Shemy, Egypt
Faouzi Haouala, Tunisia
Pranab Hazra, India
Xinhua He, Japan
Hashem Hussein, Egypt
Domingo Iglesias, Spain
Xinxian Li, Japan
Moahammad J. Malakouti, Iran
Reda Moghaieb, Egypt
Pio Colepicolo, Brazil
P. Ponmurugan, India
Gamal Hassan Rabie, Egypt
M. Mehdi Sharifani, Iran
Aluri Jacob Solomon Raju, India
S. Sudhakaran, India
James T. Tambong, Canada
Daniel Valero, Spain
Rajeev K. Varshney, India
Teferi Yeshitela, South Africa
Bioremediation and
Bioavailability (D3)
Abdolkarim Chehregani, Iran
Jude C. Igwe, Nigeria
Anushree Malik, India
Benkeblia Noureddine, Japan
Geert Potters, Belgium
S. Sudhakaran, India
Functional Plant Science and
Biotechnology (D8)
Niranjan Baisakh, USA
Chhandak Basu, USA
Emilio Cervantes, Spain
Suriyan Cha-um, Thailand
Pio Colepicolo, Brazil
Tracey Cuin, Australia
James F. Dat, France
Samir C. Debnath, Canada
Alberto Dias, Portugal
Hany A. El-Shemy, Egypt
David E Evans, UK
Attila Fehér, Hungary
Patricia Dias Fernades, Brazil
Manuel Fernandes-Ferreira, Portugal
C. Gopi, India
Jürg Gertsch, Germany
Pranab Hazra, India
Kathleen Hefferon, USA
Luke Hendrickson, Australia
Hashem Hussein, Egypt
Domingo Iglesias, Spain
Igor Kovalchuk, Canada
Maurizio Lambardi, Italy
Xinxian Li, Japan
Ramamurthy Mahalingam, USA
Moahammad J. Malakouti, Iran
Ezaz A. Mamun, Australia
Reda Moghaieb, Egypt
Benkeblia Noureddine, Japan
Suprasanna Penna, India
Edouard Pesquet, France
Pio Colepicolo, Brazil
Gopi K. Podila, USA
Aluri Jacob Solomon Raju, India
Moshe Reuveni, Israel
Shyamal K. Roy, Bangladesh
Sanjai Saxena, India
Sergey Shabala, Australia
Dharini Sivakumar, South Africa
Alan Smith, USA
S. Sudhakaran, India
Klára Szentmihályi, Hungary
Lining Tian, Canada
Kin-Ying To, Taiwan
Ernő Tyihák, Hungary
Daniel Valero, Spain
Boris B. Vartapetian, Russia
Hao Yu, Singapore
Genes, Genomes and Genomics
(D10)
Michèle Amouyal, France
Niranjan Baisakh, USA
Chhandak Basu, USA
Emilio Cervantes, Spain
Samir C. Debnath, Canada
C. Gopi, India
Hashem Hussein, Egypt
Domingo Iglesias, Spain
Asad U. Khan, India
Igor Kovalchuk, Canada
Ezaz A. Mamun, Australia
Karsten Melcher, UK
Reda Moghaieb, Egypt
Gopi K. Podila, USA
P. Ponmurugan, India
David J. Timson, UK
Kin-Ying To, Taiwan
Rajeev K. Varshney, India
Hao Yu, Singapore
Horticulture, Floriculture and
Ornamental Plant Science and
Biotechnology (D11)
Chhandak Basu, USA
Emilio Cervantes, Spain
Jer-Chia Chang, Taiwan
Suriyan Cha-um, Thailand
Abdolkarim Chehregani, Iran
Samir C. Debnath, Canada
Hany A. El-Shemy, Egypt
Attila Fehér, Hungary
Manuel Fernandes-Ferreira,
Portugal
C. Gopi, India
S. Dutta Gupta, India
Faouzi Haouala, Tunisia
Pranab Hazra, India
Domingo Iglesias, Spain
Sladjana Jevremovic, Serbia
Puthiyaparambil JoseKutty, New
Zealand
Maurizio Lambardi, Italy
Xinxian Li, Japan
Moahammad J. Malakouti, Iran
Ezaz A. Mamun, Australia
Ákos Máthé, Hungary
Reda Moghaieb, Egypt
Benkeblia Noureddine, Japan
Suprasanna Penna, India
Edouard Pesquet, France
Pio Colepicolo, Brazil
Aluri Jacob Solomon Raju, India
Moshe Reuveni, Israel
Shyamal K. Roy, Bangladesh
Shigeru Satoh, Japan
Sanjai Saxena, India
M. Mehdi Sharifani, Iran
Dharini Sivakumar, South Africa
S. Sudhakaran, India
Judith Thomas, USA
Lining Tian, Canada
Kin-Ying To, Taiwan
Daniel Valero, Spain
Teferi Yeshitela, South Africa
Adnan Younis, Pakistan
Hao Yu, Singapore
Pathology (D13)
P. Ponmurugan, India
Gamal Hassan Rabie, Egypt
Sanjai Saxena, India
Blanca Sansegundo, Spain
Lining Tian, Canada
Pharmacology (D14)
Alberto Dias, Portugal
Manuel Fernandes-Ferreira,
Portugal
Patricia Dias Fernades, Brazil
C. Gopi, India
Mercedes G. Lopez, Mexico
Ákos Máthé, Hungary
Benkeblia Noureddine, Japan
Shyamal K. Roy, Bangladesh
Sanjai Saxena, India
Klára Szentmihályi, Hungary
Anand K. Yadav, USA
Teferi Yeshitela, South Africa
Proteins and Proteomics (D15)
Emil Alexov, USA
Anjali Dash, India
Alberto Dias, Portugal
Nikos E. Labrou, Greece
P. Ponmurugan, India
David J. Timson, UK
Soil Systems (D16)
Hany A. El-Shemy, Egypt
Xinhua He, Japan
Harminder Pal Singh, India
P. Ponmurugan, India
Gamal Hassan Rabie, Egypt
S. Sudhakaran, India
James T. Tambong, Canada
Terrestrial and Aquatic
Environmental Toxicology (D17)
Abdolkarim Chehregani, Iran
Zeng-Yei Hseu, Taiwan
Jude C. Igwe, Nigeria
Anushree Malik, India
Benkeblia Noureddine, Japan
Geert Potters, Belgium
Gamal Hassan Rabie, Egypt
Aluri Jacob Solomon Raju, India
Harminder Pal Singh, India
S. Sudhakaran, India
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Japanese Journal of Plant Science (日本植物学雑誌) ©2007 Global Science Books, Ltd.
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OUR SPONSOR
Cover photo: Left, top: ‘Yoho’, a new released PCNA cultivar of Japanese persimmon. Left, bottom: secondary scaffold
branch girdling; Center, top: hermaphrodite (perfect) flower in Japanese persimmon cv. ‘Taishu’; Center, bottom:
Adventitious bud formation from ‘Saijo’ root segments after ~1 month of culture; More details in Yakushiji and Nakatsuka,
pp 42-62. Right, top: Leaf blast with spindle-shaped lesions; Right, bottom: Panicle blast with neck or branch rot; More
details in Fujii and Hayano-Saito, pp 69-76.
Disclaimers: All comments, conclusions, opinions, and recommendations are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily
reflect the views of the publisher, or the Editor(s). GSB does not specifically endorse any product mentioned in any
manuscript, and accepts product descriptions and details to be an integral part of the scientific content.
Printed in Japan on acid-free paper.
CONTENTS
Hiroshi Yakushiji, Akira Nakatsuka (Japan) Recent Persimmon Research in Japan
42
Hinako Takehisa, Tadashi Sato (Japan) Stress, Physiological and Genetic Factors of Rice Leaf Bronzing in Paddy Fields
63
Kiyoshi Fujii, Yuriko Hayano-Saito (Japan) Genetics of Durable Resistance to Rice Panicle Blast Derived from an Indica
Rice Variety Modan
69
Shigeru Mitani (Japan) Chemical Control of Potato Late Blight in Japan
77
Shinya Nishimura, Shigeru Saito, Shinji Isayama (Japan) Pyridalyl: A Novel Compound with Excellent Insecticidal Activity,
High Selectivity, and Unique Mode of Action
85
Hide Omae (Japan) Skiffing in Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze): Constructive Changes of Tea Bush by Mechanical
Skiffing and Yield Prediction
95
Yuriko Osakabe, Nobuyuki Nishikubo, Keishi Osakabe (Japan) Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase in Woody Plants: A Key
Switch of Carbon Accumulation in Biomass
103
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Japanese Journal of Plant Science, VOLUME 1, NUMBER 2, 2007
Hiroshi Yakushiji, Akira Nakatsuka (Japan) Recent Persimmon Research in Japan (pp 42-62)
ABSTRACT
Invited Review: This review attempts to introduce the results of recent findings in the areas of genetics and new released
cultivars, tree and fruit physiology, new cultural practices with the use of a horizontal trellis or a central leader training grown in
container, applications of plant growth regulators for labor-saving and high quality fruit production, heating plastic houses for
advanced shipping, humidity control and chemical treatment for shelf-life elongation after harvest of Japanese persimmon
(Diospyros kaki Thunb.) in Japan. Other research trends focus on methods related to biotechnology and molecular biology for
the classification of persimmon cultivars and their relatives, for breeding programs including ploidy manipulation through tissue
culture, genetic engineering, DNA markers linked to the trait of fruit astringency, for understanding physiological changes
including ethylene production, fruit softening, tannin accumulation and deastringency mechanism in persimmon fruit after
harvest. In addition, we will discuss the potential use of health-promoting benefits such as tannins for preventing hangovers or
the presence of vitamins.
JAPANESE ABSTRACT
本総説では、主に 1990 年以降の日本におけるカキの研究成果について概説する。育種・植物生理・栽培・貯蔵に関する分野で
は、果実形質の遺伝解析、新品種の育成、ヘタおよび花性の生理、低温耐性、生理的落果機構、新栽培技術による省力・低コ
スト・高品質化、植物生長調節剤の作用、休眠覚醒推定による加温栽培の低コスト化ならびに湿度制御やエチレン作用阻害剤
による貯蔵性向上に関する研究を議論した。バイオテクノロジー分野では、DNA あるいは染色体解析に基づくカキの品種・近
縁野生種間の類縁性解析、プロトプラストおよび細胞融合由来の植物体再生技術、遺伝子組換え体の作出、倍数体操作を取り
上げた。さらに、甘渋性に連鎖した DNA マーカーの開発、収穫後のエチレン生成と果実軟化、タンニン蓄積と脱渋機構など
分子生物学的手法を用いた研究の進展について言及した。最後に、タンニンやビタミンなどの健康増進物質による機能性研究
について議論した。
Hinako Takehisa, Tadashi Sato (Japan) Stress, Physiological and Genetic Factors of Rice Leaf Bronzing in Paddy Fields (pp
63-68)
ABSTRACT
Invited Mini-Review: Leaf bronzing, a nutrient disorder in paddy fields, can strongly depress rice growth and grain yields in
severe cases. Studies using hydroponic or pot culture have clarified its cause as nutritional stress, e.g., Fe
2+
or Mn
2+
excess,
2+
and Zn deficiency. According to complex genetic factors, rice cultivars widely exhibit various tolerances to nutritional stress:
2+
The rank order of cultivars’ leaf bronzing shown in excess Fe
cultivars in Fe
2+
hydroponic cultures does not necessarily correspond to that of
excess fields. Furthermore, leaf bronzing does not occur in excessively saline hydroponic culture, but brown
spots occur on leaf blades of some lines in saline-flooded paddy fields. Therefore, leaf bronzing occurring in fields might be
induced by other stresses and genetic factors aside from stress in hydroponic or pot culture. These facts indicate that studies of
hydroponic and pot cultures are insufficient to elucidate physiological and genetic factors. This report reviews findings
associated with physiological and genetic diversity for leaf bronzing in paddy fields, hydroponic cultures, and pot cultures.
JAPANESE ABSTRACT
イネの栄養障害の症状のひとつとして、葉身に褐色の斑点（Leaf bronzing）が発症することが知られている。これまで、Leaf
bronzing の発症に関わるストレス要因、生理要因および遺伝要因について、水耕栽培やポット栽培を用い解明が試みられてき
た。その結果、Leaf bronzing の発症には過剰鉄や過剰マンガン、亜鉛欠乏などのストレス要因が関与していることが明らかに
なり、その発症を制御する生理要因および遺伝要因が明らかにされてきた。しかし、水耕やポット栽培における過剰鉄や過剰
マンガン下でも Leaf bronzing を発症しない系統が水田では発症するなど、室内で明らかにされてきた発症を抑制する機構が必
ずしも野外の水田では機能していないことを示す結果も報告されている。この総説では、1950 年代から現在にいたるまで明ら
かにされてきたイネの Leaf bronzing の発症に関与するストレス要因、生理要因および遺伝要因を紹介し、水田におけるイネの
発症に関わる要因および機構を明らかにするための研究戦略を考察する。
Kiyoshi Fujii, Yuriko Hayano-Saito (Japan) Genetics of Durable Resistance to Rice Panicle Blast Derived from an Indica Rice
Variety Modan (pp 69-76)
ABSTRACT
Invited Mini-Review: Rice blast resistance of a quantitative nature with a weak expression for leaf blast and a strong one for
panicle blast was found in Japanese rice cultivars ‘Tsukinohikari’ and ‘Asanohikari’ harboring the Rice stripe virus (RSV)
resistance gene, Stvb-i, derived from an Indica cultivar ‘Modan’. These cultivars and their progeny cultivars have not shown any
breakdown of resistance to rice panicle blast in farmers’ paddy fields located in different areas of Japan for more than 20 years
from the dissemination of the cultivars thus far. A novel major gene, Pb1, conferred the “panicle blast resistance” in
RSV-resistant cultivars. The Pb1 locus was mapped in the Modan-derived chromosomal region in the middle part of the long
arm of chromosome 11. Pb1 and Stvb-i are linked to each other with a recombination value of 5.2+/-1.5%. These two genes had
been incorporated into Japanese cultivars from ‘Modan’. Based on the linkage and graphical genotyping analyses revealed that
RFLP marker S723 was the closest marker to Pb1 gene among the tested markers. The Pb1 gene does not confer any
complete resistance with hypersensitive reactions, and the protective ability of the gene against rice panicle blast is sufficient for
commercial rice production in Japan except in environments highly conducive to the disease. Since Pb1 is considered to be a
gene conferring durable adult resistance, it is useful in rice breeding and is also an important gene in plant protection.
JAPANESE ABSTRACT
いもち病は Magnaporthe grisea を病原菌とするイネの最重要病害である。なかでも穂いもちの発生は収量減と品質低下に直結
する。日本においてはいもち病に感受性の「コシヒカリ」および「コシヒカリ」近縁の良食味品種に作付けが集約しており、
穂いもち被害を防ぐため、殺菌剤が予防的に広く使用されている。こうした現状のなか、品種の抵抗性を高めることがいもち
病の被害を軽減し、農薬の使用を低減できる最も有効な方法である。この総説では、インド型イネ「Modan」からイネ縞葉枯
ウイルス（RSV）抵抗性を導入した日本型品種（
「月の光」、
「朝の光」）が示す特異な穂いもち抵抗性に着目し、その抵抗性の
特性，系譜，遺伝，安定性，穂いもち発病抑制効果についての解明を通じて穂いもち抵抗性遺伝子の育種利用への実用性を評
価する。さらに分子遺伝学的手法を用いて抵抗性遺伝子の染色体上座乗位置を明らかにし、密接に連鎖する DNA マーカーを
特定した最近の研究知見を紹介する。最後に、穂いもち圃場抵抗性育種を効率的に行うための DNA マーカー選抜（MAS）シ
ステムの実用化と、実際に MAS により「コシヒカリ」に穂いもち抵抗性を付与した準同質遺伝子系統（NIL）「コシヒカリ愛
知 SBL」を開発した例を紹介する。
Shigeru Mitani (Japan) Chemical Control of Potato Late Blight in Japan (pp 77-84)
ABSTRACT
Invited Mini-Review: Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans (Montagne) de Bary is the most serious disease in
Japanese potato cultivation. Heavy infection of foliages and tubers by this pathogen leads to severe losses of potato quality and
yield. As a result, control strategies for late blight in Japan often rely on the application of fungicides. The total chemical treated
area for potato late blight was 389,485 ha and 15 active ingredients including 55 formulations are currently registered for the
control of potato late blight in April, 2007. Because of growing public concerns, a major focus has been placed on ways to
protect the environment. Therefore, integrated management of potato late blight plays an increasingly important role for control
in Japan. Fungicide use is the most effective measure and will be one of the best long-term solutions in the control of late blight.
To meet current requirements such as high efficacy, cost reduction, labor reduction and environmental protection for disease
control, new technology has been required. Efforts, such as trying to develop safer and more effective products, formulations,
and spray techniques for the control of late blight will open the way for improved control of the disease. This paper reviews
potato cultivation, late blight pathogen, potato cultivars, chemical application and fungicides for the control of potato late blight in
Japan.
JAPANESE ABSTRACT
ジャガイモ疫病は Phytophthora infestans (Montagne) de Bary によって引き起こされる病害で日本のジャガイモ栽培において最も
重要な病害のひとつである。本病の発病が激しい時は茎葉や塊茎が犯され、ジャガイモの収量や品質に大きな影響を及ぼすこ
とから、殺菌剤散布に頼った防除が中心に行われている。日本におけるジャガイモ疫病の化学防除面積は 389,485 ha であり、
2007 年 4 月時点で 15 の活性成分と 55 の製品が登録されている。近年、環境保全に対する関心が高まっていることから、日本
においても環境保全型防除の重要性が増している。殺菌剤処理は疫病防除に対して今後も最も有効な方法と思われるが、より
高い防除効果、処理コストの低減、労働力の低減、環境保全を考慮した新しい技術が必要とされている。その実現のために、
より安全で効果的な製品、製剤、散布技術などの開発が続けられている。本稿では日本におけるジャガイモ栽培、疫病菌、ジ
ャガイモ品種、化学防除および殺菌剤についての概要を紹介する。
Shinya Nishimura, Shigeru Saito, Shinji Isayama (Japan) Pyridalyl: A Novel Compound with Excellent Insecticidal Activity,
High Selectivity, and Unique Mode of Action (pp 85-94)
ABSTRACT
Invited Mini-Review: Pyridalyl is a novel synthetic insecticide discovered by Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd. and has been
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developed globally as the trade names, Pleo , or Sumipleo . The compound is highly effective against various pests of
Lepidoptera, Thysanoptera, Diptera and certain Acari, including resistant strains that are less susceptible or resistant to existing
insecticides. The lepidopterous larvae treated with pyridalyl exhibited unique symptoms that were not observed with existing
insecticides, suggesting the novel mode of action of pyridalyl. Intoxication study found that pyridalyl has a wide range of
effective dosage, and thus the compound can provide an excellent anti-feeding activity against target insect pests. The
laboratory and field experiments found that pyridalyl has an excellent selectivity between target insect pests and beneficial
arthropods including pollinators, predators and parasitoids. In the cytotoxicological experiments using an insect cell line Sf9, the
cytotoxicity of pyridalyl and its analogs on Sf9 cells were highly associated with the insecticidal activity against S. litura,
indicating that the cytotoxicity of pyridalyl in Sf9 cells reflects its insecticidal action at least in part. The cytotoxicity study also
found that pyridalyl displayed obvious cytotoxicity to Sf9 cells whereas it had no effect on a mammalian cell line CHO-K1,
thereby high selectivity was observed even at cell-line level. These characteristics of pyridalyl would allow the compound to be
one of the most powerful tools for controlling and managing pest insects under IPM- and IRM-based crop protection programs.
JAPANESE ABSTRACT
ピリダリルは住友化学（株）によって発見された新規な殺虫剤であり、プレオ、またはスミプレオの商品名で世界的に販売さ
れてきた。本化合物は、鱗翅目、アザミウマ目、双翅目およびダニ目に属する様々な害虫に高い効力を示し、既存の殺虫剤に
感受性が低い、あるいは抵抗性を示す系統に対しても有効である。ピリダリルを処理した鱗翅目害虫の幼虫は、既存の殺虫剤
には見られない特異な症状を呈し、ピリダリルが新規な作用機作を有することが示唆された。詳細な症状観察によって、ピリ
ダリルが効果を示す濃度は広範囲であり、
また対象害虫に対して極めて高い摂食阻害効果を示すことが明らかになった。
一方、
ピリダリルは花粉媒介者、捕食者、捕食寄生者などの有用昆虫に対する影響はほとんどなく、対象害虫との間に高い選択性を
有する。昆虫培養細胞 Sf9 を使った細胞毒性試験を行ったところ、ピリダリルとその類縁体の細胞毒性の強さと、ハスモンヨ
トウに対する殺虫効果との間には高い相関性があることから、Sf9 に対する細胞毒性が少なくとも部分的に殺虫効果に関与し
ていると考えられた。Sf9 に対する明らかな細胞毒性とは対照的に、ピリダリルは哺乳動物の培養細胞 CHO-K1 にはほとんど
影響を与えず、本化合物の高い選択性は培養細胞レベルでさえ検出された。よって、ピリダリルはその優れた特性によって、
総合的害虫管理（IPM）や害虫抵抗性管理（IRM）などのマネジメントシステムに基づいた防除プログラムのもとで、害虫を
有効に防除し管理する資材として非常に有用であると考えられた。
Hide Omae (Japan) Skiffing in Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze): Constructive Changes of Tea Bush by Mechanical
Skiffing and Yield Prediction (pp 95-102)
ABSTRACT
Invited Mini-Review: Tea skiffing brings both advantages and disadvantages to tea production. The tree canopy and plucked
ratio, as well as tea quality, yield and yield components can be controlled by skiffing. Tea skiffing, on the other hand, decreases
the source of photosynthesis. Advantages of this trade-off and knowledge of how to manage it is required. A better tea canopy
for tea production can be achieved by shallower skiffing, which contributes to better tea quality in the first crop and greater shoot
weight in the latter crop. Development of top lateral buds in skiffed branches (SBs) is predictable from the daily mean
temperature and day length. Tea yield of top lateral shoots is strongly associated with meteorological factors, and thus easily
predictable from multiple regression equations using days after skiffing, accumulated daily maximum temperature, daily
minimum humidity and accumulated solar radiation as independent variables. For predicting total yield, prediction accuracy
increases when the number of flushed shoots, which is predictable from the number of SBs, is added into independent variables.
This review paper clarifies the constructive changes in tea trees by skiffing and evaluates the importance of skiffed branches in
the use of tea yield prediction.
JAPANESE ABSTRACT
チャの整枝は茶の生産に功罪両方の影響を及ぼす。整枝によって私たちは樹冠、摘採割合、茶の品質、新芽収量や収量構成要
素を制御できる。一方、整枝自体は光合成ソースを減少させる。従ってこのトレードオフの関係やそれにどう対応していくか
を学ぶことが必要となってくる。茶の生産にとって望ましい樹冠は浅整枝によって作り上げることができる。浅整枝によって
一番茶の品質が良く後半の茶期での収量が多くなる。整枝によって切り取られた枝に着生する第１側芽の発達は、日平均気温
と日長から推定可能である。第１側芽の茶収量は気象要因と密接に関係しているため、整枝後の日数、日最高気温、日最低湿
度や日射量の積算値を説明変数とする重回帰式により容易に推定できる。新芽の総収量は、整枝によって切り取られた枝の数
から推定可能な新芽数を説明変数に加えることにより予測精度が向上する。このレビューはチャの整枝が樹冠に及ぼす影響を
明らかにするとともに、整枝によって切り取られた枝の発育が、茶収量を予測する上で重要であることを示す。
Yuriko Osakabe, Nobuyuki Nishikubo, Keishi Osakabe (Japan) Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase in Woody Plants: A Key
Switch of Carbon Accumulation in Biomass (pp 103-108)
ABSTRACT
Invited Mini-Review: Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is a key enzyme of phenylpropanoid metabolism and catalyses the
first step from primary metabolism to secondary metabolism. The transcriptional activation of PAL genes is controlled during
plant growth and development and by abiotic and biotic stresses. Recent studies of biochemical characterization of PAL
isoforms suggest that PAL protein is posttranslationally modified and this regulation might module the PAL metabolic networks.
JAPANESE ABSTRACT
フェニルアラニンアンモニアリアーゼ（PAL）は一次代謝から二次代謝への経路の分岐の反応を触媒する重要な酵素である。
PAL 遺伝子は植物の分化および発達段階、生物的および非生物的ストレスにより、転写レベルで様々に制御されることが近年
の研究で明らかにされてきている。また、PAL 遺伝子の転写活性化に関与する転写因子は、PAL のみならず二次代謝生合成経
路に関わる酵素遺伝子を様々に制御することが明らかにされている。最近、PAL タンパク質の細胞内局在性は、小胞体やプラ
スチド等多様性を示すことが明らかにされ、PAL タンパク質の翻訳後調節によって酵素活性が制御されることも示唆されてい
る。この総説では PAL 遺伝子および酵素の制御について最近の知見を紹介するとともに、バイオマス生産の効率的な人為的制
御を目的とした二次代謝生合成系酵素遺伝子群の発現調節の改変に関する最近の研究について紹介する。

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