è - JJ Mountains snow melting device

ENVIRONMENT
The Scientific Leader of Revolutions The honourable Chief Minister of
Tamilnadu State - India -
Miss. J. Jayalalitha
who has been honoured by
the people as the noble of
'Mother Therasa'
UNO â„êKˆ¶œ÷ èì™ ñ†ì àò˜¾ è£óíñ£è Þ¡¬ø‚°
îIöèˆF¡ èì«ô£óƒèO™ ²ŸÁ„ÅöL¡ à„êè†ì
ð£FŠð£è Üˆ¶eP ¸¬ö‰¶M†ì àŠ¹‚èì™
î‡a¬óˆ î´ˆ¶ GÁˆ¶‹ «ðó£Ÿø™ ñ£‡¹I° Ü‹ñ£ Üõ˜èO¡ ¹Fò ®vèõKò£ù
ñ¬öc˜ «êèKŠ¹ ñÁ²öŸCˆ F†ìˆFŸ° à‡ì£?
Ãõ‹ ºî™ ªï£Œò™ õ¬ó
M…ë£ùÌ˜õñ£è ²ˆFèKŠ¹
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JJ
Powerful Bio-Diesel
¹Fò põ ïFèœ àŸðˆFˆ F†ì‹!
"Decertification, or the spread of desert,
threatens over a third of the world's
land surface. Severe deterioration, loss of
forest and soil can turn productive land
into Deserts, even year an area of the size
of UNITED KINDOM is either lost or
severely degraded...
- UNO
1663/CHE/2007 CBR No. : 1925
JJ
MSMD
JJ
Mountains Snow
Melting Device
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ÜPM‚è º®òM™¬ô.
Þ‰î ÜFêò‹ Gèö â¡ù è£óí‹ â¡Á ÝŒ‰î «ð£¶ ïñ‚°‚
A¬ìˆî «ð¼‡¬ñ Ü¶ î£¡.
æ¬ì‚ èô£„ê£ó‹!
Fó£Mì ð£ó‹ð˜òˆF¡... àôèŠ «ðKì˜ î´‚°‹ èõê‹ Ü¶!
ïFèœ Þ¬íŠ¹ Íô«ñ ï£†®™ õÁ¬ñ¬ò åN‚è º®»‹ â¡ðîŸ°
å¼ õ£¿‹ ê£†Cî£¡
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àôè‹ º¿õ¶‹ c‚èñøŠ ðóMM†ì °«ô£ð™ õ£˜Iƒ¬è«ò
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Aö‚A™ å¼ ªõQv!
î…ê£×¬óˆ îIöèˆF¡ ªïŸè÷…Cò‹ â¡Á ªê£™õ¶ «ð£™
«èó÷£M¡ «ê£ŸÁ‚ A‡íñ£è Rice Bowl of Kerala ªðò˜ ªðŸø¶ Þ‰î
°†ìï£†´Š ð°F. Üƒ«è Þ¼‚°‹ ‘è£ò™’ â¡Á Ü¬ö‚èŠð´‹ IèŠ
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ð°FJ¡ Aó£ñŠ ¹øƒèO¡ õ£ê™èO™ Ãì æìM†®¼‚Aø£˜èœ.
ªõ‹ðï£´ ãKî£¡ Þ‰î æ¬ì‚ èô£„ê£óˆFŸ° º‚Aò c˜ Ýî£ó‹.
1900 A«ô£ e†ì˜ c÷ˆFŸ° ê£¬øŠ ð£‹ð£è Þ‰î æ¬ìèœ õ¬÷‰¶
õ¬÷‰¶ «ð£Œ 12 ªðKò Aó£ñƒèÀ‚° º¬øõ£ê™ ªêŒA¡øù.
åšªõ£¼ i†´ õ£êL™ Þ¼‰¶ Þ‰î æ¬ìèÀ‚° ð®è†´èœ!
65 õ£Œ‚è£™è÷£èŠ HK‚èŠð†ì ªðKò¶‹ CPò¶ñ£ù Þ‰î æ¬ìèœ
ð¡ºèŠ ðò¡è¬÷‚ ªè£‡ìù. âF¼‹ ¹F¼ñ£è‚ è†´ñóƒèœ
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Ü®Šð¬ì Ýî£óñ£è õ÷¬ñ «ê˜‚Aø¶. Aó£ñ õEèˆFŸ° Þ‰î
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ÜF º‚Aòñ£ù¶ å†´ªñ£ˆî «èó÷ ñ£GôˆF¡ ªï™ M¬÷„ê½‚°
Þ‰î æ¬ìèœ î£¡ º‚Aò‚ è£™õ£Œèœ. ÞõŸ¬ø‚ è£™õ£Œèœ â¡Á
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M†ì¶. Þî¡ è£óíñ£èˆî£¡ èì™ c˜ ÌI‚°œ ¹°‰¶ àôè‹ ãøˆî£ö
ÜNòŠ «ð£õ¬î 15 Ý‡´è÷£è M…ë£Qèœ Ü„êˆ«î£´ ÜPMˆ¶
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Ýù£™... âƒèœ MKõ£ù ÝŒ¾èO¡ «ð£¶ «èó÷£M™ Gôˆî® c˜
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ð£F‚è£¶ â¡«ø â‡íˆ «î£¡ÁAø¶. Þ¬îˆî£¡ UNO-¾‹ àÁF
ªêŒ¶œ÷¶.
Gôˆî® cK¡ ÜõCòˆ¬îˆ ¶™Lòñ£è ïñ¶ Ü‡¬ì ñ£Gôñ£ù
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Ýó£Œ‰¶ ÜP‰¶î£¡ ïñ¶ ñ£‡¹I° îIöè ºî™õ˜, ñ¬öc˜ «êèKŠ¹ˆ
F†ìˆ¬î 10 Ý‡´èÀ‚° º¡«ð îI›ï£†®™ ÜPºèŠð´ˆF»œ÷£˜.
ÞŠð® å¼ F†ì‹ àôA¡ «õÁ â‰î ï£†®½‹ ÞîŸ° º¡¹
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ñ¬öc˜
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F†ì‹
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Üñ™ð´ˆîŠð†ì£™ îIöèˆF¡ Gôˆî® c˜ ñ†ì‹ ªõ°õ£è àò¼‹.
Üî¡ð® àò˜‰¶M†ì Gôˆî® c˜ «èó÷ ñ£Gô‹ «ð£ô«õ, àŠ¹‚
èì™ î‡a¬ó ïñ¶ ÌI‚°œ Üˆ¶eP ¸¬öò£ñ™ î´ˆ¶ M´‹.
Üî¡ð® UNO ÜPMˆ¶œ÷ Ü†ìõ¬íŠð® îIöèˆF™ G¬ô°¬ô‰¶
«ð£°‹ èì«ô£ó‹ õ£› ñ‚èO™ å¼«è£®Š «ðK¡ õ£›õ£î£óƒèœ
G„êò‹ ñ£‡¹I° Ü‹ñ£õ£™ è£Šð£ŸøŠð´‹.
Þ‰î Ü¼‹ªð¼‹
F†ìˆ¬î ÝŒ¾ ªêŒ¶ ÜƒWèK‚è «ñ¡¬ñ îƒAò UNO-MŸ°‹
âƒèœ ê˜õ«îê ÝŒ¾ ÜøG¬ôò‹ ÜPMŠ¹ ªêŒ¶œ÷¶.
âù«õ
ñ£‡¹I° Ü‹ñ£ Üõ˜èO¡ â™ô£¼‹ â™ô£º‹ ªðø «õ‡´‹ Þƒ° Þ™ô£¬ñ Þ™ô£î G¬ô «õ‡´‹ â¡ø Ý¬íŠð® Gôˆî® c˜
«êèKŠ¹ ñÁ²öŸC F†ì‹
1.
î‡a˜ˆ î†´Šð£´è¬÷»‹ õÁ¬ñè¬÷»‹ ²õ®¡P ÜèŸø
õ™ô¶.
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2.
àôè ªõŠðŠ ªð¼‚èˆ¬î»‹ M…ë£ùÌ˜õñ£è G„êò‹ è†´‚°œ
ªè£‡´ õ‰¶ M´‹.
3.
Þ¬õè¬÷ªò™ô£‹ Y˜É‚AŠ ð£˜ˆî£™ îù¶ ªð¼‹ «ðÁ ªðŸø
Hø‰îï£¬÷ ²ŸÁ„Åö™ «ñ‹ð£†´ Fùñ£è ñ£‡¹I° Ü‹ñ£
Üõ˜èœ ÜPMˆî£™ ÜF™ å¼ õóô£ŸÁ„ CøŠ¹I° º‚Aòˆ¶õ‹
ãŸð´‹. å†´ªñ£ˆî àôèº‹ Ü‹ñ£M¡ F¬ê «ï£‚Aˆ ªî£¿‹.
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àôè Ü÷M™
Iè ÜFèñ£ù
«ðóN¾èœ
Þ‰Fò£M™î£¡
ãŸð´A¡øù.
U.N.O.
àôè Ü÷M™ ÜFè ¹ò™, ªõœ÷Š ð£FŠ¹èœ Þ‰Fò£M™î£¡!
-7-
Gô ÜF˜¾èO™ 13 ÝJó‹ «ð˜ ðL
å†´ªñ£ˆî Þ‰Fò£M¡ ¹MJò™ ð£FŠ¹è¬÷ M÷‚°‹
U.N.O. èEŠ¹èœ
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Ü«î «ð£™ Þ‰î Gôˆî® c˜ ïñ¶ îIöèˆF¡ ªõŠðŠ ªð¼‚èˆ¬î»‹
è†´Šð´ˆ¶‹ ÝŸø™ ªðŸø¶. Þ‰î ªõŠðŠ ªð¼‚è‹ ÌIJ™ ãŸð´‹
õø‡ì Å¬ø‚ è£ŸÁèÀ‚°‹, èì™ YŸøƒèÀ‚°‹ è£óíñ£è àœ÷¬î
ITC Zone Íô‹ Þ¡¬øò M…ë£ù‹ àí˜‰¶ ªè£‡´œ÷¶.
The Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a dynamic weather area located near the
equator warms the air, making it rise and thereby creating low pressure at the equator, along
with rain-producing cumulonimbus clouds. The rising air eventually cools and sinks back to
the surface at latitude roughly 30o north and south of the equator.
ïñ¶ ê˜õ«îê ÝŒ¾ ÜøG¬ôò‹, c˜ «ñô£‡¬ñèO™ ï£‹ Gó‰îóñ£è
î¡Q¬ø¾ ªð¼‹ õNè¬÷ «î®ò¬ô‰î «ð£¶î£¡, Þ‰î ñ¬öc˜
«êèKŠ¹Š «ð£ô«õ ïFc˜ ñÁ ²öŸC º¬ø¬ò 5 ÝJó‹ Ý‡´èÀ‚°
º‰îò ï‹ ñ‡E¡ ¬ñ‰î˜èœ, Fó£Mì ñóHù˜ ýóŠð£,
ªñ£è…êî£«ó£Š ð°FèO™ M…ë£ùŠÌ˜õñ£è ÜFêòˆî‚è º¬øJ™
Üñ™ð´ˆFJ¼Šð¶ ªîKò õ‰î¶.
Ü‰î ïFc˜ ñÁ²öŸC º¬øJ¡ ê£†Còƒèœ â™ô£‹ èì‰î 5 ÝJó‹
Ý‡´èO™ Ü®ˆî ¹¿F„ ²öŸè£ŸÁè÷£™ ÌI‚°œ ¹¬î»‡´
«ð£ù¶.
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ÞŠ«ð£¶ Üè›õ£ó£Œ„C G¹í˜èœ Ü‰î ÜKò îìòƒè¬÷
ÌI‚°œO¼‰¶
«î£‡®ˆî£¡
è‡´H®ˆ¶
àô°‚°
ÜP¾ÁˆF»œ÷ù˜.
5 ÝJó‹ Ý‡´èÀ‚° º¡¹ Ü‰î ýóŠð£, ªñ£è…êî£«ó£
ð°FèO™ æ®ò å¼ põïF ÞŠ«ð£¶ F¬êñ£PŠ «ð£Œ M†ì£½‹,
Ü‰î
ïFJ¡
õNˆîìƒè¬÷
Üè›õó£Œ„C
G¹í˜èœ
è‡´H®ˆ¶œ÷ù˜. ÜŠ«ð£¶î£¡... Ü‰î è£í£ñ™ «ð£ŒM†ì ïFJ¡
è¬ó«ò£ó‹ ÜFêòñ£ù å¼ ‘¶¬øºè‚ è†´ñ£ù‹’ Þ¼Šð¶
è‡´H®‚èŠð†ì¶.
èìŸè¬ó æóƒèO™ ñ†´«ñ àœ÷ ¶¬øºè‹,
ºî™ º¬øò£è å¼ ïF‚è¬ó æó‹ Þ¼‰î«î IèŠ ªðKò M‰¬îî£¡!
ÜF½‹ Ü‰îˆ ¶¬øºè‹Ãì ïF¬ò å†® Þ¼‚èM™¬ô. å¼ ªðKò
õEè ïèóˆF¡ ï´M™ Ü¬ñ‰F¼‰î¶. Ü¬î M÷‚°‹ õ¬èJ™
Üè›õó£Œ„C G¹í˜èœ ªõOJ†ì õ¬óðìˆ¬î‚ èõQˆî£™ ÜŠ«ð£¶
Üƒ«è â¡ù â¡ù M…ë£ù ÜFêòƒèœ ïì‰¶œ÷¶ â¡ð¬î àíó
º®Aø¶.
Üî¡ð®, õôI¼‰¶ Þìñ£è å¼ õŸø£î ðQ ïF ÜŠ«ð£¶ Ü‰îŠ
ð°FJ™ æ®‚ ªè£‡®¼‰î¶. ÞŠ«ð£¶ - Ü¶ ‘ªêù£Š’ â¡ø ªðòK™
ð£Avî£Q™ æ®‚ ªè£‡®¼‚Aø¶. ‘ïF‚è¬ó æóƒèœ î£¡ ñQî°ô
ï£èKèˆF¡ ªî£†®™’ - â¡ø êKˆFó à‡¬ñ‚° ãŸð Ü‰î
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Archaeologists have discovered a massive, dredged canal and what they regard as a docking
facility at the coastal city of Lothal in western India (Gujarat state). An extensive canal
network, used for irrigation, has however also been discovered by H.-P. Francfort.
ïF‚è¬ó¬òˆ î£‡® å¼ ªðKò õEè ïèó‹ Þ¼‰¶œ÷¶‹, Ü‰î
ïèóˆF¡ õEè õ˜ˆîèƒèÀ‚è£è îƒèœ ïèóˆF¡ ñˆFJ™
ÞŠ«ð£¬îò °üó£ˆ ñ£GôˆF™ å¼ ¶¬øºè‚ è†´ñ£ùˆ¬î
ÜŠ«ð£¬îò â¡TQò˜èœ G˜ñ£Eˆ¶œ÷ù˜. Ü‰î põïFJL¼‰¶
ïèóˆF¡ õô¶¹øñ£è å¼ A¬÷¬òŠ HKˆ¶ Ü¬îŠ ð£¶è£Šð£è îƒèœ
¶¬øºè‚ è†´ñ£ùˆFŸ°œ ªè£‡´õ‰¶œ÷ù˜.
«ñ½‹ õ¬óðìˆ¬î‚ èõQˆî£™ ðQ ïFJ¡ A¬÷¬ò ¶¬øºèŠ
ðò¡ð£†®Ÿ° àð«ò£èŠð´ˆF‚ ªè£‡ì«î£´ «ñ½‹ Ü‰î‚ A¬÷¬ò
W›«ï£‚A c†®Š¹ ªêŒ¶œ÷¬î‚ è£íô£‹.
Ü¶ Mõê£òˆ
«î¬õèÀ‚è£è¾‹ ¶¬øºèˆF¡ õ®è£ô£è¾‹ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠ
ð†®¼‚Aø¶. ÞF™ °PŠHìˆî‚è å¼ Ü‹ê‹ â¡ùªõ¡ø£™, Ü‰î 5
ÝJó‹ Ý‡´èÀ‚° º‰¬îò Ü‰î ªð£PJò™ õ™½ï˜èÀ‚° ÜÂðõ
M…ë£QèÀ‚°, ïF¬ò ñÁ²öŸC ªêŒ»‹ º¬ø ªîK‰F¼‚è
«õ‡´‹.
Üîù£™î£¡, Ü‰îˆ ¶¬øºèˆFL¼‰¶ Þó‡ì£õ¶
õ®è£ô£è Þì¶¹øˆF™ å¼ õ£Œ‚è£™ Ü¬ñˆ¶ Ü‰îˆ ¶¬øºèˆF¡
î‡a¬ó e‡´‹ Ü«î ïFJ™ èô‚è M†®¼‚Aø£˜èœ.
- 11 -
Ü¶
õ®è£L¡ °Á‚è£è G˜ñ£E‚èŠð†ì
Hó‹ñ£‡ìñ£ù ð£ôˆF¡ õNò£è ò£¬ùèœ
¶¬øºèŠ ðEèÀ‚è£è‚ ªè£‡´õóŠð†ìù.
¶¬øºèˆF¡ ê£î£óíñ£ù õ®è£ô£è
Þ¼‰F¼‰î£™ Ü¬î e‡´‹ ïFJ™ Þ¬í‚è
«õ‡®ò ÜõCò‹ Þ™¬ô.
Ü‰îˆ ¶¬øºèˆF¡ W›Š
ð°FJ™ àœ÷ M¬÷Gôƒ
èÀ‚° Ü‰î õ®è£¬ôˆ
F¼ŠH
M†®¼Šð£˜èœ.
âù«õî£¡
¬ý†ó£ôT
îˆ¶õˆF™
‘ïFè¬÷
ñÁ²öŸC’ ªêŒî ºî™ ñQî˜
è÷£è Þõ˜èœ õ˜E‚èŠð´
ïFè¬÷ ñÁ²öŸC ªêŒî º¬ø
Aø£˜èœ.
ÞŠ«ð£¶, ïñ¶ ñ¬öc˜ «êèKŠ¹ˆ F†ìˆFŸ° õ¼«õ£‹.
ÜF½‹
ñ¬öc˜ ñÁ²öŸC ªêŒòŠð´‹ õ¬èJ™ Ü‰î «êI‚èŠð†ì ñ¬öc˜
Ý›¶¬÷‚ AíÁèœ Íô‹ e‡´‹ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´Aø¶.
ïñ¶ îIöè‹ - ñ¬ö °¬øõ£è«õ ªðŒò‚Ã®ò ñ¬ö ñ¬ø¾Š
Hó«îêˆF™ Þ¼Šð¶ å¼ õ¼‰îˆî‚è Mêò‹î£¡.
Üîù£™î£¡
îI›ï£´ Ü‡¬ì ñ£Gôƒè¬÷ Mì î‡a˜ˆ î†´Šð£´è÷£™ ªð¼‹
ð£FŠ¹è¬÷ ê‰Fˆ¶ õ¼Aø¶.
Ü«î êñò‹, ñ£‡¹I° Ü‹ñ£M¡ ñ¬öc˜ «êèKŠ¹ˆ F†ì‹ ÞòŸ¬èJ¡ ð£FŠ¹è¬÷»‹ îè˜ˆªîP‰¶ îIöèˆF¡ î‡a˜ˆ
î†´Šð£´è¬÷ êñ£O‚è º¬ùõ¬î êeðˆF™ M¼¶ïè˜Š ð°FJ™
Gî˜êùñ£è‚ è£í º®‰¶œ÷¶. Þ‰î 2013Ý‹ Ý‡´ ãŸèù«õ
ªðŒ¶õ¼‹ ð¼õ ñ¬öèO¡ Ü÷¬õMì 33% °¬øõ£è«õ îIöèˆF™
ªðŒ¶œ÷¶.
âù«õ ªð¼õ£Kò£ù Aó£ñŠ ¹øƒèO¡ °®c˜ ñŸÁ‹ Mõê£òˆ
«î¬õèÀ‚° põ£î£óñ£ù Gôˆî® c˜ ñ†ì‹ º‰¬îò Ý‡´è¬÷Mì
ÜFè Ü÷M™ °¬ø‰¶ M†ì¶. Ýù£™ M¼¶ïèK™, ñ¬öc˜ «êèKŠ¹ˆ
- 12 -
F†ì‹ ªð¼õ£Kò£ù i´èO™ Üñ™ð´ˆîŠð†´ õ¼‹ ð°FèO™ ñ†´‹
Þ‰î Gôˆî® c˜ ñ†ì‹ º‰¬îò Ý‡´è¬÷Mì èEêñ£ù Ü÷¾
àò˜‰¶œ÷¶.
ñ¬öc˜ «êèKŠ¹ˆ F†ì‹ Üñ™ð´ˆî£î è†ììƒèÀ‚°
ÞQ ï£¡ è‡®Šð£è ÜÂñF õöƒè ñ£†«ì¡!
ÜŠð®¡Â ñ£‡¹I° Ü‹ñ£ Üõ˜èœ ªê£™ô„ ªê£¡ù£ƒè
Þî¬ù‚ è‡µŸø Ü‰îŠ ð°F ñ‚èœ ñ£‡¹I° Ü‹ñ£M¡ ñ¬öc˜ «êèKŠ¹ˆ
F†ìˆF¡ Ü¼¬ñ ªð¼¬ñè¬÷ àí˜‰î«î£´,
ÜFè£Kèœ Þ‰îˆ F†ìˆ¬î‚ è‡®Š¹ì¡
ªêò™ð´ˆFù£™ î‡a˜ˆ î†´Šð£´èO
L¼‰¶ îƒèœ ð°F¬ò æó÷¾ è£Šð£Ÿø º®»‹
â¡Á áìèƒèO™ è¼ˆ¶ˆ ªîKMˆ¶œ÷ù˜.
Gôˆî® c˜ â¡ð¶ GôˆFL¼‰¶ «î£‡®
â´‚èŠð´‹ îƒèˆ¬îMì ÜFè ñFŠ¹
õ£Œ‰î¶. Þî¬ù àí˜‰¶ ªè£‡ì ªê¡¬ù
ñ£ïèó õí‚èˆFŸ°Kò «ñò˜ ¬ê¬î ¶¬óê£I
Ãì... Þ‰î ñ£î ñ£ïèó£†C Ã†ìˆF™ “ñ¬öc˜
- 13 -
ªì¡ñ£˜‚ ªî£N™¸†ðˆ¶ì¡
èìÖ¬ó Ü´ˆî °P…CŠð£®J™
ªýLè£Šì˜ àîM»ì¡
Gôˆî® c˜ ÝŒ¾
- 14 -
- 15 -
ñ£‡¹I° Ü‹ñ£ Üõ˜èO¡ ®vèõKò£™ Gôˆî® c˜ ãK à¼õ£A‚ªè£‡´œ÷¶.
«êèKŠ¹ˆ F†ìˆ¬î„ ªêò™ð´ˆî£î â‰î å¼ è†´ñ£ùˆFŸ°‹ ÞQ
ÜÂñF õöƒèŠðì ñ£†ì£¶” â¡Á ÜPMˆ¶œ÷¶ õó«õŸèˆî‚è¶.
ÞF™ õ¼ƒè£ôˆF™ å¼ ÜŸ¹î‹ ïì‚è õ£ŒŠ¹œ÷¬î ï£‹ àí˜‰¶
ªè£œ÷ º®Aø¶. Þ‰î 10 Ý‡´èO™ Þ‰î ñ¬öc˜ «êèKŠ¹ Íô‹
âšõ÷¾ î‡a˜ ÌI‚è®J™ ñ¬öcó£è «êI‚èŠð†´œ÷¶ â¡ð¶
ÞŠ«ð£¶ è‡´H®‚èŠðìM™¬ôî£¡. Ýù£™ ïñ¶ îIöèˆF¡ Gôˆî®
c˜ æó÷¾ èEêñ£è ªð¼A Þ¼Šðî£™î£¡ Ü¬î õ£Q™ ²ŸÁ‹
«ê†®¬ô†´èœ Íô‹ óèCòñ£è à÷¾ ð£˜ˆ¶ ªîK‰¶ ªè£‡´,
ªõOï£†´ GÁõùƒèœ Ü‚è¬ø«ò£´ îIöèˆFŸ° õ‰¶, ïñ¶
ñ¬öc¬ó Þôõêñ£è„ ²ó‡®, îƒèœ ªî£N™ õ÷˜„C¬ò «ñ‹ð´ˆF
õ¼A¡øù˜. «ð£è†´‹. «ñ¬ôï£´èœ ðôõŸP™ ÞŠð® îQò£˜
GÁõùƒèœ Gôˆî® c¬ó Þôõêñ£èŠ ªðø º®ò£¶. å¼ ªð£¼O¡
ñFŠ¹ â¡ð¶ Ü‰îŠ ªð£¼œ àŸðˆF ªêŒò àð«ò£èŠð´ˆîŠð´‹
î‡a¬ó»‹ «ê˜ˆ¶ˆî£¡ ªõOï£´èO™ M¬ô G˜íJ‚Aø£˜èœ.
âù«õ ªð£¼œè¬÷ àŸðˆF ªêŒ»‹ªð£¿¶ ÜF™ ñ¬ø‰¶œ÷ c¬ó
ñ¬øc˜ â¡A«ø£‹.
- 16 -
Ü´ˆîî£è, ªê¡¬ù ïèK¡ ðóŠð÷¾ = 1,177 ê.Ae. Þ‰î ñ¬öc˜
«êèKŠ¹ˆ F†ìˆ¬î ïèK™ ð£F è†®ìƒèO™ îõø£ñ™ ðò¡ð´ˆFù£™
ÃìŠ «ð£¶‹. ÜŠ«ð£¶ ªê¡¬ù ïèK¡ ðóŠð÷MŸ° êññ£ù å¼
‘Gôˆî® c˜ ãK’ ÌI‚°‚ W«ö àôè÷M™ ºî™º¬øò£è î¡Q„¬êò£è
â‰î‚ è†´ñ£ùº‹ Þ™ô£ñ™ à¼õ£A M´‹. ÜŠð® å¼ Gôˆî® c˜
à¼õ£õ¶ - ñ¬ö ñ¬ø¾Š Hó«îêñ£è ÞŠ«ð£¶ ñ£PM†ì¶‹ î‡a˜
î†´Šð£´èœ G¬ø‰î¶ñ£ù îIöèˆFŸ° îIöè ºî™õ˜ Ü‹ñ£M¡
Ü¼ƒªè£¬ìò£è, CøŠH‚èŠð´‹. ¹MJò™ êKˆFóˆF™ Ü‹ñ£M¡
ªðò˜ ºî™º¬øò£è ºî¡¬ñò£è Þì‹H®‚°‹.
ÜŠð® Ü¬ñ»‹
Gôˆî® c˜ ãKJ¡ CøŠð‹êƒè¬÷ ïñ¶ ê˜õ«îê ÜPMò™ ÝŒ¾
¬ñò Üø‚è†ì¬÷ Ýó£Œ‰¶ ð£˜ˆî¶. Üî¡ð®,
1. Ü‰î Gôˆî® ï¡m˜ ãK «ð£™ ð£¶è£Šð£ù IèŠ ðó‰î ãK¬ò
ÌIJ¡ «ñ™ðóŠH™ ÞQ â‰î õ™ôóê£½‹Ãì è†´ñ£ù‹ ªêŒò«õ
º®ò£¶.
2. ÌIJ¡ «ñ™ñ†ì ãKèœ Þ‰î °«ô£ð™ õ£˜Iƒè£™ Y‚Aó‹ õø‡´
M´‹. Ýù£™, Gôˆî® c˜ ãKJ¡ î‡a˜ ªõŠðˆî£™ ÝMò£°‹
õ£ŒŠ«ð Þ™¬ô.
3. ÞŠ«ð£¶ ñ¬öcK¡ ªð¼‹ð£ô£ù Ü÷¾ «î‚A ¬õ‚è º®ò£îî£™
ií£è èìL™î£¡ êƒèI‚èŠð´Aø¶.
4. Hóñ£‡ìñ£ù Gôˆî® ãKèœ ïè˜Š¹øƒèO™ à¼õ£A M´‹ «ð£¶
ÜKî£èŠ ªðŒ»‹ ñ¬öcK¡ ªð¼‹ð£ô£ù Ü÷¾ Þ‰î Gôˆî® c˜
ãKèO™ «êI‚èŠð†´ M´‹. M¬ô ñFŠðŸø ñ¬öc˜ ií£è
èìL½‹ èô‚è£¶ è£ð‰¶ ªêŒòŠð´‹.
5. ÌIJ¡ «ñ™ñ†ìˆF™ ÞŠð® ªê‹ðó‹ð£‚è‹ «ð£™ 100 ñìƒ°
ªðKî£ù ãK Ü¬ñˆî£™, ÜF™Ãì ñ¬ö‚ è£ôƒèO™ î‡a¬ó
ÜFè Ü÷M™ «î‚A ¬õ‚è º®»‹. Ýù£™ ã«î£ å¼ è£óíˆî£™
C¡ù Gô ÜF˜¾è÷£™ Ü™ô¶ âF˜ð£ó£î è†´ñ£ù MKê™è÷£™
Ü‰î Hó‹ñ£‡ì ãK à¬ìŠ¹ â´‚èô£‹. Üîù£™ Ü¬î å†®»œ÷
ªê¡¬ù, è£…C «ð£¡ø ªð¼ïèóƒèO™ ªðKò Ü÷M™ ð£FŠ¹èœ
ãŸð†«ì b¼‹. Ü¬î‚ è†´Šð´ˆî¾‹ º®ò£¶.
- 17 -
- 18 -
6. Ýù£™ Gôˆî® ãKJ¡ Ü¬ñŠ¹ ºŸP½‹ MˆFò£êñ£ù¶.
å¼«õ¬÷ ÜFè ñ¬ö ªðŒî£½‹, Ü‰î Gôˆî® c˜ ãKJ™
â‚è£óí‹ ªè£‡´‹ à¬ìŠ¹ ãŸðì£¶. àî£óíñ£è ªê¡¬ùJ¡
ðóŠð÷MŸ° W«ö à¼õ£ù Gôˆî® c˜ Gó‹Hò¾ì¡ Ü¬î‚
è†´Šð´ˆî â‰î è†´ñ£ù«ñ£ î¬ì«ò£ Þ™ô£îî£™ Ü‰î ‘Gôˆî®
c˜’ ãKJ¡, î‡a˜ ÌIJ¡ W› Þ¼‚°‹ c«ó£¬ìèœ Íô‹
ð‚èˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ è£…C¹óˆFŸ° õN«î®Š «ð£ŒM´‹.
è£…C¹óˆF¡ Gôˆî® c˜ ñ†ìˆ¬î àò˜ˆF ÜPë˜ Ü‡í£ Hø‰î
è£…C¬ò ‘Ü‡í£ ï£ñ‹ õ£›è’ â¡Á ð£ó£†® M†´, è£…C¬ò
õ÷Šð´ˆ¶‹. Ü«î «ð£™ I¬èò£è ªê¡¬ù õNò£è õ¼‹ Gôˆî®
c˜ ãKJ¡ î‡a˜ è£…C¹ó‹ î£‡®, è¡Qò£°ñK õ¬óÃì
ªê™ô ÌIJ¡ êƒALˆ ªî£ì˜ c«ó£¬ìèœ õNõ°‚°‹ â¡«ø
Ì«è£÷ M…ë£ù‹ ÃÁAø¶.
âù«õ è¡Qò£°ñKJ¡ è‡a¬ó ñ£‡¹I° Ü‹ñ£M¡ èóƒèœ
Þó‚èˆ«î£´ ¶¬ìˆªîP‰¶ M…ë£ùŠ ¹ó†Cˆî¬ôMò£è Þ‰Fò£M™
ñ†´ñ™ô, àôè÷M™ «ð£ŸøŠð´õ£˜. ãªùQ™,
Þ¡¬ø‚° °¬øõ£è ñ¬ö ªðŒ»‹ ï£´èœ °®î‡a¼‚è£è
ðQ‚è†®è¬÷‚ èŠðL™ è†® Þ¿ˆ¶ õ¼õîŸ° ô†ê‚èí‚è£ù
ì£ô˜è¬÷ Móòñ£‚°A¡øù˜.
UNO-M¡ õNè£†´î«ô£´ Üˆî¬èò î‡a˜ˆ î†´Šð£´œ÷
ï£´èO™ ñ£‡¹I° Ü‹ñ£M¡,
ñ¬öc˜ «êèKŠ¹ˆ F†ì‹ ðóõô£è Üñ™ð´ˆîŠð†ì£™ Ü‰î ð£¬ôõù
ï£´èO¡ ÌI‚è®J½‹ ï¡mK ãKèœ G„êòñ£è à¼õ£°‹. Þ¬î
º¡Q¡Á ªêò™ð´ˆîˆî£¡ ï£‹... UNO-¾ì¡ ªî£ì˜¹ªè£‡´œ«÷£‹.
Ü‰î õ¬èJ™ ð£˜ˆî£™ UNO-M¡ ðK‰¶¬óè«÷£´ ñ£Qò
àîMè«÷£´ Þ‰î ñ¬öc˜ «êèKŠ¹ˆ F†ì‹ ðóõô£èŠ ðò¡ð´ˆ¶‹
«ð£¶ ÌIŠ ðóŠH¡ W› ¹MJò™ õóô£ŸP™ 8Ýõ¶ ÜFêòñ£è Gôˆî®
c˜ ãKèœ à¼õ£°‹. Ü¶ â¡¬ø‚°‹ ÜNò£î G¬ô «ðÁ ªè£‡ì
Þ¡AK®Hœ ÜFêòñ£è ñ£‡¹I° Ü‹ñ£ Üõ˜èO¡ ªðò˜î£ƒA
êKˆFó‹ ð¬ì‚°‹.
- 19 -
²ŸÁ„Åö™ «ñ‹ð£†´ ªêò™F†ì ÜP‚¬è-2
JJ ¹Fò põ ïFèœ àŸðˆFˆ F†ì‹
Þ‰Fò£M™ åšªõ£¼ ï£À‹ 3,000 °ö‰¬îèœ ðC‚ ªè£´¬ñò£™
àJKö‚A¡øù˜.
42 M¿‚è£´ °ö‰¬îèœ á†ì„êˆ¶ °¬øð£´
èÀì¡ â¬ì °¬øõ£è Þ¼‚A¡øù˜. - ï¡P, F Þ‰¶.
õÁ¬ñ¬ò Gó‰îóñ£è åNŠðîŸªè¡«ø è‡´H®‚èŠð†ì Hóð…êˆF¡
ºî¡ºîô£õ¶ M…ë£ù «ó£«ð£ - ñ£‡¹I° JJ MSMD (ñ¾‡ì¡v
v«ï£ ªñ™®ƒ ®¬õv)
- ïñ¶ có£î£óƒè¬÷ «ñ‹ð´ˆF Þ‰î õÁ¬ñ¬ò Mó†´õîŸè£è
ï£‹ Þ¡Á õ¬ó õ£¡ñ¬ö¬ò ï‹Hï‹H ºŸP½ñ£è ãñ£‰¶M†«ì£‹.
Üîù£™ ï‹ ªð£¡ M¬÷»‹ ÌIJ™ ð£F‚° «ñ™ ð£¬ôõùƒè÷£è,
îK²Š ªð£†ì™è÷£è, ï‰î‹ ¹ø‹«ð£‚°è÷£è îóIö‰¶, «ñô£‡¬ñ
I‚è ïñ¶ Mõê£òŠ ªð¼ƒ°® ñ‚èœ îŸªè£¬ôJ¡ MO‹HŸ«è
îœ÷Šð†´ M†ì£˜èœ.
âù«õ,
“Desertification, or the spread of desert, threatens over a third of the world’s land surface.
Severe deterioration, loss of forest and soil can turn productive land into Deserts, every year
an area of the size of UNITED KINDOM is either lost or severely degraded... UNO.
- 20 -
P å¿ƒWùñ£ù Þ‰îŠ ð¼õ ñ¬öèÀ‚° Cø‰î ñ£Ÿø£è (Substitute)
ïñ¶ ñ£‡¹I° JJ MSMD ‘¹Fò põïF àŸðˆFˆ F†ìˆ¬î îù¶
õ£›ï£œ ðKê£è - õóñ£è ïñ‚° îóŠ «ð£Aø¶, Ü¼÷Š «ð£Aø¶.
P Ü‰î õ¬èJ™, Þ¶õ¬ó ñQî°ô õ÷˜„C‚°Š ªð¼‹ î¬ìò£è
Þ¼‰î ªî˜«ñ£¬ìùI‚C¡ 2õ¶ MF¬ò ïñ¶ ñ£‡¹I° JJ MSMD
¶E„ê½ì¡ ºPò®ˆ¶, àôè÷£Mò ñQî «ïòˆ¶ì¡ ªõŸP õ£¬è
Å®, ÞòŸHò½‚è£ù «ï£ð™ M¼FŸ° î¡¬ù ºî¡¬ñŠð´ˆF‚
ªè£‡´ M†ì¶.
Second Law of Thero Dynamics
- 21 -
The second one is that we assure that our S.C.D.S. and M.S.M.D. are surpassing the second
law of the thermo dynamics itself.
¯No one can get 100% of output constantly from his inputs even though he had put 100% of
efforts.. So the marginal utility gradually decreases in due course. Of course this is a universal
fact also. In other words, this is nothing but the operation of the law of diminishing returns.
If we desire to break the above theory natural resources like petrol or gold should not be
depleted on any account as we go on putting constant effort to exploit them.
But in reality, now we came to know that the tunnels of minerals are, changed into the deep
caves because of the at most usages.
The satellites have warned that the deserts and oceans would fail to gift oil to human usage
very soon. It is definite that exhausting of oil resources would pose a biggest threat to humanity.
But in our snow cycle dynamics scheme the input or the raw material viz. the ¯SNOW. would
not be reduced on any account, in spite of the usage equal to the measure of the ocean.
This is the character of our newly invented SCDS and M.S.M.D. which surpasses the second
law of thermo dynamics
- 22 -
Þ‰î ªêò™F†ì õ¬óðìˆF™ è£weK¡ î¬ôŠ ð°FJ™ àœ÷
‘ñ£ô£è£‰î’ Ü¬í ºî™ îIöèˆF¡ ªîŸ°‚ «è£®J™ Þ¼‚°‹
‘º™¬ôŠ ªðKò£˜’ Ü¬í õ¬ó ªêòŸ¬è‚ «è£œ ðF¾èœð® Ü÷i´èœ
¶™Lòñ£è‚ °P‚èŠð†®¼‚A¡øù.
Ü«î «ð£™, Þ‰î õ¬óðìˆF™ è£we˜ ð°FJ™ °Pf´ ªêŒòŠð†´œ÷
è£ó«è£ó‹ (Karakoram) â¡ø Þñòñ¬ô Ü®õ£óŠ ð°FJ™î£¡ àôè÷M™
ÜFèñ£ù ðQ õò™èœ Þ¼Šð¶ UNO-õ£™ àÁF ªêŒòŠð†´œ÷¶.
ïñ¶ õø‡´ Aì‚°‹ ªï™õò™è¬÷ e†ªì´‚è ÞQ Þ‰î ðQ
õò™è÷£™î£¡ º®»‹.
Þ‰î õ¬óðìˆF™, «ñL¼‰¶ Wö£è ï£¡è£õî£è Þ‰Fò£M¡
Hó‹ñ£‡ì c˜ˆ«î‚èñ£ù ‘ð‚ó£ïƒè™ Ü¬í’ àœ÷¬î‚ è£íô£‹.
Þ‰î Ü¬íJL¼‰¶ ²ñ£˜ ä‰¶ A«ô£ e†ì˜ ªî£¬ôM™î£¡ ð£¬ø
«ð£¡Á ÞÁAò ðQ õò™èœ è£ó«è£óˆF™ ªñ÷ùñ£èˆ ÉƒA‚
ªè£‡´œ÷ù.
- 23 -
Karakoram
The Karakoram Range mountain range is 400km long and called “Khara-Khelem” which
means “big barrier” in Mongolia and “Tsagaan-Kherem” which means “white barrier” in
Chinese. A pass of the Karakoram range pass, which means the “black Rocks” pass in turkish,
allows to go through the sharing line of the waters between the Indian Ocean and Central
Asia for those existing caravans that travelled the silk road - this also, to avoid the Karakoram
range mountain range of the east - this pass gave its name to all the mountain range and is
today at the argued border of China and India (north of Ladakh).
ÞŠ«ð£¶,
Ü‰î è£ó«è£ó‹ ðQõò™èO™ ïñ¶ ñ£‡¹I° JJ «ó£«ð£¬õ G˜ñ£í‹
ªêŒA«ø£‹.
K«ñ£† è¡†«ó£™ î£QòƒA è†´Šð£´ ªð£ˆî£¬ùˆ î†´A«ø£‹.
è¾‡† ì¾¡ Ýó‹H‚Aø¶.
...03...02...01...0
Ü™†ó£ åòô† õ‡íˆF™ JJ «ó£«ð£M¡ à„C M÷‚° æ¬êJ¡P
²ö™Aø¶.
Ü‰î‚ èíˆFL¼‰¶ ïñ¶ JJ î¡ ²ŸÁŠ¹øˆF½œ÷ ðQõò™
ð£¬øè¬÷ ªñ¶õ£è Þ÷è„ ªêŒ¶... C¡ù C¡ù c˜ˆî£¬óè¬÷
à¼õ£‚AM´‹.
- 24 -
èƒ¬è ñè£ïFJ¡ Ýó‹ðñ£ù èƒ«è£ˆK Ü¼M
å¼ ñE «ïó Üõè£êˆF™... Üƒ«è.. èƒ¬è ïFJ¡ Íôñ£ù
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M†ì¶.
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àôè «ð†ì¡ àKñˆFŸè£è ï£‹ ÜP¾ê£˜ ªê£ˆ¶ì¬ñ Ü¬ñŠH™
2007™ (Intelectual Propery of India) ðF¾ ÜƒWè£ó‹ ªêŒ¶ º®ˆî «ð£«î...
Tò£KHè™ Þ¡®«èê¡ àK¬ñèœ - ïñ¶ M¼ŠðˆFŸ° ªðò˜ Å†ì™
ñŸÁ‹ àôè àKñˆF¡ õ˜ˆîè M¬ô ñFŠd´èœ â™ô£‹ ï‹ õê‹
ê†ìÌ˜õñ£‚èŠð†´ M†ìù.
âù«õ, Þ‰îŠ Hóð…êˆF™ ñ£Âìˆî£™ ºî™ºîô£è à¼õ£‚èŠð†ì
Þ‰î põïF‚° ï‹ M¼ŠðŠð®«ò ì£‚ì˜ èô£I¡ ªðò¬ó„ Å†®
ñAöô£‹.
Þ‰Fòˆ ¶¬í‚ è‡ìˆF¡ üù£FðFò£è Üóƒ«èPò
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Ý†CŠ ªð£ÁŠHL¼‰¶ MôA 30 Ý‡´èœ Ýù
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Üõó¶ F¼Šªðò¬ó ï‹ ¹Fò põïF‚°
Å†´õF™ Ü‰î põïF«ò ªð¼Iî‹ ªè£œÀ‹.
ÞF™ àƒèÀ‚ªè£¡Á‹ Ý†«êð¬í Þ™¬ô«ò?
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“ÜŒò£ M…ë£Q! â‹ «ð¬ó ì£‚ì˜ èô£‹Â ñ£ˆF†ì£ƒè..
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Þ¶«õ âù‚° ªð¼‹ «ðÁ ð£‚Aò‹ â™ô£«ñ..”
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ð‚ó£ïƒè™ Ü¬í‚° ï£‹ õ£Œ‚è£™ Ü¬ñˆ¶‚ ªè£‡´ õ‰¶ «ê˜ˆ¶
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põïFJ¡ î‡a¬ó‚ ªè£‡´ õ‰¶ «ê˜ŠðF™ å¼ Þ®ò£Šð C‚è™
àœ÷¶.
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ÜÂñFˆ¶ M†´, e‡´‹ Ü‰î põïF¬ò å†´ªñ£ˆîñ£è à¬ø‰¶
ðQŠð£÷ƒè÷£è ñ£ŸP M´‹.
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Þ¬îˆ îM˜‚è, ì¹œªì‚ ï£«ù£ ªî£N™¸†ð‹ ªè£‡ì HMC
¬ðŠ¹è¬÷ˆ F†ìI†´ ®vèõK ªêŒ¶œ«÷£‹.
âù«õ ¹Fî£è ï£‹
à¼õ£‚Aò põïFˆ î‡a¬ó Þ‰î ì¹œ ªì‚ HMC ¬ðŠ¹èœ Íô‹
ªè£‡´ õ‰¶ ð‚ó£ïƒè™ Ü¬íJ™ Þ¬íˆ¶Mì «õ‡´‹.
Þ‰î ì¹œªì‚ HMC ¬ðŠ¹èœ ¹Fî£è àŸðˆFò£ù põïFˆ
î‡a¬ó e‡´‹ à¬øò£ñ™ è£ð‰¶ ªêŒ¶, Ü¬îˆ î‡aó£è«õ
ð‚ó£ïƒè™ Ü¬íJ™ «ê˜ˆ¶ M´‹.
è£ó«è£ó‹ ðQõò™è¬÷ Mì
ð‚ó£ïƒè™ Ü¬í‚è†®¡ ‘ªõŠðG¬ô I°Fò£™’ Üƒ«è î‡a˜
à¬ø‰¶ ðQ‚è†®ò£è ñ£Áõ¶ Þ™¬ô â¡ð¬î ÝŒ¾èO™ ÜP‰«î£‹.
ÞŠ«ð£¶, å¼ ðˆ¶ ï£†èœ ªð£Á¬ñò£è‚ è£ˆF¼‰î£™ «ð£¶‹.
ð‚ó£ïƒè™ Ü¬í Gó‹H M´‹. Ü‰î GIì‹ ºî™ Üƒ«è Þ¼‚°‹
Í¡Á Hydel Power Station-(cKò™ I¡ àŸðˆF G¬ôòƒèœ) Íô‹ Þó¾ðè™
ªî£ì˜‰¶ I¡ê£ó‹ àŸðˆF ªêŒò Þò½‹.
ñˆFò I¡ªî£°Š¹ G¬ôòˆFŸ° àìÂ‚°ì¡ î£ó£÷ñ£è«õ I¡ê£ó‹
õöƒèô£‹. Ü‰î ªï£® ºî™ I¡ ðŸø£‚°¬ø»œ÷ îI›ï£´ àœO†ì
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MG«ò£A‚èô£‹.
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c˜ I¡ ê‚F àŸðˆFò£Aø¶
ð‚ó£ïƒè™ Ü¬íJ¡ Í¡Á I¡ àŸðˆF G¬ôòƒèO¡ Þó¾ðè™
I¡ àŸðˆFò£™ ãó£÷ñ£ù î‡a˜ Ü¬íJL¼‰¶ ªõO«òŸøŠð´‹.
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M…ë£ùŠð® Ü¶ MvõÏð‹ â´ˆ¶ åšªõ£¼ ï£À‹ õ÷˜‰¶
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ðQõò™èœ ªè£‡ì Þñòñ¬ôJ¡ Ü®õ£ó‹ 300 A«ô£e†ì˜ Ü¼A™
- 29 -
I¡ àŸðˆF‚ è¼Mèœ ó£‚ªè† è¼Mè¬÷Mì Þ‰Fò£MŸ° ÜˆFò£õCòñ£ù¶
ÃŠH´ ÉóˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ «ð£¶ ó£üvî£Q™ å†ìèƒèO™ ðòíŠð´‹
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ÞF™ â‰î ô£T‚°‹, Gò£òº‹ Þ™¬ô â¡«ø ÞòŸ¬è Ý˜õô˜èœ
Mñ˜„C‚Aø£˜èœ. Þ‰î î£˜Š ªð¼‹ð£¬ôõù‹î£¡ Þ‰Fò£M¡ ªõŠðŠ
ªð¼‚èˆFŸ° Hóî£ù è£óí‹ â¡Á ÞŠ«ð£¶ ê˜õ«îê M…ë£Qèœ
èEˆ¶œ÷ù˜.
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ªêò™ð£´ Ü¬ñ„êè‹ ªõOJ†ì ÜP‚¬èJ™,
- 30 -
êè£ó£M¡ ªõŠð Ü¬ô¬ò
ÜªñK‚è£M¡ ‘ï£ê£’
ðì‹ H®ˆ¶œ÷¶.
- 31 -
“Hó«îê Ü÷M™ î†ðªõŠð
G¬ôJ¡ à„ê Ü÷¾‚°
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(°«ô£ð™ õ£˜Iƒ) ñQî
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ãŸð´ˆî‚ Ã´‹.
2003Ý‹
Ý‡´ è´¬ñò£ù Üù™
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Híõ¬øJ™ Ü´‚°Aø£˜èœ
ÜvM¡°ñ£˜ ô£™ - ¶¬í
Ý«ô£êèK¡ ÜF˜„CÎ†´‹ îèõ™èœ ïñ‚° õ‰¶œ÷ù.
ðQŠ
Hó«îêñ£ù ä«ó£Šð£M™ å«ó êñòˆF™ 20 ÝJó‹ «ð˜ àJKö‰îîŸ°
ÝŠHK‚è£M¡ êè£ó£ ªð¼‹ ð£¬ôõù‹î£¡ è£óí‹ â¡ð¶ ‘ï£ú£’
ªêòŸ¬è‚ «è£œ ðF¾èœ Íô‹ GÏðíñ£‚èŠ ð†´ M†ìù.
Þ‰Fò£M™ 1500 «ð˜ ÞøŠ¹‚° F A«ó† î£˜Šð£¬ôõù‹, ó£üvî£Q™
ªð£ÁŠ«ðŸÁ‚ ªè£‡ì¶. ÜŠ«ð˜Šð†ì àJ˜ °®‚°‹ ð£¬ôõùˆ¬î
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Gô‹ â¡Â‹ ï™ô£œ - ð£÷‹ ð£÷ñ£è ªõ®ˆ¶, âKñ¬ôèœ G¬ø‰î
ªêšõ£Œ Aóèˆ¬î ë£ðèŠð´ˆ¶Aø¶.
Ýöñ£ù ²óƒè‹ «ð£¡Á «î£‡®ò AíÁèO™ ªð‡èÀ‹,
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õ£êèƒèœ à¼õ£Aù.
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ð£ìõ°ŠH™ ªê£™L‚ ªè£´Šð¶ ÜõCò‹ â¡«ø è¼¶A«ø£‹.
Þ‰î Üõôƒè¬÷ Gó‰îóñ£è ñ£Ÿøˆî£¡ ïñ¶ ñ£‡¹I° JJ ¹Fî£è
å¼ põïF¬ò«ò à¼õ£‚AJ¼‚Aø¶. âù«õ î£˜Š ð£¬ôõùˆF™..
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cK¡ I¬êò£™ ¬ñòˆ¶ ï£´èO™ ðJ˜ õ÷˜Š«ð£‹. â¡ø ð£óFJ¡
ð£ì™ àƒèœ ªï…êˆF™ g¬õ‡† Ýèô£‹.
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õÁ¬ñ‚°Š Hø‰î °ö‰¬îèœ ÞQ ¹Qîñ£ù èƒ¬è b˜ˆîˆ¬îˆ
î£ŒŠð£ô£è ðóõêˆ«î£´ ð¼è ÜÂñFŠ«ð£‹.
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- 33 -
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M†ì¶. Ü«î êñò‹... Ü‰îŠ ð£¬ôõùˆ¬î «ê£¬ôõùñ£‚Aòî£™...
Ü‰îŠ ‘ð²¬ñJ¡ °À¬ñ’ Þ‰Fò£ º¿õ¶‹ Ý‚AóI‚è õ£ŒŠ¹èœ
ÜFè‹ à‡´.
‘î‡aK™ GŸ°‹ «ð£¶‹ «õ˜‚A¡ø¶’ â¡Á °Oòô¬øJ™ ªõŠð
I°Fò£™ ªê¡¬ùJ™ ð£†´Š ð£´‹ ï£‹, ÞQ - Þ‰î ð£¬ôõùŠ
ð²¬ñ ñ£Ÿøˆî£™ á†® ªè£¬ì‚è£ù™ °À¬ñ¬ò ªê¡¬ùJ™
ÜÂðMˆî£½‹ ÜF™ Ý„ê˜òŠðì å¡ÁI™¬ô’ Þ¶ ªî£ì˜ð£è Þ‰î
ÞìˆF™ àôèŠ ¹è› ªðŸø õ£Q¬ô M…ë£Q â†õ˜† ô£ó¡R¡
ð†ì˜çH¬÷ FòK¬ò G¬ùM™ ªè£‡´ õ¼õ¶ ê£ôŠ ªð£¼‰¶‹.
Ü‰î M…ë£Q â¿Fò ¹ˆîèˆF¡ ªðò«ó ²õ£óvòñ£ù¶,
MˆFò£êñ£ù¶.
Professor Edward Lorenz: Meteorologist whose work on
weather prediction led to the discovery of chaos and the
‘butterfly effect’
Edward Lorenz was a meteorologist at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) whose investigations into predictability of the
atmosphere led to the discovery of chaos and “strange attractors”, while
also changing the way operational forecasts are made. Known for his
passion for science, his kindness, and his gift for writing, Lorenz
produced papers of clarity and beauty, illustrated with understanding and gentle humour.
‘H«óC™ ï£†´Š ð†ì£‹Ì„CJ¡ Cøè®Š¹ ªì‚ú£v ñ£è£íˆF™
¹¿FŠ ¹ò¬ô (ªì£óù£«ì£) ãŸð´ˆ¶ñ£?’ â¡ð¶î£¡ ¹ˆîèˆF™ î¬ôŠ¹.
à‡¬ñî£¡. Ü‰î M…ë£QJ¡ «èœM‚° Þ‰î 50 Ý‡´èO™
‘Ý‹’ â¡ø ðF™î£¡ ïñ¶ î†ðªõŠð G¬ôèO™ ð¼õG¬ô ñ£ŸøƒèO™
ðFõ£A»œ÷ù.
Þ¡¬ø‚° ïñ¶ õ£Q¬ô ÜPMŠð£÷˜ óñí¡ Ü®‚è® “ÞŠ«ð£¶
Üƒèƒ«è ªðŒ¶ ªè£‡®¼‚°‹ ñ¬ö‚° ¹ò™ è£óíñ™ô. Þ¶
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ªõŠð êôù‹ ITC Zone «ð£¡ø ¶™Lòñ£ù º¡ùPMŠ¹èœ â†õ˜†
ô£ó¡R¡ «è£†ð£´è÷£™ à¼õ£ù¬õî£¡. Ü‰î õ¬èJ™,
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ÜGò£òñ£è ê£è®ˆî¶. Þ¶ ïì‰¶ º®‰î «ê£è‚ è¬î. ÞQ, Ü¶
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- 34 -
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Ü®õ£óƒèœ â™ô£‹ ñ¬öJ¡P î‡a˜ è£í£ñ™, ªõŠðˆî£™ îAˆ¶‚
ªè£‡´î£Q¼‚A¡øù.
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Ü´ˆîî£è å¼ ¹¶ Gè›¬õŠ ðŸP ÞQ Mõ£FŠ«ð£‹. Ü¶î£¡ ï‹
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M…ë£ùˆF™ â¡¬ø‚°‹ âõó£½‹ ñ£Ÿø º®ò£î Cô MFè¬÷
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Gôˆî®c˜ Þ¬õ Í¡¬ø»‹ ÞòŸ¬è ÌI‚°œ ñ¬øˆ¶, ð£¶è£ˆ¶
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MFè¬÷ˆ ¶E„ê½ì¡ îè˜ˆªîP‰¶ M†ì¶. cKò™ M…ë£ùŠð®
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HøŠªð´ˆ¶ îŠH‚°‹.
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Mõê£ò M¬÷ ªð£¼†èO¡ M¬ô«òŸøˆî£™
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ÜFè ÝŸø™ àœ÷ «ðó¬ôè¬÷ âF˜ªè£‡´, ÜFL¼‰¶ ð®ŠH¬ùŠ
ªðŸøõ˜è÷£è Þ¼‰F¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Ü‰î õ¬èJ™ Þ¡¬øò àôA™
bMóõ£îˆ¬î Mì ÜFè Ü÷M™ Ü„²Áˆ¶‹ àôè ªõŠð ñòñ£î™
ð£FŠ¹è¬÷ ï‹ ¹ó£îù ñ‡E¡ ¬ñ‰î˜èœ âŠð® âF˜ªè£‡´
õ£›‰¶œ÷£˜èœ.
Üî¡ Íô‹ ñQî °ôˆ¬î‚ è£ŠðîŸ° Üõ˜èœ
â´ˆ¶‚ ªè£‡ì M…ë£ù õNè¬÷»‹ ÞŠ«ð£¶ ï£‹ F¼‹HŠ ð£˜‚è
«õ‡®ò î¼í‹ õ‰¶ M†ì¶.
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°«ô£ð™ õ£˜Iƒ°‹ Fó£Mì‚ èô£„ê£ó Þù
ñ‚èÀ‹
Þ¡¬ø‚°‹ - Þ‰Fò£M¡ ªîŸ° ñ£GôƒèO™ °PŠð£è‚ Aó£ñŠ¹øˆ¶ i´èO¡ «ñ™
Ã¬óŠ ð°Fèœ HóI† õ®M™ º‚«è£íŠ ðóŠH™î£¡ Ü¬ñ‚èŠð†´œ÷ù.
Þ‰î ê£Œñ£ù‹ ÅKò‚ èF˜è¬÷ êñî÷‹ «ð£™ õ£ùˆ¬î «ï£‚AŠ HóFðLŠ¹„ ªêŒõ¶
Þ™¬ô. Þ‰î º‚«è£í„ ê£Œñ£ù‹ - ÅKò‚ èF˜è¬÷ ðôIö‚è„ ªêŒ¶ - â˜ˆ ªêŒ¶
M´Aø¶. i†®¡ «ñ™î÷‹ º‚«è£í õ®M™ Þ™ô£î Cñ‡† êñî÷ƒèœ Þ¡¬ø‚°
«è£®‚ èí‚A™ àœ÷ù. Ü¬õ °«ô£ð™ õ£˜Iƒ¬è ÜFèð´ˆF õ£ùˆF¡ æ«ê£¡ õ¬ó
ð£FŠ¹è¬÷ ãŸð´ˆ¶‹. Ýù£™ ÅKò‚ èF˜è¬÷ ðôIö‚è„ ªêŒ»‹ ÝŸø™ ð¬ìˆîî£è«õ
Þ‰î‚ Aó£ñˆ¶ i´èO¡ Ã¬óèO™ «õòŠð†ì Ü™ô¶ Ü´‚èŠð†ì ²†ì ªê‹ñ‡
æ´èÀ‹ ªêò™ð´õ¶ ÜÌ˜õ‹î£¡. °«ô£ð™ õ£˜Iƒ¬è‚ è†´Šð´ˆ¶‹ ²†ì ªê‹ñ‡
æ´èœ Fó£MìŠ ð£ó‹ð˜òˆFŸ° ñ†´«ñ àKˆî£ù M…ë£ù ÜP¾ê£˜ ªê£ˆ¶!
Þ‰î‚ Aó£ñˆ¶ i´èO¡ õ£ê™ º¡¹ø‹ «ð£ìŠð†´œ÷ ð‰î™ Ü¬ñŠ¹èO™ °«ô£ð™
õ£˜Iƒ¬è è†´Šð´ˆ¶‹ ÜFïiù ¸‚èƒèœ ªð£F‰¶ Aì‚A¡øù.
ªð¼‹ð£½‹ Þ‰îŠ ð‰î™èœ ð¬ù æ¬ôè÷£™ Ü¬ñ‚èŠð†´œ÷ù. Þ‰îŠ ð‰î¬ôˆ
î£ƒ°‹ ñó‚ ªè£‹¹èœ õNò£èˆ î¬óJ™ õ÷˜ˆFò º™¬ô, ñ™L «ð£¡ø ªè£® õ¬èèœ
Ü‰î ñó‚ ªè£‹¹è¬÷ Ýî£óñ£è„ ²ŸP õ÷˜‰¶ Hø° ð¬ù æ¬ôŠ ð‰î™èœ «ñ™ ñí‹
i²‹ - °O˜„C I‚è Ì‚èœ MK»‹ð®„ ªêŒ¶œ÷ù˜.
Þ‰îŠ ð‰î¬ô å†®»œ÷ i†®¡ º¡¹øˆ¬î Þõ˜èœ ªð¼‹ð£½‹ «ó®«òû¡
M¬÷¾è¬÷ ãŸð´ˆ¶‹ Cªñ¡†ì£™ à¼õ£‚è£ñ™ - «ó®«òû¡ ÝŸø¬ô‚
ñ†´Šð´ˆ¶‹ ªê‹ñ‡ î¬óò£è«õ êñŠð´ˆF»œ÷ù˜.
¶¬óê…YM
- 71 -
121
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‘è÷‹’ â¡Á ªðò˜ Å†®»œ÷ Þ‰î i†®¡ º¡ð°F «ïó®ò£è ªõŒJ™
î£‚è‚Ã®ò¶î£¡.
è£¬ô, ñ£¬ô Þó‡´ «õ¬÷»‹ Þ‰î ªõJ™ î£‚°‹ è÷ˆF™ îõø£ñ™ î‡a˜
ªîOˆ¶ - ªõJ™ î£‚èˆ¬î‚ °¬ø‚A¡øù˜.
°PŠð£è-ªîO‚°‹ î‡aK™ ñ£†´„ ê£íˆ¬î‚ èô‚A‚ °ö‹ð£‚A«ò ªîO‚A¡øù˜.
Þ‰î ñ£†´„ ê£í‹ - Iè„ Cø‰î Ý‡†® ðò£®‚ â¡Á Þ¡¬øò M…ë£ù‹
è‡´H®ˆ¶œ÷¶. Üˆ«î£´ î‡aK™ èô‰¶ ê‰îù‚ °ö‹ð£è ñ£Pò Þ¶ - î‡a˜ Y‚Aó‹
ÝMò£è£ñ™ î´ˆ¶ c‡ì «ïó‹ ÌI¬ò‚ °Oó¬õ‚°‹ ÝŸø™ ð¬ìˆî¶ â¡ð¶‹ âƒèœ
ÝŒ¾èO™ è‡ìPòŠð†´œ÷ù.
Ü«î«ð£™ Þõ˜è÷¶ °®J¼Š¬ð„
²ŸP â™¬ô õ°ˆF¼‚°‹ è£‹ð¾‡†
²õ˜ Ãì Cªñ‡† «ð£¡ø °«ô£ð™
õ£˜Iƒ¬è ÜFèŠð´ˆ¶‹ è£óEè÷£™
è†ìŠðìM™¬ô.
âšõ÷¾ ªõJ™ ð†ì£½‹ âŠ«ð£¶‹
ªî£†ì£™ °O˜„C Gô¾‹ è¼ƒè™
v«ôŠ¹è÷£™ Ü´‚A å¼ ÞòŸ¬è
Üö¬è ãŸð´ˆF»œ÷ù˜.
i†®¡ à†¹ø‹, ªõOŠ¹ø„ ²õ˜èO™
îõø£ñ™
è£™Cò‹
«è£†ì£ù
²‡í£‹¬ðˆ
î‡aK™
èô‰¶
ªñ¿è£èŠ Ì²A¡øù˜.
Þ‰î„ ²‡í£‹¹Š Ì„²... ÅKò
ªõŠðˆ¬î óê£òù ñ£ŸøƒèÀ‚°
àœ÷£‚A Üî¡ «ó®«òû¡ î£‚°î™è¬÷
õ½Mö‚è„ ªêŒòõ™ô¶.
i†®¡ º¡¹ø‹ ªê® ªè£®è¬÷
õ÷˜Šðõ˜è¬÷ °«ô£ð™õ£˜Iƒ ð£F‚è£¶
ÞŠð®„ ²‡í£‹¹ ÌCò ïè˜¹øˆ¶
i´èO™ Ãì «è£¬ì ªõJL¡ î£‚è‹
°¬øõ£è«õ àœ÷¬î ªõŠðñ£Q
ªè£‡´ Ü÷‰¶ ð£˜ˆ¶œ«÷£‹.
ªðJ¡† «ð£¡ø óê£òùƒèœ ÌCò i´è¬÷‚ è£†®½‹ Þ‰î„ ²‡í£‹¹ ªñ¿°
ÌCò i´èO¡ ªõŠð‹ Iè‚ °¬øõ£è«õ àœ÷ù.
²‡í£‹¹, ñí™, º†¬ìJ¡ ªõœ¬÷‚ è¼, è£†´œO ÝAò¬õè¬÷‚ èô‰¶ ²ö™
ªê‚° º¬øJ™ è£¬ó â¡ø ªðòK™ 70 Ý‡´èÀ‚° º¡ù£™ ²õ˜èÀ‚° óê£òù
õ‡íƒèÀ‚°Š ðFô£è è£¬ó„ ê£‰¶ ÌC õ‰î£˜èœ ïñ¶ ñ‡E¡ ¬ñ‰î˜èœ. Þ‰îŠ
Ì„² I°‰î‚ °À¬ñò£ù¶. ªõŠðˆ¬î‚ è†´Šð´ˆî õ™ô¶.
Þ«î«ð£™ - Þ‰î Fó£Mì‚ èô£„ê£ó ñ‚èO¡ õNˆ«î£¡øô£è õNõ‰î ñ‡E¡
¬ñ‰î˜èœ Ü¡¬ø‚°‹ Þ¡¬ø‚°‹ á˜ ï´«õ àòóñ£è‚ è†´‹ «è£J™èO¡ àò˜‰î
«è£¹óƒèÀ‹ - «ó®«òû¬ù â˜ˆ ªêŒ»‹ º‚«è£í õ®M«ô«ò è†ìŠð†´œ÷ù.
º‚Aòñ£è - Þ‰î «è£¹ó à„CJ™ å¼ ñóð£è ªð£¼ˆîŠð†´œ÷ ªêŠ¹‚ èôêƒèœ IèŠ Hóñ£îñ£è Ü‰î å†´ªñ£ˆî áK¡ Þ®î£ƒAò£è«õ M…ë£ù º¬øJ™
ªêò™ð´Aø¶.
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Þ¡¬øò M…ë£ù õ÷˜„CJ™ Þ®î£ƒAèœ
ªêŠ¹‚ è‹Hè÷£™ ñ†´«ñ ªêŒòŠð´õ¶
°PŠHìˆî‚è¶.
Þ¡¬ø‚°Š ðô Ü´‚° ñ£®èO™ Þ®
I¡ù™ î£‚è£ñ™ Ü¬ñ‚èŠð´‹ Þ‰î
Þ®î£ƒAèœ Ü‰î‚ è†ììˆF¡ àòó‹ è£óí‹
ªè£‡´‹ Ü‰î õ†ì£óˆF™ Þ® Mö£ñ™ è£ð‰¶
ªêŒA¡øù.
°«ô£ð™õ£˜Iƒ¬è è†´Šð´ˆ¶‹ ‘è£¬ó’ - àŸðˆF
Ü«î º¬øJ™ - Þ‰î Fó£Mì‚ èô£„ê£ó
ñ‚èœ - «è£¹ó àòóƒèO™ ªêŠ¹‚ èôêƒè¬÷
Iè„ êKò£è«õ ªð£¼ˆF»œ÷ù˜. âƒèO¡ ï£´
î¿Mò ð™«õÁ ÝŒ¾èO¡«ð£¶ è‡ìPòŠ
ð†ì å¼ à‡¬ñ.
å¼º¬ø Ãì ÞŠð® àòóñ£ù «è£¹óƒèœ ªêŠ¹‚èôêƒèœ àœ÷ «è£J™ õ†ì£óŠ
ð°FèO™ Þ® î£‚Aòî£è„ ªêŒFèœ A¬ì‚è«õ Þ™¬ô.
«ñ½‹ - á¼‚° 10, 15 Ýè àœ÷ Þ‰î‚ «è£J™èœ Þ‰Fò£M™ Þ¡¬ø‚°‹
â‡E‚¬èJ™ ðô ô†êƒè¬÷ˆ î£‡´‹.
Üˆî¬ù «è£J™èO½‹ å¼ ñóð£è M…ë£ù MFò£è Üó² «õ‹¹ Þ¬í‰î ñóƒè¬÷
å¼ MˆFò£êñ£ù èôŠð£è ï†´ õ÷˜‰¶ M¼†êƒè÷£èŠ ðìóM†®¼‚Aø£˜èœ.
«õ‹¹ - Iè„ Cø‰î ñ¼ˆ¶õ‚°í‹ ªè£‡ì¶ â¡ð¬î M…ë£ù‹ ªñŒŠHˆ¶œ÷¶.
Üˆ«î£´ Þ‰î Üóê ñóˆF¡ Þ¬íŠ¹ âˆî¬èò CøŠ¹è¬÷„ «ê˜‚°‹ â¡ð¶ «ñ½‹
ÝŒ¾ ªêŒòˆî‚è¶. âŠð® Þ¼‰î£½‹ - Þ‰î õ¬èJ™ Þ¡¬ø‚°‹ «è£J™ «î£Á‹
ïìŠð†´œ÷ ô†«ê£ð ô†ê ñóƒèœ - °«ô£ð™ õ£˜Iƒ¬è ðóõô£èˆ î´‚èõ™ô¶ â¡Á
âƒèœ ÝŒ¾èœ àÁFŠð´ˆ¶A¡øù.
Þ‰î ñóƒèO¡ º‚Aòˆ¶õˆ¬î «ñ¬ô ï£†ìõ˜ Þ‰î ËŸø£‡®™î£¡ àíó
Ýó‹Hˆ¶œ÷ù˜.
Þ‰î 'æ‚' Þù ñóˆF¡ õò¶ 120. ¹«÷£Kì£ ñ£GôˆF™ àœ÷ Þ‰î ñó‹ ê£¬ô
MK¾ð´ˆîŠð´õî£™ ÜèŸøŠðì «õ‡®ò ÜõCò‹ õ‰î¶. Ýù£™ ðö¬ñò£ù 120 õò¶
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ï‡ð¬ù ªõ†®„ê£Œ‚è ñùI™¬ô. âù«õ 40 ô†ê‹ Ïð£Œ ªêô¾ ªêŒ¶ Þ‰î ñóˆ¬î
«õ«ó£´‹ «õó® ñ‡«í£´‹ ó£†êê‚ A«ó¡èœ Íô‹ Þì‹ ªðò˜ˆ¶ ÞŠ«ð£¶ Ü‰î
ñó‹ Transplant ¹Fî£èŠ ðFò‹ «ð£ìŠð†´ ñÁHøM â´ˆ¶œ÷¶.
Þ‰î ÞìˆF™ °«ô£ð™ õ£˜Iƒ ðŸPò å¼ ¹Fò à‡¬ñ¬ò Þƒ«è °PŠH†«ì Ýè
«õ‡´‹.
1.
Þ‰î °«ô£ð™ õ£˜Iƒ - å†´ªñ£ˆî àôèˆF¡ ªõŠðG¬ô¬ò ÜFèKˆ¶ ñ‚è¬÷
àì™gFò£è¾‹ - ñùgFò£è¾‹ ªð¼ñ÷M™ ð£F‚èõ™ô¶î£¡.
2.
Ü«î ªõŠðŠ ªð¼‚èˆF¡ è£óíñ£èˆî£¡ - ð£¬ôõùƒèœ ï£À‚° ï£œ ªð¼°õ¶‹
- ¹ò™ ñ¬ö Ìè‹ðƒèœ - ªõœ÷Š ªð¼‹ «êîƒèœ ãŸð´õ¶‹ à‡¬ñî£¡.
ÞõŸ¬ø â™ô£‹ eP Þ‰î °«ô£ð™ õ£˜IƒA¡ å¼ à„êè†ì â™¬ôò£è å¼
ºó‡ð†ì ªêò™ð£ì£è e‡´‹ Þ‰î àôA™ ðQ»è‹ õó¾‹ õ£ŒŠ¹‡´.
Þ«î«ð£¡ø °«ô£ð™ õ£˜Iƒ Ýó‹ðˆF™ ªî£ìƒA ÜîŸ°Š Hø°î£¡ î£¡ Þ‰î
°«ô£ð™ õ£˜IƒA¡ ºó‡ð†ì à„ê â™¬ôò£ù ðQ»è‹ õ‰¶œ÷¶ â¡ð¶‹ âƒèœ
ÝŒ¾èO™ è‡ìPòŠð†´œ÷ù.
Gò£‡ì˜î£™ ÝF ñQî˜èÀ‹ Fó£Mì
Þùñ‚èÀ‹.
ðQ»èƒèO¡ «ð£¶ - ä«ó£Šð£‚ è‡ìˆF™ ðQ‚ °¬èèO™ î…êñ¬ì‰î Gò£‡ì˜î£™
ñQî˜èœ å†´ªñ£ˆîñ£èŠ Ì‡ìŸÁ ÜN‰¶ «ð£ù¬î M‡®ü£ °¬èJ¡ è£˜ð¡ «ì®ƒ
ÝŒ¾èO™ è‡ìP‰«î£‹.
Üî¡ð® Ü‰î Gò£‡ì˜î£™ ñQî˜èœ 2 ô†ê‹ Ý‡´èÀ‚° º¡¹ ä«ó£Šð£‚
è‡ìˆF™ ãøˆî£ö ÝF ñQî˜è÷£è è£´èO™ «õ†®ò£®Š H¬öˆîõ˜èœ â¡ðîŸ°‹
ïñ‚° Ýî£óƒèœ A¬ìˆ¶œ÷ù.
Ü«î è£ôè†ìˆF™ ÝŠHK‚è‚ è‡ìˆF¡ ‘î£¡ê£Qò£’ ñ¬ôŠ Hó«îê Ü®õ£óƒèO™
2 ô†ê‹ Ý‡´èÀ‚° º¡¹ õ£›‰î ñQî˜èO¡ îìòƒèœ ÌIJL¼‰¶ ÞŠ«ð£¶
A¬ìˆ¶œ÷ù.
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Þ¬î GÏH‚°‹ õ¬èJ™î£¡ Þ¡¬ø‚° Þ‰Fò£M¡ õì
ñ£GôƒèO™ º¡ âŠ«ð£¶‹ Þ™ô£î Ü÷¾ ðQŠªð£N¾èœ
ãŸð´A¡øù. Þ‰î ðQJ¡ ÝF‚è‹ àôA¡ Hø ï£´èO½‹ ªîKò
Ýó‹Hˆ¶ M†ì¶.
ï£‹ °«ô£ð™ õ£˜Iƒ¬è è†´Šð´ˆî£ M†ì£™
ðQ»è‹ õ‰«î b¼‹. ÜŠð® ðQ »è‹ õ‰î£™ Gò£‡ì˜î£v ÝFñQî˜
«ð£™ ï£º‹ õ£KC¡P ÜN‰¶ M´«õ£‹.
Ü«î êñò‹ ïñ¶ º¡«ù£˜èœ è¬ìH®ˆî «ñ«ô °PŠH†ì ²ŸÁ„Åö™
«ñ‹ð£†´ Mêòƒè¬÷, ïèóˆFŸ° H¬öŠ¹ «î® õ‰î ï£‹ õêF
õ£ŒŠ¹èœ õ‰î Hø° Ü¬õè¬÷ªò™ô£‹ H¡ðŸÁA«ø£ñ£? C‰F‚è
«õ‡´‹. Ü«î «ð£™î£¡... Þ‰î ÍL¬è ªõ†® «õ˜ ðò¡ð£´èÀ‹
K„ê˜†´ AK‹û£ ÃÁõ¶ «ð£™ ïñ¶ îI› ñ‡µ‚° àKòî£è¾‹,
Gô‹, c˜, è£ŸÁ Í¡¬ø»‹ ÉŒ¬ñŠð´ˆ¶‹ ÜŸ¹î ÍL¬èò£è Þ¼‰¶
õ‰î ªõ†®«õ˜ Þ¡¬ø‚° Üî¡ ªðò˜ Ãì ò£¼‹ à„êK‚è£î Ü÷¾
õö‚ªè£N‰¶ «ð£Œ M†ì¶ õ¼‰îˆî‚è à‡¬ñî£¡.
ÞŠ«ð£¶‹ ªè£ƒ° ñ‡ìôŠ ð°FèO™ ð£†® ¬õˆFòˆ¬î ï‹¹‹
°´‹ðƒèO™ °®î‡aK™ ÜF½œ÷ Ü²ˆîƒèœ, ï…²èœ cƒ°‹
ªð£¼†´, CPî÷¾ ªõ†® «õ¬óŠ «ð£´Aø£˜èœ.
Ü‰îˆ î‡a˜ ¼Cò£è¾‹, ñíñ£è¾‹ Þ¼‚Aø¶.
ªõ†®«õ˜
î‡aK½œ÷ ï„²è¬÷ â™ô£‹ c‚°‹ â¡ð¶ ï‹ñ£™ ï‹ð
º®òM™¬ôî£¡.
Ýù£™ «è£¬õ ð£óFò£˜ »Qõ˜C†®J™ ï£‹ ê‰Fˆî «ñî° ô‚ñí
ªð¼ñ£œê£I âv. ªüòÿ «ü.óˆFùñ£ô£ ÝA«ò£K¡ MKõ£ù
Ýó£Œ„CèÀ‹, ÝŒõP‚¬è»‹ ï‹ ªõ†®«õ˜ ð£†® ¬õˆFòˆFŸ°
ð™è¬ô‚èöè
Ü‰îvˆ¬îŠ
ªðŸÁ‚
ð£ó£†´îŸ°Kòî£°‹.
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ªè£´ˆ¶
M†ì¶
ãó£÷ñ£ù
ð«ò£ ¯ê™
î£ó£÷ñ£èˆ
îò£K‚èô£‹!
- 77 -
APPLICATION OF VETIVER FOR WATER AND SOIL RESTORATION
P.Lakshmanaperumalsamy, S.Jayashree and J.Rathinamala
Department of Environmental Sciences,
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore – 641 046.
Email: [email protected].
ABSTRACT
Vetiveria zizanioides (L) Nash. (recently reclassified as Chrysopogon zizanioides (L)
Roberty) is a densely tufted grass found throughout the plains and lower hills of India particularly
on the riverbanks and in rich marshy soil. It is a multipurpose useful plant, almost all parts of which
are used in one or more ways having multivarious cultural and industrial applications. Majority of
the vetiver related literatures are focused on the engineering aspects. Soil erosion in many parts of
the country silently affects the production of crops. In recent years, landslides, unstable slopes and
flooding destroy agricultural lands in India. If the farmers of India use vetiver regularly, then they
need not worry about the production of crops as it is one of the best soil erosion controllers. The
industrial growth is increasing day by day in recent years, at the same time over use and misuse of
large areas of agricultural lands results in excessive storage of toxic substances in the soil. When
the toxic substances from the industrial wastes affect the soil, ground water quality is also affected
in the course of time. The example for this can be Tirupur, the hosiery capital of India.
The problem of discharge of toxic effluents from dyeing and bleaching units into the Noyyal,
a non-perennial river that meets the Cauvery near Karur, Tamilnadu is notably increasing. The
Orathupalayam dam near Tirupur contains textile wastes and the toxicity of the water and the sludge
is increasing. The problem of disposal of textile wastes is likely to become serious in the days ahead
because of the possibility of affecting the groundwater in Tirupur itself. The remedy for this
problem lies in vetiver as it is one of the most suitable plants to be used in purifying pre-treated
wastewater effluent in wasteland. Most of the countries in the world are treating the wastewater with
the vetiver technology. There are evidences that vetiver when grown in the wetland can be
harvested and used as a source of essential oil for non-fragrance applications, especially as
pesticides.
The Vetiver plant was grown in municipal wastewater and found that it reduced selective
nutrients like nitrate and phosphate to a level of 94% and 90% respectively. There was a drastic
reduction in BOD and COD level in the treated wastewater. Similarly when the plant was grown in
textile wastewater treated soil there was a drastic reduction in the concentration of TKN, TOC, Pb,
Cd, Cu, Fe etc. Further the biomass, root length and shoot length were found increased. There is a
great need for latest techniques to reduce the toxic metals at contaminated sites. Phytoextraction is
an integrated multidisciplinary approach to the cleanup of contaminated soils using accumulator
plants. One of the best accumulator plants is vetiver in which the roots are responsible in
accumulating the toxic metals especially in the lead and zinc contaminated soils. The research work
for the removal of toxic substances from the sewage/effluent water is going on and the results are
encouraging that vetiver can be a best remedy for this. When the toxic metals accumulate in the
culm/root of vetiver it can either be incinerated or dumped deeply in the soil. Vetiver has the
greatest role in soil and water conservation. From the experimental results, it was concluded that the
vetiver could be applied for remediation of domestic as well as dye contaminated wastewater and
soil because of its extensive fibrous rhizosphere system. The demand for vetiver plant and its
products is increasing very high at the moment; the cultivation of vetiver for the restoration of soil
72
- 78 -
and water is need of the hour.
1.
INTRODUCTION
Soil erosion in many parts of the country is silently affecting the production of crops. In
recent years, landslides, unstable slopes and flood destroy agricultural lands. The overuse and
misuse of large areas of agricultural lands result in excessive storage of toxic substances in the soil.
The toxic substances from the industrial wastes affect the soil, ground and surface water quality.
Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L) Roberty) is a native grass of India and has
traditionally been in use for contour protection. It is a low cost, extremely effective system that
offers proven solutions for soil and water conservation, wastewater treatment, embankment
stabilization, flood control, disaster and pollution mitigation and many other environment friendly
applications. It is a densely tufted grass found throughout the plains and lower hills of India
particularly on the riverbanks and rich in marshy soil. The effectiveness of vetiver for soil and
water conservation measures not only reduces soil erosion but also provides more soil moisture
conservation cropping system.
Internationally, vetiver is well known as an useful agent for erosion control because of its
steady shoot and dense root system. A vetiver hedgerow for soil and water conservation is widely
used by the farmers in Karnataka. The plant is a partial hydrophyte and is powerful to remove
nitrogen and phosphorus from water and therefore the plant can be used for phytoremediation
(Zheng et al., 1997) and garbage leachets (Xia et al., 1998), Wagner et al, (2003) reported that it is
capable of withstanding extremely high nitrogen supply (10,000 kg N/ha/year) and P (1000 Kg P/
ha/ year). Vetiver is highly tolerant to heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, copper, chromium, lead,
mercury, nickel, selenium and zinc (Truong and Baker, 1998) and can absorb more heavy metals in
comparison with bahia and is less likely to form secondary pollution or bioaccumulation as is bahia
(Xia and Shu, 2001).
Tirupur, which is hosiery capital of India, discharges large quantity of wastewater from
dyeing and bleaching units. On the industrial front with over 700 industries the contribution of the
industrial discharges in Tirupur is significant. Most of the dyeing and bleaching units located with
in the city limits discharge their effluents without any treatment either into the Noyyal River or onto
the agricultural lands in the vicinity of these industries. About 75,000 m3 of effluent is discharged
per day (Rajaguru, 1997). Dyeing industries in Tirupur use numerous synthetic dyes and dye
intermediate chemicals such as caustic soda, soda ash, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, peroxides,
hypo chlorites etc. Many of these poisonous chemicals are known to persist for long period in the
environment and their concentration build-up geometrically as they are transferred to different
stages of food web (Kumar, 1977). These chemicals may destroy the soil microflora and fauna in
which the existence of man depends. Attempts made to remediate the contaminated soil were
inconclusive. Since the vetiver grass is a versatile plant capable of growing in different conditions,
it was attempted for the first time to find out its role in remediating
dye-contaminated soil besides municipal wastewater. The objective of the present study is to find
out the efficiency of vetiver in remediation of municipal wastewater and textile wastewater treated
soil.
2.
METHODOLOGY
Municipal wastewater was collected from the inlet of municipal sewage plant. Pilot study
has been carried out in the laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar
73
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University, Coimbatore, by using plastic tubs of 15 lit capacities to carry out the experiment. The
physico – chemical parameters of the wastewater were analyzed. Healthy vetiver culms were
selected from the vetiver nursery of the Department of Environmental Sciences and initial weight
was recorded. The culms with root (10 cm) and shoot (10 cm) were floated on the wastewater in the
plastic tubs by the support of bamboo sticks. Each plastic tub had two culms and their root axis was
kept submerged in the wastewater. The experiment set up was kept in triplicate and tubs were kept
in the open garden to get natural light.
2.1
Experiment i:
t1 – control (municipal waste water alone)
t2 – municipal waste water + vetiver float
t3 – diluted municipal water (1:1) + vetiver float
the parameters like ph, ec, bod (winkler’s method, apha 1998), cod (reflex method, titration,
APHA, 1998), TDS (APHA, 1998), Nitrate nitrogen (Phenol disulphonic acid, Colorimetric method,
Spectrophotometric, APHA, 1998), OC (Wakley and Black, 1934), microbial population (Allen,
1953) were analyzed. The morphological parameters like root length (RL), shoot length (SL), fresh
weight (FW), dry weight (DW), total chlorophyll content were estimated on 0th day and on 60th day.
Textile wastewater treated soil was collected from Orathupalayam area near Tirupur in
Coimbatore District. The soil was used for pot culture study with the combination of vermicompost
(VC). The vermicompost was collected from the vermipark in the Department of Environmental
Sciences, Bharathiar University campus. The pot culture studies were carried out in the green
house. The pots were filled with 5 Kg of Orathupalayam soil (OS) and vermicompost (VC) at
different ratios. The culms of vetiver grass with root (10 cm) and shoot (10 cm) were selected for
the pot culture study. Two healthy culms were planted in each pot. Each treatment was made in
triplicate.
2.2
Experiment II:
T1 – Control (OS)
+ vetiver plant
T2 – OS + VC (1:0.1) + vetiver plant
T3 – OS + VC (1:0.2) + vetiver plant
T4 – OSl + VC (1:0.3) + vetiver plant
T5 – OS + VC (1:0.4) + vetiver plant
T6 – OS + VC (1:0.5) + vetiver plant
The initial physico-chemical parameters like pH, EC (Jackson, 1973), Total Kjeldhal
Nitrogen (Kjeldhal method, Tandon, 1993), phosphorous (Colorimetric method, Tandon, 1993),
potassium (Flame photometric method, Tandon, 1993), organic carbon (OC) (Wakley and Black,
1934) and heavy metals like cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), were analyzed using
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) (Tandon, 1993) and iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) were
analyzed by spectrophotometric method (Jackson, 1973).
The morphological parameters like root length (RL), shoot length (SL), fresh weight (FW),
dry weight (DW), total chlorophyll content were recorded on initial day and on final day (60th day).
Microbial population (Allen, 1953) was estimated in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil on initial
and 60th day.
74
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3.
RESULTS
3.1
Experiment I
pH is one of the factor influencing the availability of the nutrients to the plants. pH affects
the solubility of PO4 – P. pH was 7.9 ± 0.1 initially and the final was 7.2 ± 0.1 in T2 where as in
T3 it was 7.6 ± 0.2 and 7.3 ± 0.1 and in T1 (control) it was 7.9 ± 0.1 and 7.7 ± 0.2 respectively.
Roots absorb ions by a mechanism, which is pH dependent. In the present study pH was higher in
the initial stage but the values were nearly neutral on the final day. pH of T2 and T3 were lower
than T1 (control). It was observed that EC was decreased from initial to the final day. It was 1.36 ±
0.01 dSm-1 on 0th and 0.9 ± 0.02 dSm-1 on 60th day in T2.
The average dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of effluent was decreased in other two
treatments except T1 (control). In T2 it was 6.9 ± 0.1 mg/l on 0th day and 5.2 ± 0.2mg/l on 60th day.
In T3 the DO level was decreased from 6.1 ± 0.1 to 5.7 ± 0.3 mg/l as the municipal wastewater was
diluted.
The average BOD concentration was ranging from 64 ± 1 to
29.6 ± 2 mg/l in T2. BOD was lower on 60th day in all the treatments. The removal efficiency of
vetiver in T2 and T3 were significant than T1 (Table 1).
Table 1: Physico-chemical parameters of Municipal wastewater treated with C.zizanioides
Parameters
T1
Treatment
T2
Initial
Final
T3
Initial
Final
Initial
Final
pH
7.9 ± 0.1
7.7 ± 0.2
7.9 ± 0.1
7.2 ± 0.1
7.6 ± 0.2
EC
1.36 ±
0.01
1.24 ±
0.01
1.36 ±
0.01
0.9 ± 0.02
1.33 ± 0.01
DO (mg/l)
6.9 ± 0.1
6.7 ± 0.3
6.9 ± 0.1
5.2 ± 0.2
6.1 ± 0.1
5.7 ± 0.3
BOD (mg/l)
64.0 ± 1
58.2 ± 3
64.0 ± 1
29.6 ± 2
45.3 ± 1
25.4 ± 3
160 ± 2
120 ±1
160 ±2
42.1± 1
104 ± 1
47.8 ± 1
0.81± 0.1
0.68 ± 0.2
0.81 ± 0.1
0.04 ± 0.01
0.59 ± 0.2
54 ± 1
47.5 ± 2
54 ± 1
5.4 ± 1
35 ± 2
4.55 ± 1
12.33 ± 1
9.9 ± 1
12.33 ± 2
5.3 ± 0.5
8.32 ± 2
4.9 ± 0.5
189 ± 2
174 ± 1
189 ± 2
140 ± 1
101 ± 2
79 ± 1
7.3 ± 0.1
1.03 ± 0.01
COD (mg/l)
Nitrate Nitrogen
(mg/l)
0.05 ± 0.02
Phosphate (mg/l)
OC (%)
TDS
(mg/l)
75
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The wastewater contains phosphorous which may be removed through sedimentation and
precipitation. The hydroponics technique used in this study showed that higher percentage of PO4
removal efficiencies was 90 % and 87% in T2 and T3. Removal of PO4 from the wastewater by
vetiver in T2 was higher than T3 and T1. On the final day, the morphological parameters like root
length (RL), shoot length (SL), fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW) and total chlorophyll content in
T2 were 75 ± 1cm, 64 ± 2 cm, 166 ± 1 g, 20.63 ± 1g and 1.22 ± 0.03 mg/g (Table 2). There was a
significant increase in the dry weight in T2 than T3 as the root and shoot might have utilized all the
nutrients present in municipal wastewater. It was observed that the plant could grow well in both T2
and T3.
Table 2: Morphological parameters of C.zizanioides grown in different treatments (Municipal waste
water)
T1
S.No
Parameters
1.
Root length
(cm)
2.
Shoot length
(cm)
3.
Fresh weight
(g)
4.
Dry weight (g)
5.
T2
Without
plant
Total
chlorophyll
(mg/g)
T3
Initial
Final
Initial
Final
10 ± 0.5
75 ± 1
10 ± 0.5
70 ± 2
10 ± 0.6
64 ± 2
10 ± 0.6
59 ± 1
8.8 ± 0.2
166 ± 1
8.8 ± 0.2
162 ± 3
-
20.63 ± 1
-
18.52 ± 2
0.81±
0.01
1.22 ±
0.03
0.81± 0.01
1.30 ±
0.02
The microbial populations were enumerated and the results are recorded in Table 3. The
rhizosphere (R) organisms were found to be more populated than the non-rhizosphere (NR)
organisms. Microbial populations of the roots of both the treatments (T2 and T3) were estimated.
The final readings of T2 showed that bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were 210.0 cfu x 105/g, 34
cfu x 104/g and 26 cfu x 104/g respectively in the rhizosphere. It was obvious that the rhizosphere
organisms were highly populated in T2.
Table 3: Microbial population of municipal wastewater in different treatments.
Treatments
T1
T2
T3
Bacteria (cfu x 105/g)
Rhizosphere
Non
Rhizosphere
Initial Final Initial Final
131
129
210
196
126
126
112
138
166
145
Fungi (cfu x 104/g)
Rhizosphere
Non
Rhizosphere
Initial Final
Initial Final
11
9
34
27
76
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12
12
8
16
26
19
Actinomycetes (cfu x 104/g)
Rhizosphere
Non
Rhizosphere
Initial Final
Initial Final
9.5
7.5
26
14
8
8
5.5
12
23
18
3.2
Experiment II
Vetiver plant can tolerate wide range of pH, EC, Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen (TKN),
phosphorous, potassium and total organic carbon (TOC). Initial pH was found to be 8.6 and final
was 8.3 in T1 (control). But in all other treatments the pH was found to be reduced than T1 on the
final day (Fig 1). There was a reduction in EC in all the treatments (Fig 2). EC was 0.22 dSm-1 in T6
and it was 0.39 dSm-1 in T1.
F i g - 1 pH o f tr e a te d s o i l
F i g - 2 E C o f tr e a te d s o i l
9
0 .5
8 .5
0 .4
7 .5
p H F in a l
7
0 .3
I n it ia l
d S m -1
p H In itia l
pH
8
F in a l
0 .2
0 .1
6 .5
0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T1
T2
TR EA TM EN TS
T3
T4
T5
T6
TR EA TM EN TS
Initial value of TKN was 8.85% in T6 and it was reduced to 0.53% on the final day (Fig 3).
In the same way phosphorous was also found to be higher in T6 (5.9%) initially (Fig 4).
F ig - 3 T K N % o f tr e a te d s o il
F ig - 4 P h os ph or ou s % of tr e ate d s oil
10
8
8
6
T K N % I n it ia l
T K N % F in a l
4
P % I n it ia l
4
%
%
6
P % F in a l
2
2
0
0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T1
TR EA TM EN TS
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
TR EA TM EN TS
On the final day, concentrations were reduced from 5.9% to 0.81%. The percentage of
potassium was drastically reduced from 3.4% to 0.18% in T1 (Fig 5). In T6, the percentage of
potassium was reduced from 3.4% to 0.2%. The TOC on 60th day was 1.6% in T6 (Fig 6).
77
- 83 -
F i g - 5 K % o f tr e a te d s o i l
F i g - 6 T O C % o f tr e a te d s o i l
4
10
3
8
K % I n it ia l
%
2
%
K % F in a l
1
6
T O C % I n it ia l
4
T O C % F in a l
2
0
0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T1
T2
T R EA TM E N T S
T3
T4
T5
T6
TR EA TM EN TS
It was reduced from 8.3% to 1.8% in T5, whereas in T3 and T4 it was from 8.6% to 2.4% and 8.5%
to 2.0%. Metals like Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, were also reduced on 60th day in all the treatments.
The metal uptake by the plant was prominent in T6 (Table 4).
Table 4: Heavy metal contents of Orathupalayam soil in different treatments
Treatment
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
Pb (ppm)
Initial
1.57 ±
0.01
1.55
±0.02
1.49±
0.01
1.42±
0.02
1.36±
0.02
1.30±
0.01
Final
0.55
±0.02
0.53
±0.01
0.48±
0.02
0.40±
0.02
0.32±
0.01
0.28±
0.02
Cd (ppm)
Initial
0.244
± 0.01
0.339
±0.02
0.233
±0.01
0.231
±0.01
0.229±
0.02
0.221±
0.01
Final
0.044
±0.02
0.041
±0.01
0.039±
0.02
0.035±
0.01
0.032±
0.02
0.029±
0.02
Cu (ppm)
Initial
0.78
±0.02
0.76
±0.01
0.74±
0.02
0.73±
0.02
0.69±
0.01
0.69±
0.02
Final
0.07
±0.01
0.05
±0.02
0.04±
0.02
0.04±
0.01
0.03±
0.02
0.01±
0.02
Zn (ppm)
Initial
1.10
±0.02
1.08
±0.01
1.05±
0.02
1.04±
0.02
1.03±
0.01
1.02±
0.02
Final
0.63 ±
0.01
0.45
±0.01
0.33±
0.01
0.32±
0.01
0.29±
0.02
0.28±
0.01
Fe (ppm)
Initial
6.66
±0.02
6.62
±0.02
6.55±
0.02
6.49±
0.02
6.38±
0.02
6.21±
0.02
Final
3.01
±0.02
2.84
±0.02
2.62±
0.01
2.35±
0.02
2.28±
0.01
2.21±
0.02
Mn (ppm)
Initial
2.64 ±
0.01
2.34
±0.01
2.32±
0.02
2.29±
0.02
2.27±
0.02
2.19±
0.02
Final
0.44
±0.02
0.40
±0.02
0.32±
0.01
0.25±
0.02
0.14±
0.01
0.12±
0.02
The growth parameters of vetiver of root length, shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight and
total chlorophyll content were recorded on 0th day and 60th day. There was an increase in all the
growth parameters in T6. There was an increase in root and shoot length until harvest in all the
treatments. However, the growth of vetiver was prominently greater in T6 and T5. The fresh weight
(FW) of the plant in T6 (273.1 ± 0.1 g) on the final day was higher than in T1
(180.0 ± 0.1 g). Surprisingly, the dry weight was increased. It was 19.2 ± 0.1 g in T1 and 35.3 ± 0.2
in T6 (Table 5).
78
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Table 5: Morphological parameters of vetiver grown in different treatment (Orathupalayam soil)
RL (cm)
SL (cm)
FW (g)
DW (g)
Treatments
Initial
10 ±
0.4
10 ±
0.2
10 ±
0.1
10 ±
0.2
10 ±
0.1
10 ±
0.3
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
Final
18.2 ±
0.2
42.0 ±
0.2
48.2 ±
0.1
51.3 ±
0.2
69.4 ±
0.1
75.2 ±
0.1
Initial
10 ±
0.1
10 ±
0.2
10 ±
0.4
10 ±
0.3
10 ±
0.1
10 ±
0.4
Final
43.0 ±
0.2
51.1 ±
0.1
55.2 ±
0.1
58.1 ±
0.2
59.7 ±
0.1
65.3 ±
0.2
Initial
6.2 ±
0.1
6.2 ±
0.2
6.2 ±
0.1
6.2 ±
0.1
6.2 ±
0.1
6.2 ±
0.2
Final
180 ±
0.1
195.2
± 0.1
210.3
± 0.1
252.5
± 0.2
260.0
± 0.2
273.1
± 0.1
Initial
-
Final
19.2 ±
0.1
20.1 ±
0.1
20.9 ±
0.1
28.1 ±
0.1
32.7 ±
0.2
35.3 ±
0.2
-
Total chlorophyll
(mg/g)
Initial Final
0.123 0.197 ± 0.1
± 0.1
0.216 0.297 ± 0.1
± 0.2
0.262 0.410 ± 0.1
± 0.1
0.257 0.624 ± 0.2
± 0.2
0.272 0.871 ± 0.2
± 0.3
0.269 0.981 ± 0.2
± 0.1
The microbial population was enumerated in all the other treatments (T1- T6).
Bacterial, fungal and actinomycetes populations in rhizosphere were found to be more than the non
– rhizosphere of all the treatments. It was recorded that bacteria was 22 cfu x 105/g, fungi was 9 cfu
x 104/g and actinomycetes was 15 cfu x 104/g on the 60th day rhizosphere soil in T1. There was a
gradual increase of microbial populations in rhizosphere soil T1 to T6. But it was noted that
microbial population were lesser in non – rhizosphere of all the treatments when compared to the
rhizosphere (Fig 7 – 9).
F i g - 8 F u n g a l p o p u l a ti o n o f t r e a t e d s o i l
F i g -7 B a c te r i a l p o p u l a ti o n o f tr e a te d s o i l
30
140
80
R F in a l
60
N R I n it ia l
40
N R F in a l
-4
cfu x 1 0
-5
R I n it ia l
/g
100
20
c fu x 1 0
/g
25
120
15
R
I n it ia l
R F in a l
NR
I n it ia l
NR
F in a l
10
5
20
0
0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T1
TR EA TM EN TS
T2
T3
T4
TR EA TM EN TS
79
- 85 -
T5
T6
F i g - 9 A c ti n o m y c e t e s p o p u l a t i o n o f t r e a t e d s o i l
35
25
R I n it ia l
20
R F in a l
15
N R I n it ia l
10
N R F in a l
c fu x 1 0
-5
/g
30
5
0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
TR EA TM EN TS
4.
DISCUSSION
Vetiver is native to India, its environmental application for soil and water conservation is
traditionally practiced for longer time. Systematic efforts to develop the vetiver grass technology
for mitigation of soil erosion and water conservation were first initiated in India; however it was not
practiced seriously. Several countries on the other hand, taking cues from the Indian initiative
extensively implemented environmental applications of this grass (Lavania, 2004). Currently two
main methods for treating contaminated water namely, ‘engineering’ and ‘biological’ are being
used. The biological method consists of land irrigation, wetland and hydroponics system
(Chomchalow, 2003).
As vetiver is both a xerophyte and a hydrophyte, it can withstand drought and flood. So this
plant was used in the present study to treat municipal wastewater and textile wastewater treated soil.
The physico-chemical parameters showed that there was a reduction in pH and EC in the vetiver
treated wastewater and soil. Generally the effluent pH was higher but after the vetiver was planted
the pH was found to be lower than the control. EC was found to be decreased on the final day of the
experiment. This type of the reduction in pH and EC was supported by Truong et al. (2002).
In the present study, the dissolved oxygen (DO) levels were found to be decreased from the
initial day to the final day. Dissolved oxygen is one of the most important parameters in water
quality assessment and reflects the physical and biological processes prevailing in the water. Its
presence is essential to maintain the higher forms of biological life in water and the effects of a
waste discharge in a water body are largely determined by the oxygen balance of the system. The
concentration of oxygen will also reflect whether the processes undergoing are aerobic or anaerobic.
The average BOD removal efficiency was higher on 60th day. Generally BOD could be
removed by settling the particulate of BOD and utilization of degradable carbon compound during
metabolic process. Higher BOD removal efficiencies were due to the higher organic decomposition
rate by the vetiver plant, resulted in CO2 and acid production, which finally lower the effluent pH.
Nitrate, which is highly soluble, is one of the major pollutants in ground and surface water.
It cannot be easily removed by physical and chemical methods. But the biological treatment of
wastewater is found to be successful. In the present study, it is proved that the removal of nitrate
nitrogen was 90 – 94% and phosphate 87% to 90%. Summerfelt et al. (1999) used vetiver grass in a
study for the removal and stabilization of aquaculture sludge, and found that vetiver removed 96 –
98% of total suspended solids (TSS), 72 – 91% of total COD, 30 – 81% of dissolved COD and 82 –
93% of dissolved phosphate, TKN and total phosphorous.
80
- 86 -
The growth parameters showed prominent increase in T2 and T3. There was a significant
increase in the dry weight in T2 than T3 as the root and shoot might have utilized all the nutrients
available in the municipal wastewater. It was observed that the plant could grow well in both T2
and T3. Reduction of nitrate nitrogen, phosphate and TOC on 60th day showed that these factors
promoted the growth of the plant.
The microbial populations in the wastewater treatment on 60th day were found to be
maximum in T2 and T3 than T1. The organic matter in the wastewater increased the microbial load
and the vetiver root harboured more microorganisms.
Vetiver can grow in all types of soil regardless of pH or salinity. It tolerates wide range of
pH, salinity, sodicity, acidity and heavy metals such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu),
lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) (Xia and Shu, 2001). In the present study, pH and EC decreased in all the
treatments. This may be due to the higher organic decomposition rate resulted in CO2 and acid
production, which finally lowered the pH of the effluent. A decrease in the soil pH indicated the
acidifying effect of organic acid produced upon decomposition and EC as the mineralization of free
ions present in the compost and soil.
It was commonly known that vetiver could absorb higher nitrogen, phosphate and potassium.
The NPK levels in the textile wastewater treated soil when amended with vermicompost were
increased than those of control soil. It was found that vetiver could grow well in the treatments of T2
– T6. Wagner et al. (2003) reported that C.zizanioides is capable of withstanding extremely high
nitrogen supply and phosphorous. In general, amendments such as application of organic manure or
inorganic fertilizer are necessary for establishment of plants on contaminated or metal accumulated
soil (Yang et al., 2003).
According to Karmegam (1997) the application of organic manures increased the NPK
contents of the soil. Sharma et al. (1988) observed that farmyard manure registered higher organic
carbon and available phosphorous content in the soil. All the above findings substantiate our
present study very well.
The present study demonstrated that vermicompost when added to textile wastewater
contaminated soil, greatly enhanced the growth of C.zizanioides. The increase of growth parameters
like root length, shoot length and chlorophyll content was noticed. Growth stimulation was more
pronounced with vermicompost supplement. The application of VC enhanced root initiation, root
elongation, root biomass and rooting percentage. Vermicompost loosen the contaminated soil and
make the soil texture suitable for the root growth.
The results showed that C.zizanioides has better growth performance in textile wastewater
contaminated soil (RL, SL, FW, DW and total chlorophyll content) even though the heavy metals
like Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu etc were accumulated in roots and shoots. Vermicompost acted like adsorbent
for heavy metals and reduced the toxicity and supplied the required nutrients to the plants.
As vetiver has been found to be highly tolerant to extreme soil condition including heavy
metal contamination, the experiment was conducted to check the reduction level of all contaminants
of textile wastewater treated soil on the plant’s ability to tolerate toxic levels of manganese (Mn),
zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) and on the ability to accumulate these heavy metals in roots
and shoots. Truong and Baker (1988) have proved the similar results. It might be concluded that
heavy metals in soil even at the higher level to plant growth have no negative effect on vetiver
growth (Roongtanakiat and Chairoj, 2001).
Microbial population was found to be higher in T2-T6 than T1. This may be due to the VC
treatment. The earthworm casts contain maximum microbial population (Kale, et al., 1991). The
organic humus content of the soil in T2 –T6 enriched the microbes. Most of the microorganisms
appeared in the areas of rhizosphere of the vetiver root. The activity of microbial population was
81
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higher in rhizosphere of vetiver grass than non – rhizosphere. Moreover soil microbes and their
activities have the important role in transformation on plant nutrients to available form and also have
many metabolisms related to soil fertility improvement. Microorganisms often invade the surface
tissue of roots, where they may cause a number plant link for nutrient transport between the plant
and the soil, while the roots excrete soluble organic carbon compound, “polysaccharide” for soil
microbial metabolism and adaptation. The soil microorganisms associated with vetiver root are
nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing microbes, mycorrhizal fungi and cellulolytic
microorganisms (Siripin, 2000). The substances in the exudates of vetiver root served as nutrients
and energy sources for the growth of microorganisms in the rhizosphere (Russel, 1982; Lynch,
1990).
Application of the vetiver system for wastewater treatment and contaminated soils is a new
and innovative phytoremedial technology and vetiver system was potential to meet all the criteria.
5.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to the University and the Department of Environmental
Sciences for providing necessary laboratory facilities.
6.
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83
- 89 -
âù«õ ªõ†®«õ˜ ê£°ð®¬ò ï£‹ ïñ¶ ñ£²ð†ì ÃõˆF™ âŠð®Š
ðJK´õ¶ âŠð® ï£ŸÁ ïì¾èœ ªêŒõ¶ â¡Á õí‚èˆFŸ°Kò «ñòK¡
Ý«ô£ê¬ùŠð® Þ‰î ªõ†®«õ˜ ï£ŸÁŠ ð‡¬íè¬÷ CøŠð£è ïìˆF
õ¼‹ «èó÷£M¡ ªè£„C‚° ðòíŠð†«ì£‹.
Üƒ«è Üõ˜èœ î‰î îèõ™èœ ïñ‚° I°‰î ðòÂœ÷î£è«õ
Þ¼‰î¶.
- 90 -
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- 95 -
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- 97 -
- 98 -
ÝvF«óLò£ ï£†´ î£õóMò™ M…ë£ù ‘ð£™
†óƒA¡’ ÝŒ¾èO™... Þ‰î ªõ†® «õ˜ ÍL¬è„
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ÜN‰¶ ðì£î¶. Ý«ø ñ£îˆF™... è£†´ˆ bò£™
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õ÷˜‰¶ ªêNˆ¶ î¡¬ù„ ê£è£õó‹ ªðŸø î£õó‹
â¡ð¬î GÏHˆ¶œ÷¶.
- 99 -
Þ¬õè¬÷ â™ô£‹ Ýó£Œ‰¶ ð£˜ˆî «ð£¶, Þ‰î ªõ†® «õ˜ ê£°ð®
ã¡ ªðKò Ü÷M™ Mõê£Jèœ ñˆFJ™ MNŠ¹í˜„C¬ò
ãŸð´ˆîM™¬ô â¡ø ê‰«îè‹ õóˆî£¡ ªêŒî¶.
à‡¬ñJ™ ªõ†®«õ˜ ê£°ð® Þ¡¬øò Mõê£ò MŸð¬ù GôõóŠð®
å¼ ô£ðèóñ£ù ðíŠðJ˜î£¡.
è¼‹¹, õ£¬ö «ð£¡ø ðíŠ ðJ˜è¬÷Mì °¬ø‰î Ü÷«õ î‡a˜
A¬ìˆî£½‹ Þ‰î ªõ†®«õ˜ ï™ô ñèÅ¬ôˆ îõø£ñ™ ªè£´Šð«î£´
Þ¡¬øò °«ô£ð™ õ£˜Iƒ¬èˆ î£‚°ŠH®‚°‹ å«ó î£õó Þù‹ Þ‰î
ªõ†®«õ˜î£¡.
«ñ½‹, «õ÷£‡¬ñˆ ¶¬øJ™ Þ‰î ªõ†®«õ˜ õø†C¬òˆ
î£‚°ŠH®Šð«î£´ ñ¬ö‚ è£ôƒèO™ àðKò£è A¬ì‚°‹ î‡a¬ó
Þ‰î ªõ†® «õ˜, ñí™ ðóŠ¹ «ð£ô«õ ñ¬öˆ î‡a¬ó «êIˆ¶
¬õˆ¶‚ ªè£œAø¶.
ÞŠð® «êI‚èŠð†ì î‡a˜ ñ¬ö‚ °¬øõ£è
àœ÷ è£ôƒèO™... ñŸø î£õóƒèÀ‚° î£ùñ£è õöƒèŠð´õ¬î»‹
The Vetiver Network International (TVNI) ÝŒ¾èœ ªñŒŠH‚A¡øù.
- 100 -
Ü´ˆîî£è,
Þ¡¬øò ªð¼A õ¼‹ ñ‚èœ ªî£¬è‚° ãŸð ï£‹ âKªð£¼œ
«î¬õè¬÷ âŠð®ò£õ¶ êKè†ì «õ‡®ò G˜Šð‰îˆF™ àœ«÷£‹,
Üîù£™î£¡ e«î¡ õ£»¬õ â´ŠðîŸè£è ï£‹ àí¾ àŸðˆF ªêŒ»‹
õ÷ñ£ù è£MKŠ ð´¬èè¬÷‚Ãì ðLªè£´‚è «õ‡®ò è†ì£ò‹
õ‰¶ M†ì¶. Þ‰î ÜõôG¬ô¬ò Þ‰î Hó‹ñ£‡ìñ£ù ªõ†®«õ˜
ÍôŠ ªð£¼œ êñ£Oˆ¶ õ¼‹ â¡«ø ïñ¶ ÝŒ¾èœ ï‹H‚¬è
á†´A¡øù.
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ªð†«ó£½‚° ñ£Ÿø£è è‡´H®ˆ«î Ýè «õ‡®ò è†ì£òˆF™
Þ¡¬ø‚° ï£‹ Þ¼‚A«ø£‹. è£˜ð¡ èN¾è¬÷ ªõOŠð´ˆî£î ¬ð«ò£
¯ê¬ô ï£‹, ïñ¶ àí¾ î£QòƒèOL¼‰¶‹ Ýñí‚° «ð£¡ø
â‡ªíŒ Mˆ¶‚èOL¼‰¶‹ îò£K‚èô£‹.
Ýù£™ ÜF™ å¼
«ðó£ðˆ¶ àœ÷¶. âù«õ àí¾ î£Qòƒèœ, ñŸÁ‹ â‡ªíŒ
Mˆ¶‚èOL¼‰¶ îò£K‚°‹ F†ìˆ¬î àôèˆF¡ êÍè Ü‚è¬ø
ªè£‡ì ðô ï£´èœ å¶‚Aˆ îœO M†ìù.
- 101 -
îQ å¼õÂ‚°
àíM™¬ôªòQ™
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ÜNˆF´«õ£‹!
- ð£óFò£˜
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âù«õ ¯ê™, ªð†«ó£™, Gô‚èK, eˆ«î¡ «ð£¡ø ²ŸÁ„Åö¬ô
ñ£²ð´ˆ¶‹ ÍôŠªð£¼¬÷ ï£‹ «õÁ
õNJ¡P M¬ô»‹ ÜFè‹
ªè£´ˆ¶ «ï£Œ ªï£®è¬÷ M¬ô‚° õ£ƒè «õ‡®ò è†ì£òˆFŸ°
îœ÷Šð†´ M†«ì£‹.
ä¡v¬ìQ¡ The second day of Thermo dynamics Þ‰î Gô‚èK ²óƒèƒèÀ‹
ªð†«ó£™ AíÁèÀ‹ ²ˆîñ£è õŸP M´‹ ï£œ ï‹ Ý»†è£ôˆF«ô
õóô£‹ â¡Á â„êK‚¬è M´‚Aø£˜. «ð£vì¡ »Qõ˜C†®¬ò„ «ê˜‰î
ªð£¼÷£î£ó «ñ¬îò£ù ó£ð˜† è£çŠñ£¡,
“In our lifetime” says economist Robot Kaufmann, “We will
have to deal with a peak in the supply of cheap oil.” That
peak will be a watershed moment.
The Middle East remains the mother lode of crude, but war
and instability underscore the perils of depending on that region.
And so oil companies are searching for new supplies and braving
high costs, both human and economic. Making gambles like thunder horse and venturing
into West Africa and Russia, they are still finding oil in quantities to gladden a Hummer
owner‘s heart.
But in the end the quest for more cheap oil will prove a losing game: Not just
because oil consumption imposes severe costs on the environment, health, and taxpayers,
but also because the world‘s oil addiction is hastening a day of reckoning. Humanity‘s
way of life is on a collision course with geology- with the stark fact that the Earth holds
a finite supply of oil. The flood of crude from fields around the world will ultimately
top out, then dwindle. It could be 5 years from now or 30: No one knows for sure, and
geologists and economists are embroiled in debate about just when the ¯oil peak. will
be upon us. But few doubt that it is coming. ¯In our lifetime,. says economist Robot K.
Kaufmann of Boston University, who is 46, ¯ we will have to deal with a peak in the
supply of cheap oil..
- 103 -
- 104 -
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ÃõïF «ð£™ î‡a˜ õóˆ¶œ÷ ÝÁ Ü™ô¶ ïF, îIöèˆF™ «õÁ
âƒ°‹ Þ™¬ô.
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Þó‡ì£õ¶ ð¼õ ñ¬öèÀ‚°œ Ãõ‹, ªï£Œò™ ÝŸÁŠ ð´¬èèO™
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Ü¶, Ü‰î Fì‚ èN¾è¬÷‚ èìL™ ªè£†´õ¬î Mì ªðKò Ýðˆ¬î
ñQî˜ õ£¿‹ GôŠðóŠH™ ãŸð´ˆ¶Aøî£‹.
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g¬ê‚AOƒ ªêŒ¶ M´Aø¶.
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ªêò™ðì£ñ™ ïñ¶ ²ŸÁ„Åö™ G„êò‹ «ñ‹ð´‹.
ÞŠð® ï£‹ Ãõ‹, ªï£Œò™ ñŸÁ‹ î£IóðóE, è£MK, ð£ô£Á
ïFŠð´¬èèO™ ê£°ð® ªêŒî ªõ†®«õ˜ ï‹Iì‹ ÍôŠªð£¼÷£è õ‰¶
ãó£÷ñ£è «ê˜‰¶M´‹. Ü¬õèœ ãó£÷ñ£ù ì¡è÷£è °M‰¶M´‹.
Ü‰î è£ôè†ìˆF™ Üî£õ¶ Þó‡«ì Ý‡´èO™, îIöè Üóê£™
²ŸÁ„Åö™ ð£F‚è£î ªõ†®«õ˜ ¬ð«ò£ ¯ê™ Ý¬ô¬ò, ñ£‡¹I°
Ü‹ñ£M¡ F¼‚èóƒè÷£™ Fø‰¶ ¬õ‚è º®»‹.
ÜŠ«ð£¶... «ñ½‹ ïñ‚° ªõ†®«õ˜ ÍôŠ ªð£¼œ âšõ÷¾
A¬ìˆî£½‹ M¬ô ªè£´ˆ¶ õ£ƒè º®»‹.
è†´Šð®ò£°‹.
Ü‰î
G¬ôJ™ ïð£˜´ õƒAèœ Íô‹ åŠð‰î‹ «ð£†´ Mõê£JèOì‹
«ðCù£™ ï™ô M¬ô A¬ì‚°‹ â¡ø G¬ôJ™ Mõê£JèÀ‹
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ªõ†®«õ¬ó ê£°ð® ªêŒò º¡õ¼õ£˜èœ. Þîù£™... ãŸèù«õ óê£òù
àóƒè÷£™ ð£F‚èŠð†ì Ü‰î Mõê£JèO¡ Gôƒèœ àœ÷ ï„²Š
ªð£¼œè¬÷ Þ‰î ªõ†®«õ˜ àP…C, à‡´ g-¬ê‚AOƒ ªêŒ¶
Gôƒè¬÷ õ÷Šð´ˆF M´‹. è¼‹¹ Ý¬ôèÀ‚° Mõê£Jèœ ÞŠ«ð£¶
è¼‹¬ð ÜÂŠ¹õ¶ «ð£™ JJ Mõê£Jèœ ñùF™ ñA›„C«ò£´
ªõ†®«õ¬ó ÜÂŠH ¬õŠð£˜èœ. ÞŠ«ð£¶ M¬ô‚ è†´Šð®ò£èîî£™
è¼‹¹ Mõê£Jèœ ñùF™ èêŠ«ð£´î£¡ è¼‹ð£¬ôèÀ‚° ÜÂŠH
¬õ‚Aø£˜èœ.
ñ£‡¹I° Ü‹ñ£M¡ CøŠð‹êƒèO™ å¡Á Üõó¶ ªî£¬ô«ï£‚°
F†ìƒèœ, ñ£‡¹I° Ü‹ñ£M¡ ð£˜¬õ ð†ì£™ Þ‰î ªõ†®«õ˜ ïñ¶
îIöèˆF¡ Gô‹, c˜G¬ôèœ, è£ŸÁ ñ‡ìô‹ Í¡¬ø»‹ ªêô¾ H®‚°‹
è¼Mèœ Þ™ô£ñ«ô ÞòŸ¬è õNJ™ ²ˆFèKŠ¹ ªêŒõ«î£´
²ŸÁ„Åö¬ô «ñ‹ð´ˆ¶‹ ªõ†®«õ˜, ¬ð«ò£ ¯ê™ Ý¬ô¬ò àôAŸ°
º¡ àî£óíñ£è ñ£‡¹I° Ü‹ñ£õ£™ Üóƒ«èŸøŠðìô£‹.
Üî¡
Íô‹, ï£‹ ÜªñK‚è£¾‚° ¯ê™, ªð†«ó£™ ãŸÁñF ªêŒ»‹ Mò£ð£ó
«ï£‚è‹ Þ™ô£M†ì£½‹, ï‹ îIöèˆF™ ¯ê™, ªð†«ó£™, Gô‚èK,
e«î¡ «ð£¡ø ²ŸÁ„Åö½‚° «è´ M¬÷MŠðùõŸ¬ø î¬ì ªêŒ¶,
¬ð«ò£ ¯ê™ Íô‹ îIöèˆF¡ âKê‚F ¶¬ø‚° î†´Šð£®™ô£î
î¡Q¬ø¬õ ï‹ñ£™ G„êò‹ ãŸð´ˆî º®»‹.
Þ‰î‚ ÞìˆF™ ïñ¶ ªð£¼÷£î£ó «ñ¬î Üñ˜ˆFò£ ªê¡Q¡
õ£êèƒèœ °PŠHìˆî‚è¶. Üñ˜ˆFò£ªê¡ ðô ï™ô ªðKò F†ìƒè¬÷
Üó²î£¡ ïìˆî «õ‡´‹.
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å†´ªñ£ˆî àôèŠ ð‰F½‹ Þ‰Fò ¶¬í‚ è‡ìˆ¬îŠ «ð£ô
ÞôÍKò£ â¡ø IèŠ ðó‰î GôŠðóŠ¹ èì™ YŸøƒè÷£™ º¿õ¶‹ èìL™
Í›Aò¶ «õÁ âƒ°‹ Gè›‰î¶ Þ™¬ô.
ÞŠ«ð£¶‹ ï‹ ¬èõê‹
àœ÷ Þ‰Fò£M¡ GôŠðóŠ¹ Í¡Á¹ø‹ èì™ Å›‰¶ å¼ bðèŸðèñ£è«õ
àœ÷¶.
Þ‰î ºŠ¹ø‹ Å›‰î èì™ ïñ¶ Þ‰Fò£M¡ èì«ô£ó
GôŠðóŠ¬ð‚ ªè£…ê‹ ªè£…êñ£è ÜKˆ¶ îù¶ èì™ ê£‹ó£xò
â™¬ôè¬÷Š ªð¼‚A õ¼õ¶ è‡Ã´.
Þ¬õè¬÷‚ èí‚A†ì£™
ïñ¶ Ü‡¬ì Üò™ï£´èœ ïñ¶ â™¬ôŠ¹øƒèO™ ð†ì£‹Ì„C ¹®‚è
õ‰¶ H¡ Üõ˜èœ ªðòK™ ð†ì£ «ð£†ì GôŠðóŠ¹ ÜFèñ£è Þ¼‚è£¶.
Þ«î gFJ™î£¡ - ïñ¶ ÝŸÁŠ ð´¬èèÀ‹ ªõœ÷Š ªð¼‚A¡
«ð£¶ ïñ¶ M¬÷Gôƒè¬÷ Üˆ¶eP Ý‚AóIˆ¶‚ ªè£‡´î£¡
àœ÷¶.
Þ«î gFJ™î£¡ - ïñ¶ ÞôÍKò£‚ è‡ìº‹
èì™ÜKŠ¹è÷£™ üô êñ£F Ü¬ì‰F¼‚èô£‹ â¡Á ï‹ð º®Aø¶.
Þ‰î èì™ ÜKŠ¬ðˆ î´‚è àôè ï£´èœ ð™«õÁ õNº¬øèO™
ºò¡Á õ‰¶œ÷ù. ÜF™... ñƒ«è£ó£‚ è£´èœ èìŸè¬ó æóƒèO™
õ÷˜Šð¶ ñŸÁ‹ ªðKò ªðKò Cªñ‡† vô£Š¹è¬÷‚ èìŸè¬ó
æóƒèO™ èõêñ£è, î´Šð£è Ü¬ñŠð¶ «ð£¡ø¬õ ï¬ìº¬øJ™
àœ÷ù.
Þ‰î Þó‡¬ì»‹ Mì èìŸè¬ó æóƒèO™ ªõ†® «õ¬ó ê£°ð®
ªêŒõ¶ Cø‰î ðô¬ù‚ ªè£´‚°‹ â¡ð¬î àôè ï£´èœ
GÏHˆ¶œ÷¬îˆ
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àƒèœ
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ð£˜¬õ‚°
êñ˜ŠHˆ¶œ«÷£‹.
Ü«î «ð£™, ï‹ °®c¼‚è£è ðò¡ð´ˆ¶‹
c˜G¬ôè¬÷„ ²ŸP õ‰¶ ð£˜ˆî£™, ÜîŸ°Š Hø° ï‹ñ£™ î‡a«ó
°®‚è º®ò£¶. âˆî¬ù«ò£ èN¾èœ, Þø‰î Hó£EèO¡ àì™èœ
Üƒ«è õ‰¶ «ê¼A¡øù.
Þ‰î c˜G¬ôèO™ ïñ¶ ªõ†®«õ¬ó
Iî¬õèœ Íô‹ Iî‚è M†ì£™, ïñ¶ °®î‡aK¡ îó‹ óê£òù
²ˆFèKŠ¹ ªð£¼œèœ Þ™ô£ñ«ô«ò ÞòŸ¬è õNJ™ ²ˆFèKŠ¹
ªêŒòŠð´‹.
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bŠH®ˆ¶ âK‰î£½‹ e‡´‹ ê£è£õó‹ ªðŸÁ ð„¬êŠ ð«ê™ â¡Á
¶O˜‚°‹ Þ‰î ªõ†® «õ˜, è´¬ñò£ù î‡a˜ˆ î†´Šð£´è¬÷»‹
êñ£O‚°‹ ÝŸø™ ð¬ìˆî¶. âù«õ õ£èùŠ ªð¼‚èºœ÷ Ü¬ùˆ¶
ïè˜èO¡ Þ¼õN„ê£¬ô °Á‚° ²õ˜èO™ Þ‰î ªõ†® «õ¬ó
M¬îè÷£è ÉM M†ì£™ «ð£¶‹. è£˜ð¡«ñ£ù£‚¬ê´ èN¾èœ ï‹
¸¬ófó¬ôˆ î£‚è£ñ™ Þ‰î ªõ†®«õ˜ è£ð‰¶ ªêŒ»‹.
Ü«î«ð£™ Þî¡ ÌI ñ†ìˆF™ «ñŸ¹ø‹ ªêNˆ¶ õ÷¼‹ Þ¬ôè¬÷
ñ£†´Š ð‡¬íèO™ èø¬õ ñ£´èÀ‚°ˆ î‰î£™, Ü‰î èø¬õ
ñ£´èO¡ ð£™ õ÷‹ ªð¼°Aø¶.
Üˆ«î£´ Ü‰îŠ ð£™ ÍL¬è‚
°íƒèœ G¬ø‰îî£è¾‹ àœ÷î£è ÝŒ¾èœ ªñŒŠH‚A¡øù.
ñQîÂ‚° ðô‹ ªð£Á‰Fò êè ªî£Nô£Oò£è à¬ö‚°‹
èüó£ü¡èÀ‚° ¹ˆ¶í˜„C ºè£‹ Ü¬ñˆ¶ Ü¬õèÀ‚° á†ì„
êˆ¶œ÷ àí¾ õöƒAò ïñ¶ ñ£‡¹I° Ü‹ñ£ î¡ óˆîˆ¬îŠ ð£ô£è
ï‹ ð„C÷‹ °ö‰¬îèÀ‚° õöƒ°‹ èø¬õ ñ£´èÀ‚° ÍL¬è
ªõ†®«õ˜ Þ¬ôè¬÷ ðKê£è G„êò‹ Ü¼œõ£˜ â¡«ø ï‹¹A«ø£‹.
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