Foto : © CICA - RISSOAN BIOLOGICA CONTROL TO Chestnut tree gall wasp Servizio Fitosanitario – Regione Emilia-Romagna Massimo Bariselli e Nicoletta Vai www.chestnut-meetings.org Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 How did it come to Italy? •D. kuriphilus In Italy came as a result of scions imported from China by some nurseries •Planting material in the presence of the Vespa is asymptomatic •The infestation was not immediately recognized •Blocking the sale of nursery material was delayed Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 What sort of damage did it cause? • Minor flowering and lower production • Reduction of photosynthetic capacity • Reduction in the growth • Stress • General weakening of the plants with increased disease secondary Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Climate change Summer rain accumulated 2012 Loiano (Bologna) - Italy Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Loss in production Production losses in two chestnut trees in Piedmont Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 How can we stop it? • Classical biological control based on the introduction in Italy of (Torymus sinensis) a specific parasitoid wasp Chinese • The method has already been used successfully in Japan Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Why is biological control is a better method? • Compatible with the natural environment of the Apennines • No side effects for humans and animals • Leads to an "definitive" environmental balance Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Biological control Area of multiplication • Chestnut in which T. sinensis is introduced with the objective of obtaining in the subsequent years other parasitoids from spreading Launch area • Chestnut in which T. sinensis is introduced because they reproduce and spread in the environment Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Choice of launch areas Technical evaluations: • Very high infestation • Presence of low plants with galls • Continuity of chestnut to encourage the spread of T. sinensis • Strategic location, slope • Absence of chemical treatment Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Choice of launch areas Political evaluations: • Cover the territory concentrating launches the points of greatest economic importance • Provide real assistance to producers • Avoid abandonment of the land and the impoverishment of companies Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Choice of launch areas The choice of chestnut trees is carried out in collaboration with: • Producers • local Authorities • forestry • citizens Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Biological control The Torymus sinensis introduced originate in Emilia-Romagna: – Chestnut woods Piedmont – Areas of multiplication in Emilia-Romagna • The launch are carried out between April and May when galls are young, not yet lignified Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Biological control • Each "launch" is made with 10-11 tubes from the laboratories • In each "launch" is constituted by 100 mated females and 50 males • After the release in chestnut adults released T. sinensis mates immediately Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Biological control • After mating, the female lays her eggs Torymus sinensis in Dryocosmus kuriphilus galls • Each female lays about 70 eggs Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Biological control • The females of T. sinensis have a long ovipositor that allow them to lay the egg inside the surface in close contact with the D. kuriphilus larva • The larvae of T. sinensis subsequently grow at the expense of the D. kuriphilus larva Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Biological control • The larva of T. sinensis after killing the Dryocosmus spends the winter as a pupa in the floating dry • In late summer, early fall inside the galls of the year you can find the larvae of T. sinensis Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Area of moltiplication • Properties (possibly) public • Very high infestation • Presence of low plants the collection of galls • Isolated position of other chestnut • Absence of chemical treatment Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Harvesting dryed galls • To get the insects to the launch in the areas of propagation, a fixed amount of galls dry are harvested each year • The galls are collected with the help of chestnut growers Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Cleaning the galls Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Laboratory phase • The galls collected are counted and stored in special boxes kept outdoors in conditions similar to those in nature • During the control is necessary to verify that there are no galls of previous years Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Laboratory phase • A new spring begins flickering T. sinensis that are directed in skylights • The boxes are taken to the laboratory to prepare insects for use in the throws propagation in the chestnut Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Laboratory phase Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Laboratory phase Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Laboratory phase • The laboratory phase allows us to delay births in a longer period • In the laboratory, the insects are fed sfarfallati and can survive for a few days Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Numbers of harvested and insects obtained Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Launch in Emilia-Romagna Piemonte Emilia-Romagna 250 200 150 100 50 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Launch in Emilia-Romagna Piemonte Emilia-Romagna 250 200 150 100 471 50 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Displacements of Torymus sinensis • Spread Expected T. sinensis (based on Japanese data) • 1 year – 200 m • 2 years – 600 m • 3 years – 1200 m • 4 years – 2000 m • 5 years – 5000 m 2011 - Torymus sinensis launch 2012 - Spread of Torymus sinensis 2012 - Spread Torymus sinensis and new launches 2013 - Spread of Torymus sinensis 2013 - Spread Torymus sinensis and new launches 2014 - Spread of Torymus sinensis 2014 - Spread Torymus sinensis and new launches 2015 - Spread of Torymus sinensis Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 The near future Chestnut tree gall wasp – El Bierzo, Leòn 2014 Thank you for your attention
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