FAO Fisheries S ynopsis No. 125, V olum e 15
ISSN 0 0 1 4 -5 60 2
FIR/S1 25 V o l. 15
FAO SPECIES CATALOGUE
VOL. 15. SNAKE MACKERELS AND CUTLASSFISHES OF THE WORLD
(FAMILIES GEMPYLIDAE AND TRICHIURIDAE)
AN ANNOTATED AND ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF THE
SNAKE MACKERELS, SNOEKS, ESCOLARS, GEMFISHES, SACKFISHES, DOMINE,
OILFISH, CUTLASSFISHES, SCABBARDFISHES, HAIRTAILS AND FROSTFISHES
KNOWN TO DATE
12® lÄ S Ä ö t f S E ,
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 15
FIR/S125 Vol. 15
FAO SPECIES CATALOGUE
VOL. 15. SNAKE MACKERELS AND CUTLASSFISHES
OF THE WORLD
(Fam ilies G em pylidae and Trichiuridae)
An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of the
Snake M ackerels, Snoeks, Escolars, G em fishes, Sackfish es, Dom ine,
O ilfis h , C u tla s s fis h e s , S c a b b a rd fis h e s , H a irta ils , and F ro stfish es
Known to Date
by
I. Nakam ura
F is h e rie s R e se a rch S ta tio n
K yoto U n iv e rs ity
M a izu ru , K yoto, 625, Jap an
and
N. V. Parin
P.P. S h irs h o v In s titu te o f O c e a n o lo g y
A cadem y of Sciences
K rasikova 23
M o sco w 117218, R ussian F e d e ra tio n
FOOD AND A G R IC U LTU R E O R G A N IZA TIO N OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 1993
The designations employed and the presenta­
tion of material in this publication do not imply
the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the
part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations concerning the legal status
of any country, territory, city or area or of its
authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its
frontiers or boundaries.
M -4 0
ISB N 9 2 -5 -1 0 3 1 2 4 -X
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without
the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such
permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the
reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications
Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
© FAO Rom e 1993
Ill
PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT
This document was prepared under the FAO Fisheries Department Regular Programme in the Marine
Resources Service of the Fishery Resources and Environment Division. It is the fifteenth worldwide species
catalogue in the FAO Fisheries Synopsis series.
The authors are two of the world’s foremost authorities on the taxonomy of species of the Gempylidae and
Trichiuridae. They have published numerous scientific articles on these fishes. This work is based on an
extensive review of the literature and the authors have examined specimens, including most of the type material,
from the major museums of the world. In addition, they have looked at fresh specimens during research cruises
and from markets at localities around the world. Their work is part of an on-going revision of the systematics
of these two closely related groups. They both have considerable taxonomic experience in each group and
have worked nearly equally on each family depending on which genera they are most familiar with.
Commercial catch statistics are not extensive for these fishes, because their exploitation is mostly by
small-scale fisheries and also because they are difficult to identify. Consequently, little is known about the
biology of these fishes. This catalogue is timely therefore, as a compilation of what is known about these fishes,
in order to serve as a stimulus for gathering more information and to improve the knowledge-base from which
to manage them as a resource.
The illustrations were either supplied or drawn by the authors or were redrawn (and modified) at FAO from the
literature or from the authors’ sketches under the supervision of the editors.
English FAO fish names, were established in consultation with J.S. Nelson, University of Alberta, Edmonton
(Chairman, Committee on Common Names of Fishes, American Fisheries Society and American Society of
Ichthyologists and Herpetologists). Official French names were created in consultation with J.-C. Quero, Institut
Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, I’Houmeau. Spanish FAO names were adapted from the
literature or translated from the English FAO names with the help of G. Burgos, Instituto Nacional de
Investigación y Desarollo Pesquero, Argentina.
Technical Editors: K.E. Carpenter, A.-L. Agnalt, and C. Sommer, FAO, Rome.
Illustrators: P. Lastrico, FAO, Rome, and I. Nakamura, Kyoto University, Japan.
Page composition and indexing: G. Sciarappa-Demuro, M. Kautenberger-Longo, and A. Bogusch, FAO,
Rome.
Nakam ura, I. and N. V. Parin
FAO species catalogue. Vol. 15. Snake mackerels and cutlassfishes of the world (Families
Gempylidae and Trichiuridae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the snake
mackerels, snoeks, escolars, gemfishes, sackfishes, domine, oilfish,cutlassfishes,
scabbardfishes, hairtails, and frostfishes known to date.
FAO Fisheries Synopis. No. 125, Vol. 15. 1993. 136 p., 200 figs.
ABSTRACT
This is the fifteenth issue in the FAO series of world-wide annotated and illustrated
catalogues of the groups of marine organisms that enter marine fisheries. This volume
covers 23 species in 16 genera of gempylids (snake mackerels, snoeks, escolars,
gemfishes, domine, oilfishes) and 32 species in 9 genera of trichiurids (cutlassfishes,
scabbardfishes, hairtails, and frostfishes). It includes an introductory section with general
remarks on habitat, biology, fisheries, systematics, zoogeography and problems of
identification, a glossary of technical terms, illustrated keys to genera and species,
including regional keys, detailed accounts of species, and a table of species by major
fishing area. Species accounts include illustrations, scientific and vernacular names,
references to scientific names, information on habitat, biology and fisheries, and a
distribution map. The work is fully indexed and there is an extensive reference to
pertinent literature.
Distribution
Authors, FAO Fisheries Officers, Regional Fisheries Councils and Commissions, Selector SC
IV
Acknowledgements
I wish to express my deep gratitude to captains T. Omura, H. Gomyo and K. Y am anaka, and their crew of the R /V S H O Y O
M ARU during several cruises which I joined. I thank the scientists and research institutions who provided useful
information, accommodation, or the use of their facilities during visits, in particular: Prof. T. Iwai (Kyoto University, Kyoto);
Drs M. Nishida and T. Yoshino (University of Ryukyus, Okinawa); Dr Y. Nishikawa (Far Seas Fisheries Research Laboratory,
Shimizu); Dr K. Mochizuki (University of Tokyo, Tokyo); Prof. K. Amaoka and Dr K. Nakaya (Hokkaido University, Hakodate),
Prof. O. Okamura (Kochi University, Kochi); Drs M.-L. Bauchot, M. Desoutter, J.-C. Hureau, G. Duhamel and B. Seret
(Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris); Dr J.-C. Quero (Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer,
I“ Houmeau); Dr M.-H. Du Buit (Laboratoire de Biologie Marine du College de France, Concarneau); Drs H. Nijssen and
I.J.H. Isbrucker (Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam); Dr M .J.P. van Oijen (Rijksmuseum van
Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden); Dr P. Pethon (Zoologisk Museum, Oslo); Drs S.O. Kullander and B. Fernholm (Naturhistoriska
Riksmuseet, Stockholm); Dr J. Nielsen (Zoologisk Museum, Kebenhavns Universitet, Copenhagen); Dr W . Klausewitz
(Natur Museum Senckenberg, Frankfurt); Drs M. Stehmann, C. Karrer and A. Post (Institut für Seefischerei, Universität
Hamburg, Hamburg); the late Dr P.J.P. W hitehead and Mr 0 . Crimmen (The Natural History Museum, London); Dr H.
Ahnelt (Naturhistorisches Museum, W ien);.Drs D. Lloris and J. Rucabado (Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, Barcelona); the
late Dr R.H. Gibbs Jr., Dr B.B. Collette and Dr J. Russo (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.); Drs T. Iwamoto and
W .N . Eschmeyer (California Academ y of Sciences, San Francisco); Dr W . Klawe (Inter-American Tropical Tuna C om ­
mission, La Jolla); Dr J. Paxton (Australian Museum, Sydney); Dr J. Allen (W estern Australian Museum, Perth); Dr B.
Russell (Northern Territory Museum and Art Gallery, Darwin); Dr E.G. Silas (Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute,
Cochin); Drs P.K. Talw ar and K.C. Jayaram (Indian Museum, Calcutta); Dr O.K. Sumadhiharga (Lem baga llmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Ambon).
Last, and never least, I thank my wife, Reiko Nakamura, for her technical assistance, patience and encouragement during
my ichthyological pursuits, and for entering the manuscript text into a wordprocessor.
- Izum i N a k a m u ra
This w ork was done at the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology (Moscow) and I thank the staff members of the Laboratory
of Oceanic Ichthyofauna of this Institute, especially V.E. Becker, D.A. Astakhov and A.N. Kotlyar for their co-operation at
different periods during my studies of trichiuroids, and Glaphyra Pokhilskaya, Vladimir Tchuvasov and Vladimir Tsinovsky
for their technical assistance. Many specimens were made available for my examination by colleagues of the Fisheries
and Oceanography Institutes in Kaliningrad, Kerch, Murmansk, and Vladivostok and it is my pleasure to mention the names
of L. Borets, A. Glukhov, G. Golovan, I. Konovalenko, G. Kornilova, E. Kukuev, N. Pakhorukov, and A. Piotrovsky. The
late Sergei Mikhailin of All-Union Research Institut of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscow actively collaborated
with me in the study of Lepidopus during the late sixties, and I can not forget to mention him here. Bruce B. Collette of the
National Marine Fisheries Service System atics Laboratory, W ashington, D.C., co-authored the description of a new
Lepidopus.
My study was greatly facilitated by the loan of specimens and radiographs, and access to collections, provided by curatorial
staff of many museums in different countries, and I take this opportunity to thank these people: J. Paxton (Australian
Museum, Sydney); A. W heeler and N. Merrett (The Natural History Museum, London); J. Randall (Bernice P. Bishop
Museum, Honolulu); 0. Okamura (Kochi University, Kochi); E. Anderson and T. Iwamoto (California Academy of Sciences,
San Francisco); P. Last (Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart); K. Amaoka (Laboratory
of Marine Zoology, Hokkaido University, Hakodate); M. Stehmann, C. Karrer and G. Schultze (Institut für Seefischerei,
Universität Hamburg, Hamburg); R. Lavenberg and J. Gago (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County); M.-L.
Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau and G. Duhamel (Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris); M. Gomon (Museum of Victoria,
Melbourne); J. Garrick and C. Paulin (National Museum of New Zealand, W ellington); M. Van Oijen (Rijksmuseum van
Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden); P. Heemstra (J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown); R. Rosenblatt (Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla); T. Abe (University of Tokyo Museum, Tokyo): B. Collette, V. Springer and J. Russo
(U.S. National Museum of Natural History, W ashington, D.O.); A.P. Andriashev, V. Fedorov, A. Neelov and I.V. Paukova
(Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg); H. Nijssen (Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam,
Amsterdam): J. Nielsen (Zoologisk Museum, Kobenhavns Universitet, Copenhagen); I. Verigina and Y. Sazonov (Zoologi­
cal Museum of Moscow University, Moscow); P.K. Talwar (Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta).
I also thank my wife, Olga V. Parina, for assistance in many ways, including tedious counting of fin rays and vertebrae from
numerous radiographs.
- N iko lai V . Parin
The authors wish to convey their deepest appreciation and thanks to Dr W alter Fischer (FAO, Rome, retired) and Dr Kent
Carpenter (FAO, Rome) for their initiative, guidance, technical editing, encouragement and enthusiastic support. We also
heartily thank Ms Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt and Ms Corinna Sommer (FAO, Rome) for their editorial work, Mr Paolo Lastrico
(FAO, Rome) for his excellent drawings and redrawings from the rough sketches provided by the authors, and Dr W iliam
N. Eschmeyer (California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco), Dr F. Javier Gago (Natural History Museum of Los
Angeles County), and Dr John R. Paxton (Australian Musuem, Sydney) for their many helpful comments on the manuscript.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
P re p a ra tio n o f T h is D o c u m e n t ....................................................................................................................................iii
A b s t r a c t ................................................................................................................................................................................ iii
A c k n o w le d g e m e n ts .......................................................................................................................................................... iv
1. IN T R O D U C T IO N
......................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 H a b ita t and B i o l o g y ............................................................................................................................................1
1.2 F is h e r ie s ..................................................................................................................................................................2
1.3 S y s te m a tic s and Z o o g e o g r a p h y ..................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 P ro b le m s o f Id e n tific a tio n
............................................................................................................................10
1.5 Illu s tra te d G lo s s a ry o f T e c h n ic a l T e rm s and M e a s u r e m e n t s ...........................................................11
1.6 Plan o f th e S y s te m a tic C a t a l o g u e ..............................................................................................................16
2. S Y S T E M A T IC C A T A L O G U E .................................................................................................................................... 17
2.1 The S u p e rfa m ily T r ic h iu r o id e a .......................................................................................................................17
2.1.1 D ia g n o s tic F e a tu re s o f th e S u p e rfa m ily T ric h iu ro id e a
.................................................... 17
2 .1 .2 Illu s tra te d K ey to F a m ilie s .............................................................................................................. 17
2 .1 .3 A d d itio n a l A id s to Id e n tific a tio n o f G e n e ra and S p e c ie s ......................................................18
Code
2.2 G E M P Y L ID A E
............................................................................................. G E M P ..................................2 0
2.2.1 D ia g n o s tic F e a tu re s o f th e F a m ily G e m p y lid a e ......................................................................2 0
2 .2 .2 Illu s tra te d K ey to th e G e n e ra o f G e m p y lid a e .......................................................................... 2 0
2 .2 .3 In fo rm a tio n by S p e c i e s .................................................................................................................. 2 4
D ip lo s p in u s ............................................................................................. GEMP
D ip l............................2 4
D ip lo s p in u s m u lt i s t r ia t u s .............................................................. GEMP
Dipl 1 ....................... 2 4
E p in n u l a ..................................................................................................GEMP
E p i n ....................... 2 6
E p in n u la m a g is tra lis
...................................................................GEMP Epin 1 ....................... 2 6
G e m p y l u s ............................................................................................. GEMP
G em pylus s e rp e n s ...........................................................................
GEMP Gemp
L e p id o c y b iu m .........................................................................................GEMP
L epid ocybiu m f l a v o b r u n n e u m
G e m p ....................... 2 7
.
27
L e p i d ....................... 2 9
..................................................... GEMP Lepid 1........................29
N e a l o t u s ..................................................................................................GEMP
N e a l ........................30
N e a lo tu s t r i p e s ................................................................................ GEMP
Neal 1 ........................30
N e o e p i n n u l a .........................................................................................G E M P N e o ............................ 32
Key to the Species of N eo ep in n u la
...........................................................................................32
N eo ep in n u la a m e r ic a n a ...................................................................GEMP
N eo ep in n u la o r i e n t a l i s ...................................................................G
Neo 2
■ ■ ■ ■^
E M P N e o l ........................34
N e s i a r c h u s ............................................................................................. GEMP
N e s ............................ 35
Nesiarchus n a s u t u s ....................................................................... GEMP
Nes 1 ........................35
P a r a d ip lo s p in u s .................................................................................... GEMP
Para............................ 37
Key to the Species of P a r a d i p l o s p i n u s ...................................................................................... 37
P a ra d ip lo s p in u s a n t a r c t ic u s ..........................................................GEMP
P a ra d ip lo s p in u s g r a c i l i s
Para 1 ........................37
.............................................................. GEMP Para 2 ........................39
VI
Code
P ro m e th ic h th y s .................................................................................................. GEMP
P ro m ethichth ys prom etheus .........................................................................GEMP
R exea
Page
Prom ............................ 4 0
Prom 1 ........................ 4 0
............................................................................................................... GEMP R e x e a ........................ 41
Illustrated Key to the Species of R e x e a .................................................................................................. 4 2
Rexea a n t e f u r c a t a .....................................................................................GEMP
Rexea 2
....................4 4
Rexea b e n g a le n s is .....................................................................................GEMP
Rexea 3
....................45
Rexea b r e v ilin e a t a .....................................................................................GEMP
Rexea 4
....................46
Rexea n a k a m u r a i .....................................................................................GEMP
Rexea 5
....................47
Rexea p r o m e th e o id e s ................................................................................ GEMP
Rexea 1
....................48
Rexea s o l a n d r i ......................................................................................... GEMP
Rexea 6
....................49
R exichthys ........................................................................................................... GEMP
R e x i.............................51
R exichthys j o h n p a x t o n i ............................................................................GEMP
Rexi 1 ........................ 51
R u v e ttu s .............................................................................................................. GEMP
R u v .............................52
R uvettu s p r e t io s u s .....................................................................................GEMP
T h y r s it e s ............................................................................................................
Ruv 1
GEMP T hyrs.............................54
Thyrsites a tu n ..............................................................................................GEMP
Thyrs 1........................ 54
T h y r s it o id e s ...................................................................................................... GEMP
T h y rs d ........................ 55
Thyrsitoides m a r l e y i ................................................................................ GEMP
Thyrsd 1 ....................56
T h y r s ito p s .......................................................................................................... GEMP
T h y r s i........................ 57
Thyrsitops le p id o p o id e s ........................................................................... GEMP
Tongaichthys ....................................................................................................... GEMP
Thyrsi 1
....................57
T ong.............................56
Tongaichthys robustus ................................................................................G E M P T ong
2.3
........................ 52
1 .......................... 59
TRICH IU RIDAE.........................................................................................................T R IC H ....................................... 61
2.3.1 Diagnostic Features of the Family Trichiuridae..............................................................................................61
2.3.2 Illustrated Key to the Genera of Trichiuridae.................................................................................................. 61
2.3.3 Information by S p e c ie s ......................................................................................................................................6 4
A p h a n o p u s ............................................................................................................ TRICH
A pha.............................64
Key to the Species of A p h a n o p u s ............................................................................................................... 64
A p h an o p u s c a r b o ...................................................................................... TRICH
Apha 1 ........................ 65
A p h an o p u s in te rm e d iu s ............................................................................. TRICH
Apha 2 ........................ 66
A p h an o p u s m ic r o p h th a lm u s .................................................................... TRICH
Apha 3 ........................ 67
A p h an o p u s m i k h a i l i n i ............................................................................. TRICH
Apha 4 ........................ 66
Assurger ................................................................................................................TRICH
Assurger a n z a c
A s s u r ........................ 69
......................................................................................... TRICH Assur 1........................ 69
B e n th o d e s m u s ................................................................................................... TRICH
B e n t h ........................ 71
Illustrated Key to the Species of B e n th o d e s m u s .....................................................................................71
B enthodesm us e l o n g a t u s .........................................................................TRICH
Benth 2 ........................ 74
B enthodesm us m a c ro p h th a lm u s ................................................................ TRICH
Benth 3 ........................ 75
B enthodesm us neglectu s ............................................................................. TRICH
Benth 4 ........................ 76
B enthodesm us o lig o r a d ia t u s .................................................................... TRICH
Benth 5 ........................ 77
B enthodesm us p a c i f i c u s .........................................................................TRICH
Benth 6 ........................ 76
B enthodesm us p a p u a
............................................................................. TRICH Benth 7 ........................ 79
V il
Code
TRICH Benth 8 ......................80
B en th o d e sm u s s im o n y i
B en th o d e sm u s s u l u e n s i s ...................................................................... TRICH
B e n th o d e s m u s t e n u i s
Page
Benth 9 ......................81
.......................................................................... TRICH Benth 1......................82
B e n th o d e s m u s t u c k e r i ...........................................................................TRICH
Benth 10 . . . . 83
TRICH Benth 11 . . .
B en th o d e sm u s v i t y a z i
. 84
TRICH E u p l.......................... 84
E u p le u r o g r a m m u s
Key to the Species Of E u p le u ro g ra m m u s ............................................................................................. 85
E u p le u ro g ra m m u s g lo s s o d o n
TRICH Eupl 1 ......................85
E u p le u ro g ra m m u s m u t i c u s
TRICH Eupl 2 ......................86
TRICH E V O X ......................87
E v o x y m e to p o n
Key to the Species Of E v o x y m e to p o n ................................................................................................. 87
E v o x y m e to p o n p o e y i
TRICH EVOX 1 ......................88
E v o x y m e to p o n ta e n ia tu s
TRICH EVOX 2 ......................89
L e p i d o p u s ..........................................................................................................TRICH
L e p i d ......................90
Illustrated Key to the Species of L e p i d o p u s ....................................................................................91
L e p id o p u s
Sp.
L e p id o p u s c a lc a r
............................................................................... TRICH Lepid 6 ......................92
............................................................................... TRICH Lepid 2
. . . .
93
...........................................................................TRICH Lepid 1......................94
L e p id o p u s c a u d a tu s
L e p id o p u s d u b iu s
............................................................................... TRICH Lepid 3 ......................96
L e p id o p u s f i t c h i
............................................................................... TRICH Lepid 4 ......................97
L e p id o p u s m a n is
............................................................................... TRICH Lepid 5 ......................98
L e p t u r a c a n t h u s .................................................................................................TRICH
L e p t.......................... 99
Key to the Species Of L e p tu r a c a n th u s ................................................................................................. 99
L e p tu ra c a n th u s p a n t u l u i ...................................................................... TRICH
Lept 1 ......................99
L e p tu ra c a n th u s s a v a l a ...........................................................................TRICH
Lept 2 .................... 100
T e n to r ic e p s ..........................................................................................................TRICH
T ent........................ 101
T e n to ric e p s c r is ta tu s
T r ic h iu r u s
TRICH Tent 1 .................... 102
..........................................................................................................TRICH T r i c h .................... 103
Illustrated Key to the Species of T r i c h i u r u s ................................................................................ 103
T ric h iu ru s a u rig a
TRICH Trich 2 .................... 104
T ric h iu ru s g a n g e t ic u s
TRICH Trich 3 .................... 105
T ric h iu ru s l e p t u r u s
TRICH Trich 1 ....................106
3. LIST OF NOMINAL SPECIES OF T R IC H IU R O ID E A ................................................................................................. 108
3.1 Nominal species of G e m p y lid a e .................................................................................................................................108
3.2 Nominal species of T ric h iu rid a e .....................................................................................................................................109
4. LIST OF SPECIES BY MAJOR MARINE FISHING A R E A ........................................................................................ 111
5. B IB L IO G R A P H Y ............................................................................................................................................................... 115
6. I N D E X ................................................................................................................................................................................. 130
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Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
1. IN T R O D U C T IO N
his catalogue covers all of the presently known
species of trichiuroid fishes, which includes 23
species of snake mackerels, snoeks, gem­
fishes, sackfishes, escolars, the oilfish and the
domine (Gempylidae) and 32 species of cutlass­
fishes, hairtails, scabbardiishes and frostfishes
(Trichiuridae) (Fig. 1). It is not a definitive work on
the classification, biology and exploitation of the tri­
chiuroid fishes, since many taxonomic problems
remain and much of their biology is still unknown. It
is intended as a review of what is known, and as an
illustrated guide that can serve as a basis for future
work.
T
A comprehensive review specifically for trichi­
uroid fishes has never been attempted. There are
a number of recent revisions at the regional or
family level (e.g.,Matsubara and Iwai, 1952;
Tucker, 1956; Parin and Becker, 1972) but none on
a global basis. The present work is based on
recent extensive examination of specimens in mu­
seums and in the field by both authors, and is part
of an on-going effort to revise both groups.
To avoid excessive literature citations, we con­
centrate on publications of specific relevance to
the biology and fisheries of the species in ques­
tion. Other important papers on systematics,
anatomy, and distribution, as well as more general
aspects of biology and fisheries, though omitted
in the text, have been included in the bibliography.
1.1 H a b ita t an d B io lo g y
Trichiuroid fishes are voracious carnivores dis­
tributed chiefly in tropical and temperate seas at
50 to 1 500 (rarely 2 000) m depth.
Species of the Gempylidae are adapted to
mesopelagic, benthopelagic, or pelagic life and
most of them typically swim fast in pursuit of prey,
but some species Of D iplospinus and Paradiplo­
spinus move slowly or drift while waiting to ambush
prey. Species of the Trichiuridae are well adapted
to benthopelagic life and typically catch prey by
waiting in ambush.
1
1
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
Gem pylidae
(23)
Diplospinus 11}
Ptmm (&l
Epinnula (Í)
Rexichthys {i)
Gempylus (1}
Ruvettus W
Lepidocybium (11 Thyrsites. (1)
Neabtus (V
Thyrsitoides (V
Neopmnula 0
Thyrsitops (1Í
Nesiarchus (1)
Tongaichthys (1)
Paradipbspims i 2}
Promethichthys (11
TRICHIUROIDEA
(55)
lopus (4)
\ Assurger (V
odesmus ( IV
j Eupleurogrammus (2)
Trichiuridae
metopon (2}
(32)
ypus m
racanthvs (2)
iceps (V
m s (31
' I
D
r
Ü
*
H
SCOMBROIDEA
(49)
*
Is
f |
Scom bridae
W9)
í
!
“
Collette and Nauen. 1983
Fao Species Catalogue Vol. 2
1
f§
P
t ------------------------------------------------r
Nakamura. 1985
ao Species Catalogue Vol. 5
SUBORDER
SUPERFAMILY
FAMILY
GENUS
Fig. 1 Structure of the Linnean classification of the suborder Scombroidei (the families Sphyraenidae and
Scombrolabracidae have also variously been included in the Scombroidei but are omitted here pending further
clarification; see Collette et al., 1984, and Johnson, 1986). An alternative classification was given by Nakamura
(1985) in which the billflshes (Istiophoridae and Xiphiidae) were placed in a separate suborder, the Xiphioidei
2
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
Trichiuridae
Gempylidae
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
Year
Fig. 2 C u m ulative com m ercial landings o f Gem pylidae and T ric h iu rid a e fro m 1974 to 1990
(from F A O , 1978,1980,1982,1992)
1.2 F is h e rie s
Landings of snake mackerels and cutlassfishes
have contributed substantially to fisheries. In
1990, there was a total catch of 942 663 t reported
globally and the catch appears to have been ap­
proximately stable for the last 10 years (Fig. 2)
from a minimum of 805191 to a maximum of
956 640 t (FAO, 1992). This is likely to be an
underestimate since many species are not re­
ported, and much of the catch of trichiuroid fishes
occurs in small scale fisheries and as bycatch that
may go unreported. Trichiuridae contributed be­
tween 87 and 93% of the total catch of both
80'
100*
anglers and trawls
trichiurid arid gempylid fishes in the period 1974 to
1990 (Fig. 2)
The exploitation of trichiuroid fishes varies
widely among species and throughout their range
(Fig. 3). They are caught by trawls, coastal set
nets, shore seines and various types of angling
gear. Trichiurus lepturus is the most important
trichiuroid fish in fisheries (Table 1). Thyrsites atun
is the second most important commercial species
(Table 2), and also an important fish for sport
fishing in South Africa. Other species such as
Lepidopus caudatus and Rexea so la n d ri are ex­
ploited on a smaller scale (Tables 3 and 4).
no-
ia r
loo*
shore seines, set nets, and small trawls
Fig. 3 M a in fishing grounds fo r gem pylids and tric h iu rid s
3
Snake M ackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
T a b le 1
Catch in metric tons of Trichiurus Lepturus by country and year (from FAO, 1978,1980,1982,1992)
Year
China
Korean Republic
USSR
Japan
Total*
1973
?
124 200
24 500
41 600
251 307F
1974
?
66 391
40 710
39 262
292 296F
1975
?
120 078
22 152
32 423
214 375F
1976
?
75 555
33 414
30 563
188 237F
1977
392 515
72 032
42 530
28 035
596 733F
1978
387 164
86 065
24 090
28 085
574 470F
1979
437 206
120 723
21 174
30 518
647 815F
1980
473 315
119 980
54 467
37 805
748 716F
1981
499 012
147 677
9 415
35 097
751 486F
1982
493 373
121 960
66 838
35 948
785 643F
1983
451 772
152 633
54 494
34 851
735 415F
1984
450 030
145 413
24 570
33 602
693 448F
1985
458 723
127 608
48 190
32 037
710 344F
1986
406 403
107 561
85 261
30 195
673 920F
1987
393 606
113 446
72 339
31 883
650 222F
1988
365 730
104 392
68 376
30 912
617 616F
1989
416 202
102 399
68 114
29 806
682 818F
1990
497 733
80 626
31 506
752 711F
99 460F
* - all other countries also included; F - FAO estimate from available sources of information
T a b le 2
Catch in metric tons o f Thyrsites atun by country and year (from F A O , 1978,1980,1982,1992)
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
South Africa
USSR
1973
2 800
600
?
900
10 600
22 200
1974
3 375
9 721
?
708
18 252
32 324
1975
2 503
10 619
-
807
10 568
28 124
1976
3 673
16 273
-
183
10 344
33 050
1977
4 697
18 724
-
84
34 379
59 248
1978
5 197
17 162
67 568
299
10 227
100 996
1979
6 970
11 676
18 700
177
5 802
44 669
1980
8 803
17 832
34 510
121
9 463
74 725
1981
22 392
14 454
10 062
199
14 549
63 104
1982
20 290
13 077
21 951
151
7 834
64 510
1983
21 578
9 135
60 907
173
8 668
101 548
1984
21 996
10 220
27 192
375
8 763
68 978
1985
17 340
11 269
27 091
395F
-
57 699F
1986
18 019
11 281
22 299
556F
-
54 258F
1987
27 024
14 504
3 963
710F
9 002
64 334F
1988
23 691
21 225
8 948
745F
5 989
63 065F
1989
20 498
16 485
12 960
397F
5 707
61 497F
1990
24 470
20 844
1 341
792F
4 502
54 445F
Year
T o t a l*
* - all other countries also included; F - FAO estimate from available sources of information
FAO Species CatalogueVol. 15
4
T a b le 3
Catch in metric tons o f Lepidopus caudatus by country and year (from FA O , 1978,1980,1982, 1992)
Year
South Africa
Portugal
New Zealand
Total*
1973
?
7 500
-
7 500
1974
?
5 025
-
5 379
1975
?
5 610
-
5 736
1976
?
5 739
-
6 149
1977
?
9 060
l
22 884
1978
?
7 467
6
9 152
1979
127
4 555
5
4 770
1980
154
5 938
2
6 095
1981
620
5 935
1
6 556
1982
400
5 495
3
6 021
1983
608
6 864
1 213
8 710
1984
943
7 369
669
9 029
1985
1 312
6 266
967
8 548
1986
1 839
4 537
1 322
7 839
1987
3 201
7 336
1 304
11 846
1988
3 700
5 339
2 816
11 928
1989
9 439
5 491
1 562
16 615
1990
14 610
4 569
2 406
21 748
* - a ll other countries also in c lu d e d
T a b le 4
Catch in metric tons o f Rexea solandri by country
and year (from FA O , 1978,1980,1982,1992)
Year
Australia
New Zealand
Total*
1974
496
-
496
1975
655
-
655
1976
747
-
747
1977
2112
-
2 112
1978
2383
-
2383
1979
4 542
423
4965
1960
3806
1035
4 841
1981
4750
3 006
7756
1982
3919
3822
7 741
1983
3046
3416
6462
1984
2 79 6
5 336
8132
1985
2 94 6
5429F
8 375F
1986
4151
5208F
9359F
1987
5300
4099F
9399F
1988
5562
4935F
1097F
1989
4648
4035F
8691F
4339F
10251F
1990
5 912
* - all o th e r c o u n trie s also in clu d e d
F - FAO estimate from available sources of information
1.3 S y s te m a tic s an d Z o o g e o g ra p h y
Most authors (e.g., Nelson, 1984; Eschmeyer,
1990) recognize that the gempylids and trichiurids
are closely related within the perciform suborder
Scombroidei. They are here included in the super­
family Trichiuroidae which includes 25 genera and
approximately 55 species (Table 5, Fig. 1). Also
included in the suborder Scombroidei is the super­
family Scombroidea or tuna-like fishes (with one
family, the Scombridae composed of 15 genera
and 49 species, as reviewed in the FAO catalogue
by Collette and Nauen, 1983) and the superfamily
Xiphioidea or billfishes (with the families Xiphiidae
and Istiophoridae as reviewed in the FAO Cata­
logue by Nakamura, 1985). However, Nakamura
(1985) presented the billfishes as a separate sub­
order and offered evidence (Nakamura, 1989a,b)
that they constitute a different “natural group” from
scombroids and trichiuroids (Fig. 4). He hypothe­
sized that the ancestors of trichiuroids were
mesopelagic fishes that gave rise to mesopelagic
gempylids which radiated into both benthic trichiurids and epipelagic tunas. An alternative view
was presented by Parin (1988), who suggested
that the common ancestors of trichiuroids were
benthopelagic neritic forms that gave rise to both
benthic trichiurids and mesopelagic gempylids.
He considered that within the Gempylidae the ben­
thopelagic species such as those in the genera
5
Snake M ackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
T a b le 5
Arrangem ent of the T richiuroidea according to phylogenetic order (after Collette et al., 1984).
Figures in brackets refer to the num ber of species
Phylum Chordata
S uperclass G nathostom ata
Class O steichthyes
Subclass A ctinopterygii
Infraclass T eleostei
D ivision E uteleostei
S uperorder Acanthopterygii
O rder Perciform es
S ub o rd e r S com broidei
Superfam ily Trichiuroidea
Family Gempylidae (23)
Genera
Lepidocybium (1)
Ruvettus (1)
Epinnula (1)
Neoepinnula (2)
Thyrsitops (1)
Thyrsites ( 1)
Rexea (6)
Rexichthys (1)
Promethichthys (1)
Nealotus (1)
Thyrsitoides (1)
Nesiarchus ( 1)
Tongaichthys (1)
Gempylus (1)
Diplospinus (1)
Paradiplospinus (2)
Family Trichiuridae (32)
Genera
A phanopus (4)
Benthodesm us (11)
Lepidopus (6)
Eupleurogrammus (2)
Evoxymetopon (2)
Tentoriceps (1)
Trichiurus (3 )
Lepturacanthus (2)
A ssu rg e r (1)
Fig. 4 Nakamura s (1989a,b) proposed phylogenetic relationships of certain scombroid fishes. The bihtishes (I
and X) are considered as an outgroup. P, hypothesized protopercoid; Si, scombrolabracids; S, scombrids; G,
gempylids; T , trichiurids; I, istiophorids; X , xiphiids.
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
6
Scombridae
G e m p y lid a e
'J rU y T r ic h iu r !d a e i / - ; ¡: ■y .:
Fig. 5 Horizontal and vertical distribution of Scombridae (epipelagic), Gempylidae (mesopelagic and
benthopelagic), and T ric h iu rid a e (benthopelagic).
Lepidocybium, Ruvettus, and Epinnula, evolved
first, followed by species of oceanic genera such
as Gempylus, Diplospinus, and Paradiplospinus.
N a ka m u ra
(1 9 8 9 a ,b ,c ;
1 9 9 0 c,d ,e ;
1991 a,b,c,d,e; 1992a,b,c) studied the correlation
of certain morphological characteristics with habi­
tat type of the Gempylidae, Trichiuridae and
Scombridae. Scombrids are epipelagic (they in­
habit the upper waters of the open ocean),
trichiurids are benthopelagic (they inhabit the wa­
ters close to and some distance above the ocean
bottom), and gempylids are either benthopelagic
or mesopelagic (inhabiting the deeper waters of
the open ocean) (Fig. 5). These habitat types are
correlated with body form, body colour and mark­
ings, and shape of the lateral line, jaw teeth,
tongue, nostrils, and, olfactory rosettes (Figs 6 to
11). There are 2 primary morphological and eco­
logical forms in the 3 families of scombroid fishes
studied by Nakamura (Fig. 6): 1) elongated body,
slow-swimming and adapted to mesopelagic and
benthopelagic habitats (Trichiuridae and trichiuridlike Gempylidae);
and 2) fusiform
body
(stream lined), fast swimming and adapted to
epipelagic life (Scombridae and scombrid-like
Gempylidae). The cutlassfishes (Trichiuridae)
ism M To
Fig. 6 Lateral and cross section body shape in relation to habitat type for certain scombroid fishes. Black
figures represent scombrids, oblique lines gempylids, and stippled figures trichiurids. Genera are abbreviated
as: A, Aphanopus; Ac, Acanthocybium; B, Benthodesmus; E, Epinnula; G, Gempylus; K, Katsuwonus; L,
Lepidocybium; P, hypothesized protopercoid fish; Pd, Paradiplospinus; S, Scomber; Sa, Sarda, Sb,
Scomberomorus; SI, Scombrolabrax; T, Thunnus; To, Tongaichthys; T r, Trichiurus.
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
7
G
Pr
Fig. 7 Typical coloration with depth and decreasing light (direction o f arrow). Stippling represents typically
brownish gempylids, oblique lines represent dark coloration and tunas are counter shaded. Genus
abbreviations as in Fig. 6 except: Pr, Promethichthys; R, Rastrelliger
represent one extreme of this ecological-morpho­
logical continuum in that they are elongate and
exclusively benthic. At the other extreme, the
tuna-like fishes (Scombridae) are fusiform and
mostly epipelagic. The snake mackerels (Gem­
pylidae) are intermediate with both elongate and
fusiform body shapes and are both benthopelagic
and mesopelagic. Body colour in these groups is
'M l l l l l l l l um iu
also characteristic of their habitat type (Fig. 7).
Tunas are counter-shaded (darker dorsally and
silvery ventrally), gempylids are brownish or black­
ish consiste nt with th e ir m esopelagic and
benthopelagic existence, and trichiurids are dark
coloured in deeper water and light coloured in
shallow water. The pattern of the lateral line in the
three families (Fig. 8) is also characteristic of the
.
Fig. 8 Pattern of trunk lateral line in relation to habitat for Scombridae (S), Gempylidae (G), and Trichiuridae
(T). Genus abbreviations the same as in Figs 6 and 7 except: Gr, Grammatorcynus
8
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
Ac
Sb
Ge
Fig. 9 Typical configuration of teeth in upper
u p p e rja
ja w in relation to habitat type for Scombridae (S), Gempylidae
lae
(G), aiufT rich iu ridae (T). Abbreviations are the same as in Figs 6-9 except: Gc, compressed gempylids; Ge,
elongate gempylids; Gs, semifusiform gempylids; T t, trichiurids w ith tails; Tx, trichiurids without tails; Sc,
S com brini; Sr, S a rd in i; T h , T h u n n in i
tooth
p la te ''
to n g u e
ca rtila g in o u s
ridge
Scom bridae
Gem pylidae
Trichiuridae
Fig. 10 Tongue shape for certain scombroid fishes.
S c o m b rid a e to p to b o tto m o n left: G asterochism a m elam p u s,
Scomber jap o n icu s , S. australasicus, Rastrelliger kanagurta,
Scomberomorus niphonius, S. koreanus, S. commerson,
A canthocybium solandri, Gram m atorcynus bilineatus, G.
bicarin a tu s , Sarda orientalis; to p to b o tto m on right: G ym n o sard a
un ico lo r, C ybiosarda elegans, A llo thu nnu s fa lla i, A uxis thazard, A.
rochei, Euthynnus affinis, K atsuw o nu s pelam is, Thunnus albacares,
T. tonggol, T. thynnus. Gempylidae top to bottom: P ro m e th ic h th y s
Prometheus, Rexea solandri, R. prometheoides, N eoepinnula
o rie n ta lis , E pin nula m agistralis, Nealotus tripes, Nesiarchus
nasutus, Thyrsitoides marleyi, Gem pylus serpens, P aradiplospinus
gracilis, Diplospinus m ultistriatus, Thyrsitops lepidopoides, Thyrsites
a tu n , Lepidocybium flavobrunneum , Ruvettus pretiosus,
Tongaichthys robustus. Trichiuridae top to bottom : Benthodesmus
tenuis, Lepidopus caudatus, Evoxym etopon poeyi, Aphanopus carbo,
Eupleurogramm us glossodon, Lepturacanthus savala, Tentoriceps
cristatus, Trichiurus lepturus
habitat type. The tunas have well developed lat­
eral lines situated mostly on the upper sides which
presumably is useful for detecting sensory stimuli
in the upper waters of the open ocean. In contrast,
trichiurids have their lateral line situated mostly on
the lower sides which presumably is an adaptation
to detecting sensory stimuli near the bottom of the
ocean. Species of Gempylidae have lateral-line
patterns similar to either trichiurids or scombrids
depending on their habitat orientation. The swim­
ming and feeding behaviour is also typical of these
three families and their habitats. The tunas are
fast-swimming predators with small, sharp teeth
typidal for rapid grasping and ingestion of prey
(Fig. 9). Their tongues are flat with cartilaginous
ridges (Fig. 10) which serves to funnel water over
the gills during their typically continuous, high­
speed swimming. Nostril shape and shape of the
olfactory rosette of tunas are also apparently
adapted for their fast swimming mode (Fig. 11).
Usually, the anterior nostril is small and round, the
posterior nostril is a slit, and the rosette is rounded
and often with an accessory sac. This ‘design’
decreases drag while water passes over the ro­
sette and allows adequate olfactory function during
continuous, fast swimming. Trichiurid fishes have
dentition, tongues and nasal organs adapted to
more sedentary benthic habits. Their teeth are
long, sharp and often fang-like for seizing and
holding prey during ambush predation. Their
tongues are more slender and rounded and there­
fore not adapted to funnelling water over gills
during swimming. They have a single, rounded
nostril which serves as both incurrent and
rent pore and therefore passage of water over the
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
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OLFACTORY
N O S T R IL S H A P E
ROSETTE SHAPE
Fig. 11 Nostril and rosette shape arranged according to occurrence in epipelagic (EP), mesopelagic (M P),
benthopelagic (BP), coastal (C O ), and oceanic (OC) habitats and swimming ability (SA).
Scom bridae (S): a, R a s tre llig e r fa u g h n i, b, Scom ber ja p o n ic u s ; c, S. australasicus; d, G ra m m a torcyn us bilin e a tu s; e, G. b ic a lin a tu s ; f,
S com berom orus sinensis; g, S. qu eensla ndicus; h, C ybiosarda elegans; i, O rcynopsis u n ic o lo r; j , Sarda o rie n ta lis ; k ,A u x is th a z a rd ; 1,
G ym nosarda u n ic o lo r; m, G asterochism a m elam pus; n, E u th y n n u s a ffin is ; o, A c a n th o c y b iu m s o la n d ri; p. A llo th u n n u s fa lla i; q, K atsuw o nus
pe la m is; r, T h u n n u s to n g g o l; s, T. a tla n tic u s ; t, T. m a c c o y ii; u, T. alba care s; v, T. a la lu n g a ; W, T. thyn nus, x, T. obesus; y, R. brachysom a; z,
R. ka n a g u rta . G em pylidae (G): a, N e a lo tu s tripes; b, Rexea s o la n d ri; c, R e xich th ys jo h n p a x to n i; d, T h yrsites a tu n ; e, T h yrsitop s
lepidopoides; f, P ro m e th ic h th y s prom etheus; g, N e o e p in n u la o rie n ta lis ; h, D ip lo s p in u s m u ltis tria tu s ; i, E p in n u la m a g is tra lis ; j ,
P a ra d ip lo s p in u s g ra c ilis ; k, N e s ia rc h u s nasutus; 1, T h yrsito id e s m a rle y i; in , G em pylus serpens; n, R uvettus p retiosus; o, T o nga ich thys
ro bustu s; p, L e p id o c y b iu m fla v o b ru n n e u m . T rich iu rid ae (T): a, T ric h iu ru s le p tu ru s ; b, T. g a ngeticu s; c, Tentoriceps crista tu s; d.
E u p le u ro g ra m m u s m u tic u s ; e, E. glossodon; f, L e p tu ra c a n th u s p a n tu lu i; g, L . savala; h, T. a u rig a ; i, L e pidop us caudatus; j , B enthodesm us
tenuis; k, E voxym e topo n tae niatu s; 1, A ph a n o p u s carbo
olfactory rosette is not strongly dependent on
swimming movements. The olfactory rosette is
more elongate in trichiurids than tunas but the
relation of this shape with habitat type is not fully
understood. Collectively, gempylids are interme­
diate between tunas and trichiurids in shape and
configuration of teeth, tongue, nostrils and olfac­
tory rosettes (Figs 9 to 11). Those that are fast
swimming predators have short teeth, flat tongues
and both rounded and slit-like nostrils. The more
benthic-oriented gempylids have long, sharp teeth
with fangs, relatively flat tongues and rounded
nostrils.
Parin and Becker (1972) recognized three main
ecological groups of trichiuroid fishes. The majority
(33 species) are a group that are neritic or ben­
thopelagic, dw elling above the bottom on
continental shelves and slopes. The hairtails of the
genera E upleu ro g ra m m us, L e p tu ra c a n th u s and
Tentoriceps are usually found in shallow water from
20 to 200 m. Species belonging to Lepidocybium ,
N eoe p in nu la , Rexea, R exichthys, Ruvettus, Thyr­
sites,
T h yrsitoid es and
T hyrsitops of the
Gempylidae, and Assurger, Evoxym etopon, Le p i­
dopus and T richiurus of the Trichiuridae are mostly
confined to depths of 100 to 500 m at the continen­
tal shelf margin and at the upper part of the slope.
Some are characteristically found on seamounts in
the open sea, including the four commercially im­
portant species of trichiurids, T ric h iu ru s lepturus,
Thyrsites atun, Lepido pus caudatus and Rexea so­
la n d ri.
The second group is comprised of 18 to 19
species found on the continental slope from 200 to
1 500 m (rarely 2 000 m) and includes the gempylid genera Nesiarchus, P a ra d ip lo sp in u s and
P rom ethichthys, and the tric h iu r id g e n e ra
Aphanopus and Benthodesmus. A phanopus m ik-.
h a ilin i is found at depths deeper than all other
trichiuroid fishes, having been reported from 1 350
to 2 000 m.
Most (perhaps all) of the benthopelagic trichi­
uroids of the continental slope develop in
mesopelagic water masses. Postlarvae and juve­
niles of Nesiarchus, Paradiplospinus, Promethichthys,
click for next page
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FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
Trichiuridae
Gempylida
J
20' 0' 20' 40' 40' 80’ 100' I»- 140' 140' 180' 140' 140' 120' 100' 80' 40' 40' 20'
f 0' 20' 40' 60' 80’ 100' 120' 140' 140' 180' 160' 140' 120' 100' 80' 40' 40' 20*
Paradiplospinus antarcticus
T HT 40
W 100’ ¡20' 140' 140' 180' 140' 140' 120
80' 40' 40' 20'
Fig. 12 Distribution limits for the Gempylidae, Trichiuridae and Scombridae
A p h a n o p u s and Benthodesm us are common in
midwater plankton and micronekton samples. In
addition, adults of the benthopelagic gempylids
L e p id o c y b iu m fla v o b ru n n e u m , R uvettus p re tio su s,
T hyrsites atun, and T h yrsito id e s m a rle y i som e­
times occur in epipelagic layers and are a normal
bycatch of the tuna long-line fishery.
The least diverse is the third group of oceanic
pelagic trichiuroids with 3 or 4 species, Nealotus
trip e s and G em pylus serpens are epi- to mesopela­
gic (both migrate to the surface at night), while
D ip lo s p in u s m u ltistria tus is mesopelagic (insuffi­
ciently known P a ra d ip lo s p in u s a n ta rc tic u s might
also be pelagic).
Trichiuroid and scombrid fishes are distributed
throughout the world mainly in tropical, subtropical
and warm temperate waters (Fig. 12). They tend
to have different patterns of distribution in the
northern and southern hemispheres. Scombrids
are found further poleward in the northern hemi­
sphere than in the southern hem isphere,
especially in the eastern parts of oceans where
warm currents extend further north into epipelagic
layers. The significant poleward shift of the south­
ern distributional boundary of the Gempylidae is
because of the range of a single, ecologically ab­
errant species, P a r a d ip lo s p in u s a n ta r c tic u s .
Without this species, the distributional boundaries
of the Gempylidae and the Trichiuridae are similar
except off the southern tip of South America where
the gempylid, T hyrsites a tu n occurs.
The scombrids are generally more widely dis­
tributed, especially during the warm season, than
both families of the Trichiuroidea. Scombrids in­
habit surface waters (Fig. 12) where they generally
make long seasonal horizontal migrations. Gem­
pylids and trichiurids are m esopelagic and
benthopelagic and have much more limited hori­
zontal migrations than scombrids. Trichiurids do
however, have marked daily vertical migrations.
1.4 P ro b le m s o f Id e n tific a tio n
The tails of trichiurids are often damaged or cut
off and certain standard measurements cannot be
made accurately. Therefore, in this catalogue the
overall length measurement for some trichiurids is
taken as the preanal length, or the length from the
tip of upper jaw to anus. In addition, when the tail
is damaged the count of dorsal fin elements is
taken from the fin’s origin to above the anus.
The juvenile stages of trichiuroid fishes are
largely unknown. Therefore, identification of juve­
niles is difficult and often not reliable.
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
1.5
11
Illu s tr a te d G lo s s a ry o f T e c h n ic a l T e rm s an d M e a s u re m e n ts
interorbital width
body width
head lenght
snout lenght eye diam eter
a
body depth
abdominal keel
position of anus
standard length
- fork length —
- total length—
1st dorsal fin
(spines)
teeth
(strong) snout
2nd dorsal fin
(soft rays)
dorsal fm lets
naPe
caudal fin
caudal keel
caudal
peduncle
pelvic
fin
pectoral fin
lower j aw
(extends
fow ard)
lateral line position
o f anus
supplementary
caudal keel
. ..
a n a lfm
caudal fin
(small, forked)
dorsal fin
spinous part
soft part
V rtrrrm 77m m 7777m rTT^
pelvic fin (reduced)
teeth
.pectoral fin
(small)
dorsal fin
anal fin
■standard lenght
- total lenght —
lateral line
caudal fin
(tapering to a point)
a
n
2 .^ 1
pelvic finsabsent or
damaged
d
. _____________
preanal lenght.
(in case tail damaged)
1
position of anus
anal fin
(often reduced)
— total lenght—
Fig. 13 External features and measurements for typical species of Gempylidae (a, b) and Trichiuridae (c, d)
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
12
Abdominal keel - Ossified dermal keel on ven­
tral part of body between pelvic fins and anus,
which is only present in Ruvettus pretiosus (Fig.
13a). Also called mid-ventral keel.
Anal fin - Unpaired fin located on the ventral
median line of the body, behind the anus (Fig. 13),
consisting of one to three free or comprised spines
and a soft portion. Anterior soft rays underdevel­
oped or a b se nt in m any sp e cie s of the
Trichiuroidae; in this case number of anal-fin ele­
ments is counted from radio graphs interhaemal
bones.
fang
Body depth - This measurement usually taken
as the greatest distance from the dorsal midline to
the ventral midline of the body (greatest depth of
body) (Fig. 13a). However, in some works this
depth is measured at the origin of pectoral fins,
pelvic fins and first anal fin.
Body length - Several different measurements
are used for body length. These are: the total
length, standard length, fork length and preanal
length (see definitions below).
Body width - Usually measured as the greatest
width of the body (Fig. 13a). Sometimes, body
width at origin of pectoral fins, pelvic fins and first
anal fin is also used.
Branchial cavity - Cavity inside the mouth-en­
closing the gills (Fig. 14). Also called gili cavity.
Branchiostegals - Ray-like bones attached to
the hyoid arch, supporting the branchiostega!
membrane on the underside of the head (Fig. 14).
first gili arch
buccal cavity
branchial cavity
branchiostega! membrane
branchiostegal
Fig. 14 Structures associated w ith the head
Branchiostega! membrane - The membrane
connecting the branchiostegals and enclosing the
gili chamber ventrally (Fig 14).
Buccal cavity - Cavity inside the mouth, above
the gili arches (Fig. 14). Also called mouth cavity.
Conical tooth - Cone-shaped tooth (Fig. 14).
Sharp, elongate conical teeth are sometimes
called canine teeth.
Caudal fin - Median fin situated at the posterior
end of the body, consisting of an upper and a lower
lobe (Fig. 13).
Caudal keel - A lateral ridge posteriorly on the
caudal peduncle or base of caudal fin. In trichi­
uroid fishes, only Lepidocybium flavobrunneum
has a large median keel, and small accessory
keels on the caudal fin (Fig. 13b).
Caudal peduncle -The narrow part of the body
between the posterior ends of the dorsal and anal
fins and the base of the caudal fin (Fig. 13b).
Caudal vertebrae - Vertebrae that bear a hae­
mal spine ventral to the vertebral centrum (Fig. 15).
neural spine
haemal spine
rib
caudal vertebrae
precaudal vertebrae
orbit
conical tooth
Anus - External opening of the intestine, situ­
ated on the ventral midline of the body (Fig. 13).
Also known as vent. The position of the anus
relative to the anal-fin and dorsal-fin origins is
important in gempylid and trichiurid taxonomy.
Benthopelagic - Living near, or ecologically
associated with the bottom but also often found a
substantial distance above the benthos during part
of the day.
nostrils
total vertebrae
Fig. 15 Some bones associated w ith the axial skeleton
hypural plates
13
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
sagittal crest
frontal crest
frontal
supramaxilla
nasal
palatine
premaxilla
opercle
supraoccipital
interm uscular bones
m axilla
angular
preopercle
subopercle
dentary
retroarticular interopercle
mandible
Fig. 16 Bones associated w ith the head
neural spini
Dentary - Tooth-bearing bone of the lower jaw
(Fig. 16).
Dermal processes - Conical process on tip of
upper jaw or sometimes of lower jaw, found in
some species of Gempylidae and Trichiuridae (Fig.
17).
epineural-
■neural arch
neural canai
dermal processes
centrum
epipleural
haemal spine
Fig. 17 Derm al processes
rib
PRECAUDAL
VERTEBRA
Dorsal fin - A median fin along the back of the
fish, consisting of a spinous and a soft portion (Fig.
13).
Dorsum -The upper (dorsal) surface of the
head or bqdy.
Epineurals - Bones that attach on outside of
upper surface of neural spines (Fig. 18).
CAUDAL
VERTEBRA
F ig .18 Bones and structures associated w ith
vertebrae
Ethmoid - Unpaired skull bone on the anterior
part of the neurocranium forming part of the nasal
cavity and located above the vomer. Lateral ethmoids are paired bones on both sides of the nasal
cavity (Fig. 19).
vom er
Epipelagic -The upper region of the open
ocean extending from the surface to depths of
around 200 m.
Epipleurals - Bones that attach on outside of
upper surface of ribs (Fig. 18).
lateral ethmoid
frontal
Fig. 19 Skull view ed fro m below
14
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
1st dorsal fin
spine or spinous fin ray
2nd dorsal fin
dorsal fini ets
soft fin ray
fin membrane
Fig. 20 Structures associated w ith fins
Eye diameter - The greatest distance between
the margins of the orbit (Fig. 13a).
from the first gili arch (the first or outermost gili arch
visible when the gili cover is lifted) (Fig. 21).
Fang - A long sharp tooth situated in the frontal
part of the upper jaw, by which prey is seized (Fig.
14).
Haemal spines - The spines that extendventrally from the centra of caudal vertebrae (Figs 15
and 18). The first vertebra with a haemal spine is
the first caudal vertebra.
Finlets- Small individual fins posterior to sec­
ond dorsal and anal fins (Figs 13b and 20).
Fin membranes - The thin membranes be­
tween the rays of the fins (Fig. 20).
Fin rays - General term for the soft rays and
spines (spinous rays) that support the fins (Fig.
2 0 ).
Fork length -The straight line distance from the
tip of upper jaw to the posterior margin of the
middle caudal rays (Fig. 13a).
Frontal crest - An elevated bony ridge formed
by paired frontal bones along the sagittal suture of
the skull (Fig. 16).
Frontals - Paired skull bones in the middle
dorsal part of the neurocranium (Figs 16,19).
Gili arch - The J-shaped bony or cartilaginous
arches under the gili cover to which the gili fila­
ments and gili rakers are attached (Fig. 21).
Gili filaments - The soft, red, fleshy part of the
gills; organ for respiration (Fig. 21).
Gili rakers - Ossified stiff structures which ex­
tend from gili arches toward buccal cavity, usually
gili raker
gili arch
Head length - In this catalogue, the measure­
ment is taken from the tip of the upper jaw to the
most distant point on the opercular membrane
(Fig. 13a). An alternative method used by fisher­
ies biologists but not used in this catalogue, takes
the anterior point of measurement from the tip of
the lower ja w (mandible).
Hypurals - Terminal bones at posterior end of
vertebral column (Fig. 15).
Hypural plate - The expanded ends of the
hypurals that form a wide, fan-like plate onto which
the caudal-fin rays are attached (Fig. 15).
Interhaemal bones - The bones situated be­
tween the haemal spines of the vertebrae and the
spines or rays of the anal fin (Fig. 22).
Intermuscular bones - Long, ray-like free bone
near skin, laterally in the body (Fig. 16).
Interneural bones - The bones situated be­
tween the neural spines of the vertebrae that are
situated before the dorsal fin and do not support
fin rays (called interneurals or pre-dorsal
bones), or that support one or more dorsal-fin
spine or ray (called pterygiophores) (Fig. 22).
Interorbital - The shortest distance between
the fleshy margins of the orbits (Fig. 13a) is the
Interorbital width. The Interorbital space is the
area between the eyes.
Lateral line - A series of sense organs enclosed
in tubular scales along the sides of the body (Fig. 13).
Mandible - Known as the lower jaw, consisting
of dentary, angular and retroarticular bones (Fig.
16).
gili filam ent
Fig. 21 T he first gili a rc h
Maxilla - The bone in the upper jaw that lies
behind the premaxilla (Fig. 16).
15
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
dorsal-fin soft ray
dorsal-fin spine
interneural
bone
dorsal finlet
neural spine
haem al spine
anal finlet
anal-fin soft ray
interhaem ál spine
anal-fin spine
Fig. 22
Bones associated w ith fin structures
Mesopelagic - The region of the open ocean
below the epipelagic zone, between the depths of
around 200 m to 1 000 m.
Pelvic fins - Paired fins on the ventral edge of
the anterior half of the body, usually below the
pectoral fins (Fig. 13). Also known as ventral fins.
Nape - The upper part of the head behind the
eye (Fig. 13b).
Preanal length - The straight distance from the
upper jaw to the anus (Fig. 13).
Nasals - Paired bones in the ethmoid region of
the neurocranium (Fig. 16).
Precaudal vertebrae - The anterior vertebrae
without haemal spines (Fig. 15). Also known as
abdominal vertebrae.
Neural arch -The arch that is formed below the
fused basal part of the neural spine of the verte­
brae (Fig. 18).
Neural canal - The canal for the nerve cord
formed by the neural arch (Fig. 18).
Premaxillae - Paired bones of the upper jaw,
usually bearing teeth in higher teleosts and asso­
ciated with the maxillae (Fig. 16).
pyloric caeca
spleen
stomach
Neural spines - the spines that extend dorsally
from the centra of vertebrae (Figs 15 and 18).
Nostrils - External openings of the nasal cavity
(Fig. 14). There are a pair of nostrils (anterior and
posterior) on each side of the snout in Gempylidae,
and single nostril on each side in the Trichiuridae.
Operculum - Gili cover, supported by four
bones: opercle, preopercle, interopercle and
subopercle (Fig. 16).
Orbit - The bony border surrounding the eye
(Figs 14 and 16).
Palatine - A pair of bones on each side of the
roof of the mouth (Fig. 16).
Pectoral fins - Fin on each side of the body
immediately behind the gili opening (Fig. 13).
liver
gall bladder
intestine
Fig. 23 Viscera of Tongaichthys
Pyloric caeca - Special organ of fish for secre­
tion of digestive enzymes. It is a variously-shaped
diverticulum originating at the junction of the stom­
ach and the intestine (Fig. 23).
Rays - See definitions for soft rays and spinous
rays.
Sagittal crest - An elevated bony ridge that
develops along the sagittal suture of the skull (Fig.
16).
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
16
Snout - Anterior part of the head, anterior to the
eyes and above the mouth (Fig. 13b).
to each species is arranged by paragraphs, in the
order listed below:
Snout length - The distance from the tip of the
upper jaw to anterior margin of the fleshy orbit (Fig.
13a).
(1 )
Scientific Name: The reference for the original
description and the type locality is given.
(2)
Synonyms: Only the often-used invalid names
and combinations that have been applied are
referenced; mis-identifications and incorrect
applications of names are not referenced. A list
of nominal species is given in Chapter 3 (p. 108).
(3 )
FAO Names: FAO-accepted English names
and tentative French and Spanish names are
given for each species. The FAO English name
is considered the standard to be used for fish­
ery purposes. This should avoid confusion
which can be caused due to the existence of
multiple names for the same species or be­
cause of the use of the same name for several
species. The FAO name is not intended to
supplant the use of local names but rather, to
serve as a worldwide reference.
Supraoccipital - Uppermost and posterior un­
paired bone of skull (Fig. 16).
(4 )
Field Characters: Characters that are useful
for identifying the species in the field are given.
Total length - The distance from the anteriormost part of the jaw to posteriormost part of the tail
(Fig. 13).
(5 )
Diagnostic Features: Distinctive characters of
the species, as an aid for identification. These
diagnoses should be consulted to confirm
species identified using the key.
(6)
Geographical Distribution: The general geo­
graphic range is given in the text and illustrated
on a map. The map shading includes known
areas of occurrence and different types of
shading are used for the known adult distribu­
tion (densely shaded) and larval distribution
(lightly shaded). Limited locality records are
indicated as a triangle and doubtful or probable
presence indicated with a question mark.
(7 )
Habitat and Biology: Information on habitat,
behaviour, food habitats and reproduction.
(8)
Size: The approximate maximum total or
standard length.
(9 )
Interest to Fisheries: General information on
the extent, type of fisheries and utilization.
Soft rays - A segmented fin ray that is usually
flexible and branched.
Spines - Sharp, pungent and pointed struc­
tures.
Spinescent gili takers - Gili rakers formed as
spines.
Spinous rays - An unsegmented fin ray that is
usually rigid and sharply pointed and never
branched (Fig. 20).
Standard length - The straight line distance
from the tip of the upper jaw to the end of the last
vertebra (easily bendable point of caudal fin) (Fig.
13).
Upper ja w length - The length from the anteriormost point of the premaxilla to the posterior edge
of the maxilla (Fig. 16).
Vertebrae - The bones of the axial skeleton;
divided into 2 sections, precaudal and caudal ver­
tebrae (Fig. 15).
Viscera - The internal soft organs of the body
cavity (Fig. 23).
Vomer - A median bone which lies in the roof of
the mouth, often bears teeth (Fig. 19).
1.6 P lan o f th e S y s te m a tic C a ta lo g u e
A superfamily diagnosis is given, followed by a
key to the families Gempylidae and Trichiuridae.
For each family, synonyms, FAO names and diag­
nostic features are presented as well as general
information on biology, habitat and distribution,
and interest to fisheries, followed by a key to gen­
era. The generic accounts are arranged alphabetically.
Genera are introduced with the type reference,
synonyms, and diagnostic features (unless the
genus contains only a single species and then
diagnostic features are often included under the
species), and a key to species is given for all
non-monotypic genera.The species accounts are
arranged alphabetically.The information pertaining
(1
o) Local Names: These are given where publish­
ed names are available or left blank in case
users wish to write in common names not listed
but known from their own locality. Often, a
single local name is applied to several species.
( 1 1 ) Literature: References that are useful for
identification and distributional data. It is stated
if an incorrect name is given in the reference.
( 1 2 ) Remarks: Useful information which is not ap­
propriately covered in the previous paragraphs.
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17
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
2. S Y S TE M A TIC C A TA LO G U E
2.1
The S u p e rfa m ily T ric h iu ro id e a
The superfamily Trichiuroidea as recognized here is made up of the families Gempylidae and Trichiuridae
which together form a monophyletic group in the Scombroidei (Johnson, 1986). Some authors (e.g.
Nelson, 1984) also include the Scombrolabracidae in this superfamily but their inclusion in the Scombroi­
dei has been questioned (Johnson, 1986).
2.1.1 D iag n o stic F ea tu res o f th e S u p e rfa m ily T ric h iu ro id e a
Diagnostic features: Body semifusiform to extremely elongate and compressed; no caudal keels (except
Lepidocybium). Mouth large, lower jaw protruding; one or two nostrils on each side of head: fang-like
teeth usually present at front of jaws; gili rakers mostly spinescens Dorsal fin along the entire dorsal
surface of body; pectoral fins short, not inserted high on body; pelvic fins small or absent; caudal fin, if
present, forked but not lunate, the rays attached to the distal edge of hypurals (except in Tongaichthys).
The first dorsal pterygiophore (an interneural-derived bone) inserts in second interneural space (between
first and second neural spines) and does not share this space with other pterygiophores; vertebrae 32 to
170.
2.1.2 Illu s tra te d Key to Fam ilies:
1a. Body elongate and moderately compressed, or semifusiform; caudal fin forked and rather
large; nostrils double (Fig. 24); two clearly separated dorsal fins, the second dorsal fin
(excluding finlets) shorter than the first (Fig. 24)
Gempylidae
1b. Body very elongate and extremely compressed; caudal fin absent, or a small forked fin;
nostrils single (Fig. 25); two continuous dorsal fins or separated by shallow notch, the
second dorsal fin longer than the first (Fig. 25).
Trichiuridae
two nostrils
2nd dorsal fin shorter than 1st dorsal fin
dorsal fins separated
Fig. 24 Gempylidae
one nostril
2nd dorsal fin longer than 1st dorsal fin
dorsal fins joined
I m
iiiiM fW
M fi/m
fr i
Fig. 25 T ric h iu rid a e
18
2.1.3
FAO Specie Catalogue Vol. 15
Additional Aids to Identification of G enera and Species
The shape of gili rakers (Figs 26, 27) and jaw teeth (Figs 28, 29) show characteristic features of species
and genera and can be used as an additional aid to identification.
V©.
iV
'OA
‘Oo
Fig. 26 First gili arch showing gili rakers of Gempylidae. A, Epinnula magistralis; B, Neoepinnula orien­
talis; C, Rexea prometheoides; D, Nealotus tripes; E, Promethichthys prometheus; F, Thyrsitoides marleyi; G,
Gempylus serpens; H, Paradiplospinus antarcticus; I, Thyrsitops lepidopoides; J, Thyrsites atun; K, Tongaich­
thys robustus; L, Ruvettus pretiosus
Fig. 27 First gili arch showing gili rakers of Trichiuridae. A, Benthodesmus elongatus; B, B. tenuis; C, As­
surger anzac; D, Aphanopus carbo, E, Evoxymetopon taeniatus; F, Lepidopus caudatus; G: Lepturacanthus
savala; H, Eupleurogrammus glossodon; I, E. muticus; J, Trichiurus auriga; K, T. gangeticus
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
19
Fig. 28 Jaw teeth o f Gempylidae (not drawn to scale). A, Epinnula magistralis; B, Neoepinnula orientalis;
C, Rexeaprometheoides; D, Rexichthys johnpaxtoni (after Parin and Astakhov, 1987); E, Nealotus tripes; F,
Promethichthys Prometheus; G, Ruvettus pretiosus, H, Lepidocybium flavobrunneum; I, Thyrsitops lepidopides; J, Tongaichthys robustus; K, Thyrsites atun; L, Nesiarchus nasutus; M , Thyrsitoides marleyi; N,
Gempylus serpens; O, Paradiplospinus antarcticus, P, Diplospinus multistriatus
Fig. 29 Jaw teeth of Trichiuridae (not drawn to scale). A, Aphanopus carbo; B, Bethodesmus tenuis; C,
Lepidopus caudatus; D, Assurger anzac; E, Evoxymetopon taeniatus; F, Eupleurogrammus muticus; G, E u ­
pleurogrammus glossodon; H, Lepturacanthus savala; I, Tentoriceps cristatus; J, Trichiurus lepturus; K, T.
gangeticus; L, T. auriga
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FAQ Species Catalogue Vol. 15
20
2.2
GEM PLYDAE
GEMP
2.2.1 Diagnostic Features of the Family Gempylidae
Synonyms: Acinaceidae, Lemnisomidae, Ruvettidae
FAO Names: En - Snake mackerels, Snoeks, Gemfishes, Sackfishes, Escolars, Oilfish, Domine;
Fr - Escoliers, Rouvet; Sp - Escolars, Sierras, Dómine.
Field Characters: Strong teeth in jaws, those at front of upper jaw often fang-like. Two dorsal fins, base
of the second (excluding finlets) shorter than the first. Pelvic fins usually small, often reduced to a single
spine with only a few or no soft rays, or entirely absent in adults.
Diagnostic Features: Body elongate, compressed or semifusiform. Two nostrils on each side of snout;
mouth large, not protractile; strong teeth, those at front of upper jaw often fang-like and sometimes also
a pair of fangs at front of lower jaw. Two dorsal fins, followed by finlets in some species, second dorsal-fin
base (excluding finlets) shorter than first dorsal-fin base; anal fin similar to second dorsal fin, with I to II
free or comprised spines, in some species separate finlets present behind anal fin; pectoral-fin length
shorter than head; pelvic fins small, rudimentary or absent in adults of some species; caudal fin forked,
the rays attached only to distal edge of hypurals, except in Tongaichthys whose caudal-fin rays cover
hypurals deeply but not completely. Lateral line single (sometimes further finely branched) or double. No
caudal keels on caudal peduncle, except in Lepidocybium.Scales small to minute, or variously modified
in Lepidocybium and Ruvettus, or absent. Vertebrae generally total about 35, but more than 48 in
Gempylus, Diplospinus and Paradiplospinus.
Biology, Flabitat and Distribution: Large, swift predators found in all oceans, usually in depths of 200
to 500 m, but some species migrate to the surface at night. Most species attain more than 1 m total length.
There are 16 genera and 23 species known so far.
Interest to Fisheries: There appears to be no special fishery, except for Thyrsites atun, which is caught
by hook-and-line and trawl in various waters of the Southern Hemisphere, and Rexea solandri, which is
caught in trawls and by trolling off southeastern Australia and New Zealand. Some species are frequently
taken as bycatch in the tuna longline fishery. The flesh is edible and tasty in Thyrsites and Rexea but oily
with purgative properties in Lepidocybium and Ruvettus.
2.2.2 Key to the G en era of G em p ylid ae:
1a.
1b.
Dorsal-fin elements more than 60; distance from anus to anal-fin origin nearly equal to
or greater than snout length (Fig. 3 0 )
->
2
Dorsal-fin elements less than 56; distance from anus to anal-fin origin about equal to
eye diameter (Fig. 31)......................................................................................................................... -»
3
snout length
dorsal-fin
¿n
dorsal-fin elem ents less than 56
eye diam eter
z
w
anus to anal-fin origin
anus to anal-fin origin
Fig. 30
Fig. 31
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
21
2a.
Anus situated midway between tip of snout and tip of caudal fin, in front of first anal-fin
spine by distance equal to head length and much longer than snout length(Fig. 32);
anterior part of anal fin with almost no fin membrane (Fig. 32).........................Diplospinus
2b.
Anus situated nearer tip of caudal fin than to tip of snout, in front of firstanal-fin spine
by distance much shorter than head length and nearly equal to snout length (Fig. 33);
anterior part of anal fin with fin membrane (Fig. 3 3 ) ................................. Paradiplospinus
head length
snout length
anus to anal-fin origin
position
of anus
anus to anal-fin origin
anterior part of anal fin w ithout membrane
Fig. 32 Diplospinus
position
o f anus
anterior part of anal fin with membrane
Fig. 33 Paradiplospinus
3a.
Caudal peduncle with a prominent keel and 2 small supplemental keels above and below
(Fig. 34); dorsal-fin spines V III or IX; lateral line single, extremely sinuous (Fig. 34)... Lepidocybium
3b.
Caudal peduncle without keels; dorsal-fin spines more than X II; lateral line single, or
bifurcated, but not sinuous (Fig. 3 5 )
keel
-» 4
single lateral line
smuous
lateral line
L -
- —
- ----- . /
Z z d x A-----------—
supplem ental
keels
Fig. 34 Lepidocybium
lateral line bifurcated
Fig. 35
4a.
Skin very rough; scales medium-sized, interspersed with spinous bony tubercles (Fig.
36); mid-ventral (abdominal) keel on belly (Fig. 37); lateral line single, o b scu re .................Ruvettus
4b.
Skin rather smooth, scales small, not interspersed with spinous bony tubercles; no
mid-ventral (abdominal) keel on belly; lateral line single or double, always o b vio u s ................
scales interspersed with bony tubercles
m id-ventral keel
Fig. 36 Skin close up o f Ruvettus
Fig. 37 V e n tra l p a r t o f Ruvettus
5
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
22
5a.
5b.
P e lv ic f in s r u d im e n t a r y ( w ith I s p in e a n d 0 t o 4 r a y s ) o r a b s e n t ........................................................................
6
->
—> 10
P e lv ic f in s w e ll d e v e lo p e d ( w it h I s p in e a n d 5 r a y s )
6a.
L a t e r a l lin e s i n g l e ................................................................................................................................................................................
-»
7
6b.
L a t e r a l lin e d o u b l e ............................................................................................................................................................................... - >
8
7a.
T w o fr e e a n a l-fin s p in e s b e h in d a n u s , fir s t o f th e m
la rg e , d a g g e r - s h a p e d (F ig . 3 8 ); la te ra l
Nealotus
lin e f a i r l y s t r a i t ( F ig . 3 8 ) ; d o r s a l - f i n s p i n e s X X o r X X I
7b.
N o f r e e a n a l- f in s p in e s b e h in d a n u s ; la t e r a l lin e c u r v e d a b r u p t ly d o w n w a r d a n t e r io r ly
Promethichthys
( F ig . 3 9 ) ; d o r s a l- f in s p in e s X V I I o r X V I I I
lateral line fairly straight
free anal spines
8a.
lateral line curved abruptly downward
Fig. 39 Prom ethichthys
Fig. 38 N ealo tus
B o d y d e p t h 1 4 . 5 t o 1 9 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; h e a d le n g t h 5 . 5 t o 6 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
le n g th ; d o r s a l- f in s p in e s X X V I t o X X X II; d o r s a l a n d a n a l f in le t s 5 to 7 ; b o t h la te r a l lin e s
Gempylus
o r i g i n a t i n g a t o n e p o i n t a t u p p e r e d g e o f o p e r c l e ( F ig . 4 0 ) ........................................................
8b.
B o d y d e p t h 5 t o 8 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; h e a d le n g t h 2 . 7 to 3 . 9 t im e s in s t a n d a r d ,
le n g th ;
d o r s a l- f in
s p in e s
X V II to X I X ; d o r s a l a n d a n a l f in le t s 2 o r 3 ; lo w e r la t e r a l lin e
b r a n c h i n g o f f b e lo w t h ir d t o s e v e n t h d o r s a l - f i n s p i n e s ( F ig . 4 1 )
-»
9
branching point of lateral line
lateral line branches above opercle
J lZ .
3rd spine
F ig . 4 0
9a.
F ig . 41
F IR S T D O R S A L FIN
L o w e r la te ra l lin e v e r y lo w , ru n n in g a lo n g lo w e r e d g e o f b o d y , a n te r io r b ra n c h e x te n d s in
fro n t
9b.
Gempylus
7th spine
of
o b liq u e
c o n n e c t in g
la t e r a l
L o w e r la te r a l lin e n o t lo w , r u n n in g
anterior
branch
lin e
n e a r ly
( F ig .
4 2 ) ...............................................................
m id b o d y , w i t h o u t a n t e r io r b r a n c h
low er lateral line near ventral contour
Fig. 42 R exichthys
Rexichthys
( F ig . 4 3 ) ....
Rexea
low er lateral line near m idbody
Fig. 43 Rexea
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
23
10a.
L a t e r a l lin e d o u b le ..............................................................................................................................................................................- >
11
10b.
L a t e r a l lin e s i n g l e .............................................................................................................................................................................. - »
13
11a.
11b.
D o r s a l- f in
s p in e s
r u n n in g
on
X V II to X IX ; d e rm a l p r o c e s s e s o n ja w s
m id b o d y
( F ig .
( F ig . 4 4 ) ; lo w e r la t e r a l lin e
4 4 ) .........................................................................................................
Thyrsitoides
D o r s a l- f in s p in e s le s s t h a n X V I; n o d e r m a l p r o c e s s e s o n ja w s ; lo w e r la t e r a l lin e r u n n in g
n e a r v e n t r a l c o n t o u r (F ig . 4 5 ) ............................................................................................................................................................ 12
dermal
processes
lower lateral line near
ventral contour
lower lateral line near midbody
12a.
Fig. 44 Thyrsitoides
Fig. 45
L o w e r la te ra l lin e b ra n c h in g o f f u n d e r fifth to s ix th d o r s a l-fin s p in e s ; tw o s m a ll s p in e s o n
lo w e r a n g le o f p r e o p e r c le ( F ig . 4 6 ) ............................................................................................................................... Epinnula
12b.
B o th
la t e r a l lin e s
p r e o p e r c le
( F ig .
o r ig in a t in g
at one
p o in t,
at upper edge
o f o p e r c le ;
no
s p in e s
4 7 ) ..........................................................................................................................................
lateral line
branches below
5th to 6th spine
on
Neoepinnula
lateral lines originate
above opercle
spines on preopercle
Fig. 46 Epinnula
13a.
D o r s a l- f in
Fig. 47 Neoepinnula
s p in e s X V I o r X V II; b o d y n o t e lo n g a t e , it s d e p t h 4 . 2 t o 6 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
le n g t h
13b.
D o r s a l- f in
le n g th
-»
s p in e s
14
X V I I I t o X X I; b o d y e lo n g a t e , its d e p t h 7 . 5 t o 1 3 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
............................................................................................................................................................................................
15
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24________________________________________________________________________________ FAQ Species Catalogue Vol. 15
14a.
H e a d le n g t h a b o u t 3 . 2 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; b o d y d e p t h 4 . 2 t o 4 . 5 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
le n g th ; p e lv ic f in le n g t h 1 .3 t o 1 .4 t im e s s h o r t e r t h a n p e c t o r a l fin le n g t h ................................... Tongaichthys
14b.
H e a d le n g t h 3 . 4
to 3 . 8 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; b o d y d e p t h 5 t o 6 t im e s
in s t a n d a r d
le n g th ; p e lv ic f in le n g t h t w ic e s h o r t e r t h a n p e c t o r a l fin le n g t h .................................................................Thyrsitops
15a.
D e r m a l p r o c e s s e s o n t ip o f ja w s ; la t e r a l lin e f a ir ly s t r a ig h t ( F ig . 4 8 ) ; s e c o n d d o r s a l- f in
r a y s 1 9 t o 2 4 ..........................................................................................................................................................................Nesiarchus
15b.
N o d e r m a l p r o c e s s e s o n t ip o f ja w s ; la t e r a l lin e a b r u p t ly c u r v e d b e lo w p o s t e r io r p a r t o f
f ir s t d o r s a l f in ( F ig . 4 9 ) ; s e c o n d d o r s a l- f in r a y s 11 t o 1 3 .............................................................................. Thyrsites
lateral line abruptly curved
lateral line fairly straight
Fig. 49 Thyrsites
Fig. 48 Nesiarchus
2.2.3 In fo rm atio n by sp ecies
GEMP Dipl
Diplospinus Maui, 1948
Diplospinus
Synonyms:
M a u i, 1 9 4 8 : 4 2 . T y p e s p e c ie s ,
M a u i, 1 9 4 8 , b y m o n o t y p y .
N one.
Diagnostic Features:
Species:
Diplospinus multistriatus
S e e s p e c ie s .
A s in g le s p e c ie s r e c o g n iz e d s o fa r , a lt h o u g h s o m e m e r i s t i c c h a r a c t e r s v a r y g e o g r a p h ic a lly . F o r
e x a m p le , t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f v e r t e b r a e a r e 5 7 to 6 2 in t h e N o r th a n d C e n t r a l A t la n t ic a n d 6 0 to 6 4 in t h e
S o u t h e r n H e m i s p h e r e ( M ik h a il in , 1 9 8 3 ) . F u r t h e r t a x o n o m i c s t u d i e s a r e n e c e s s a r y .
Diplospinus multistriatus Maui, 1948
Diplospinus multistriatus
M a u i,
GEMP Dipl 1
Fig. 50
1 9 4 8 : 4 2 - 4 7 , f ig .
1 7 ( M a d e ir a ,
P o r t u g a l, f r o m
th e s to m a c h o f
Alepisaurus
fe ro x ).
Synonyms:
N one.
FAO Names: En
Field Characters:
- S t r ip e d e s c o la r ;
Fr
- E s c o lie r ra y é ;
Sp
- E s c o la r r a y a d o .
A n u s s it u a t e d m id w a y b e t w e e n t ip o f s n o u t a n d t ip o f c a u d a l fin , d is t a n c e t o f ir s t a n a l- fin
s p i n e e q u a l t o h e a d le n g t h . A n t e r i o r p a r t o f a n a l f in v e r y lo w , n e a r l y w i t h o u t f in m e m b r a n e .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y e x t r e m e ly
e lo n g a te
and
c o m p re s s e d ;
it s
b o d y d e p th
1 3 to
1 8 t im e s
in
s t a n d a r d le n g th ; a n u s s it u a t e d m id w a y b e t w e e n t ip o f s n o u t a n d t ip o f c a u d a l fin a n d in f r o n t o f f ir s t a n a l- f in
s p in e b y a d i s t a n c e e q u a l t o h e a d le n g t h . H e a d le n g t h c o n t a in e d 6 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h ; lo w e r j a w
e x t e n d s a n t e r io r t o u p p e r ja w ; t ip o f u p p e r j a w w i t h a s m a ll c o n ic a l d e r m a l p r o c e s s ; 3 im m o v a b le a n d 3
o r 4 m o v a b le f a n g - li k e t e e t h
a n t e r io r ly in u p p e r ja w ; n o t e e t h o n v o m e r ; n o in t e r o r b it a l s lits . S e c o n d
25
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
I
I
position of anus
p ¡g
d e t a il o f l a t e r a l l in e
50
Diplospinus multistriatus
d o r s a l- f in b a s e a b o u t h a lf t h e le n g t h o f f ir s t d o r s a l- f in b a s e , w it h X X X t o X X X V I s p i n e s a n d 3 5 t o 4 4 s o f t
r a y s ; a n a l f in w it h II s m a ll f r e e s p i n e s in f r o n t o f 2 8 t o 3 5 s o f t r a y s , t h e a n t e r io r p a r t s h o r t w it h g r e a t ly
r e d u c e d f in m e m b r a n e ; p e c t o r a l f in s w it h
a d u lt s . A
11 t o
1 3 s o f t r a y s , p e lv ic f in s r e d u c e d t o a m in u t e s p in e in
s in g le la t e r a l lin e , s it u a t e d c lo s e r t o v e n t r a l p r o f ile t h a n d o r s a l p r o f ile
t o t a l 5 7 to 6 4 , in c lu d in g 3 2 t o 3 6 p r e c a u d a l a n d 2 4 t o 2 8 c a u d a l.
Colour:
p o s t e r io r ly . V e r t e b r a e
S ilv e r y w it h n a r r o w d a r k d o t t e d
l i n e s a l o n g b o d y ; g i li m e m b r a n e s j e t - b l a c k .
Geographical Distribution:
C e n t r a l w a t e r m a s s e s o f t h e A t la n t ic , I n d ia n a n d P a c if ic o c e a n s . R a t h e r r a r e ,
b u t r e la t iv e ly a b u n d a n t in t h e n o r t h e r n W e s t a n d s o u t h e r n E a s t A t la n t ic , a n d s o u t h e r n E a s t P a c if ic ( F ig . 5 1 ) .
60“
)•
20“
Fig. 51
Habitat and Biology:
M e s o p e la g ic , o c e a n ic a t d e p t h s t o a b o u t 1 0 0 0 m . M ig r a t e s u p w a r d a t n ig h t t o 1 0 0
to 2 0 0 m , p r o b a b ly f o r m in g s c h o o ls d u r in g d a y t im e . F e e d s o n c r u s t a c e a n s a n d s m a ll f is h . F e m a le s m a t u r e
a t a b o u t 1 6 c m . R e p r o d u c t iv e t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r w it h f e c u n d i t y o f a b o u t 1 2 0 0 e g g s .
Size:
M a x im u m
a b o u t 3 3 c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h ( B o l t a c h e v , 1 9 8 6 ) , c o m m o n t o 2 0 c m .
Interest to Fishery:
Local Names:
Literature:
A h ls tr o m
N o s p e c ia l f i s h e r y f o r t h i s s p e c ie s .
J A P A N : H o s o - k u r o ta c h i.
V o s s (1 9 5 4 ); T u c k e r ( 1 9 5 6 ) ; H a e d r ic h i ( 1 9 6 4 ) ; S t r a s b u r g ( 1 9 6 4 ) ; H a e d r ic h i a n d N ie ls e n ( 1 9 6 6 ) ;
( 1 9 7 1 ) ; F o u r m a n o ir ( 1 9 6 9 , 1 9 7 1 a ) ; F it c h a n d G o t s h a ll ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; L e g a n d e t a l. ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; P a rin a n d
B e c k e r ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; E v s e e n k o a n d S e r e b r y a k o v ( 1 9 7 4 ) ; P a rin e t a l. ( 1 9 7 4 , 1 9 7 7 , 1 9 7 8 , 1 9 9 0 a ) ; K a r r e r ( 1 9 7 5 ) ;
C la r k e
and
W a g n e r (1 9 7 6 );
M ik h a ilin
(1 9 7 6 b ,
1 9 8 3 );
G o rb u n o v a
1 9 8 4 b , 1 9 8 6 c ) ; B o l t a c h e v ( 1 9 8 6 ) , P a r in ( 1 9 8 6 , 1 9 9 0 c ) .
(1 9 7 7 ,
1 9 8 2 );
N a k a m u ra
( 1 9 8 2 a ,b ,
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
26
Epinnula
Epinnula
P o e y , 1 8 5 4 : 3 6 9 . T y p e s p e c ie s ,
Synonyms:
Epinnula magistralis
P o e y , 1 8 5 4 , b y m o n o ty p y .
None.
Diagnostic Features:
Species:
GEMP Epin
P oey, 1854
S e e s p e c ie s .
A s in g le s p e c ie s r e c o g n iz e d s o fa r , b u t G r e y
(1953,
p.
140)
p r o p o s e d t h a t A t la n t ic a n d J a p a n e s e
s p e c im e n s d if f e r in g in n u m b e r o f s o f t d o r s a l- a n d a n a l- fin r a y s r e p r e s e n t d is t in c t s p e c ie s o r s u b s p e c ie s .
Epinnula magistralis P o e y ,
Epinnula magistralis
Synonyms:
1854
GEMP Epin 1
Fig. 52
P o e y , 1 8 5 4 : 3 6 9 , p i. 3 2 , f i g s 3 - 4 ( H a b a n a , C u b a ) .
N one.
FAO Names: En
- D o m in e ;
Fr
- E s c o lie r m a îtr e .;
Sp
- D ó m in e .
f ' n r . r s o r . i- 'n r . n
Fig. 52 E p in n u la m a g is tr a lis
(after M atsubara and Iwai, 1952)
FIRST G ILL ARCH
Field Characters:
L a t e r a l lin e d o u b le , t h e lo w e r b r a n c h in g o f f u n d e r t h e f if th o r s ix t h d o r s a l- f in s p in e . T w o
s m a l l s h a r p s p i n e s o n l o w e r a n g l e o f p r e o p e r c le .
Diagnostic Features: B o d y
f a ir l y d e e p a n d c o m p r e s s e d ; its d e p t h 4 .1 t o 5 . 6 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th .
H e a d le n g t h 3 . 0 t o 4 .1 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; d o r s a l p r o f ile o f h e a d s lig h t ly e le v a t e d in f r o n t o f a n t e r io r
n o s t r il, t h e n n e a r ly s t r a ig h t to o r ig in o f d o r s a l f in ; t w o s m a ll s h a r p s p in e s o n lo w e r a n g le o f p r e o p e r c le ;
m o u t h la r g e w it h s e v e r a l f a n g s , s o m e d e p r e s s ib le in u p p e r j a w n e a r t ip o f s n o u t , a n d a p a ir o f la r g e c a n in e
t e e t h n e a r t ip o f lo w e r ja w , e x p o s e d o u t s id e w h e n m o u t h c lo s e d ; lo w e r j a w e x t e n d s a n t e r io r to u p p e r ja w ;
la t e r a l t e e t h o n j a w s c o n ic a l a n d w i d e l y s e p a r a t e d , t h o s e o f lo w e r j a w la r g e r t h a n t h o s e o f u p p e r ja w ;
v o m e r e d e n t a t e ; u n is e r ia l s m a ll c o n ic a l t e e t h o n p a la t in e s . F ir s t d o r s a l f in f a ir l y h ig h , w it h X V
or X V I
s t r o n g a n d p u n g e n t s p in e s , s e c o n d d o r s a l fin h ig h a n t e r io r ly w it h 1 7 to 2 0 s o f t r a y s ; a n a l f in a litt le s m a l le r
t h a n s e c o n d d o r s a l f in , w it h I I f r e e a n d I c o m p r is e d a n d 1 3 t o 1 7 s o f t r a y s ; p e c t o r a l f in s s h o r t a n d r o u n d
in s h a p e , w it h 1 5 s o f t r a y s ; p e lv ic f in s la r g e r t h a n p e c t o r a l f in s , w it h I s p in e a n d 5 s o f t r a y s . T w o la t e r a l
lin e s , b o th s t a r t in g a b o v e u p p e r e n d o f g ili o p e n in g ; t h e lo w e r b r a n c h in g o f f u n d e r th e s p a c e b e tw e e n th e
f if t h t o s ix t h d o r s a l - f in s p in e s , t h e lo w e r r u n n in g n e a r v e n t r a l c o n t o u r . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 3 2 , in c lu d in g
16
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
p re c a u d a l a n d
Colour:
1 6 c a u d a l.
27
B o d y lig h t g r e y is h
b lu e , n o t p a le r b e lo w ; h e a d s li g h t ly d a r k e r t h a n
b o d y : f in m e m b r a n e s o f f ir s t d o r s a l a n d p e lv ic f in s b la c k ; b a s a l p a r t o f c a u d a l f in d a r k b lu e , c a u d a l fin
je t - b l a c k e x c e p t f o r w h it is h
8 s h o r t e r r a y s n e a r a x is o f b o d y ; r a y s o f p e c t o r a l a n d s e c o n d d o r s a l f in s
s p o t t e d w i t h b l a c k ; a n a l f in p a le b l a c k ; b u c c a l a n d b r a n c h ia l c a v i t i e s p a le b r o w n ; p e r i t o n e u m b la c k .
Geographical Distribution:
O n ly k n o w n f r o m t h e
C a r ib b e a n S e a a n d s o u t h e r n J a p a n . O n e j u v e ­
n ile
s p e c im e n
N o r th
I n d ia n
r e c e n t ly
O cean
c o l le c t e d
( 1 2 ° 2 7 ’S ,
in
e a s te rn
1 1 6 °1 6 ’E)
( F ig .
5 3 ).
Habitat
and
t h o p e l a g ic .
Biology:
R a re
P r o b a b ly
s p e c ie s ,
know n
m esobenfro m
o n ly
a
20*
f e w s p e c im e n s .
Size:
The
s ta n d a rd
l a r g e s t c o l le c t e d
le n g t h ,
a ll
o th e rs
s p e c im e n
is
le s s
45
th a n
1
m
cm
s t a n d a r d le n g t h .
Interest to Fishery:
N o s p e c ia l f is h e r y f o r t h is
s p e c ie s .
Local Names:
CUBA:
D ó m in e ; J A P A N : A o s u -
F ig
53
m iy a k i.
Literature:
K a m o h a r a ( 1 9 3 8 ) ; M a t s u b a r a a n d Iw a i ( 1 9 5 2 ) ; G r e y ( 1 9 5 3 ) ; D u a r t e - B e llo ( 1 9 5 9 ) ; N a k a m u r a
( 1 9 8 4 b ) ; P a r in a n d K o t l y a r ( 1 9 9 1 ) .
Gempylus
Gempylus
C u v ie r , 1 8 2 9 : 2 0 0 . T y p e s p e c ie s ,
Synonyms: Acinacea
Zyphothyca
B o ry
de
S w a in s o n , 1 8 3 9 .
Diagnostic Features:
Species:
GEMP Gemp I
C u v ie r , 1 8 2 9
See
Gempylus serpens
S a i n t - V in c e n t ,
1804
LeucoscombrusV a n
(n o m e n
C u v ie r , 1 8 2 9 , b y m o n o t y p y .
o b lit u m ) .
Lemnisoma
Lesson,
1831.
d e r H oeven, 1855.
s p e c ie s .
A s in g le s p e c ie s r e c o g n iz e d s o fa r , b u t p o p u la t io n s in t h e A t l a n t i c a n d t h e I n d o - P a c i f i c d i f f e r
s ig n if ic a n t ly in n u m b e r o f v e r t e b r a e a n d f ir s t d o r s a l - f in s p in e s : v e r t e b r a e 51 t o 5 5 v e r s u s 4 8 t o 5 0 , f ir s t
d o r s a l f in w it h X X X t o X X X I I ( r a r e ly X X I X ) v e r s u s X X V I to X X X s p in e s , r e s p e c t iv e ly ( P a r in a n d B e c k e r ,
1972;
P a rin
e t a l.,
1978;
C o lle tt e
e t a l.,
1 9 8 4 ). T h e re fo re ,
th e s e
p o p u la t io n s
m ay
r e p r e s e n t d is tin c t
s p e c ie s .
Gempylus serpens C u v ie r ,
Gempylus serpens C u v ie r ,
1 8 2 9 :2 0 0 ( T r o p i c o f C a n c e r ) .
Synonyms: Acinacea notha
Lesson, 1831.
B o ry d e
Gempylus coluber
FAO Names: En
GEMP G e m p 1
1829
- S n a k e m a c k e r e l;
Field Characters:
S a i n t - V in c e n t ,
1804
Fr
- E s c o lie r s e r p e n t;
o b lit u m ) . Lemnisoma thyrsitoides
Gempylus ophidianus P o e y , 1 8 6 0 .
(n o m e n
C u v i e r in C u v . a n d V a l . , 1 8 3 1 .
Sp
- E s c o l a r d e c a n a l.
T w o la t e r a l lin e s , o r ig in a t in g a t o n e p o in t, n e a r u p p e r e d g e o f o p e r c le . D o r s a l a n d a n a l
f in le t s 5 to 7.
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y g r e a t ly
e lo n g a te
and
s t r o n g ly
c o m p re s s e d ,
it s d e p t h
1 5 to
1 8 t im e s
in
s t a n d a r d le n g t h . H e a d le n g t h 5 . 5 t o 6 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; lo w e r j a w e x t e n d s a n t e r io r to u p p e r ja w ;
t ip s o f b o t h j a w s w it h d e r m a l p r o c e s s e s ; 3 im m o v a b le a n d 0 t o 3 m o v a b le f a n g s a n t e r io r ly in u p p e r ja w ;
n o f a n g s in lo w e r ja w ; v o m e r e d e n t a t e . F ir s t d o r s a l - f in w i t h X X V I to X X X II s p in e s , its b a s e v e r y lo n g ,
s e c o n d d o r s a l f in w it h a m in u t e s p in e a n d 11 t o 1 4 s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y 5 o r 6 fin le ts ; a n a l f in w it h I I f r e e
28
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
Fig. 54 Gempylus serpens
f ir s t g il l a r c h
a n d I c o m p r is e d s p in e a n d 1 0 to 1 2 s o f t r a y s f o ll o w e d b y 6 o r 7 fin le ts ; p e c t o r a l f in s w it h 1 2 to 1 5 s o f t
r a y s ; p e lv ic f in s r e d u c e d to I s p in e a n d 3 o r 4 s o f t r a y s . T w o la t e r a l lin e s , b o t h o r ig in a t in g b e lo w f ir s t s p in e
o f d o r s a l f in , t h e u p p e r f o ll o w s d o r s a l c o n t o u r o f b o d y t o e n d o f f ir s t d o r s a l- f in b a s e , t h e lo w e r d e s c e n d s
g r a d u a ll y p o s t e r io r t o a b o u t t ip o f p e c t o r a l f in a n d r u n s m id la t e r a lly . S c a le s a b s e n t e x c e p t o n p o s t e r io r
p a r t o f b o d y . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 4 8 t o 5 5 , in c lu d in g 2 4 t o 2 9 p r e c a u d a l a n d 2 3 t o 2 6 c a u d a l.
Colour:
Body
u n i f o r m l y d a r k b r o w n ; a ll f i n s d a r k b r o w n w i t h s o m e w h a t d a r k e r m a r g in s .
Geographical Distribution: W
o r ld w id e
in t r o p i c a l a n d
s u b tro p ic a l s e a s ,
a d u lts
a ls o
o fte n
c a u g h t in
t e m p e r a t e w a t e r s . S p e c im e n s c a u g h t o n t h e A t la n t ic s id e o f S o u t h A f r ic a ( 3 3 ° 0 8 ’ 1 6 ° 4 7 ’ E a t 7 0 0 m ) ( P a r in
a n d G o lo v a n , 1 9 7 6 ) p r o b a b l y s t r a y e d f r o m t h e I n d ia n O c e a n ( F ig . 5 5 ) .
28*
Fig. 55
Habitat and Biology:
S t r ic t ly o c e a n ic , e p i- a n d m e s o p e la g ic f r o m s u r f a c e t o d e p t h s o f 2 0 0 m a n d p e r h a p s
d e e p e r . U s u a lly s o lit a r y . R a t h e r c o m m o n . A d u lt s m ig r a t e t o s u r f a c e a t n ig h t ( n y c t o e p i p e l a g ic ) ; la r v a e
a n d j u v e n ile s s t a y n e a r s u r f a c e o n ly d u r in g t h e d a y . F e e d s o n f is h e s ( m y c t o p h id s , e x o c o e t id s , s a u r ie s ,
s c o m b r id s ) , s q u id a n d c r u s t a c e a n s . M a le s m a t u r e a t 4 3 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th , f e m a l e s a t 5 0 c m . S p a w n s
in t r o p i c a l , w a t e r s t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r , F e c u n d i t y o f a b o u t 3 0 0 t h o u s a n d t o 1 m il lio n e g g s .
Size:
M a x im u m
a b o u t 1 m s t a n d a r d le n g t h , c o m m o n t o 6 0 c m .
Interest to Fisheries:
N o s p e c ia l f is h e r y f o r t h is s p e c ie s , b u t a p p e a r s s o m e t im e s a s b y c a t c h in t h e t u n a
l o n g l i n e f is h e r y .
Local Names:
CANADA:
S nake
m a c k e r e l;
FRANCE:
E s c o l ie r s e r p e n t ;
JAPAN :
K u r o t a c h i- k a m a s u ;
R U S S I A : Z m e in a y a m a k r e l; S O U T H A F R I C A : S la n g m a k r ie l; U K : S n a k e m a c k e r e l; U S A : S n a k e m a c k e r e l:
V IE T N A M : C a th u ra n .
Literature:
M a t s u b a r a a n d Iw a i ( 1 9 5 2 ) ; G r e y ( 1 9 5 3 ) ; V o s s ( 1 9 5 4 ) ; J o n e s ( 1 9 6 0 ) ; S e b a s t ia n a n d V e d a v -
y a s a R a o ( 1 9 6 3 ) ; P a rin ( 1 9 6 7 , 1 9 7 6 b , 1 9 8 6 ) ; A h ls tr o m i ( 1 9 7 1 ) ; F o u r m a n o ir ( 1 9 6 9 , 1 9 7 1 a ) ; L e g a n d e t a l.
29
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
( 1 9 7 2 ) ; P a r in a n d B e c k e r ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; P a r in e t a l. ( 1 9 7 4 , 1 9 7 7 , 1 9 7 8 , 1 9 9 0 a ) ; B e ly a n in a ( 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 8 2 ) ; C la r k e
a n d W a g n e r ( 1 9 7 6 ) ; P a r in a n d G o lo v a n ( 1 9 7 6 ) ; G o r b u n o v a ( 1 9 7 7 , 1 9 8 2 ) ; N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 7 7 , 1 9 8 4 a , b ,
1 9 8 6 b , c ) ; K u k u e v ( 1 9 8 2 ) ; F u jii ( 1 9 8 3 ) ; G lo e r f e lt - T a r p a n d K a io la ( 1 9 8 4 ) ; M a c h id a ( 1 9 8 5 ) ; P a r in ( 1 9 8 6 ,
1 9 9 0 c ).
Lepidocybium
Lepidocybium
GEMP Lepid
G ili, 1 8 6 2
G ili, 1 8 6 2 :1 2 5 . T y p e s p e c ie s ,
Cybium flavobrunneum Smith,
1 8 4 9 , b y o r ig in a l d e s ig n a t io n
( a ls o m o n o ty p ic ) .
Synonyms: Xenogramma
Diagnostic Features:
Species:
W a it e , 1 9 0 4 .
Diplogonurus
N o ro n h a , 1926.
Lepidosarda
K is h in o u y e , 1 9 2 6 .
S e e s p e c ie s .
A s in g le s p e c ie s r e c o g n iz e d s o fa r.
Lepidocybium flavobrunneum
Cybium flavo-brunneum
S m it h 1 8 4 9 , p t. 2 0 ( C a p e o f G o o d H o p e , A f r i c a ) .
Synonyms: Xenogramma carinatum
sarda retigramma K is h in o u y e , 1 9 2 6 .
FAO Names: En
- E s c o la r ;
Fr
W a it e ,
1904.
- E s c o l i e r n o ir ;
Sp
Diplogonurus maderensis
N o ro n h a ,
1926.
Lepido­
- E s c o la r n e g ro .
Fig. 56 Lepidocybium flavobrunneum
S C A L E S A R O U N D L A T E R A L LINE
Field Characters:
GEMP Lepid 1
F ig . 5 6
( S m it h , 1 8 4 9 )
F ir s t d o r s a l f in v e r y lo w . C a u d a l p e d u n c le w it h a p r o m in e n t k e e l f la n k e d w it h 2 s m a ll
s u p p l e m e n t a r y k e e ls , o n e a b o v e a n d o n e b e lo w . A s in g le , s i n u o u s la t e r a l lin e .
Diagnostid Features:
B o d y s e m i f u s if o r m a n d s li g h t ly c o m p r e s s e d ; its d e p t h a b o u t 4 .1 t o 4 . 3 t im e s in
s t a n d a r d le n g th . H e a d le n g t h 3 . 6 t o 3 . 7 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th : lo w e r j a w s li g h t ly e x t e n d s a n t e r io r t o
u p p e r ja w ; t ip o f b o t h ja w s w i t h o u t d e r m a l p r o c e s s e s ; t w o p a ir s o f f a n g s a n t e r io r ly in u p p e r ja w ; v o m e r
a n d p a la t in e s e a c h w it h u n is e r ia l s m a ll t e e th . F ir s t d o r s a l fin v e r y lo w w it h V I I I o r I X s p in e s , w e ll s e p a r a te d
f r o m s e c o n d d o r s a l f in w h ic h h a s 1 6 t o 1 8 s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y 4 t o 6 f in le t s ; a n a l f in w it h I o r I I c o m p r is e d
s p in e s a n d 1 2 t o 1 4 s o f t r a y s ; p e c t o r a l f in s w it h 1 5 t o 1 7 s o f t r a y s ; p e lv ic f in s w e ll d e v e lo p e d , w it h I s p in e
and
5 s o f t r a y s ; c a u d a l f in w i d e
b u t r a t h e r s m a ll, w i t h
a s tro n g
m e d ia n
k e e l f la n k e d
b y 2 s m a l le r
s u p p l e m e n t a r y k e e ls , o n e o n e a c h s id e o f t h e m e d ia n k e e l. A s in g le s in u o u s la t e r a l lin e . S c a le s r a t h e r
s m a ll, e a c h s u r r o u n d e d b y a n e t w o r k o f t u b u le s b e a r in g p o r e s . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 3 1 , in c lu d in g 1 6 p r e c a u d a l
a n d 1 5 c a u d a l.
Colour:
B o d y a lm o s t u n if o r m ly d a r k b r o w n , b e c o m in g a lm o s t, b la c k w ith a g e .
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
30
Geographical Distribution:
W id e ly d is t r ib u t e d in t r o p ic a l a n d t e m p e r a t e s e a s o f t h e w o r ld , b u t p r o b a b ly
a b s e n t f r o m t h e n o r t h e r n I n d ia n O c e a n ( F ig . 5 7 ) .
60®
20*
Fig. 57
Habitat and
B io lo g y : M o s t ly o v e r t h e c o n t in e n t a l s lo p e , d o w n t o 2 0 0 m a n d m o r e . O f t e n m ig r a t e s u p w a r d
a t n ig h t. F e e d s o n s q u id , f is h e s ( b r a m id s , c o r y p h a e n id s , s c o m b r id s , t r a c h ip t e r id s , e t c . ) a n d c r u s t a c e a n s .
W e ig h s 6 . 5 k g a t 7 7 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th ( 8 9 c m t o t a l le n g t h ) a n d 1 3 k g a t 91 c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h ( 1 0 5 c m
to ta l le n g th ) .
Size:
M a x i m u m a b o u t 2 0 0 c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h , c o m m o n t o 1 5 0 c m .
Interest to Fisheries:
N o s p e c ia l f is h e r y f o r t h is s p e c ie s , b u t a p p e a r s a s b y c a t c h in t h e t u n a lo n g lin e
f is h e r y , c a u g h t u s u a lly a t d e p t h s f r o m
1 0 0 t o 3 0 0 m . In e a s t e r n t r o p i c a l A t la n t ic a n a v e r a g e o f 0 . 1 7 to
0 . 2 0 f is h p e r 1 0 0 0 h o o k s ( M a k s im o v , 1 9 7 0 ) .
Local Names:
C A N A D A : E s c o la r ; F R A N C E : E s c o l ie r n o ir ; J A P A N : A b u r a s o k o - m u t s u ; S P A I N : E s c o la r
n e g r o , E s c o l a r ( C a n a r y I s la n d s ) ; R U S S I A : E s k o l a r ; U S A : E s c o la r .
Literature:
M u n ro
( 1 9 4 9 ) ; S c h u lt z a n d S p r i n g e r ( 1 9 5 6 ) ;
B a r t le t t a n d
B ackus
(1 9 6 2 );
M e rre tt (1 9 6 8 );
F o u r m a n o ir ( 1 9 6 9 , 1 9 7 0 , 1 9 7 1 b ); M a k s im o v ( 1 9 7 0 ) ; L e g a n d e t a l . ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; B e ly a n in a ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; P a r in ( 1 9 7 6 b ,
1 9 8 6 , 1 9 9 0 c ) ; G o r b u n o v a ( 1 9 7 7 ) ; N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 7 7 , 1 9 8 1 , 1 9 8 4 b , 1 9 8 6 b , c ) ; F it c h a n d S c h u lt z ( 1 9 7 8 ) ;
P a u lin a n d H a b ib ( 1 9 8 0 ) ; K u k u e v ( 1 9 8 2 ) ; F u jii ( 1 9 8 3 ) ; G lo e r f e lt - T a r p a n d K a ilo la ( 1 9 8 4 ) ; M a c h id a ( 1 9 8 5 ) ;
S h c h e r b a c h e v e t a l. ( 1 9 8 6 ) ; G o lo v a n a n d P a k h o r u k o v ( 1 9 8 8 ) ; P a r in e t a l. ( 1 9 9 0 b ) .
Nealotus
N ealotus
GEMP Neal
Joh nso n, 1865
J o h n s o n , 1 8 6 5 : 4 3 4 . T y p e s p e c ie s ,
Synonyms: Machaerope
Diagnostic: Features:
Species:
Nealotus tripes
J o h n s o n , 1 8 6 5 , b y m o n o ty p y .
O g il b y , 1 8 9 9 .
S e e s p e c ie s .
A s in g le s p e c ie s r e c o g n iz e d s o fa r.
Nealotus tripes J o h n s o n ,
N ealotus tripes
GEMP Neal 1
Fig. 58
1865
J o h n s o n , 1 8 6 5 : 4 3 4 ( M a d e ir a , P o r t u g a l ) .
Synonyms: Machaerope Latispinus
FAO Names: En
O g ilb y , 1 8 9 9 .
- B la c k s n a k e m a c k e r e l;
Fr
- E s c o l i e r r e p t i le ;
Sp
- E s c o la r o s c u r o .
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
31
large and
T-shaped
2nd spine embedded and
parallel to ventral contour
'tcP W W ;
ÏV iV H s W 1/'."« ';'“.1'
F IR S T G IL L A R C H
D E T A IL
OF A N A L
RN
Fig. 58 N ealo tus tripes
Field Characters:
A n a l f in w it h a la r g e d a g g e r - s h a p e d f ir s t s p in e f o llo w e d b y a s e c o n d s m a l le r s p in e
a lm o s t e n t ir e ly e m b e d d e d a n d p a r a lle l to v e n t r a l c o n t o u r j u s t in f r o n t o f t h e s o f t r a y s . A s in g le la te r a l lin e ,
f a i r l y s t r a i g h t a n d o b liq u e .
Diagnostic Features: B o d y
e lo n g a t e ’a n d c o m p r e s s e d ; its b o d y d e p t h a b o u t 7 t o 9 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
le n g th . H e a d le n g t h 4 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; u p p e r p r o f ile o f h e a d n e a r ly s t r a ig h t f r o m t ip o f s n o u t to
o r ig in o f d o r s a l f in ; lo w e r j a w e x t e n d s a n t e r io r to u p p e r ja w ; t ip o f b o t h j a w s w i t h o u t d e r m a l p r o c e s s e s ; 3
im m o v a b le a n d 0 t o 3 m o v a b le f a n g s a n t e r io r ly in u p p e r ja w ; 1 f a n g a n t e r io r ly o n e a c h s id e o f lo w e r ja w ;
v o m e r e d e n t a t e . G ili r a k e r a t a n g le o f f ir s t a r c h T - s h a p e d a n d la r g e r t h a n o t h e r s . D o r s a l f in w it h X X o r
X X I s p in e s a n d 1 6 to 1 9 s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y 2 f in le t s ; a n a l fin w it h I d a g g e r - s h a p e d s p in e a n d I s m a l le r
f r e e s p in e p a r a lle l t o v e n t r a l c o n t o u r in f r o n t o f 1 5 to 1 9 s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y 2 f in le t s ; p e c t o r a l f in s w it h
1 3 o r 1 4 s o f t r a y s ; p e lv ic f in s r e d u c e d t o I s m a ll s p in e . A s in g le , f a ir ly s t r a ig h t la t e r a l lin e . L a r g e s c a le s ,
e a s ily d e c id u o u s . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 3 6 to 3 8 , in c lu d in g 2 1 o r 2 2 p r e c a u d a l a n d 1 5 o r 1 6 c a u d a l.
Colour:
B o d y b la c k is h b r o w n ; d o r s a l a n d a n a l f in s p a le b r o w n ; b u c c a l a n d b r a n c h ia l c a v it ie s a n d p e r it o n e u m b la c k .
Geographical Distribution:
s o u t h e r n m o s t I n d ia n
O cean
T r o p ic a l a n d t e m p e r a t e w a t e r s o f A t la n t ic , I n d ia n a n d P a c if ic o c e a n s . T h e
o c c u rre n c e
( 2 8 ° 0 8 ’S , 4 9 ° 0 6 ’ E )
based
on
an
*0 *
60*
u n p u b li s h e d
V I T Y A Z - I I , s t a t io n 2 7 8 1 ) ( F ig . 5 9 ) .
20*
0*
20°
LO0
60°
00*
100*
120*
140*
160*
«0*
160*
H o*
120*
100*
40 °
Fig. 59
re c o rd
(R /V
32
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
Habitat and Biology:
O c e a n ic , e p i- t o m e s o p e la g ic f r o m
s u r f a c e t o a b o u t 6 0 0 m d e p t h . M ig r a t e s to
s u r f a c e a t n ig h t ( n y c t o e p ip e la g ic ) . F e e d s o n m y c t o p h id s a n d o t h e r s m a ll f is h e s , s q u id a n d c r u s t a c e a n s .
M a t u r e s a t a b o u t 1 5 c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h .
Size:
M a x im u m a b o u t
Interest to Fisheries:
Local Names:
25
c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h , c o m m o n t o
15
cm .
N o s p e c ia l f i s h e r y f o r t h i s s p e c ie s .
C A N A D A : B la c k s n a k e m a c k e r e l; J A P A N : F u u r a i- k a m a s u ; R U S S I A : N e a lo t; U S A : B la c k
s n a k e m a c k e r e l.
Literature:
M a t s u b a r a a n d Iw a i ( 1 9 5 2 ) ; S t r a s b u r g ( 1 9 6 4 ) ; B a c k u s e t a l. ( 1 9 6 5 ) ; H a e d r ic h i a n d N ie ls e n
( 1 9 6 6 ) ; M a g o ( 1 9 7 0 ) ; A h l s t r o m ( 1 9 7 1 ) ; F o u r m a n o ir ( 1 9 6 9 , 1 9 7 1 a ); L e g a n d e t a l. ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; P a rin a n d B e c k e r
( 1 9 7 2 ) ; B e ly a n in a ( 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 8 2 ) ; P a r in e t a l. ( 1 9 7 3 , 1 9 7 7 , 1 9 7 8 , 1 9 8 1 , 1 9 9 0 a ) ; C la r k e a n d W a g n e r ( 1 9 7 6 ) ;
P a r in
a n d G o lo v a n
(1 9 7 6 ); G o rb u n o v a
(1 9 7 7 ,
1 9 8 2 ); N a k a m u ra
and
P a x to n
(1 9 7 7 );
K u k u e v (1 9 8 2 );
N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 8 2 b , 1 9 8 4 b ) ; F u jii ( 1 9 8 3 ) ; M a c h id a ( 1 9 8 5 ) ; S h c h e r b a c h e v e t a l. ( 1 9 8 6 ) ; P a r in ( 1 9 8 6 , 1 9 9 0 c ) ;
P a u li n e t a l. ( 1 9 8 9 ) .
Neoepinnula
Neoepinnula
GEMP Neo
M a ts u b a ra a n d I w a i, 1 9 5 2
M a t u s b a r a a n d I w a i, 1 9 5 2 :1 9 3 - 1
9 4 . T y p e s p e c ie s ,
Epinnula orientalis
G ilc h r is t a n d v o n
B o n d e , 1 9 2 4 , b y o r ig in a l d e s ig n a t io n ( a ls o m o n o ty p ic ) .
Synonyms:
N one.
Field Characters:
B o d y m o d e r a t e ly d e e p ( d e p t h le s s t h a n 5 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h ) . T w o la t e r a l lin e s ,
o r ig in a t in g a b o v e u p p e r a n g le o f g ili o p e n in g , t h e lo w e r d e s c e n d s a lo n g m a r g in o f g ili o p e n in g , t h e n f o llo w s
v e n t r a l c o n t o u r o f b o d y . P e l v i c f i n s n o r m a l l y d e v e l o p e d , N o d o r s a l o r a n a l f in l e t s .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y m o d e r a t e ly d e e p a n d c o m p r e s s e d . L o w e r j a w s lig h t ly e x t e n d s a n t e r io r to
u p p e r ja w ; t ip o f b o t h ja w s w i t h o u t d e r m a l p r o c e s s e s ; n o s p in e s a t a n g le o f p r e o p e r c le ; j a w d e n t it io n
in c lu d e s a n t e r io r f a n g s a n d s li g h t ly c o m p r e s s e d la t e r a l t e e t h ; o n e s m a ll t o o t h o n e a c h s id e o f v o m e r ;
u n is e r ia l s m a ll t e e t h o n p a la t in e s . G ili r a k e r s o n f ir s t a r c h w it h a s in g le c u s p a n d m a n y s m a ll s p in e s ;
a n g u la r r a k e r lo n g , w it h 2 lo n g it u d i n a l s e r i e s o f m in u t e s p in e s , t r ip l e - r o o t e d . F ir s t d o r s a l f in w i t h X V I
s p in e s , s e c o n d d o r s a l fin w it h I s p in e a n d 1 6 t o 2 0 s o f t r a y s ; a n a l f in w it h I I f r e e a n d I c o m p r is e d s p in e
a n d 1 7 t o 2 0 s o f t r a y s ; p e lv ic f in s w e ll d e v e lo p e d , its le n g th a b o u t 3 t im e s in h e a d le n g th , w it h I s p in e a n d
5 s o f t ra y s ; p e c to r a l f in s w ith 1 3 to 1 6 s o f t ra y s . T w o la te r a l lin e s , b o th o r ig in a t e a b o v e u p p e r a n g le o f g ili
o p e n in g , t h e u p p e r f o ll o w s d o r s a l c o n t o u r o f b o d y t o c a u d a l p e d u n c le , t h e lo w e r d e s c e n d s d o w n w a r d
a lo n g m a r g in o f g ili o p e n in g , r o u n d s p e c t o r a l b a s e a n d f o llo w s v e n t r a l c o n t o u r o f b o d y to e n d o f a n a l- f in
b a s e a n d g r a d u a ll y a s c e n d s t o m id d le o f c a u d a l- f in b a s e . B o d y e n t ir e l y c o v e r e d w it h s m a ll d e c id u o u s
s c a le s . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 3 2 , in c lu d in g 1 6 p r e c a u d a l a n d 1 6 c a u d a l; n o e p in e u r a ls o r e p ip le u r a ls .
Colour:
B o d y s i l v e r y o r g r e e n is h b r o w n ; b u c c a l a n d b r a n c h ia l c a v i t i e s p a le t o b la c k ; f i r s t d o r s a l f in b l a c k is h .
Biology, Habitat and Distribution:
B e n t h o p e la g ic , d w e llin g a t u p p e r s lo p e a t 1 8 0 to 5 7 0 m d e p t h . K n o w n
f r o m t r o p i c a l w a t e r s o f t h e W e s t A t l a n t i c , I n d ia n a n d W e s t P a c i f i c .
Interest to Fisheries:
Remarks:
None.
T w o s p e c ie s a r e k n o w n .
Key to Species of Neoepinnula:
1a.
I n t e r o r b it a l s p a c e n a r r o w e r t h a n d i a m e t e r o f e y e ; p e c t o r a l f in s w it h 1 5 o r 1 6 s o f t r a y s ;
d o r s a l f in in s e r t e d a b o v e u p p e r a n g le o f g ili o p e n in g ; b u c c a l a n d b r a n c h ia l c a v it ie s p a le
o r d u s k y ..........................................................................................................................................................................
1b.
N.
americana
I n t e r o r b it a l s p a c e w i d e r t h a n d i a m e t e r o f e y e ; p e c t o r a l f in s w it h 1 3 o r 1 4 ( r a r e ly 1 5 ) s o f t
ra y s ; d o rs a l fin in s e rte d b e h in d u p p e r a n g le o f g ili o p e n in g ; b u c c a l a n d b r a n c h ia l c a v itie s
u s u a lly b l a c k ...................................................................................................................................................................... N.
orientalis
33
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes of the W orld
Neoepinnula americana
E pinnula o rien talis americanus
Synonyms:
GEMP Neo 2
Fig. 60
(G re y , 1 9 5 3 )
G r e y , 1 9 5 3 : 1 3 7 ( G u l f o f M e x i c o : 2 9 ° 2 0 ’ N , 8 7 ° 4 2 ’W ) .
N one.
FAO Names: En
Fr
- A m e r ic a n s a c k f is h ;
- E s c o lie r a m é r ic a in ;
Sp
- E s c o l a r a m e r ic a n o .
Fig. 60 N eoepinnula am ericana
(after G rey, 1959)
Field Characters:
D o r s a l- f in in s e r t io n a b o v e a n g le o f g ili o p e n in g . L in in g o f b u c c a l a n d b r a n c h ia l c a v it ie s
p a le .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y m o d e r a t e ly d e e p , its d e p t h 4 . 2 t o 4 . 7 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th . H e a d le n g th
3 . 2 to 3 . 4 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; in t e r o r b it a l s p a c e 1.1 t o 1 .3 t im e s in e y e d ia m e t e r ; a n t e r io r ly in u p p e r
j a w 3 to 6 f a n g s a n d 1 f a n g a n t e r io r ly o n e a c h s id e o f lo w e r ja w . F ir s t d o r s a l fin in s e r t e d a b o v e o r s lig h t ly
b e h in d m a r g in o f p r e o p e r c le , w it h X V I s p in e s a n d s e c o n d d o r s a l f in w it h I s p in e a n d 1 7 t o 2 0 s o f t r a y s ;
a n a l fin w it h I I f r e e a n d I c o m p r is e d s p in e a n d 1 7 t o 2 0 s o f t r a y s ; p e c t o r a l f in s w it h 1 5 o r 1 6 s o f t r a y s :
p e lv ic f in s w it h I s p in e a n d 5 s o f t r a y s , in s e r t e d b e n e a t h m id d le o f p e c t o r a l f in . T w o la t e r a l lin e s , b o t h
o r ig in a t e a b o v e u p p e r a n g le o f g ili o p e n in g ( s o m e t im e s t h e lo w e r la t e r a l lin e b r a n c h e s o f f f r o m s e c o n d o r
t h ir d t u b u l a r s c a l e o f t h e u p p e r la t e r a l lin e ) .
Colour:
S id e s o f b o d y s ilv e r y ,
d o r s a l f in
t e r io r ly ;
b la c k is h ,
second
b u c c a l c a v ity
p a le ,
b a c k b r o w n ; f ir s t
d o r s a l f in
and
b la c k
an­
b r a n c h ia l c a v i t y
p a le t o d u s k y .
G eographical
fro m
th e
c a ta n
Distribution:
W est
A t la n t ic
C h a n n e l,
Know n
( G u lf
C a r ib b e a n
of
o n ly
M e x ic o ,
Sea
o ff
Yu­
Vene­
z u e l a , a n d o f f S u r i n a m e ) ( F ig . 6 1 ) .
Flabitat
and
Biology:
B e n th o p e la g ic ,
fro m
d e p th s o f 1 8 4 to 4 5 7 m .
Size:
M a x i m u m 2 2 c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h .
Interest
to
Fisheries:
No
s p e c ia l
f is h e r y
f o r t h i s s p e c ie s .
Local Names:
J A P A N : T a c h ik a m a s u .
L ite r a tu r e :
M ead
C e r v ig ó n
(1 9 6 6 );
(1 9 8 3 ).
(1 9 5 1 );
G re y
G o rb u n o v a
(1 9 5 9 ,
(1 9 8 2 );
1 9 6 0 );
F u jii
80'
Fig. 61
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
34
Neoepinnula orientalis
Epinnula orien talis
G i l c h r i s t a n d v o n B o n d e , 1 9 2 4 : 1 5 , p i. 4 , f ig . 1 ( s o u t h e a s t A f r i c a ) .
Synonyms: Epinnula orien talis pacifica
FAO Names: En
GEMP Neo 1
Fig. 62
( G ilc h r is t a n d v o n B o n d e , 1 9 2 4 )
Fr
- S a c k f is h ;
G re y , 1 9 5 3 .
- E s c o l i e r o r i e n t a l;
Sp
- E s c o l a r o r i e n t a l.
angular gili
raker
2 longitudinal series
of m inute spines
' " ln ^ O r | n n i v i n n
A N G U L A R G IL L R A K E R
FIR S T G IL L A R C H
Field Characters:
Fig. 62 Neoepinnula orientalis
D o r s a l f in in s e r t e d b e h in d a n g le o f g ili o p e n in g . L in in g o f b u c c a l a n d b r a n c h ia l c a v it ie s
u s u a l l y b la c k .
Diagnostic Features:
3 .1
B o d y m o d e ra te ly d e e p , its d e p t h 3 . 9 t o 4 . 2 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h . H e a d le n g th
t o 3 . 5 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; in t e r o r b it a l s p a c e 0 . 7 t o 0 . 9 . t im e s in e y e d ia m e t e r ; a n t e r io r ly in u p p e r
j a w 3 im m o v a b le a n d 1 to 3 m o v a b le f a n g s a n d 1 f a n g a n t e r io r ly o n e a c h s id e o f lo w e r ja w . F ir s t d o r s a l
f in in s e r t e d a b o v e in s e r t io n o f p e c t o r a l- f in b a s e w it h X V I s p in e s , s e c o n d d o r s a l f in w it h I s p in e a n d 1 7 to
2 0 s o f t r a y s ; a n a l f in w it h I I f r e e a n d I c o m p r is e d s p in e a n d 1 7 to 1 9 s o f t r a y s ; p e c t o r a l f in s w it h 1 3 o r 1 4
( r a r e ly 1 5 ) s o f t ra y s ; p e lv ic f in s w ith I s p in e a n d
5 s o f t r a y s , in s e r t e d
o f p e c t o r a l f in . T w o
above
caeca
to
upper
a n g le
u s u a l ly 8 .
d a rk
b e n e a th
b ro w n ;
o r b e h in d
of
g ili
Colour:
o p e n in g .
b e tw e e n
m e n te d
m o re
a n t e r io r
in t e n s iv e ly ;
P y lo r ic
B o d y g r e e n is h
f i r s t d o r s a l f in
b ra n e s
m id d le
la t e r a l lin e s , b o t h o r i g in a t e
3
b ro w n
b la c k is h ,
or
4
m em ­
s p in e s
buccal and
p ig ­
b r a n c h ia l
c a v i t i e s u s u a l l y b la c k .
Geographical
c ific
(N a ta l
b ia n
Distribution:
s p e c ie s
to
re c o rd e d
fro m
K e n y a ),
S aya
de
S e a ; e a s te rn
N o r th
I n d ia n
B a n d a , A ra fu ra
In d o -W e s t
o ff
M a lh a
E ast
B ank,
O cean,
S e a , S u la w e s i a n d
Pa­
A f r ic a
A ra ­
F lo r e s ,
S u lu
S eas,
o f f R i u - K iu a n d s o u t h e r n J a p a n ( F ig . 6 3 ) .
Flabitat and Biology:
s lo p e
b e tw e e n
about
15
cm
200
B e n th o p e la g ic o n
and
s ta n d a rd
570
le n g t h ,
m.
fe e d s
f is h , c r u s t a c e a n s a n d c e p h a lo p o d s .
upper
M a tu re s
on
at
s m a ll
Fig. 63
35
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
Size:
M a x im u m
3 0 c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h .
Interest to Fisheries:
Local Names:
Literature:
N o s p e c ia l f i s h e r y f o r t h i s s p e c ie s .
J A P A N : T o u y o u - k a m a s u , S o k o s u m i y a k i ; R U S S I A : V o s t o c h n a y a e p in u la .
B a r n a r d ( 1 9 2 5 , 1 9 2 7 ) ; K a m o h a r a ( 1 9 3 8 ) ; S m it h ( 1 9 4 9 ) ; M a t s u b a r a a n d Iw a i ( 1 9 5 8 ) ; N a r a y -
a n a R a o ( 1 9 6 5 ) ; P a r in a n d B e c k e r ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; P a r in ( 1 9 7 6 b ) ; G o r b u n o v a ( 1 9 7 7 , 1 9 8 2 ) ; P a r in e t a l. ( 1 9 7 7 ) ;
N is h ik a w a a n d N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 7 8 ) ; F o u r m a n o ir ( 1 9 8 1 ) ; B e ly a n in a ( 1 9 8 2 ) ; G lo e r f e lt - T a r p a n d K a ilo la ( 1 9 8 4 ) ;
N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 8 4 a , b , 1 9 8 6 c ) ; M a c h id a ( 1 9 8 5 ) ; S h c h e r b a c h e v ( 1 9 8 7 ) .
Nesiarchus
Nesiarchus
G EM P Nes
Johnson, 1862
J o h n s o n , 1 8 6 2 : 1 7 3 . T y p e s p e c ie s ,
Synonyms: Escolar J o r d a n
Nesiarchus nasutus
a n d E v e r m a n n in G o o d e a n d B e a n , 1 8 9 6 .
J o h n s o n , 1 8 6 2 , b y m o n o ty p y .
Bipinnula
J o rd a n a n d E v e rm a n n ,
1896.
Diagnostic Features:
Species:
S e e s p e c ie s .
A s in g le s p e c ie s r e c o g n iz e d s o fa r.
Nesiarchus nasutus J o h n s o n ,
Nesiarchus nasutus
J o h n s o n , 1 8 6 2 : 1 7 3 ( M a d e ir a , P o r t u g a l ) .
Synonyms: Prometheus paradoxus
FAO Names: En
G EM P Nes 1
Fig. 64
1862
- B la c k g e m f i s h ;
C a p e llo , 1 8 6 7 .
Fr
Thyrsitops violaceus
- E s c o l i e r lo n g n e z ;
Sp
B ean, 1887.
- E s c o l a r n a r ig u d o .
JUVENILE
(adapted from Tucker, 1956)
ADULT
degenerated
gili rakers
FIRST GILL ARCH
Fig. 64 Nesiarchus nastus
36
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
Field Characters:
D e r m a l p r o c e s s e s o n t ip s o f b o t h ja w s w e ll d e v e lo p e d . A s in g le a n d f a ir l y s t r a ig h t
la t e r a l lin e . S n o u t f a i r l y lo n g . G ili r a k e r s d e g e n e r a t e d .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y f a ir ly e lo n g a t e a n d s t r o n g ly c o m p r e s s e d ; it s d e p t h 1 0 t o 1 3 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
le n g th . H e a d le n g th 4 . 2 to 4 . 6 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; lo w e r j a w s t r o n g ly e x t e n d s a n t e r io r to u p p e r ja w ;
a c o n ic a l c a r t il a g in o u s ( o r d e r m a l) p r o c e s s a t t ip o f e a c h ja w , lo w e r la r g e r t h a n u p p e r ; 3 im m o v a b le a n d
0 to 3 m o v a b le f a n g s a n t e r io r ly in u p p e r ja w ; 1 f a n g a n t e r io r ly o n e a c h s id e o f lo w e r ja w ; v o m e r e d e n t a t e .
G ili r a k e r s d e g e n e r a t e d . F ir s t d o r s a l f in w it h
XIX
to
XXI
s p in e s , it s b a s e lo n g , s e c o n d d o r s a l f in w it h I
s p in e a n d 1 9 to 2 4 s o f t r a y s , its b a s e s h o r t; a n a l fin a litt le s m a lle r t h a n s e c o n d d o r s a l fin , w it h I I c o m p r is e d
s p in e s a n d 1 8 t o 2 1 s o f t r a y s ; p e c t o r a l f in s s h o r t, w it h 1 2 t o 1 4 s o f t r a y s ; p e lv ic f in s s m a ll, s h o r t e r t h a n
p e c t o r a l f in s w it h I s m a ll s p in e a n d 5 s o f t r a y s . A s in g le f a ir l y s t r a ig h t la t e r a l lin e , in s e r t e d a b o v e a n g le
o f o p e r c le ,
g r a d u a ll y
s lo p in g
p o s t e r io r ly
and
ru n s
m id la t e r a l a b o v e
V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 3 4 to 3 6 , in c lu d in g 2 0 t o 2 2 p r e c a u d a l a n d
1 4 c a u d a l.
a n a l f in
and
Colour:
caudal
p e d u n c le .
B o d y d a r k b r o w n w it h
v i o l e t t in t ; f in m e m b r a n e s b l a c k ; m a r g in o f a n u s b la c k .
Geographical Distribution:
P r o b a b ly w o r ld w id e in t r o p ic a l a n d s u b t r o p ic a l s e a s e x c e p t in e a s t e r n P a c if ic
a n d n o r t h e r n I n d ia n o c e a n s . L a r g e - s iz e d s t r a y s in c o l d - t e m p e r a t e w a t e r s o f f I c e la n d , N o r w a y , n o r t h e r n
J a p a n a n d s o u t h e r n N e w Z e a l a n d ( F ig . 6 5 ) .
90°
20®
Fig. 65
Flabitat and Biology:
A d u lt s b e n t h o - t o m e s o p e la g ic , d w e llin g o n t h e c o n t in e n t a l s lo p e o r u n d e r w a t e r
r is e s a t a b o u t 2 0 0 to 1 2 0 0 m , m ig r a t e t o m id w a t e r a t n ig h t. L a r v a e a n d ju v e n ile s e p i- to m e s o p e la g ic ,
r a t h e r c o m m o n in o c e a n ic ic h t h y o p la n k t o n , o n ly f o u n d in t h e t r o p i c s . F e e d s o n s q u id , f is h a n d c r u s t a ­
c e a n s . R e p r o d u c t i v e t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r in w a r m w a t e r s .
Size:
M a x im u m
1 3 0 c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h , c o m m o n 3 0 t o 8 0 c m .
Interest to Fisheries:
Local Names:
N o s p e c ia l f i s h e r y f o r t h i s s p e c ie s .
J A P A N : H a s h in a g a - k u r o t a c h i; P O R T U G A L : P e ix e e s p a d a p r e to , P e ix e c o e lh o d e n a t u r a
( M a d e ir a ) ; R U S S I A : N e z ia r k h ; S P A I N : P e z e s p a d a p i c u d o ( C a n a r y I s la n d s ) .
Literature:
G r e y ( 1 9 5 3 ) ; T u c k e r ( 1 9 5 6 ) ; F o u r m a n o ir ( 1 9 6 9 , 1 9 7 9 ) ; W h e e le r ( 1 9 6 9 ) ; L e g a n d e t a l. ( 1 9 7 2 ) ;
P a r in a n d B e c k e r ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; Q u e r o ( 1 9 7 3 ) ; P a r in ( 1 9 7 6 b , 1 9 8 6 , 1 9 9 0 c ) ; P a r in e t a l. ( 1 9 7 4 , 1 9 7 6 , 1 9 7 8 ) ;
N a k a m u ra
e t a l.
(1 9 8 1 ,
1 9 8 3 );
B e l y a n in a
(1 9 8 2 );
G o rb u n o v a
(1 9 7 7 ,
1 9 8 2 );
F u jii ( 1 9 8 3 ) ;
N a k a m u ra
( 1 9 8 4 b ) ; K o n o v a le n k o a n d P a r in ( 1 9 8 5 ) ; P a r in a n d P r u t k o ( 1 9 8 5 ) ; B e c k e r a n d E v s e e n k o ( 1 9 8 6 ) ; S h c h e r b a c h e v e t a l. ( 1 9 8 6 ) ; P a u li n e t a l. ( 1 9 8 9 ) .
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Snake M ackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
37
GEMP Para
Paradiplospinus Andriashev, 1960
Paradiplospinus A n d r ia s h e v ,
1 9 6 0 :2 4 4 , f ig s 1, 2 . T y p e s p e c ie s ,
Paradiplospinus antarcticus A n d r ia s h e v ,
1 9 6 0 , b y o r ig in a l d e s ig n a t io n ( a ls o m o n o ty p ic ) .
Synonyms:
None.
Field Characters:
B o d y e x t r e m e ly e lo n g a t e . A n u s s it u a t e d m u c h n e a r e r t ip o f c a u d a l- f in o r ig in t h a n t ip
o f s n o u t , d is t a n c e t o f ir s t a n a l- f in s p in e m u c h s h o r t e r t h a n h e a d le n g th . S e c o n d d o r s a l- f in b a s e le s s t h a n
h a lf o f f ir s t d o r s a l- f in b a s e .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y e x t r e m e ly e lo n g a t e a n d c o m p r e s s e d ; in a d u lt s , m a x im u m b o d y d e p t h 1 2 to
1 7 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; b o d y w id t h 1 .9 t o 2 . 4 t im e s in b o d y d e p t h : p o s it io n o f a n u s a b o u t t w ic e n e a r e r
t ip o f c a u d a l f in t h a n t o t ip o f s n o u t a n d its d is t a n c e t o f ir s t a n a l- f in s p in e n o t m o r e t h a n s n o u t le n g th .
L o w e r j a w e x t e n d s a n t e r io r to u p p e r ja w ; t ip o f b o t h ja w s w i t h o u t d e r m a l p r o c e s s ; p r o m in e n t in t e r o r b it a l
s lit s d e v e lo p e d b e t w e e n f r o n t a l a n d u p p e r s u b o r b it a l; s e v e r a l g e n t ly c u r v e d f a n g s o n a n t e r io r p a r t o f u p p e r
j a w a n d a p a ir o n t ip o f lo w e r ja w , la te r a l t e e t h s t r o n g ly c o m p r e s s e d , p o in te d a n d ir r e g u la r ly s p a c e d ; v o m e r
e d e n t a t e , u n is e r ia l; m in u t e t e e t h o n p a la t i n e s . L e n g t h
o f s e c o n d d o r s a l- f in
b a s e le s s t h a n
h a lf o f f ir s t
d o r s a l- f in b a s e , f ir s t d o r s a l f in w it h X X X V t o X X X I X s p in e s , s e c o n d d o r s a l f in w it h 2 6 t o 3 4 s o f t r a y s ; a n a l
f in w it h I I s m a ll f r e e s p in e s in f r o n t o f 2 4 to 31 s o f t r a y s , a n t e r io r s o f t p a r t o f a n a l f in f a ir ly h ig h , w it h fin
m e m b r a n e ; p e c t o r a l f in s w it h 1 2 to 1 4 s o f t r a y s ; p e lv ic f in s w it h o f I s p in e ( in ju v e n ile s ) o r a b s e n t . A s in g le
m id la t e r a l la t e r a l li n e . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 6 0 to 6 7 , in c lu d in g 3 5 to 3 9 p r e c a u d a l a n d 2 3 to 2 8 c a u d a l.
Colour:
B o d y b r o w n is h b l a c k o r s i l v e r y w h it e ; b u c c a l a n d b r a n c h ia l c a v i t i e s b la c k .
Biology, Flabitat and Distribution:
B e n th o p e la g ic
f is h a n d i n v e r t e b r a t e s . K n o w n f r o m
Interest to Fisheries:
Species:
N o d a ta
(P. antarcticus
m a y b e p e la g ic ) f e e d s o n m ic r o n e k t o n ic
s o u t h e r n E a s t A t l a n t i c a n d in t h e S o u t h e r n O c e a n .
a v a ila b le .
T w o s p e c ie s d e s c r ib e d , t h a t a r e o f t e n c o n s id e r e d s y n o n y m o u s , b u t t h e y c a n b e s e p a r a t e d b y
th e f o llo w in g k e y .
Remarks:
synonym
K a r r e r ( 1 9 7 5 ) , F it c h a n d G o t s h a ll ( 1 9 7 2 ) a n d R u s s o ( 1 9 8 3 ) c o n s id e r e d
of
Paradiplospinus
as a
Diplospinus.
Key to Species of Paradiplospinus:
1a.
H ead
le n g th 4 .9 to 5 .4 tim e s in
s ta n d a r d le n g th ; d is ta n c e fr o m a n u s to fir s t a n a l- fin
s p in e
e q u a l t o s n o u t le n g t h ; v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 6 4 t o 6 7 ; b o d y s i l v e r y .................................................. P.
1b.
H ead
le n g th 4 .5 to 4 .9 t im e s in
s ta n d a r d le n g th ; d is ta n c e fr o m a n u s to firs t a n a l- fin
antarcticus
s p in e
1.1 t o 1 .4 t im e s in s n o u t le n g th ; v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 6 0 t o 6 4 ; b o d y in a d u lt s b r o w n is h b la c k
P gracilis
...................................................................................................................................................................................................
Paradiplospinus antarcticus Andriashev, 1960
Paradiplospinus antarcticus
Synonyms:
A n d r ia s h e v ,
GEMP Para 1
F ig . 6 6
1 9 6 0 : 2 4 5 - 2 4 8 , f ig s
1, 2 ( A n t a r c t ic S e a s : 6 3 ° 0 2 ’S ,
N o n e , In t h e b e lie f t h a t t h e r e w a s o n ly a s in g le s p e c ie s o f
u s e d th e n a m e
P. gracilis
FAO Names: En
a s i n c lu d in g
- A n t a r c t i c e s c o la r ;
Field Characters:
Fr
Paradiplospinus
1 2 1 ° 0 8 ’ E ).
m a n y a u th o rs
P. anturcticus.
- E s c o l ie r a n t a r c t iq u e ;
Sp
- E s c o l a r a n t a r t ic o .
D i s t a n c e f r o m a n u s t o f i r s t a n a l - f i n s p i n e e q u a l t o s n o u t le n g t h . B o d y s il v e r y .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y e x t r e m e ly
e lo n g a t e ,
it s d e p t h
1 3 to
1 7 t im e s
in s t a n d a r d
le n g t h ;
anus
s it u a t e d b e lo w t h e 3 2 n d to 3 4 t h d o r s a l- f in s p in e ; d is t a n c e f r o m a n u s t o f ir s t a n a l- f in s p in e e q u a l t o s n o u t
le n g th . H e a d le n g t h 4 . 9 t o 5 . 4 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h , in s p e c im e n s m o r e t h a n 3 0 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th ;
a n t e r io r ly in u p p e r j a w 3 t o 6 f a n g s a n d 1 f a n g a n t e r io r ly o n e a c h s id e o f lo w e r ja w . S e c o n d d o r s a l- f in
b a s e 2 .1
to 2 . 6 t im e s in le n g t h o f f ir s t d o r s a l - f in
b a s e , f ir s t d o r s a l f in w i t h X X X V I t o X X X I X s p in e s ,
s e c o n d w it h 2 8 t o 3 4 s o f t r a y s ( t o t a l 6 6 to 7 1 f in e le m e n t s ) ; a n a l f in w it h I I f r e e s p in e s a n d 2 5 to 31 s o f t
ra y s .
P y lo r ic c a e c a 6 . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 6 4 t o 6 7 , in c lu d in g
3 7 t o 3 9 p r e c a u d a l a n d 2 6 t o 2 8 c a u d a l.
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
38
J U V E N IL E
ADU LT
D E T A IL O F L A T E R A L LINE
Fig. 66 Paradiplospinus antarcticus
FIR S T G IL L A R C H
Colour:
B o d y s ilv e r y w h it e w i t h o u t a n y c o n s p i c u o u s m a r k s e x c e p t
40
to
50
n a r r o w lo n g it u d in a l lin e s o f
p a le m e l a n o p h o r e s ; d o r s a l - f i n b a s e , o p e r c u l a r r e g io n a n d c a u d a l - f i n o r i g i n d a r k b r o w n is h .
Geographical Distribution:
C i r c u m p o la r ,
in A n t a r c t i c
and
S u b a n ta r c tic
a re a s .
L a rv a l a n d
ju v e n ile
s p e c i m e n s m o s t ly o b t a i n e d b e t w e e n s o u t h e r n la n d m a s s e s a n d t h e A n t a r c t i c C o n t i n e n t ( F ig . 6 7 ) .
20*
60"
100*
120*
140°
160*
U0°
100*
20°
Fig. 67
Habitat and Biology:
s lo p e s
fro m
b a t h y p e la g ic ,
s u rfa c e
down
A d u lt s a n d s u b a d u lt s e p i- t o m e s o p e la g ic , o r m e s o b e n t h o p e l a g ic a t s h e lv e s a n d
to
to
830
2
830
m
m
(te m p e ra tu re
( B u s s in g ,
0°
to
1 9 6 5 ).
4 °C ).
Feeds
L a rv a e
on
k r ill,
and
ju v e n ile s
s q u id
and
p r o b a b ly
f is h e s
m eso-
to
( p r e d o m in a n t ly
m y c t o p h id s ) , w e ig h s 1 6 5 g ( a v e r a g e ) a t 4 1 to 4 6 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th . N o s p a w n in g o r p o s t - s p a w n in g f is h
f o u n d in S c o t i a S e a d u r in g la t e s u m m e r ( F e b r u a r y t o M a r c h ) in 1 9 6 5 a n d 1 9 6 7 ( P e r m i t i n , 1 9 6 9 ) .
Size:
M a x i m u m 5 2 c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h , c o m m o n t o 3 0 t o 4 0 c m .
Interest to Fisheries:
Local Names:
N o s p e c ia l f i s h e r y f o r t h i s s p e c ie s .
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
Literature:
39
P. gracilis)] P e r m it in ( 1 9 6 9 , a s P. gracilis)] P a r in a n d B e c k e r ( 1 9 7 2 , a s P.
P. gracilis)] K a r r e r ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 8 2 a , 1 9 9 0 b , a s P. gracilis)]
N is h ik a w a ( 1 9 8 4 , a s P. gracilis)] B e c k e r ( 1 9 8 5 , a s P. gracilis)] B e c k e r a n d E v s e e n k o ( 1 9 8 6 , a s P. gracilis)]
P a v lo v a n d A n d r i a n o v ( 1 9 8 6 , a s P. gracilis).
gracilis)]
B u s s in g ( 1 9 6 5 , a s
P a r in e t a l. ( 1 9 7 4 , 1 9 9 0 a , a s
Lepidopus gracilis
Synonyms:
G E M P P a ra 2
Fig. 68
Paradiplospinus gracilis (Brauer, 1906)
B r a u e r , 1 9 0 6 : 2 9 1 , p i. 1 2 , f ig . 1 ( o f f W a l v i s B a y , S o u t h A f r i c a : 2 1 ° 5 3 ’ S , 6 ° 5 8 ’ E ).
None.
FAO Names: En
Fr
- S le n d e r e s c o la r ;
- E s c o lie r é lé g a n t;
Sp
- E s c o la r m a g ro .
Fig. 68 Paradiplospinus gracilis
(adapted from L loris, 198G)
Field Characters:
D is t a n c e f r o m a n u s to f ir s t a n a l- f in s p in e le s s t h a n s n o u t le n g th . B o d y b r o w n is h b la c k .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y d e p t h c o n t a in e d
3 0 t h to 3 2 n d d o r s a l - f in s p in e ; d i s t a n c e f r o m
1 2 to
1 6 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
le n g t h ; a n u s s it u a t e d
b e lo w
a n u s to f ir s t a n a l- f in s p in e 1 .2 t o 1 .4 ( r a r e ly 1 .1 ) t im e s in
s n o u t le n g t h . H e a d le n g t h 4 . 5 to 4 . 9 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h , in s p e c im e n s m o r e t h a n 3 5 c m s t a n d a r d
le n g t h ; a n t e r io r ly in u p p e r j a w
s id e o f lo w e r ja w ,
3 im m o v a b l e a n d
L e n g t h o f s e c o n d d o r s a l - f in
1 t o 3 m o v a b le f a n g s a n d
1 f a n g a n t e r io r ly o n e a c h
b a s e 2 . 8 t o 3 . 0 t im e s in le n g t h o f b a s e o f f ir s t d o r s a l
f in , d o r s a l f in w it h X X X V to X X X V I I I s p i n e s a n d 2 6 to 3 0 s o f t r a y s ( t o t a l 6 3 t o 6 8 f in - e le m e n t s ) ; a n a l
f in w i t h I I f r e e
s p in e s a n d 2 4 to 2 9
ra y s .
P y lo r ic c a e c a 6 . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 6 0 t o 6 4 , in c lu d in g
3 8 p r e c a u d a l a n d 2 3 to 2 6 c a u d a l.
Colour:
Geographical Distribution:
o n ly f r o m
a n d w e s te rn
Habitat and Biology:
s lo p e
(d e p th
368
to
S p e c im e n s
c o l le c t e d
r ip e
w ith
M a x im u m
Literature:
and
P a r in
43 cm
3 5 to
b la c k .
( F ig . 6 9 ) .
p e la g ic
cm
( p r o b a b ly
s ta n d a rd
le n g t h
s ta n d a rd
le n g t h
( M ik h a ilin ,
1 9 8 6 b ).
N o s p e c ia l f is h e r y f o r t h is s p e c ie s .
J A P A N : M in a m ih o s o - k u r o t a c h i.
K a rre r
G o lo v a n
40
b r o w n is h
gonads.
Interest to Fisheries:
Local Names:
to
f in s
u p p e r c o n t in e n t a l
m ), ju v e n ile s
35
and
o f f N a m ib ia
1 7 ° 3 0 ’S to 3 1 ° S
B e n th o p e la g ic to
626
m e s o p e la g ic ) .
Size:
Know n
S o u t h A f r ic a , f r o m
Body
(1 9 7 3 ,
(1 9 7 6 );
1 9 7 5 );
L lo r is
M ik h a ilin
(1 9 8 6 );
(1 9 7 6 b );
N a k a m u ra
P a r in
20*
(1 9 8 6 a );
(1 9 9 0 c ).
20*
0*
40 *
60’
Fig. 69
40
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
GEMP Prom
Promethichthys Gili, 1893
Promethichthys
G ili, 1 8 9 3 : 1 1 5 , 1 2 3 . T y p e s p e c ie s ,
Prometheus atlanticus L o w e ,
Prometheus L o w e , 1 8 3 8 ,
1 8 3 8 , b y m o n o ty p y a n d
s u b s e q u e n t ly b y r e p la c e m e n t n a m e ( r e p la c e m e n t f o r
p r e o c c u p ie d b y H ü b n e r ,
1 8 2 4 ).
Synonyms: Prometheus
Diagnostic Features:
Species:
L o w e , 1 8 3 8 ( p r e o c c u p ie d ) .
See
^Dicrotus
G ü n th e r, 1 8 6 0 .
s p e c ie s .
O n e s p e c ie s r e c o g n iz e d s o fa r .
GEMP Prom 1
Promethichthys Prometheus (Cuvier, 1832)
Gempylus prometheus
C u v i e r in C u v . a n d V a l . , 1 8 3 2 : 2 1 3 , p i. 2 2 2 ( S t . H e le n a I s .) .
Synonyms: Prometheus atlanticus
S auvage,
1882.
Low e,
?Dicrotus parvipinnis
FAO Names: En
- R o u d i e s c o la r ;
Fr
1 8 3 8 . ? Dicrotus
G oode
and
Bean,
- E s c o l i e r c la ir ;
Sp
armatus G ü n t h e r , 1 8 6 0 . Thyrsites ballieui
Promethichthys pacifícus S e a le , 1 9 0 6 .
1896.
- E s c o la r p ro m e te o .
1 to 3 cusps
angular raker
triple-rooted
n n n n n n rc ^
n n n n n n n n n n n
Fig. 70 Promethichthys Prometheus
FIR ST G ILL ARCH
Field Characters:
Body
m o d e r a t e ly
e lo n g a t e
and
c o m p re s s e d .
A
s in g le
la t e r a l
lin e ,
d o r s o la te r a l
a n t e r io r ly , b e n d in g d o w n w a r d b e lo w f o u r t h to s ix t h s p in e s o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in a n d b e c o m e s m id la t e r a l a n d
h o r iz o n t a l f o r m o s t o f it s le n g t h . D o r s a l a n d a n a l f in l e t s p r e s e n t .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y m o d e r a t e ly e lo n g a t e a n d c o m p r e s s e d ; it s d e p t h 6 . 5 t o 7 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
le n g t h . H e a d le n g t h 3 . 5 t o 3 . 7 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h ; lo w e r j a w e x t e n d s s li g h t ly a n t e r i o r to u p p e r ja w ;
t ip o f b o t h j a w s w i t h o u t d e r m a l p r o c e s s e s ; s t r o n g j a w d e n t it io n in c lu d in g 3 o r 4 im m o v a b le a n d 0 - 3 m o v a b le
f a n g s a n t e r io r ly in u p p e r ja w ; 1 s h o r t e r f a n g a n t e r io r ly o n e a c h s id e o f lo w e r j a w a n d n u m e r o u s la t e r a l
c o m p r e s s e d t e e t h ; n o v o m e r in e t e e t h ; p a la t in e t e e t h p r e s e n t . S p i n e s c e n t g ili r a k e r s o n f ir s t a r c h w it h 1
t o 3 c u s p s a n d m a n y s m a ll s p in e s ; t h e a n g u la r r a k e r lo n g a n d t r ip le - r o o t e d . F ir s t d o r s a l f in w it h X V I I to
X V I I I ( r a r e ly X I X ) s p in e s , s e c o n d d o r s a l fin w it h I s p in e a n d 1 7 t o 2 0 s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y 2 f in le t s , b a s e
o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in 2 . 5 t im e s lo n g e r t h a n b a s e o f s e c o n d d o r s a l f in ; a n a l f in w it h I I ( r a r e ly I I I ) c o m p r is e d
s p in e s a n d 1 5 t o 1 7 s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y 2 f in le t s ; p e c t o r a l f in s w it h 1 3 o r 1 4 ( r a r e ly 1 5 ) s o f t r a y s , a litt le
s h o r t e r t o a lit t le lo n g e r t h a n h a lf o f h e a d le n g t h ; p e lv ic f in s e n t ir e l y a b s e n t a t m o r e t h a n 4 0 c m s t a n d a r d
le n g t h ( in s m a l le r s p e c im e n s r e p r e s e n t e d b y I s p in e t h a t r e d u c e s w it h g r o w t h ) , u n d e r s k in a r t ic u la t i o n o n
p e lv ic g ir d le b e f o r e p e c t o r a l- f in b a s e . A s in g le la t e r a l lin e r u n n in g s u b d o r s a ll y f r o m a b o v e u p p e r a n g le o f
41
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
g ili o p e n in g t o u n d e r t h e f o u r t h s p in e o f t h e f ir s t d o r s a l f in , t h a n a b r u p t l y c u r v in g d o w n a n d , f r o m u n d e r
s ix t h s p in e , m id la t e r a l to c a u d a l- f in o r ig in , B o d y e n t ir e ly s c a le d a t m o r e t h a n 2 0 t o 2 5 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th .
P y lo r ic c a e c a 7 o r 8 . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 3 3 t o 3 5 , in c lu d in g 1 8 t o 2 0 p r e c a u d a l a n d 1 4 t o 1 6 c a u d a l; e p in e u r a ls
f r o m 2 n d t o 3 0 t h ; e p ip le u r a ls f r o m 2 1 s t t o 3 0 t h v e r t e b r a .
C o lo u r :
B o d y g r e y is h to c o p p e r b r o w n ; f in s
b la c k is h a t m o r e t h a n 4 0 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th , y e llo w is h w it h b la c k is h t ip s in s m a l le r s p e c im e n s ( f ir s t d o r s a l
f in w it h a b la c k b lo t c h o n t w o a n t e r io r m o s t m e m b r a n e s ) ; b u c c a l a n d b r a n c h ia l c a v it ie s b la c k .
G e o g r a p h ic a l D is tr ib u t io n : T r o p ic a l a n d w a rm
t e m p e r a t e w a t e r s o f a ll o c e a n s , b u t a b s e n t f r o m
East
P a c i f i c O c e a n e x c e p t a t S a l a y G o m e z R id g e ( F ig . 7 1 ) .
20*
Fig. 71
Habitat and Biology:
B e n t h o p e l a g i c a t c o n t in e n t a l s lo p e s , a r o u n d o c e a n ic is la n d s a n d s u b m a r in e r is e s
a t 1 0 0 t o 7 5 0 m . M ig r a t e s t o m id w a t e r a t n ig h t, f e e d s o n f is h , c e p h a lo p o d s a n d c r u s t a c e a n s . R e p r o d u c ­
t iv e s e a s o n f r o m A u g u s t to S e p t e m b e r n e a r M a d e ir a , p r o b a b ly t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r in w a r m e r s e a s .
Size:
M a x im u m
1 0 0 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th , p e r h a p s lo n g e r .
Interest to Fisheries:
Local Names:
Literature:
N o s p e c ia l f is h e r y f o r t h is s p e c ie s .
A U S T R A L I A : S in g le - lin e g e m f is h ; J A P A N : K u r o s h ib i- k a m a s u ; U S S R : P r o m e t ik h t .
M a t s u b a r a a n d Iw a i ( 1 9 5 2 , 1 9 5 8 ) ; M u n r o ( 1 9 5 8 ) ; G r e y ( 1 9 6 0 ) ; F o r s t e r e t a l. ( 1 9 7 0 ) ; L e g a n d
e t a l. ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; P a r in a n d B e c k e r ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; Q u e r o ( 1 9 7 3 ) ; P a r in a n d G o lo v a n ( 1 9 7 6 ) ; N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 7 7 , 1 9 8 1
1 9 8 2 b , 1 9 8 4 a , b ) ; P a r in e t a l. ( 1 9 7 8 ) ; G o lo v a n ( 1 9 7 8 ) ; G u s h c h in a n d K u k u e v ( 1 9 8 1 ) ; P a k h o r u k o v ( 1 9 8 1 )
F u jii ( 1 9 8 3 ) ; G lo e r f e lt - T a r p a n d K a ilo la ( 1 9 8 4 ) ; D u h a m e l ( 1 9 8 4 ) ; R a n d a ll a n d E g a ñ a ( 1 9 8 4 ) ; W a s s ( 1 9 8 4 )
M a c h id a ( 1 9 8 5 ) ; P a r in a n d P r u t k o ( 1 9 8 5 ) ; P a r in ( 1 9 8 6 , 1 9 9 0 b , c ) ; S h c h e r b a c h e v e t a l. ( 1 9 8 5 , 1 9 8 6 ) ; B o r e t s
( 1 9 8 6 ) ; S h c h e r b a c h e v ( 1 9 8 7 ) ; G o lo v a n a n d P a k h o r u k o v ( 1 9 8 8 ) ; P a r in a n d P a x t o n ( 1 9 9 0 ) .
Rexea Waite, 1911
Rexea
G E M P R exea
W a it e , 1 9 1 1 a : 4 9 . T y p e s p e c ie s ,
Synonyms: Jordanidia
Field Characters:
Rexea furcifera
W a it e , 1 9 1 1 a , b y o r i g in a l d e s ig n a t io n .
S n y d e r, 1 9 1 1 .
B o d y m o d e r a t e ly e lo n g a t e d
a n d c o m p r e s s e d . B o d y d e p t h 5 t o 7 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
le n g t h . T w o la t e r a l lin e s , t h e lo w e r o r i g in a t e s b e lo w t h ir d t o s e v e n t h s p in e o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in a n d r u n s
m id la t e r a lly o r s u b m id la t e r a lly p o s t e r io r ly . D o r s a l a n d a n a l f in l e t s p r e s e n t .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y m o d e r a t e ly e lo n g a t e a n d c o m p r e s s e d ; b o d y d e p t h 5 to 7 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
le n g t h , L o w e r j a w e x t e n d s a n t e r io r t o u p p e r ja w ; t ip o f b o t h j a w s w i t h o u t d e r m a l p r o c e s s e s ; s t r o n g j a w
d e n t it io n in c lu d in g a n t e r io r f a n g s a n d la t e r a l c o m p r e s s e d t e e th ; n o v o m e r in e t e e t h ( p r e s e n t in ju v e n ile s ) :
u n is e r ia l s m a ll t e e t h o n p a la t in e s . G ili r a k e r s o n f ir s t a r c h t u b e r c u l o u s w it h a f e w c u s p s a n d m a n y s m a ll
42
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
s p in e s ; t h e a n g u la r r a k e r lo n g a n d t r ip le - r o o t e d . F ir s t d o r s a l f in w it h X V I I t o X I X s p in e s , s e c o n d d o r s a l
f in w it h I s p in e a n d 1 4 t o 1 9 s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y 2 f in le t s ; a n a l fin w it h I f r e e a n d I c o m p r is e d s p in e , a n d
11 t o 1 6 s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y 2 f in le t s ; p e c t o r a l f in s w it h 1 2 to 1 5 s o f t r a y s ; p e lv ic f in s s m a ll, w it h I s p in e
a n d 2 o r 3 s o f t r a y s , o r r e d u c e d . T w o la t e r a l lin e s , t h e u p p e r f o ll o w s d o r s a l c o n t o u r o f b o d y , t h e lo w e r
o r i g in a t e s
b e lo w
m id la t e r a ll y
t h ir d
to
s e v e n th
o r s u b la t e r a ll y ;
body
s p in e
e n t ir e l y
o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in ,
s c a le d
or naked
descends
g r a d u a ll y
e x c e p t a s c a ly
b a c k w a rd
p a rt o n
and
ru n s
c a u d a l p e d u n c le .
V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 3 3 t o 3 6 , in c lu d in g 1 9 o r 2 0 p r e c a u d a l a n d 1 4 to 1 6 c a u d a l; e p in e u r a ls f r o m 2 n d t o 1 5 th
t o 3 0 t h v e r t e b r a e ; e p ip le u r a ls f r o m
1 9 th o r 2 0 t h t o t h e 2 8 t h to 3 0 t h v e r t e b r a e , o r a b s e n t .
Colour:
Body
s ilv e r y t o b r o w n ; b la c k b lo t c h a t a n t e r io r p a r t o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in : b u c c a l a n d b r a n c h ia l c a v i t i e s b la c k .
Biology, Habitat and Distribution:
B e n t h o p e la g ic , d w e llin g f r o m
lo w e r s h e lv e s t o m id d le s lo p e s ( a ls o
a r o u n d is la n d s a n d s e a m o u n t s ) a t 1 0 0 t o 8 0 0 m d e p t h . F e e d s o n f is h , s q u id a n d c r u s t a c e a n s . K n o w n
f r o m t r o p ic a l a n d t e m p e r a t e w a t e r s o f t h e I n d ia n a n d w e s t to s o u t h e r n E a s t P a c if ic O c e a n s .
Species:
S ix s p e c ie s a r e r e c o g n iz e d f o llo w in g P a r in ’s ( 1 9 8 9 ) r e v ie w .
Illustrated Key to Species of Rexea:
1a.
P e lv ic f in s w it h I s p in e a n d 2 o r 3 t in y s o f t r a y s , o r ig in a t e b e lo w t h e p o s t e r io r m a r g in o f
p e c t o r a l- f in b a s e o r f u r t h e r p o s t e r io r ly ; b o d y e n t ir e ly s c a le d a t m o r e t h a n 2 0 c m s t a n d a r d
le n g t h ; e p in e u r a ls p r e s e n t o n ly a t p r e c a u d a l v e r t e b r a e , e p ip le u r a ls a b s e n t ; v e r t e b r a e
t o t a l 3 4 t o 3 6 ..........................................................................................................................................................................................- »
1b.
2
P e lv ic f in s w it h I s p in e a t le s s t h a n 2 0 to 2 5 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th , r e d u c e d to a s u b d e r m a l
knob
in la r g e r s p e c im e n s , o r i g in a t e
b e lo w t h e
m id d le
o f p e c t o r a l- f in
b a s e o r fu rth e r
a n t e r io r ly ; b o d y n a k e d o r s c a le s p r e s e n t o n ly o n c a u d a l p e d u n c le a n d a lo n g p o s t e r io r
p a r t o f lo w e r la t e r a l lin e ; e p in e u r a ls p r e s e n t a t p r e c a u d a l a n d c a u d a l v e r t e b r a e ( e x c e p t
5 t o 7 o f t h e la s t) , e p ip le u r a ls p r e s e n t o r a b s e n t ; v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 3 4
2a.
-»
3
U p p e r la t e r a l lin e e x t e n d s b e y o n d o r ig in o f s e c o n d d o r s a l fin , u s u a lly t e r m in a t e s b e lo w
8 th t o 1 2 th s o f t ra y ; d o r s a l- f in s p in e s u s u a lly X V III; v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 3 6 ( r a r e ly 3 5 ) o f w h ic h
1 6 a r e c a u d a l v e r t e b r a e ; e p in e u r a ls t o 1 4 to 1 6 th p r e c a u d a l v e r t e b r a e ( F ig . 7 2 ) .............
2b.
R. solandri
U p p e r la t e r a l lin e n o t e x t e n d in g b e y o n d o r ig in o f s e c o n d d o r s a l f in , u s u a lly t e r m in a t e s
b e lo w t h e 1 3 th to 1 6 th s p in e o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in ; d o r s a l- f in s p in e s X V II; v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 3 4
o f w h ic h
1 5 a r e c a u d a l v e r t e b r a e ; e p in e u r a ls t o t h e la s t p r e c a u d a l v e r t e b r a ( F ig . 7 3 )
............................................................................................................................................... R. brevilineata
usually 18 dorsal-fin spines
upper lateral line
ends below 2nd
dorsal fin
17 dorsal-fin spines
upper lateral line
ends before 2nd
dorsal fin
K
Fig. 72 Rexea solandri
3a.
Fig. 73 Rexea brevilineata
B a s e o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in 2 . 3 t o 2 . 5 t im e s lo n g e r t h a n b a s e o f s e c o n d d o r s a l f in ( in c lu d in g
f in le t s ) ; p e c t o r a l f in s u s u a lly w it h 1 3 s o f t r a y s , t h e ir le n g th 2 . 2 to 2 . 4 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ;
p e lv ic f in s o r ig in a t e s b e lo w p e c t o r a l- f in b a s e ; 1 5 c a u d a l v e r t e b r a e ; e p ip le u r a ls p r e s e n t
o r a b s e n t ......................................................................................................................................................................................
3b.
B a s e o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in 2 . 7 t o 3 . 4 t im e s lo n g e r t h a n b a s e o f s e c o n d d o r s a l f in ( in c lu d in g
f in le t s ) ; p e c t o r a l f in s u s u a lly w it h 1 4 s o f t r a y s , t h e ir le n g th 1 .6 to 2 . 0 t im e s in h e a d le n g th
(in s p e c im e n s lo n g e r t h a n 1 2 c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h ) ; p e lv ic f in s o r ig in a t e s b e f o r e p e c t o r a lf in b a s e ; 1 4 c a u d a l v e r t e b r a e ; e p ip le u r a ls p r e s e n t .......................................................................................
43
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
4a.
A t g r e a t e r t h a n 3 0 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th , lo w e r la t e r a l lin e s u b la t e r a l, u n d e r t h e m id - p a r t
o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in , it r u n s t w ic e n e a r e r v e n t r a l t h a n d o r s a l c o n t o u r o f b o d y ; s p i n e s c e n t g ili
r a k e r s w ith
4b.
1 o r 2 c u s p s ; e p i p l e u r a l s a b s e n t ( F ig . 7 4 ) ....................................................................
R nakamurai
L o w e r la t e r a l lin e r u n n in g m id la t e r a l; s p i n e s c e n t g ili r a k e r s w it h 2 t o 4 c u s p s ; e p ip le u r a ls
p r e s e n t ( F ig . 7 5 )
........................................................................................................................................................
1 or 2 cusps
R prometheoides
2 to 4 cusps
FIRST GILL ARCH
FIRST GILL ARCH
''« ill l
Fig. 75 Rexea prometheoides
Fig. 74 Rexea nakamurai
5a.
L a t e r a l lin e b if u r c a t in g b e lo w t h e m id d le o f in t e r s p a c e b e t w e e n t h e f o u r t h a n d f if th s p in e
o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in o r f u r t h e r a n t e r io r ; p y l o r ic c a e c a 8 o r 9 ( r a r e ly 1 0 ); m a x im u m s iz e u p to
7 2 c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h , m a t u r e s a t m o r e t h a n 2 5 c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h ( F ig . 7 6 )
5b.
R. antefurcata
L a t e r a l lin e b if u r c a t in g b e lo w t h e f if th s p in e o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in o r f u r t h e r p o s t e r io r ; p y lo r ic
c a e c a 7 ( r a r e ly 8 ); m a x im u m s iz e a b o u t 2 0 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th , m a t u r e s a t a b o u t 1 0 c m
s t a n d a r d le n g t h ( F ig . 7 7 )
...................................................................................................................................
bifurcation of lateral line
below 4th to 6th spine
bifurcation of lateral line
below 5th spine or fu r­
ther posterior
-
Fig. 76 Rexea antefurcata
Fig. 77 Rexea bengalensis
R. bengalensis
44
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
Rexea antefurcata
Rexea antefurcata
Synonyms:
GEMP Rexea 2
Fig. 78
P a r in , 1 9 8 9
P a r in , 1 9 8 9 : 1 9 - 2 1
, f ig . 6 ( S a la y G o m e z S u b m a r i n e R id g e : 2 5 ° 3 4 ’S , 8 9 ° 1 2 ’W ) .
N one.
FAO Names: En
Fr
- L o n g - f i n n e d e s c o la r ;
- E s c o l i e r l o n g u e s a i le s ;
Sp
- E s c o l a r d e a l e t a la r g a .
2 to 4 cusps
Fig. 78 Rexea antefurcata
(a fte r P a rin , 1989)
FIRST GILL ARCH
Field Characters:
B o d y n a k e d e x c e p t a t c a u d a l p e d u n c le a n d a lo n g p o s t e r io r p a r t o f la t e r a l lin e s . L o w e r
la te r a l lin e o r ig in a t e s b e f o r e f if th s p in e o f f ir s t d o r s a l fin a n d r u n s m id la t e r a lly . B a s e o f f ir s t d o r s a l fin a b o u t
3 t im e s lo n g e r t h a n b a s e o f s e c o n d d o r s a l f in . P e c t o r a l f in s e q u a l o r lo n g e r t h a n h a lf o f h e a d le n g th .
P e lv ic f in s w it h I s p in e ( in s m a l le r s p e c im e n s ) o r a b s e n t .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y d e p t h 6 to 7 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h ; b o d y w id t h 2 .1 t o 2 . 6 t im e s in b o d y
d e p t h . H e a d le n g t h 3 t o 3 . 5 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; a n t e r io r ly in u p p e r j a w 3 t o 5 im m o v a b le a n d 1 to
3 m o v a b le f a n g s a n d 1 f a n g a n t e r io r ly o n e a c h s id e o f lo w e r ja w ; p a la t in e t e e t h 9 t o 1 6 . S p i n e s c e n t g ili
r a k e r s w it h 2 t o 4 c u s p s . F ir s t d o r s a l fin w it h X V I I I ( r a r e ly X I X ) s p in e s , s e c o n d d o r s a l fin w it h I s p in e a n d
1 5 t o 1 7 s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y 2 f in le t s , b a s e o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in 2 . 8 to 3 .1 t im e s lo n g e r t h a n b a s e o f s e c o n d
d o r s a l f in ; a n a l fin w it h I f r e e a n d l c o m p r is e d s p in e a n d 1 2 t o 3 4 s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y 2 f in le t s ; p e c t o r a l
f in s w it h 1 4 ( r a r e ly 1 3 ) s o f t r a y s , t h e ir le n g t h e q u a l o r lo n g e r t h a n h a lf o f h e a d le n g th ; p e lv ic f in s e n t ir e ly
a b s e n t a t m o re th a n 2 5 c m
s ta n d a rd
le n g t h
(re p re s e n te d
b y a s in g le s p in e
in s m a l l e r s p e c im e n s ) ,
u n d e r s k in a r t ic u la t io n o f p e lv ic g ir d le in f r o n t o f o r b e lo w a n t e r io r e d g e o f p e c t o r a l- f in b a s e . L a t e r a l lin e
b if u r c a t in g b e lo w t h ir d t o f if t h s p in e o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in : u p p e r la t e r a l lin e r e a c h e s a t le a s t t o e n d o f s o f t
d o r s a l - f in
base;
s q u a m a t io n
lo w e r la t e r a l
e x t e n d in g
lin e
fo rw a rd
m id la t e r a l.
fro m
M ost o f body
naked
e x c e p t w e d g e -s h a p e d
s t r ip e
caudal
p e d u n c le a lo n g h o r iz o n t a l p a r t o f lo w e r la te r a l
lin e a n d
a
fe w
s c a le s
a lo n g
p o s t e r io r p a r t o f
u p p e r la t e r a l lin e . P y lo r ic c a e c a 8 t o 1 0 . V e r t e ­
b r a e t o t a l 3 4 , in c lu d in g 2 0
p re c a u d a l a n d
14
c a u d a l; e p in e u r a ls a n d e p ip le u r a ls t o 2 9 t h
or
Colour:
or
3 0 th
v e rte b ra .
b r o w n is h
w ith
m e t a l lic
Body
tin t ;
g r e y is h
a n t e r io r 3
b r a n e s o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in je t - b la c k ,
m em ­
r e s t o f f in
b la c k is h ; p e c t o r a l f in s g r e y p o s t e r io r ly .
Geographical Distribution:
Know n
20*
fro m
40 *
th e
s o u t h e r n E a s t P a c if ic ( o n s e a m o u n t s o f N a z c a
a n d S a la y G o m e z R id g e s a n d a t E a s t e r Is la n d ) ,
f r o m t h e T a s m a n S e a ( f r o m 2 3 ° t o 3 7 ° S a lo n g
120®
140*
160®
e a s t c o a s t o f A u s t r a lia a n d o n s e a m o u n t s ) , a n d
f r o m s o u t h e r n F iji ( F ig . 7 9 ) .
F lS- 79
of
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
Habitat and Biology:
45
B e n t h o p e l a g i c f r o m 1 2 6 to 7 7 0 m d e p t h . P r o b a b ly s c h o o lin g , m ig r a t e s to m id w a t e r
a t n ig h t. F e e d s o n f is h e s ( m y c t o p h id s ,
Maurolicus,
e e ls , m a c r o u r id s , c a r a n g id s , e m m e lic h t h y id s , e t c . ) ,
p r a w n a n d s q u id ; la r g e r p r e y it e m s a r e s w a llo w e d in p a r t s ( P a r in e t a l., 1 9 9 0 b ) . M a t u r e s a t a b o u t 2 5 c m
s t a n d a r d le n g t h .
Size:
M a x im u m 7 2 . 5 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th .
Interest to Fisheries:
N o s p e c ia l f is h e r y f o r t h is s p e c ie s , b u t a p p e a r s a s a b y c a t c h o f d e e p - w a t e r p r a w n
t r a w l f is h e r y in N e w S o u t h W a le s , A u s t r a lia .
Local Names:
Literature:
A U S T R A L I A : L o n g - f in n e d g e m f is h ; R U S S IA : D lin n o k r y la y a r e k s iy a .
P a r in a n d P a x t o n
Rexea bengalensis
P a rin ( 1 9 9 0 b ) .
( A lc o c k , 1 8 9 4 )
Thyrsites bengalensis
Synonyms:
(1 9 9 0 );
G EM P R exea 3
F ig . 8 0
A lc o c k , 1 8 9 4 :1 1 7 - 1 1 8 , p i. V I, f ig . 1 ( B a y o f B e n g a l o f f M a d r a s ) .
None.
FAO Names: En
- B e n g a l e s c o la r ;
Fr
- E s c o l ie r b e n g a la is :
Sp
- E s c o l a r b e n g a li.
3 to 4 cusps
K
È
Fig. 80 R exea bengalensis
F IR ST G ILL A RCH
Field Characters:
(a d a p te d fro m
de B eau fort a n d
Chapm an,
1951)
B o d y n a k e d . L o w e r la t e r a l lin e o r i g in a t in g u n d e r o r a lit t le b e h in d f if t h s p in e o f f ir s t
d o r s a l fin a n d r u n s m id la t e r a lly . B a s e o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in a b o u t 3 t im e s lo n g e r t h a n b a s e o f s e c o n d d o r s a l
f in . P e c t o r a l f in le n g t h e q u a l t o o r lo n g e r t h a n h a lf o f h e a d le n g th . P e lv ic f in s w it h
Diagnostic Features:
I s p in e .
B o d y d e p t h 6 t o 7 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h ; b o d y w id t h 2 . 3 to 2 . 6 t im e s in b o d y
d e p t h . H e a d le n g t h 2 . 9 t o 3 . 4 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; a n t e r io r ly in u p p e r j a w 6 f a n g s a n d 1 s m a l le r f a n g
a n t e r io r ly o n e a c h s id e o f lo w e r ja w ; p a la t in e t e e t h p r e s e n t . S p i n e s c e n t g ili r a k e r s w it h 3 o r 4 c u s p s . F ir s t
d o r s a l f in w it h
X V III ( r a r e ly X IX ) s p in e s , s e c o n d d o r s a l f in w it h I s p in e a n d 1 4 to 1 6 s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y
I fre e
2 f in le t s , b a s e o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in 2 . 7 to 3 . 3 t im e s lo n g e r t h a n b a s e o f s e c o n d d o r s a l f in ; a n a l f in w it h
and
I c o m p r is e d s p in e a n d 11 to 1 3 s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y 2 f in le t s ; p e c t o r a l f in s w i t h 1 4 ( r a r e ly 1 3 o r 1 5 )
s o ft ra y s , a t m o re th a n
1 2 c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h t h e i r le n g t h e q u a l to o r lo n g e r t h a n h a lf o f h e a d le n g t h ;
p e lv ic f in s r e p r e s e n t e d b y
I s p in e , v e r y s h o r t in la r g e r s p e c im e n s , o r ig in a t e s b e f o r e o r b e lo w a n t e r io r e d g e
o f p e c t o r a l- f in b a s e . L a t e r a l lin e b if u r c a t in g f r o m b e lo w f if t h t o b e f o r e s ix t h s p in e o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in ; u p p e r
la t e r a l lin e r e a c h in g a t le a s t to e n d o f s o f t d o r s a l- f in b a s e ; lo w e r la te r a l lin e m id la t e r a l. E n t ir e b o d y w i t h o u t
s c a le s . P y lo r ic c a e c a 7 o r 8 . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 3 4 , in c lu d in g 2 0 p r e c a u d a l a n d 1 4 c a u d a l; e p in e u r a ls a n d
e p ip le u r a ls t o 2 9 t h
o r 3 0 th v e rte b ra .
Colour:
B o d y b r o w n is h w it h s il v e r y t in t ; f in s h y a lin e ; a n t e r io r 3
m e m b r a n e s o f f ir s t d o r s a l fin b la c k , r e s t o f f in b la c k - e d g e d ; t ip s o f c a u d a l- f in lo b e s g r e y is h .
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
46
Geographical Distribution:
s p e c ie s
S aya
S ri
re c o rd e d
d e M a lh a
fro m
B a n k , M a l d iv e s
L a n k a , A ra fu ra
S t r a it ,
I n d o - W e s t P a c if ic
M o z a m b iq u e
n o r th w e s te rn
C h a n n e l,
I s la n d s ,
S eas,
In d ia ,
and
Java
M akassar
and
n o r t h e a s t e r n A u s t r a lia
a n d s o u t h e r n J a p a n ( F ig . 8 1 ) .
Habitat and Biology:
B e n th o p e la g ic fro m
143
to 8 2 0 m d e p th . M a tu re s a t a b o u t 10 c m s ta n d ­
a rd
le n g t h . A
of one
s q u id w a s f o u n d
in t h e s t o m a c h
s p e c im e n .
20*
Size:
M a x im u m 2 0 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th .
Interest to Fisheries:
t h is
No
s p e c ia l
f is h e r y
fo r
s p e c ie s .
Local Names:
A U S T R A L IA :
S m a ll
g e m fis h ;
20*
R U S S IA : M a la y a r e k s iy a .
Literature:
A lc o c k
(1 8 9 9 );
de
B e a u fo rt
0*
20*
40*
60*
60*
WO«
120*
140*
W
1M *
*0 *
Fig. 81
and.
prometheoides); P a r in a n d
prometheoides, in p a r t) ; P a r in
C h a p m a n (1 9 5 1 , a s f t
B e c k e r (1 9 7 2 , a s f t
( 1 9 8 9 ) ; P a r in a n d P a x t o n ( 1 9 9 0 ) .
Rexea brevilineata
Rexea brevilineata
Synonyms:
GEMP Rexea 4
P a r in , 1 9 8 9
P a r in , 1 9 8 9 : 1 3 - 1 4 , f ig . 3 ( N a z c a S u b m a r i n e R id g e : 2 4 ° 4 1 ‘S , 8 5 ° 2 9 ’ W ) .
None.
FAO Names: En
- S h o r t - l i n e d e s c o la r ;
Fr
- E s c o lie r b a r r a c u d a ;
Sp
- E s c o la r d e r a y a s c o rta s .
2 to 4 cusps
Fig. 82 Rexea brevilineata
FIRST GILL ARCH
Field Characters:
(a d a p te d fr o m P a rin , 1989)
B o d y e n t ir e ly s c a le d a t m o r e t h a n 2 0 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th . P e lv ic f in s w it h I s p in e a n d
3 s o f t r a y s . U p p e r la t e r a l lin e b a r e ly r e a c h in g o r ig in o f s e c o n d d o r s a l fin .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y d e p t h 6 t o 7 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h ; b o d y w id t h 2 . 0 t o 2 . 6 t im e s in b o d y
d e p t h . H e a d le n g t h 2 . 7 to 3 . 4 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; a n t e r io r ly in u p p e r j a w 3 t o 5 im m o v a b le a n d 1 to
3 m o v a b le f a n g s a n d 1 f a n g a n t e r io r ly o n e a c h s id e o f lo w e r ja w ; p a la t in e t e e t h 8 to 2 3 . S p i n e s c e n t g ili
r a k e r s w it h 2 t o 4 c u s p s . F ir s t d o r s a l f in w it h X V I I s p in e s , s e c o n d d o r s a l f in w it h I s p in e a n d 1 5 to 1 8 s o f t
r a y s f o llo w e d b y 2 f in le t s , b a s e o f f ir s t d o r s a l fin 2 . 3 to 2 . 7 t im e s lo n g e r t h a n b a s e o f s e c o n d d o r s a l fin ;
a n a l f in w it h I f r e e s p in e , I c o m p r is e d s p in e a n d 1 2 t o 1 4 s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y 2 f in le t s ; p e c t o r a l f in s w it h
1 4 ( r a r e ly 1 3 ) s o f t r a y s , s h o r t e r in le n g th t h a n h a lf o f h e a d le n g th ; p e lv ic f in s w it h I s p in e a n d 3 s o f t r a y s ,
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
47
o r ig in a t in g b e lo w o r b e h in d p o s t e r io r e d g e o f p e c t o r a l- f in
b a s e . L a t e r a l lin e b if u r c a t in g b e lo w f if t h to s e v e n t h s p in e
o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in , u p p e r r a r e ly r e a c h in g o r ig in o f s e c o n d
d o r s a l f in , u s u a lly t e r m in a t in g b e lo w t h ir d t o la s t s p in e o f
f ir s t d o r s a l f in ,
lo w e r m id la t e r a l,
s o m e tim e s
u n d u la t in g
o n c a u d a l p e d u n c le . B o d y e n t ir e l y s c a le d a t m o r e t h a n
2 0 c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h . P y lo r ic c a e c a 7 o r 8 . V e r t e b r a e
to ta l 3 4 ,
in c lu d in g
19
p re c a u d a l a n d
15
caudal
(v e ry
r a r e ly t o t a l 3 3 , 1 9 p r e c a u d a l a n d 1 4 c a u d a l) ; e p in e u r a ls
to
Colour:
1 9 th t o 2 0 t h v e r t e b r a ; n o e p ip le u r a ls .
b ro w n
w it h
d o r s a l f in
s il v e r y
b la c k ,
o f p e c t o r a l f in s
t in t ;
a n t e r io r 2
r e s t o f f in
m e m b ra n e s
b la c k - e d g e d ;
Body
o f f ir s t
p o s t e r io r p a r t
b la c k .
Geographical Distribution:
K n o w n o n ly f r o m s e a m o u n t s
o f N a z c a S u b m a r i n e R id g e a n d a d ja c e n t p a r t s o f S a la y
G o m e z R id g e ( F ig . 8 3 ) .
Habitat and Biology:
d e p th .
Feeds
on
B e n th o p e la g ic fro m
s q u id
and
f is h .
1 8 0 to 4 0 0 m
M a tu re s a t a b o u t 2 5
c m . L o n g e v it y u p t o 1 5 y e a r s ( K o t ly a r a n d P a r in , 1 9 9 0 ) .
Size:
100*
120*
80*
60»
M a x im u m 4 3 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th .
Fig. 83
I n t e r e s t t o F is h e r ie s : N o s p e c ia l f is h e r y f o r t h is s p e c ie s .
Local Names:
Literature:
R U S S IA : N a s k a n s k a y a
P a r in ( 1 9 9 0 b ) .
Rexea nakam urai P a r in ,
Rexea n a ka m u ra i
Synonyms:
r e k s iy a .
P a r in ,
G EM P R exea 5
1989
1 9 8 9 : 1 4 - 1 6 , f ig . 4 ( K y u s h u - P a l a u
R i d g e : 2 6 ° 1 1 ‘ N , 1 3 5 ° 4 8 ’ E ).
None.
FAO Names: En -
N a k a m u r a ’s e s c o la r ;
Fr
- E s c o l ie r d e n t u ;
Sp
- E s c o la r d e N a k a m u ra .
1 (rarely 2) cusps
i 'i i n u v fr n r y 'r r rTU
FIRST GILL ARCH
Field Characters:
Fig. 84 Rexea nakamurai
(a d a p te d fr o m
P a rin , 1989)
B o d y n a k e d e x c e p t a lim it e d s c a ly a r e a b e t w e e n t h e s e c o n d d o r s a l a n d a n a l f in . L o w e r
la t e r a l lin e o r ig in a t in g b e t w e e n f if t h a n d s ix t h s p in e o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in , r u n n in g s u b la t e r a lly . B a s e o f f ir s t
d o r s a l f in a b o u t 2 . 5 t im e s lo n g e r t h a n b a s e o f s e c o n d d o r s a l f in . P e c t o r a l f in le n g t h s h o r t e r t h a n h a lf o f
h e a d le n g t h . P e l v ic f in s w it h I s p in e ( in s m a l le r s p e c im e n s ) o r a b s e n t .
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
48
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y d e p t h (in a d u lts ) a b o u t 6 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; b o d y w id t h 1 .9 to 2 . 5 t im e s in
b o d y d e p t h . H e a d le n g th 3 . 0 t o 3 .2 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; a n t e r io r ly in u p p e r j a w 2 t o 4 im m o v a b le a n d 1
t o 3 m o v a b le f a n g s a n d I f a n g a n t e r io r ly o n e a c h s id e o f lo w e r ja w ; p a la t in e t e e t h 9 to 1 9 . S p i n e s c e n t g ili
r a k e r s w it h 1, r a r e ly 2 c u s p s . F ir s t d o r s a l fin w it h X V I I I s p in e s , s e c o n d d o r s a l f in w it h I s p in e a n d 1 5 to 1 8
s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y 2 f in le t s , b a s e o f f ir s t d o r s a l fin 2 . 3 t o 2 . 5 t im e s lo n g e r t h a n b a s e o f s e c o n d d o r s a l fin ;
a n a l f in w it h I f r e e a n d I c o m p r is e d s p in e a n d 1 2 o r 1 3 s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y 2 f in le t s ; p e c t o r a l f in s w it h 1 3
( v e r y r a r e ly 1 2 ) s o f t r a y s , s h o r t e r t h a n h a lf o f h e a d le n g th ; p e lv ic f in s e n t ir e ly a b s e n t a t m o r e t h a n 2 5 c m
s t a n d a r d le n g th ( r e p r e s e n t e d b y a s in g le s p in e in s m a l le r s p e c im e n s , u n d e r s k in a r t ic u la t io n o n p e lv ic g ir d le
b e h in d a n t e r io r e d g e o f p e c t o r a l- fin b a s e ) . L a t e r a l lin e b ifu r c a t in g b e lo w in te r s p a c e b e t w e e n fifth to s ix t h s p in e
o f f ir s t d o r s a l fin ; u p p e r la te r a l lin e r e a c h in g b a s e o f f ir s t d o r s a l fin le t ; lo w e r la te r a l lin e s u b la t e r a l, r u n n in g 1 .5
t o 2 t im e s n e a r e r v e n t r a l t h a n d o r s a l p r o f ile o f b o d y . M o s t o f b o d y n a k e d e x c e p t a lm o s t r e c t a n g u la r s t r ip e o f
s q u a m a t io n e x t e n d in g f o r w a r d f r o m c a u d a l p e d u n c le t o b e h in d t h e o r ig in s o f s e c o n d d o r s a l- f in b a s e a n d
a n a l- f in b a s e . P y lo r ic c a e c a 8 o r 9 . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 3 4
( r a r e ly 3 3 ) , in c lu d in g 1 9 ( r a r e ly 1 8 ) p r e c a u d a l a n d 1 5
c a u d a l; e p in e u r a ls t o 2 7 t h t o 2 9 t h v e r t e b r a ; n o
p le u r a ls .
Colour:
Body
g r e y is h
b ro w n ;
e p i­
a n te r io r
2
m e m b r a n e s o f f is t d o r s a l fin b la c k , r e s t o f f in g r e y is h ,
b la c k - e d g e d .
60*
Geographical Distribution:
c if ic ( K y u s h u - P a la u
O cean
(N a z a re th
K n o w n f r o m t r o p ic a l P a ­
R id g e a n d o f f O a h u ) a n d I n d ia n
B ank and
o ff S u m a tra )
( F ig .
Habitat and Biology:
B e n th o p e la g ic fr o m
370
at
m
d e p th .
M a tu re s
about
25
cm
8 5 ).
3 4 0 to
s ta n d a rd
20*
le n g t h .
Size:
M a x im u m
3 8 c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h .
Interest to Fisheries:
No
s p e c ia l
f is h e r y
fo r
t h is
s p e c ie s .
20*
Local Names:
Literature:
R U S S I A : P o l u c h e s h u jn a y a
N a k a m u ra
Rexea prometheoides
r e k s iy a .
100*
120*
Fig. 85
F ig . 8 6
( B le e k e r , 1 8 5 6 )
B le e k e r , 1 8 5 6 :4 2
Synonym s: Jordanidia ra p to ria
S n y d e r,
FAO Names: En
Fr-
- R o y a l e s c o la r ;
«0*
R. prometheoides).
(1 9 8 2 b , a s
Thyrsites prom etheoides
60*
( A m b o in a
G EM P R exea 1
Is la n d , In d o n e s ia ) .
1911.
E s c o l i e r r o y a l;
Sp
- E s c o l a r r e a l.
2 to 4 cusps
F IR S T G ILL ARCH
Fig. 86 Rexea prometheoides
49
Snake M ackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
Field Characters:
B o d y n a k e d e x c e p t a la r g e s c a ly a r e a in its p o s t e r io r p a r t, e x t e n d in g a r o u n d lo w e r
la t e r a l lin e w h ic h o r i g in a t e s b e t w e e n f o u r t h to f if t h s p in e o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in a n d r u n s m id la t e r a lly . B a s e o f
f ir s t d o r s a l f in a b o u t 2 . 5 t im e s lo n g e r t h a n b a s e o f s e c o n d d o r s a l f in . P e c t o r a l f in s s h o r t e r t h a n h a lf o f
h e a d le n g t h . P e l v ic f in s w it h I s p in e ( in ju v e n i l e s a n d s m a l l e r s p e c im e n s ) o r a b s e n t .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y d e p t h 5 t o 6 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h ; b o d y w id t h 1 .8 t o 2 . 8 t im e s in b o d y
d e p t h . H e a d le n g t h 3 .1 to 3 . 4 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; a n t e r io r ly in u p p e r j a w 5 o r 6 f a n g s a n d 1 s m a l le r
f a n g a n t e r io r ly o n e a c h s id e o f lo w e r ja w ; p a la t in e t e e t h 11 t o 1 6 . S p i n e s c e n t g ili r a k e r s w it h 2 to 4 c u s p s .
F ir s t d o r s a l f in w it h X V I I I ( r a r e ly X I X ) s p in e s , s e c o n d d o r s a l f in w it h I s p in e a n d 1 4 t o 1 7 s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d
b y 2 f in le t s , b a s e o f f ir s t d o r s a l fin 2 . 2 t o 2 . 5 t im e s lo n g e r t h a n b a s e o f s e c o n d d o r s a l f in ; a n a l f in w it h I
f r e e a n d I c o m p r is e d s p in e a n d 1 2 to 1 5 s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y 2 f in le t s ; p e c t o r a l f in s w it h 1 3 ( r a r e ly 1 2 o r
1 4 ) s o f t r a y s , its le n g t h s h o r t e r t h a n h a lf o f h e a d le n g th ; p e lv ic f in s e n t ir e ly a b s e n t a t m o r e t h a n 1 8 t o 2 0
c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h ( r e p r e s e n t e d b y a s in g le s p in e in s m a l le r s p e c im e n s ) , u n d e r s k in a r t ic u la t io n o n p e lv ic
g ir d le b e lo w p e c t o r a l b a s e . L a t e r a l lin e b i f u r c a t e d b e lo w f o u r t h t o f if t h s p in e o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in , u p p e r lin e
r e a c h e s m id d le to e n d o f s e c o n d d o r s a l- f in b a s e , lo w e r lin e m id la t e r a l. M o s t o f b o d y n a k e d e x c e p t a la r g e
la n c e t - s h a p e d
d o r s a l - f in
s t r ip e
o f s q u a m a tio n
e x te n d in g
fo rw a rd
fro m
c a u d a l p e d u n c le
b a s e . P y lo r ic c a e c a 8 ( r a r e ly 7 ) . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 3 4 , in c lu d in g
e p in e u r a ls a n d e p ip le u r a ls t o 2 8 t h to 3 0 t h v e r t e b r a .
Colour:
to
b e lo w
m id d le o f f ir s t
19 p re c a u d a l a n d
1 5 c a u d a l;
B o d y g r e y is h w it h s ilv e r y t in t ; f in s h y a lin e
e x c e p t a b la c k b lo t c h o n m e m b r a n e s b e t w e e n f ir s t a n d s e c o n d d o r s a l- f in s p in e , r e s t o f s e c o n d d o r s a l
b la c k is h
o r g re y .
Geographical Distribution:
W est
P a c ific
fro m
o ff
Known
in
M o z a m b iq u e ,
th e
In d o -
K enya,
R e­
u n io n I s la n d , S a y a d e M a lh a B a n k , N o r th A u s t r a lia ,
I n d o n e s ia ,
V ie t n a m ,
P h ilip p in e s ,
R iu - K iu
I s la n d s ,
a n d s o u t h e r n J a p a n ( F ig . 8 7 ) .
Flabitat and Biology:
540
B e n th o p e la g ic fr o m
1 3 5 to
20"
m.
Size:
20'
M a x im u m 4 0 c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h .
in te r e s t
to
F is h e r ie s :
No
s p e c ia l
f is h e r y
fo r
t h is
s p e c ie s .
Local
N am es:
JA P A N :
A U S T R A L IA :
Kagokam asu;
P r o m e th e u s
R U S S IA :
g e m fis h ;
P ro m e te e v a
re k -
s iy a .
Fig. 87
Literature:
Iw a i
(1 9 5 2 );
S n y d e r ( 1 9 1 2 , a s Jordanidia raptoria)] S c h m i d t ( 1 9 3 1 ) ;
S m it h
(1 9 6 8 );
P a r in
and
B ecker
( 1 9 8 4 a , b ) ; M a c h id a ( 1 9 8 5 ) ; P a r in a n d P a x t o n
Rexea solandri
( C u v ie r , 1 8 3 2 )
Gempylus solandri
Field Characters:
K a m o h a ra
G lo e r f e lt - T a r p
and
(1 9 3 8 );
K a io la
M a ts u b a ra
(1 9 8 4 );
and
N a k a m u ra
(1 9 9 0 ).
G EM P R exea 6
F ig . 8 8
C u v ie r in C u v . a n d V a l. , 1 8 3 2 : 2 1 5 ( B a y o f I s la n d s , N e w Z e a la n d ) .
Synonyms: Thyrsites micropus
FAO Names: En
(1 9 7 2 );
M c C o y , 1 8 7 3 . Rexea fu r c ife ra W a it e , 1 9 1 1 a .
- S ilv e r g e m fis h ;
Fr
- E s c o l ie r t if ia t i;
Sp
- E s c o la r p la te a d o .
B o d y e n t ir e ly s c a le d a t m o r e t h a n 2 5 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th . P e l v ic f in s w it h I s p in e a n d
2 o r 3 s o f t r a y s , T w o la t e r a l lin e s , t h e u p p e r u s u a l ly r e a c h i n g m id d le to e n d o f s e c o n d d o r s a l - f in b a s e .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y d e p t h 5 t o 6 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h ; b o d y w id t h 2 . 4 t o 2 . 8 t im e s in b o d y
d e p t h . H e a d le n g t h 3 .1 t o 3 . 9 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h ; a n t e r io r ly in u p p e r j a w 3 o r 4 im m o v a b le a n d 0 to
3
m o v a b le
fa n g s
and
1 s m a l le r f a n g
a n t e r io r ly
on
each
s id e
o f lo w e r ja w ;
p a la t i n e
te e th
p r e s e n t.
S p i n e s c e n t g ili r a k e r s w it h 2 o r 3 c u s p s . F ir s t d o r s a l fin w i t h X V I I I ( r a r e ly X V I I ) s p in e s , s e c o n d d o r s a l f in
w it h I s p in e a n d 1 6 to 1 9 s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y 2 f in le t s , b a s e o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in 2 . 3 to 2 . 6 t im e s lo n g e r t h a n
b a s e o f s e c o n d d o r s a l f in ; a n a l f in w it h I f r e e a n d I c o m p r is e d s p in e , v e r y in d is t in c t in la r g e r s p e c im e n s ,
a n d 1 3 to 1 6 s o f t r a y s f o ll o w e d b y 2 f in le t s ; p e c t o r a l f in s w it h 1 4 ( r a r e ly 1 3 o r 1 5 ) s o f t r a y s , t h e i r le n g t h
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
2 to 4 cusps
Fig. 88 Rexea solandri
(a d a p te d fr o m H u tc h in s a n d S w a in sto n , 198G)
FIRST GILL ARCH
a l m o s t e q u a l t o h a lf o f h e a d le n g t h ; p e lv ic f in s n o r m a ll y d e v e l o p e d w i t h I s p in e a n d 2 o r 3 s o f t r a y s ,
o r ig in a t in g b e h in d p o s t e r io r e n d o f p e c t o r a l- f in b a s e . L a t e r a l lin e b if u r c a t in g b e lo w f if t h t o s ix t h s p in e o f
f ir s t d o r s a l f in , u p p e r r e a c h e s b e y o n d o r ig in o f s e c o n d d o r s a l f in , u s u a lly t e r m in a t in g b e t w e e n 8 t h to 1 2 th
s o f t r a y , lo w e r lin e m id la t e r a l, u n d u la t in g a b o v e a n a l- f in b a s e . B o d y e n t ir e l y s c a le d a t m o r e t h a n 2 5 c m
s t a n d a r d le n g th . P y lo r ic c a e c a 7 o r 8 . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 3 6 ( e x c e p t io n a l ly 3 5 ) , in c lu d in g 2 0 p r e c a u d a l a n d
1 6 c a u d a l; e p in e u r a ls to 1 5 th o r 1 6 th v e r t e b r a ; n o e p ip le u r a ls .
Colour:
B o d y b lu is h a b o v e , s ilv e r y b e lo w ;
b la c k b lo t c h d i s t a lly o n t w o a n t e r i o r m e m b r a n e s o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in , r e s t o f f in g r e y is h ; s e c o n d d o r s a l, a n a l
a n d c a u d a l f in s o r a n g e o r g r e y is h .
Geographical
s o u th w e s te rn
Distribution:
and
s o u th e a s te rn
O ff
s o u th e rn ,
A u s t r a lia
(o c ­
c a s i o n a ll y a s f a r n o r t h a s 2 7 ° S ) , T a s m a n ia a n d
New
Z e a la n d
( F ig .
8 9 ).
Habitat and Biology:
B e n th o p e la g ic o n
c o n t i­
n e n t a l s lo p e f r o m 1 0 0 t o 8 0 0 m ; j u v e n ile s p e la g ic ,
a d u lt s a ls o o c c u r n e a r s u r f a c e o f f T a s m a n ia a n d
N e w Z e a la n d . S c h o o lin g s p e c ie s . F e e d s o n f is h
a n d s q u id . A t t a in s le n g t h o f 1 0 4 c m a f t e r 1 3 y e a r s
( W it h e ll a n d W a n k o w s k y ,
1 9 8 9 ) . M a t u r e s a t 4 to
6 y e a r s a t a b o u t 5 0 t o 6 0 c m f o r m a le s a n d 6 0 to
7 0 c m f o r f e m a l e s ( R o w lin g , 1 9 8 7 ) . In s o u t h e a s t ­
e r n A u s t r a lia c o n c e n t r a t e d in s p a w n in g a g g r e g a ­
t io n s in w i n t e r ( M a y t o S e p t e m b e r ) o f f N e w S o u t h
Fig. 89
W a le s c o a s t a t 3 0 0 t o 4 5 0 m , n o n - b r e e d in g f is h
fo u n d
Size:
o f f T a s m a n ia
in s u m m e r .
M a x im u m a b o u t 1 1 0 c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h , m a x i m u m w e i g h t a b o u t 8 k g .
Interest to Fisheries:
O n e o f t h e m o s t im p o r t a n t c o m m e r c ia l f is h s p e c ie s in s o u t h e a s t e r n A u s t r a lia , a ls o
c a u g h t in N e w Z e a la n d . T a k e n b y t r a w ls in N e w S o u t h W a le s d u r in g s u m m e r m o n t h s a n d in T a s m a n ia a t
w in te r .
O c c a s io n a lly
t r o ll e d
n e a r T a s m a n ia n
and
New
Z e a la n d
c o a s ts .
F ro m
1983
c a t c h e s r e p o r t e d b y A u s t r a lia v a r ie d f r o m 2 7 9 6 t o 5 9 1 2 t a n d b y N e w Z e a l a n d f r o m
to
1990, annual
3 4 1 6 to 5 4 2 9 t
( F A O , 1 9 9 2 ) . F le s h o f g o o d e d ib le q u a l it y a n d e s p e c i a ll y t a s t y w h e n s m o k e d .
Local Names:
A U S T R A L IA :
Com m on
g e m f is h ,
H ake,
( s il v e r o r s o u t h e r n )
K in g f is h ,
K in g
b a rra c u d a ;
J A P A N : O o k a g o k a m a s u ; N E W Z E A L A N D : S o u t h e r n k in g f is h , H a k e ; R U S S I A : B o ls h a y a r e k s iy a .
Literature:
W a it e ( 1 9 1 1
b ); G r a h a m
( 1 9 5 6 ) ; S c o t t ( 1 9 6 2 ) ; P a r in a n d B e c k e r ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; S c o t t e t a l. ( 1 9 8 0 ) ;
L a s t e t a l. ( 1 9 8 3 ) ; H u t c h in s a n d S w a in s t o n ( 1 9 8 6 ) ; N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 9 0 a ) ; P a r in ( 1 9 8 9 ) ; P a r in a n d P a x t o n
(1 9 9 0 ).
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Snake M ackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
51
GEMP Rexi
Rexichthys Parin and Astakhov, 1987
Rexichthys
P a r in a n d A s t a k h o v , 1 9 8 7 : 1 4 9 . T y p e s p e c ie s ,
Rexichthys johnpaxtoni
P a r in a n d A s t a k h o v ,
1 9 8 7 , b y o r i g in a l d e s ig n a t io n .
Synonyms:
N one.
Diagnostic Features:
Species:
S e e s p e c ie s .
A s in g le s p e c ie s r e c o g n iz e d s o fa r.
GEMP Rexi 1
Rexichthysjohnpaxtoni Parin and Astakhov, 1987
Rexichthys johnpaxtoni
Synonyms:
P a r in a n d A s t a k h o v , 1 9 8 7 :1 4 9 - 1 5 2 , f ig s 1, 2 ( T a s m a n S e a : 3 2 ° 1 8 ’S , 1 5 3 ° 0 0 ’ E ).
None.
FAO Names: En
- P a x t o n ’ s e s c o la r ;
Fr
- E s c o l ie r b e c u n e ;
Sp
- E s c o la r d e P a x to n .
1 or 2 cusps
Fig. 90 Rexichthys jo h n p a x to n i
(a fte r P a r in , 1990)
FIRST G ILL ARCH
Field Characters:
B o d y m o d e r a t e ly e lo n g a t e d a n d c o m p r e s s e d ; its d e p t h 7 o r 8 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th .
T w o la t e r a l lin e s , t h e lo w e r o r ig in a t in g b e lo w s ix t h to s e v e n t h s p in e o f f ir s t d o r s a l fin , d e s c e n d in g s h a r p ly
to v e n t r a l c o n t o u r o f b o d y , d iv id in g in to a s h o r t a n t e r io r b r a n c h a n d a m u c h lo n g e r p o s t e r io r b r a n c h . D o r s a l
a n d a n a l f in l e t s p r e s e n t .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y m o d e r a t e ly e l o n g a t e a n d c o m p r e s s e d ; its d e p t h 7 t o 8 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
le n g th ; b o d y w i d t h 1 .8 t o 2 .1 t im e s in b o d y d e p t h . H e a d le n g t h 3 . 2 t o 3 . 3 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; lo w e r
j a w e x t e n d s a n t e r io r t o u p p e r ja w ; t ip o f b o t h ja w s w i t h o u t d e r m a l p r o c e s s e s ; s t r o n g j a w d e n t it io n in c lu d in g
3 im m o v a b le a n d 1 t o 3 m o v a b le f a n g s a n t e r io r ly in u p p e r ja w , 1 s h o r t e r f a n g a n t e r io r ly o n e a c h s id e o f
lo w e r j a w a n d n u m e r o u s la t e r a l c o m p r e s s e d t e e th ; n o v o m e r in e t e e t h ( p r e s e n t in ju v e n ile s ) ; p a la t in e w it h
2 0 t o 2 5 t e e t h . S p i n e s c e n t g ili r a k e r s o n f ir s t a r c h w it h 1 o r 2 c u s p s . F ir s t d o r s a l f in w it h X V I I I s p in e s ,
s e c o n d d o r s a l fin w it h I s p in e a n d 1 4 o r 1 5 s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y 3 f in le t s , b a s e o f f ir s t d o r s a l f in 2 . 3 t o 2 . 4
t im e s lo n g e r t h a n b a s e o f s e c o n d d o r s a l f in ; a n a l f in w it h I f r e e a n d I c o m p r is e d s p in e a n d 1 2 o r 1 3 s o f t
r a y s f o llo w e d b y 3 f in le t s ; p e c t o r a l f in s w it h 1 3 s o f t r a y s , s h o r t e r t h a n h a lf o f h e a d le n g th ; p e lv ic f in s e n t ir e ly
a b s e n t a t m o re th a n
10 cm
s ta n d a rd
le n g t h
(re p re s e n te d
b y I s p i n e a n d 2 t in y s o f t r a y s in s m a l le r
s p e c im e n s ) , u n d e r s k in a r t ic u la t io n o n p e lv ic g ir d le b e lo w p e c t o r a l- f in b a s e . T w o la t e r a l lin e s , t h e u p p e r
f o llo w in g d o r s a l c o n t o u r o f b o d y a n d t e r m in a t in g b e lo w la s t d o r s a l f in le t , t h e lo w e r o r ig in a t in g b e lo w s ix t h
to s e v e n t h s p in e o f f ir s t d o r s a l fin , s h a r p ly d e s c e n d in g to s u p r a v e n t r a l p o s it io n , d iv id in g in to a s h o r t a n t e r io r
b r a n c h a n d a lo n g p o s t e r io r b r a n c h r e a c h in g o r ig in o f c a u d a l f in . B o d y e n t ir e l y n a k e d . P y lo r ic c a e c a 9
o r 1 0 . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 3 4 , in c lu d in g 1 9 p r e c a u d a l a n d 1 5 c a u d a l; e p in e u r a ls t o 2 7 t h o r 2 8 t h v e r t e b r a ; n o
e p ip le u r a ls .
on
tw o
Colour:
a n t e r io r
B o d y b r o w n is h ; f in s h y a lin e e x c e p t t h e f ir s t d o r s a l fin b e a r in g a b la c k b lo t c h d is t a lly
m e m b ra n e s .
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
52
Geographical Distribution:
K n o w n fro m
east
c o a s t o f A u s t r a lia b e t w e e n 1 7 ° 3 1 ’ a n d 3 2 ° 3 4 ’S ,
a n d f r o m N e w C a le d o n ia ( F ig . 9 1 ) .
Habitat and Biology:
A d u lt s a r e p r o b a b ly b e n -
t h o p e l a g ic f r o m 4 0 0 t o 4 7 0 m w h ile ju v e n ile s a r e
p e la g ic f r o m
Size:
2 7 0 to 4 0 0 m .
M a x im u m k n o w n s t a n d a r d le n g th is 2 2 c m .
Interest to Fisheries:
t h is
N o s p e c ia l f is h e r ie s f o r
s p e c ie s .
Local Names:
R U S S IA :
A U S T R A L I A : P a x t o n ’s g e m f is h ;
R e k s ik h t .
Literature:
P a r in
100«
and
P a x to n
(1 9 9 0 );
120«
160®
100«
P a r in
Fig. 91
(1 9 9 0 a ).
Ruvettus
GEMP Ruv
C o cco, 1829
R uvettus C o c c o , 1 8 2 9 : 2 1 . T y p e s p e c ie s , R uvettus pretiosus C o c c o , 1 8 2 9 , b y m o n o t y p y .
Synonyms: Rovetus
C a n t r a i n e , 1 8 3 5 . A can th o d erm a C a n t r a i n e , 1 8 3 5 . A p lu ru s L o w e , 1 8 3 8 .
Diagnostic Features:
Species:
S e e s p e c ie s .
A s in g le s p e c ie s r e c o g n iz e d s o fa r .
Ruvettus pretiosus C o c c o ,
GEMP Ruv 1
F ig . 9 2
1829
R uvettus pretiosus C o c c o , 1 8 2 9 : 2 1 ( M e s s i n a , I t a ly ) .
Synonyms: Rovetus tem m inckii C a n t r a i n e , 1 8 3 3 . Tetragonurus sim plex L o w e , 1 8 3 4 . Thyrsites acan­
thoderma L o w e , 1 8 3 9 . Thyrsites scholaris P o e y , 1 8 5 4 . Ruvettus tydemani W e b e r , 1 9 1 3 . Ruvettus pacificus
J o r d a n a n d J o r d a n , 1 9 2 2 . Ruvettus w h a k a ri G r if f in , 1 9 2 7 .
FAO Names: En
- O ilf is h ;
Fr
- R o u v e t;
Sp
- E s c o l a r c la v o (= E s c o l a r ) .
angular gili
raker T-shaped
and large
A Al*
ft r\ n r \ ^ A ^
FIR ST G ILL ARCH
TIP OF A N G U L A R G ILL RAKER
SC A LE S A R O U N D LA TE R A L LINE
Fig. 92 R uvettus pretiosus
53
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
Field Characters:
S k in
v e ry
ro u g h ,
s c a le s
in t e r s p e r s e d
w it h
s p in o u s
bony
t u b e r c le s .
M id - v e n t r a l
( a b d o m in a l) k e e l o n v e n t r a l c o n t o u r .
Diagnostic Features: B o d y s e m if u s if o r m a n d s lig h t ly c o m p r e s s e d ; its d e p t h 4.3 t o 4.9 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
3.3 t o 3.7 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; lo w e r j a w e x t e n d s s lig h t ly a n t e r io r to u p p e r ja w ;
le n g th . H e a d le n g t h
t ip o f b o t h ja w s w i t h o u t d e r m a l p r o c e s s e s ; f a n g - li k e t e e t h in b o t h ja w s p r e s e n t in ju v e n ile s b u t in d is t in c t
in a d u lt s ; u n is e r ia l s m a ll t e e t h o n v o m e r a n d p a la t in e s . G ili r a k e r a t a n g le o f f ir s t a r c h T - s h a p e d a n d la r g e r
t h a n o t h e r g ili r a k e r s . F ir s t d o r s a l fin lo w , w i t h X I I I t o X V s p in e s , s e c o n d d o r s a l f in w it h 1 5 t o 1 8 s o f t r a y s
f o llo w e d b y
2
f in le t s ; a n a l f in w it h
15
to
18
s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y
r a y s ; p e lv ic f in w e ll d e v e lo p e d , w it h I s p in e a n d
5
2
f in le t s ; p e c t o r a l f in s w it h a b o u t
15
s o ft
s o f t r a y s ; c a u d a l f in w i d e l y f o r k e d w i t h o u t c a u d a l k e e ls .
L a t e r a l lin e s in g le , o f t e n o b s c u r e ; b e lly k e e le d b y b o n y s c a le s b e t w e e n p e lv ic f in s a n d a n u s . S m a ll c y c lo id
s c a le s , in t e r s p e r s e d w it h r o w s o f s h a r p s p in y t u b e r c le s . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l
16
c a u d a l.
Colour:
32,
in c lu d in g
16
p re c a u d a l a n d
B o d y u n if o r m ly b r o w n to d a r k b r o w n , t ip o f p e c t o r a l a n d p e lv ic f in s b la c k , m a r g in s o f
s e c o n d d o r s a l a n d a n a l f in s w h it e in y o u n g s p e c im e n s .
Geographical Distribution:
W id e ly d i s t r ib u t e d in t r o p ic a l a n d t e m p e r a t e w a t e r s o f t h e w o r ld ( F ig 9 3 ) .
60*
40*
20"
F ig . 93
Flabitat and Biology:
O c e a n ic , b e n t h o p e la g ic o n c o n t in e n t a l s lo p e a n d s e a r is e s f r o m a b o u t 1 0 0 t o 7 0 0
m . U s u a ll y s o l i t a r y o r in p a ir s n e a r s e a b o t t o m ; f e e d s o n f is h , s q u id a n d c r u s t a c e a n s .
Size:
M a x im u m 3 m t o t a l le n g t h , c o m m o n t o 1 5 0 c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h .
Interest to Fisheries:
N o s p e c ia l f is h e r y f o r t h is s p e c ie s , b u t a p p e a r s a s b y c a t c h in t h e t u n a lo n g lin e f is h e r y ,
c a u g h t u s u a lly a t d e p t h s f r o m 2 0 0 to 4 0 0 m . T h e p e c u l ia r w o o d e n “ p a lu ” o r
t h is s p e c ie s in t h e s o u t h c e n t r a l P a c if ic , F le s h v e r y o ily , w it h
Local Names:
p u r g a tiv e
Ruvettus
h o o k is u s e d t o c a t c h
p r o p e r t ie s , if e a t e n
m uch.
C A N A D A : O ilf is h ; F R A N C E : R o u v e t; I T A L Y : R u v e t t o ; J A P A N : B a r a - m u t s u , T a m a - k a m a s u ;
S P A I N : E s c o l a r c la v o ; U K : O ilf is h ; U S A : O ilf is h ; R U S S I A : R u v e t a .
Literature:
B ig e l o w a n d S c h r o e d e r ( 1 9 5 3 ) ; H e r r e ( 1 9 5 3 ) ; W h e e le r ( 1 9 6 9 ) ; F o r s t e r e t a l. ( 1 9 7 0 ) ; M a g o
( 1 9 7 0 ) ; F o u r m a n o ir a n d G r ie s s i n g e r ( 1 9 7 1 ) ; Q u e r o ( 1 9 7 3 ) ; C h ir ic h ig n o ( 1 9 7 4 ) ; P a r in a n d G o lo v a n ( 1 9 7 6 ) ;
P a r in ( 1 9 7 6 b , 1 9 8 6 , 1 9 9 0 c ) ; G o r b u n o v a ( 1 9 7 7 ) ; N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 7 7 , 1 9 8 1 , 1 9 8 4 b , 1 9 8 6 b , c ) ; F o u r m a n o ir
( 1 9 7 9 ) ; F o u r m a n o ir a n d R iv a t o n ( 1 9 7 9 ) ; P a k h o r u k o v ( 1 9 8 1 ) ; K u k u e v ( 1 9 8 2 ) ; F u jii ( 1 9 8 3 ) ; R a n d a ll a n d
Egaña
(1 9 8 4 ); W a s s (1 9 8 4 );
S w a in s t o n ’ ( l9 8 6 ) ;
M a c h id a
L lo r is ( 1 9 8 6 ) ;
(1 9 8 5 );
P a r in
P a u lin e t a l. ( 1 9 8 9 ) .
and
P ru tk o
(1 9 8 5 );
B o re ts (1 9 8 6 );
H u t c h in s a n d
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
54
Thyrsires
GEMP Thyrs
C u v ie r , 1 8 3 1
Thyrsites C u v ie r in C u v . a n d V a l., 1 8 3 2 :1 9 6 . T y p e s p e c ie s , Scom ber a tu n E u p h r a s e n , 1 7 9 1 , b y s u b s e q u e n t
d e s ig n a t io n b y G ili, 1 8 6 2 .
Synonyms: Leio n u ra
B le e k e r , 1 8 6 0 a .
Diagnostic Features:
Species:
S e e s p e c ie s .
A s in g le s p e c ie s r e c o g n iz e d s o fa r .
Thyrstes atun
(E u p h ra s e n , 1 7 9 1 )
GEMP Thyrs 1
F ig . 9 4
Scomber atun E u p h r a s e n , 1 7 9 1 : 3 1 5 ( C a p e o f G o o d H o p e , S o u t h A f r ic a ) .
Synonyms: Scomber dentatus
1 8 0 1 , Thyrsites chilensis C u v ie r in C u v . a n d V a l.
B lo c h a n d S c h n e id e r ,
1 8 3 2 . Scomber lanceolatus C u v ie r in C u v . a n d V a l.,
1 8 3 2 . Thyrsites altivelis R ic h a r d s o n , 1 8 3 9 . Scombei
splendens R ic h a r d s o n , 1 8 4 2 . Scomber dentex R ic h a r d s o n , 1 8 4 2 .
FAO Names: En
- Snoek;
Fr
- E s c o l ie r ;
Sp
- S ie r r a .
4 c
A c.
Vc
\ c
1c
I ^
J
Fig. 94 Thyrsites atun
A n r\r\nr>r> rm r\ r\(\
FIR ST G ILL ARCH
Field Characters:
S e c o n d d o r s a l fin a s la r g e a s a n a l fin , b o t h f o llo w e d b y 6 o r 7 f in le t s . P e lv ic f in s s m a ll, b u t
w e ll d e v e lo p e d . L a te r a l lin e s in g le , r u n n in g c lo s e to u p p e r c o n t o u r o f b o d y , b e lo w m o s t o f f ir s t d o r s a l- f in b a s e .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y fa ir ly e lo n g a t e a n d c o n s id e r a b ly c o m p r e s s e d ; its d e p th 7 .5 to 9 .2 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
le n g th . H e a d le n g th 3 .8 to 4 .2 t im e s in s ta n d a r d le n g th ; t w o w e ll s e p a r a te d n o s trils , p o s t e r io r n o s tril s lit-lik e ; m o u th
la r g e , p o s t e r io r e n d o f u p p e r ja w r e a c h e s to a n t e r io r m a r g in o f e y e , lo w e r j a w p r o je c ts a n t e r io r to u p p e r ja w ; n o
d e r m a l p r o c e s s e s o n t ip s o f b o th ja w s ; s e v e r a l la r g e f a n g s in a n t e r io r p a r t o f u p p e r ja w ; 2 m in u te t e e th o n v o m e r ;
f in e u n is e r ia l t e e th o n p a la tin e s . G ili r a k e r s o n f ir s t a r c h s h o r t a n d s p in e s c e n t , o n e r a k e r a t a n g le s lig h t ly la r g e r
th a n o th e r s . F ir s t d o r s a l fin h ig h , a n d its b a s e lo n g , w ith X I X to X X I s p in e s , s e c o n d d o r s a l fin a ls o h ig h w ith 11 to
1 3 s o f t r a y s fo llo w e d b y 5 to 7 fin le ts ; a n a l fin s lig h tly s m a lle r th a n s e c o n d d o r s a l fin , w ith I s p in e a n d 1 0 to 1 2 s o ft
r a y s f o llo w e d b y 5 to 7 fin le ts ; p e c to r a l f in s s lig h t ly lo n g e r t h a n s n o u t, w ith 1 3 to 1 5 s o f t r a y s ; p e lv ic f in s s m a ll b u t
w e ll d e v e lo p e d , w ith I s p in e a n d 5 s o f t r a y s . A s in g le la te r a l lin e , r u n n in g c lo s e to u p p e r c o n t o u r o f b o d y b e lo w
m o s t o f fir s t d o r s a l-fin b a s e , th e n a b r u p tly c u r v in g b e lo w . V e r te b r a e to ta l 3 5 , in c lu d in g 21 p r e c a u d a l a n d 1 4 c a u d a l.
Colour:
Body
d a rk
b lu e ,
Geographical Distribution:
s li g h t ly
p a le r o n
b e lly ;
f ir s t d o r s a l - f in
m e m b ra n e
b la c k .
D is tr ib u te d in t h e c o a s ta l r e g io n s f r o m 3 5 ° to 5 5 ° S la titu d e , p e n e tr a tin g n o rth o n ly in
th e w a te r s o f c o ld s tr e a m s : C h ile , s o u th e r n P e ru , A r g e n t in a , U r u g u a y , T ie r r a d e l F u e g o , T r is ta n d a C u n h a , S o u th
A f r ic a , I s la n d s o f S t. P a u l a n d A m s t e r d a m , T a s m a n ia , N e w Z e a la n d , s o u t h e r n c o a s t o f A u s t r a lia ( F ig . 9 5 ) .
55
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes of the W orld
20*
Fig. 95
Habitat and Biology:
is la n d s .
P re fe rre d
N e r it ic b e n t h o p e la g ic s p e c ie s , m o s t ly
te m p e ra tu re
ra n g e
b e lie v e d
to
be
13°
in h a b it in g
to
1 8 °C .
c o n t in e n t a l s h e lv e s o r a r o u n d
Feeds
on
p e la g ic
c ru s ta c e a n s
( E u p h a u s ia , N y c t ip h a n e s e t c . ) , c e p h a lo p o d s , a n d f is h e s s u c h a s a n c h o v ie s , s a r d in e s , h e r r in g s , c a r a n g id s ,
a n d m u g ilid s ( B la c k b u r n , 1 9 5 7 ) . S p a w n in g o c c u r s f r o m
th e
n o rth w e s te rn
c o a s t o f th e S o u th
I s la n d
la te w i n t e r t h r o u g h a u t u m n a t M e r n o o B a n k , o f f
a n d C h a th a m
I s la n d , N e w Z e a la n d .
N u rs e ry g ro u n d s a re
lo c a t e d in t h e H a u r a k i G u lf , T a s m a n B a y a n d t h e C o u n t e r b u r y B ig h t , N e w Z e a la n d . S c h o o lin g m a y o c c u r
e i t h e r c lo s e t o t h e s e a b o t t o m o r m id w a t e r , a n d s o m e t i m e s e v e n a t s u r f a c e a t n ig h t, G r o w t h in t h e f ir s t 3
y e a r s is f a s t , r e a c h in g 2 9 c m f o r k le n g t h a f t e r t h e f ir s t y e a r , 5 8 c m a f t e r t h e t h ir d y e a r s , a n d 9 0 c m a f t e r
th e te n th y e a r (H a ta n a k a , 1 9 9 0 ).
Size:
M a x im u m
1 5 0 c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h a n d m o r e t h a n 6 k g w e ig h t , c o m m o n f r o m 5 0 t o 1 0 0 c m .
Interest to Fisheries:
M o s t ly c a u g h t b y t r o llin g lin e s a n d h a n d lin e s , a n d s o m e t i m e s b y t r a w ls in A u s t r a lia ,
N e w Z e a la n d , C h ile , A r g e n t in a a n d S o u t h A f r ic a . T h e f is h in g g r o u n d s in N e w Z e a la n d a r e lo c a t e d a r o u n d
t h e S o u t h Is la n d , e s p e c i a ll y o f f S t e w a r t I s la n d , C a n t e r b u r y B ig h t a n d t h e n o r t h w e s t c o a s t . T h e t o t a l w o r ld
c a t c h v a r ie d c o n s id e r a b ly f r o m
1 9 7 4 t o 1 9 9 0 , f r o m lo w e s t c a t c h in 1 9 7 4 o f 2 4 4 9 7 t to 1 0 1 5 4 8 t in 1 9 8 3 .
T h e m a in f is h in g a r e a s a r e o f f s o u t h w e s t e r n A f r ic a ( F A O F is h in g A r e a 4 7 ) a n d a r o u n d N e w Z e a la n d ( F A O
F is h in g A r e a 8 1 ) . M o r e t h a n 9 0 % o f t h e 2 5 0 0 0 t to 3 5 0 0 0 t c a t c h e s r e p o r t e d o f f S o u t h A f r ic a a n d N a m ib ia
a r e t a k e n b y S o u t h A f r ic a a n d R u s s ia . T h e t o t a l c a t c h b y N e w Z e a la n d , J a p a n a n d to a le s s e r e x t e n t
A u s t r a lia v a r i e s f r o m 2 0 0 0 0 t t o 3 0 0 0 0 t in t h e F A O
F is h in g A r e a 8 1 ( F A O , 1 9 9 2 ) . G o o d f o r f is h a n d
c h ip s o r s m o k in g . In J a p a n , m a d e f o r f i l l e t o r f is h e a k e .
Local Names:
A R G E N T IN A :
P e z s ie r r a ,
B a rra c u d a ;
C H IL E :
S ie r r a ,
S ie r r a
c o m u n ; J A P A N : O o s h ib i-
k a m a s u ; R U S S IA : S n e k ; S O U T H A F R IC A : S n o e k .
Literature:
A n g o t ( 1 9 5 1 ) ; H a e d r ic h i a n d N ie ls e n ( 1 9 6 6 ) ; M o v illo a n d B a h m o n d e ( 1 9 7 1 ) ; P a r in a n d B e c k e r
( 1 9 7 2 ) ; R o b e r t s o n ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; C h ir ic h ig n o ( 1 9 7 4 ) ; S h u n t o v ( 1 9 7 9 ) ; N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 8 1 , 1 9 8 4 a , 1 9 8 6 a , 1 9 9 0 a , b ) ;
L a s t e t a l. ( 1 9 8 3 ) ; H u t c h in s a n d S w a in s t o n ( 1 9 8 6 ) ; L lo r is ( 1 9 8 6 ) ; P a r in
Thyrsitoides
Thyrsitoides
GEMP Thyrsd
F o w le r , 1 9 2 9
F o w le r , 1 9 2 9 : 2 5 5 - 2 5 6 . T y p e s p e c ie s ,
t io n ( a ls o m o n o t y p ic ) .
Synonyms: M im asea
K a m o h a ra ,
Diagnostic Features:
See
Species:
(1 9 9 0 c ).
1936.
s p e c ie s .
A s in g le s p e c ie s r e c o g n iz e d s o fa r .
Thyrsitoides m arleyi
F o w le r , 1 9 2 9 , b y o r ig in a l d e s ig n a ­
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
56
Thyrsitoides marleyi
Thyrsitoides marleyi
GEMP Thyrsd 1
F ig . 9 6
F o w le r , 19 29
F o w le r
Synonyms: Mimasea taeniosoma
K a m o h a ra ,
FAO Names: En
Fr
- B la c k s n o e k ;
1936.
- E s c o l ie r g r a c ile ;
Sp
- S ie r r a g r á c il.
Sk
SCALES AROUND LATERAL LINE
FIRST GILL ARCH
F ig . 96
Field Characters:
Thyrsitoides marleyi
P e lv ic f in s w e ll d e v e lo p e d , a b o u t a s lo n g a s p e c t o r a l f in s . T w o la t e r a l lin e s , o r ig in a t in g
a b o v e u p p e r a n g le o f g ili o p e n in g , b if u r c a t in g b e lo w f o u r t h d o r s a l- f in s p in e o r s lig h t ly b e h in d it, u p p e r lin e
r u n n in g a lo n g f ir s t d o r s a l- f in b a s e a n d t e r m in a t in g b e lo w a b o u t e n d o f f ir s t d o r s a l fin , lo w e r lin e a b r u p t ly c u r v e d
b a c k w a rd fro m
b i f u r c a t io n , r u n n in g a lo n g m id d le o f b o d y t o b a s e o f m id d le c a u d a l- f in
Diagnostic Features:
ra y .
B o d y g r e a t ly e lo n g a t e a n d c o m p r e s s e d ; its d e p t h 8 . 3 t o 1 0 .5 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th .
H e a d le n g th 3 . 8 to 4 .1 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; s n o u t s h a r p ly c o n ic a l, lo w e r j a w s h a r p ly p o in te d a n d e x t e n d s
c o n s id e r a b ly b e y o n d u p p e r ja w ; t ip o f b o t h j a w s w it h s m a ll c o n ic a l d e r m a l p r o c e s s e s ; 3 f a n g s a n t e r io r ly in
e a c h s id e o f u p p e r ja w , u s u a lly 3 f a n g s d e p r e s s ib le a n d r e m a in in g o n e s im m o v a b le ; 1 p a ir o f s lig h t ly e lo n g a t e
t o o t h a n t e r io r ly o n e a c h s id e o f lo w e r ja w ; la t e r a l t e e t h in j a w s c o n ic a l, t h o s e in lo w e r j a w m u c h la r g e r t h a n
t h o s e in u p p e r ja w ; v o m e r e d e n t a t e ; s m a ll t e e t h o n p a la t in e s . F ir s t d o r s a l fin r a t h e r h ig h a n d its b a s e lo n g
w it h X V I I t o X I X
s p in e s , t h e s e c o n d d o r s a l fin
a b o u t a s h ig h a s f ir s t d o r s a l f in , w it h I s m a ll s p in e
a n d 1 6 o r 1 7 s o f t r a y s ; a n a l fin a litt le s m a l le r t h a n
s e c o n d d o r s a l f in , w it h I s m a ll s p in e a n d 1 6 o r 1 7
s o f t r a y s ; p e c t o r a l f in le n g t h a lit t le s h o r t e r t h a n
s n o u t le n g th , w it h I s m a ll s p in e a n d 1 3 o r 1 4 s o f t
r a y s ; p e lv ic f in s w e ll d e v e lo p e d , a b o u t a s lo n g a s
p e c t o r a l f in s w it h I s p in e a n d 5 s o f t r a y s . T w o
la t e r a l lin e s , t h e u p p e r f o llo w in g d o r s a l c o n t o u r o f
b o d y , t h e lo w e r o r ig in a t in g b e lo w f o u r t h d o r s a l- f in
s p in e o r s ii g h t ly b e h in d it, r u n n in g m id - la t e r a lly .
B o d y c o v e r e d w it h s m a ll, t h in c y c lo id s c a le s . V e r ­
t e b r a e t o t a l 3 4 , in c lu d in g
c a u d a l.
Colour:
20
B o d y d a rk
p re c a u d a l a n d
b ro w n
w ith
14
s li g h t ly
m e t a l lic r e f le c t io n s , s o m e t i m e s s li g h t ly p a le r o n
b e lly ;
b la c k
m a r k in g s
on
f ir s t d o r s a l - f in
60*
m em ­
b r a n e , o t h e r f in s w i t h o u t a n y m a r k in g s .
20*
Geographical Distribution:
In d d -W e s t
k a id o
P a c if ic :
( N o rth e rn
a ro u n d
I s la n d ) ,
D is tr ib u te d
Japan
in
except
K y u s y u - P a la u
20*
40*
60*
10*
th e
H ok­
R id g e ,
Fig. 97
Snake M ackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
T a iw a n ,
New
C a le d o n ia ,
New
57
H e b r id e s ,
M a la c c a
S t r a it s , A n d a m a n
S e a , w e s te rn
A u s t r a lia ,
a ro u n d
M a d a g a s c a r , L a R e u n io n , S a y a d e M a lh a B a n k , e a s t c o a s t o f S o u t h A f r ic a a n d R e d S e a ( F ig . 9 7 ) .
Habitat and Biology:
M e s o b e n t h o p e la g ic , d o w n to d e p t h s o f 4 0 0 m o r m o r e , o f t e n a t s u r f a c e a t n ig h t a r o u n d
O k in a w a . T h e la r g e s t p o p u la t io n s a r e p r o b a b ly o n t h e s lo p e o f s e a m o u n t s o r r id g e s . S p o r a d ic a lly r e c o r d e d .
F e e d s o n a v a r i e t y o f m e s o p e la g ic f is h , s q u id a n d c r u s t a c e a n s .
S iz e : M a x im u m
1 .5 m s t a n d a r d le n g th , c o m m o n 5 0 to 1 0 0 c m .
Interest to Fisheries:
N o s p e c ia l f is h e r y f o r t h is s p e c ie s . M a r k e t e d f r e s h in O k in a w a , J a p a n , b u t r a r e ly
c a u g h t.
Local Names:
Literature:
J A P A N : N a g a t a c h i- k a m a s u , N a g a n ja ; T H A I L A N D : P ia I n s e e S a a k .
M a t s u b a r a a n d Iw a i ( 1 9 5 2 ) ; F o r s t e r e t a l. ( 1 9 7 0 ) ; F o u r m a n o ir a n d R iv a t o n ( 1 9 7 9 ) ; N a k a m u r a
( 1 9 8 0 , 1 9 8 4 a , b , 1 9 8 6 b a n d c ); W o n g r a t a n a ( 1 9 8 0 ) ; F o u r m a n o ir ( 1 9 8 2 ) ; G lo e r f e lt - T a r p a n d K a ilo la ( 1 9 8 4 ) ;
P a r in a n d P r u t k o ( 1 9 8 5 ) ; S h c h e r b a c h e v ( 1 9 8 7 ) ;
Thyrsitops
Thyrsitops
P a r in a n d P a x t o n ( 1 9 9 0 ) .
GEMP Thyrsi
G ili , 18 62
G ili, 1 8 6 2 : 1 2 5 . T y p e s p e c ie s ,
Thyrsites lepidopoides
C u v ie r in C u v . a n d V a l. , 1 8 3 1 , b y o r ig in a l
d e s ig n a t io n ( a ls o m o n o t y p ic ) .
Synonyms:
N one.
Diagnostic Features:
Species:
See
s p e c ie s .
A s in g le s p e c ie s r e c o g n iz e d s o fa r .
Thyrsitops lepidopoides
Thyrsites Lepidopoides
Synonyms:
C u v ie r , 1831
GEMP Thyrsi 1
F ig . 9 8
C u v ie r in C u v . a n d
V a l. ,
1 8 3 1 :2 0 5 ,
p i. 2 2 0
( A t la n t ic O c e a n ) .
N one.
FAO Names: En
- W h it e s n a k e m a c k e r e l;
Fr
- E s c o lie r b la n c ;
Sp
- E s c o l a r s ie r r a .
spinescent
gili rakers
Fig. 98 Thyrsitops lepidopoides
(a d a p te d fr o m P a rin a n d B e c k e r, 1972)
ç\r\r\(\ç\r\(\^c\ ï\ ïnï\ ï\ ( \ iNrvtMN'
FIRST GILL ARCH
ANGULAR GILL RAKER ENLARGED
58
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
Field Characters:
B o d y s e m if u s if o r m a n d s lig h t ly c o m p r e s s e d . H e a d m o d e r a t e in s iz e , u s u a lly 3 . 4 t o 3 . 8
t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h . S n o u t lo n g a n d s h a r p l y p o in t e d .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y s e m i f u s if o r m
a n d s li g h t ly c o m p r e s s e d ; its d e p t h 5 o r 6 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
le n g t h . H e a d le n g t h 3 . 4 t o 3 . 8 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h ; t w o s m a ll, f a ir l y s e p a r a t e d n o s t r ils , t h e a n t e r io r
n o s t r il s e m i c ir c u l a r a n d t h e p o s t e r io r n o s t r il s lit - lik e ; m o u t h la r g e , p o s t e r io r e n d o f u p p e r j a w
r e a c h in g
b e lo w m id d le o f e y e , lo w e r j a w e x t e n d s a n t e r io r t o u p p e r ja w ; s e v e r a l la r g e f a n g s in a n t e r io r p a r t o f u p p e r
ja w , n o f a n g s in lo w e r ja w ; s m a ll u n is e r ia l c a n in e t e e t h a b o u t 1 5 in u p p e r ja w , a b o u t 1 0 in lo w e r ja w ; t e e t h
o n lo w e r j a w la r g e r t h a n t h o s e o n u p p e r ja w ; m in u t e t e e t h o n v o m e r a n d p a la t in e s . G ili r a k e r s o n f ir s t
a rc h
s h o rt a n d
s p in e s c e n t,
th e
ra k e r a t th e
a n g le
m uch
la r g e r t h a n
o th e rs ;
p s e u d o b r a n c h ia e
w e ll
d e v e lo p e d . F ir s t d o r s a l f in r a t h e r lo w , w it h X V I o r X V I I s p in e s , s e c o n d d o r s a l f in a lit t le h i g h e r t h a n f ir s t
d o r s a l f in , w i t h I s m a ll s p in e a n d 1 3 t o 1 5 s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y 5 o r 6 f in le t s ; a n a l f in a l m o s t t h e s a m e in
s iz e a n d s h a p e a s s e c o n d d o r s a l fin , w i t h I m in u t e s p in e a n d 1 5 t o 1 7 s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y 3 o r 4 f in le t s ;
p e c t o r a l f in s r a t h e r s h o r t a n d s it u a t e d lo w , w it h 1 4 t o 1 6 s o f t r a y s ; le n g th o f p e lv ic f in s h a lf le n g th o f p e c t o r a l
fin s , w it h I s p in e a n d 5 s o f t r a y s . A s in g le la te r a l lin e s lig h t ly c u r v e d a n t e r io r ly , t h e n f a ir ly s t r a ig h t a n d o b liq u e .
V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 3 3 , in c lu d in g 1 7 p r e c a u d a l a n d 1 6 c a u d a l.
Geographical Distribution:
Colour:
B o d y d a r k b lu e w i t h m e t a l lic t in t .
D is t r ib u t e d o n b o t h s id e s o f
s o u t h e r n S o u t h A m e r i c a : o f f C h ile , A r g e n t in a , U r u g u a y
a n d s o u th e rn
B r a z il ( F ig . 9 9 ) .
Habitat and Biology:
M e s o b e n t h o p e l a g ic o n c o n t in e n t a l
s lo p e . M a t u r e s a t a b o u t 2 5 c m , f e e d s o n s m a ll f is h e s
( m y c t o p h id s ,
Size:
e tc .).
M a x im u m 4 0 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th , c o m m o n t o 2 5 c m .
Interest to Fisheries:
T h e w o r ld t o t a l c a t c h d e c r e a s e d
f r o m 3 8 3 1 t in 1 9 7 4 t o 1 t in 1 9 7 8 . S in c e 1 9 8 0 , n o c a t c h e s
h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d , e x c e p t f o r 2 1 t c a u g h t in 1 9 9 0 b y
A r g e n t in a in s o u t h w e s t A t la n t ic ( F A O F is h in g A r e a 4 1 ) . O f
t h e t o t a l c a t c h r e p o r t e d b e f o r e 1 9 8 0 , A r g e n t in a a c c o u n t e d
f o r o n ly 1 t o 4 1 a n n u a lly a n d t h e r e m a in d e r w a s C h ile (F A O ,
1 9 7 8 , 1 9 8 0 , 1 9 8 2 , 1 9 9 2 ) . G o o d f o r s m o k e d f is h a n d f is h
and
c h ip s .
Local Names:
A R G E N T I N A : C a b a lla b la n c a , S ie r r a ; B R A ­
Z IL : C a v a lin h a ; C H I L E : S ie r r a d e l S u r , S ie r r a ; J A P A N :
H ir a s h ib i-k a m a s u ;
R U S S I A : T ir z it o p ;
U K : W h it e
snake
m a c k e r e l.
Literature:
N i s h ik a w a
(1 9 8 7 ).
Tongaichthys
Tongaichthys
GEMP Tong
N a k a m u ra a n d F u jii, 1983
N a k a m u r a a n d F u jii, 1 9 8 3 :1 7 4 . T y p e s p e c ie s ,
b y o r ig in a l, d e s ig n a t io n
Synonyms:
Fig. 99
P a r in a n d B e c k e r ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 8 6 a ) ;
( a ls o m o n o t y p ic ) .
N one.
Diagnostic Features:
S e e s p e c ie s .
S p e c i e s : A s in g le s p e c ie s
r e c o g n iz e d s o fa r .
Tongaichthys robustus N a k a m u r a
a n d F u jii, 1 9 8 3 ,
59
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
Tongaichthys robustus N a k a m u r a
Tongaichthys robustus
a n d F u jii, 19 83
GEMP Tong 1
F ig . 1 0 0
N a k a m u r a a n d F u jii, 1 9 8 3 : 1 7 3 - 1 7 9 , f ig s 2 - 1 3 ( T o n g a R id g e , S o u t h P a c ific : 2 2 ° 1 1 'S ,
1 7 5 ° 2 4 ’W ) .
Synonyms:
None.
FAO Names: En
- T o n g a e s c o la r ;
Fr
- E s c o lie r t o n g a ;
Sp
- E s c o la r d e T o n g a .
angular raker w ith 2
row s o f fine spinules
on inner surface
L A TE R A L LINE S C A LE S
FIR ST G ILL ARCH
H Y P U R A L S A N D C A U D A L FIN RAYS
F ig . 100
Tongaichthys robustus
(a fte r N a k a m u ra a n d F u jii, 1983)
Field Characters:
3 .2
B o d y s e m i f u s if o r m
a n d s lig h t ly c o m p r e s s e d . H e a d v e r y la r g e , it s le n g t h a b o u t 3 .1 to
t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h . S n o u t s h o r t a n d r a t h e r b lu n t.
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y s e m i f u s if o r m
a n d o n ly s li g h t ly c o m p r e s s e d ; it s d e p t h 4 . 2 to 4 . 5 t im e s in
s t a n d a r d le n g th . H e a d v e r y la r g e , a b o u t 3 . 2 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; s n o u t s h o r t a n d r a t h e r b lu n t; a n t e r io r
p a r t o f u p p e r j a w w i t h 1 o r 2 ( r a r e ly 3 ) s m a ll f a n g s , n o f a n g s in lo w e r ; la t e r a l t e e t h in b o t h j a w s u n is e r ia l,
c o m p r e s s e d a n d c a n in if o r m , t h o s e o f lo w e r j a w ( a b o u t 1 0 ) la r g e r a n d m o r e w i d e l y s p a c e d t h a n t h o s e o f
u p p e r ( a b o u t 4 0 ) ; m id d le t e e t h la r g e r t h a n a n t e r io r a n d p o s t e r io r t e e t h , a b o u t 1 3 o n v o m e r , a b o u t 3 0 o n
e a c h p a la t in e . G ili r a k e r s s p i n e s c e n t w i t h
m a n y s p i n u le s o n t h e ir b a s e s , n u m e r o u s i r r e g u l a r f in e b o n y
p la t e s o n g ili a r c h e s ; lo n g e s t r a k e r w it h 2 r o w s o f f in e s p i n u le s o n its in n e r s u r f a c e , lo c a t e d a t a n g le o f
f ir s t a r c ; p s e u d o b r a n c h ia e w e ll d e v e lo p e d . F ir s t d o r s a l f in m o d e r a t e ly h ig h , w it h X V I t o X V I I s o f t a n d
f e e b le s p in e s , s e c o n d d o r s a l f in r a t h e r lo w , w it h 1 4 t o 1 7 s o f t r a y s f o llo w e d b y 5 o r 6 f in le t s ; a n a l fin a ls o
r a t h e r lo w , w it h I s m a ll s p in e , a n d 1 4 t o 1 6 s o f t r a y s f o ll o w e d b y 5 o r 6 f in le t s ; p e c t o r a l f in s s m a ll a n d
s it u a t e d r a t h e r lo w , w it h I s m a ll s p in e a n d 1 6 t o 1 8 s o f t r a y s ; p e lv ic f in s s lig h t ly s h o r t e r t h a n p e c t o r a l fin s ,
w i t h I s p in e a n d 5 s o f t r a y s ; c a u d a l f in r a y s c o v e r h y p u r a l c o m p le x d e e p ly b u t n o t c o m p le t e ly . A p a ir o f
f a in t k e e l- lik e p r o c e s s e s o n c a u d a l b a s e . A s in g le la t e r a l lin e , g r a d u a ll y d e s c e n d in g f r o m
above upper
m a r g in o f o p e r c le t o b a s e o f c a u d a l f in w it h s li g h t u n d u la t io n s . S c a l e s o n c h e e k e n la r g e d , e lo n g a t e a n d
s lig h t ly o v e r la p p in g . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 3 3 , in c lu d in g 1 8 p r e c a u d a l a n d 1 5 c a u d a l.
Colour:
B o d y d a rk b ro w n
a b o v e , s lig h t ly p a le r b e lo w ; d o r s a l p a r t o f h e a d , h in d p a r t o f e n d o f u p p e r ja w , u p p e r m a r g in o f lo w e r ja w ,
in n e r b a s e o f p e c t o r a l f in s a n d b a s e o f c a u d a l f in b r o w n b la c k ; a n t e r io r 3 o r 4 f ir s t d o r s a l f in m e m b r a n e s
a n d p r o x im a l p a r t s o f o t h e r m e m b r a n e s b la c k ; u p p e r m a r g in o f p e c t o r a l f in s a n d a n t e r io r m a r g in o f s e c o n d
d o r s a l f in s li g h t ly d a r k e n e d .
60
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
Geographical Distribution:
38
s p e c im e n s
of
t h is s p e c ie s w e r e r e p o r t e d o n ly f r o m t h e T o n g a
R id g e . S e v e r a l s p e c im e n s h a v e r e c e n t ly b e e n
c a u g h t a ro u n d
F iji ( A . D . L e w is , c o m m . ) a n d
s p e c im e n
fro m
o f f F lin d e r s
1 7 ° 3 3 ’S ,
1 4 9 °4 6 ’E
( F ig .
1
R e e f , Q u e e n s la n d :
(C S IR O
no.
H 1 1 8 5 -0 1 )
1 0 1 ).
20°
Habitat and Biology:
P r o b a b ly
m e s o p e la g ic
o r m e s o b e n t h o p e l a g ic , c a u g h t a t a b o u t 3 0 0 m
d e p th .
Size:
M a x im u m
23
to
29
cm
s ta n d a rd
le n g t h
k n o w n s o fa r .
Interest to Fisheries:
t h is
No
s p e c ia l
f is h e r y
fo r
too-
120°
180°
s p e c ie s .
Fig. 101
Local Names:
S IA :
JA P A N :
S h ib i- k a m a s u ;
RUS­
T o n g a ik h t .
Literature:
N is h ik a w a
(1 9 8 7 ).
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Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes of the World_______________________________
2.3
61
T R IC H IU R ID A E
TRICH
2.3.1 Diagnostic Features of the Family Trichiuridae
Synonyms:
L e p i d o p id a e
( in p a r t) .
FAO Names: En - C u t la s s f is h e s , H a ir t a ils ,
Sp - P e z s a b le , C in t illa , S a b le , T a ja li.
Field Characters:
S c a b b a r d f is h e s , F r o s t f is h e s ;
Fr
- S a b r e s , P o is s o n s s a b r e s ;
B o d y e x c e p t io n a lly e lo n g a t e a n d c o m p r e s s e d , w it h a s m a ll f o r k e d , o r h a ir - lik e c a u d a l
f in . O n e n o s t r il o n e a c h s id e o f s n o u t . S t r o n g t e e t h in ja w s , t h o s e a t f r o n t o f u p p e r j a w f a n g - lik e . P e lv ic
f in s a b s e n t , o r r e d u c e d t o I s c a le - lik e s p in e a n d 0 t o 2 r u d im e n t a r y s o f t r a y s .
s it u a t e d
c lo s e r to t h e
v e n tra l c o n to u r th a n
Diagnostic Features:
s m a ll f o r k e d
e x te n d s
d o rs a l c o n to u r o n
B o d y r e m a r k a b ly e l o n g a t e
c a u d a l f in .
a n te r io r to
th e
and
A s in g le la t e r a l lin e u s u a lly
p o s t e r io r p a r t o f b o d y .
c o m p re s s e d ,
r ib b o n - lik e , w it h
a t a p e r e d t a il o r
A s in g le n o s t r il o n e a c h s id e o f h e a d ; m o u t h la r g e , n o t p r o t r a c t ile ; lo w e r j a w
u p p e r ja w ;
te e th
e x t r e m e ly
s tro n g ,
f a n g - li k e
s o m e t i m e s in a n t e r io r p a r t o f lo w e r ja w . G ili r a k e r s s p in e s c e n t .
in
a n te r io r p a r t o f u p p e r ja w
and
A s in g le d o r s a l fin , r u n n in g a lm o s t t h e
e n t ir e le n g t h o f t h e b o d y , t h e s p i n o u s p o r t io n e i t h e r s h o r t a n d c o n t in u o u s w it h a v e r y s h o r t s o f t p o r t io n
(in
Assurger, Eupleurogrammus, Evoxymetopon, Lepidopus, Lepturacanthus, Tentoriceps
chiurus), o r t h e s p in o u s p a r t m o d e r a t e ly lo n g ( s lig h t ly s h o r t e r t h a n s o f t p a r t in Aphanopus) a n d
f r o m s o f t p o r t io n b y a n o t c h ( Benthodesmus); a n a l f in p r e c e d e d b y I I f r e e s p i n e s b e h in d
Tri­
and
s e p a ra te d
anus
( f ir s t
i n c o n s p ic u o u s a n d s e c o n d v a r i o u s y e n la r g e d a s a le a f - lik e o r k e e le d s c u t e , o r a s a s t o u t s p in e ) , w it h
a b s e n t o r r e d u c e d s o f t r a y s ( s o m e t i m e s r e s t r ic t e d t o p o s t e r io r p a r t o f t h e f in ) ; p e c t o r a l f in s r a t h e r s m a ll
a n d s it u a t e d m id - la t e r a ll y o r lo w e r o n s id e s ; p e lv ic f in s a b s e n t o r r e d u c e d to I f la t t e n e d s p in e a n d 0 t o 2
t in y s o f t r a y s ; c a u d a l f in e i t h e r s m a ll a n d f o r k e d o r a b s e n t . L a t e r a l lin e s in g le . S c a l e s a b s e n t . N o k e e ls
o r n o t c h o n c a u d a l p e d u n c le r e g io n . T h e r e a r e 9 g e n e r a a n d 3 2 s p e c ie s k n o w n s o fa r .
Biology, Flabitat and Distribution:
B e n t h o p e l a g i c o n c o n t in e n t a l s h e lv e s a n d s lo p e s a n d u n d e r w a t e r
r is e s , f r o m
m
s u rfa c e
to
about 2 000
d e e p , fo u n d
in t r o p i c a l t o w a r m
t e m p e r a t e w a te r s . V o r a c io u s
p r e d a t o r s f e e d in g o n f is h , s q u id a n d c r u s t a c e a n s . S p a w n in g t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r in w a r m w a t e r s . E g g s
a n d la r v a e p e la g ic .
Interest to Fisheries:
e x p lo it e d
Trichiurus, Eupleurogrammus, Lepturacanthus, Lepidopus
c o m m e r c ia l ly . T h o u g h
s o m e tim e s
a ls o
fro z e n .T h e
f le s h
d e g re e
s c a n ty ,
t o w h ic h
m e a t e x c e lle n t t o
its f le s h
e a t.
is e s t e e m e d
M a rk e te d
v a r ie s
and
Aphanopus
m o s t ly f r e s h
o r s a lt e d ,
lo c a lly .
2.3.2 Illustrated Key to the Genera of Trichiuridae:
1a.
C a u d a l f in p r e s e n t , s m a ll a n d f o r k e d ( F ig . 1 0 2 ) ; p e lv ic f in s p r e s e n t , b u t s t r o n g ly r e d u c e d
o r m o d if ie d to a s c a l e - li k e p r o c e s s ( f la t t e n e d s p in e ) w it h 0 to 2 t in y s o f t r a y s ( m a y b e
a b s e n t in s o m e s p e c ie s ) ( F ig . 1 0 2 ) .............................................................................................................................
1b.
C a u d a l f in a b s e n t , o r t a p e r in g in t o a h a ir - li k e p r o c e s s ( F ig . 1 0 3 ) ; p e lv ic f in s a b s e n t o r
m o d if ie d in t o a s c a l e - li k e p r o c e s s ( F ig . 1 0 3 ) ................................................................................................................. _>
6
caudal fin absent or a
hair-like process
caudal fin
small and
forked
r
i
pelvic fin reduced or
a flattened spine
w ith 0 - 2 soft rays—
pelvic fin absent or
a scale like process
102
Fig. 103
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
2a.
H e a d p r o f ile r is in g v e r y g r a d u a ll y f r o m t ip o f s n o u t to o r ig in o f d o r s a l f in w i t h o u t f o r m in g a
s a g it t a l c r e s t ( F ig . 1 0 4 ) ; a n o t c h b e t w e e n t h e s p i n o u s a n d s o f t p a r t o f d o r s a l f in ( F ig . 1 0 4 )
2b.
3
-»
H e a d p r o f i le w i t h a p r o m in e n t s a g it t a l c r e s t ( F ig s 1 0 5 , 1 0 6 , 1 0 7 ) ; n o n o t c h b e t w e e n t h e
s p i n o u s a n d s o f t p a r t o f d o r s a l f in ( F ig . 1 0 5 ) .......................................................................................................................4
sagittal crest
dorsal fin w ith a notch
dorsal fin w ithout a notch
Fig. 104
3a.
S p in o u s
p a r t o f d o r s a l f in
a b o u t h a l f a s lo n g
Fig. 105
a s th e
s o ft p a r t;
1 0 2 to
1 5 5 d o r s a l - f in
e l e m e n t s ................................................................................................................................................................................. Benthodesmus
3b.
S p in o u s p a r t o f d o r s a l f in o n ly s lig h t ly s h o r t e r t h a n t h e s o f t p a r t; 9 0 t o 1 0 9 d o r s a l- f in
e l e m e n t s .......................................................................................................................................................................................
4a.
Aphanopus
H e a d le n g th 7 t im e s in t o t a l le n g th ; e y e f a ir ly la r g e , s it u a t e d n e a r d o r s a l c o n t o u r ( F ig . 1 0 6 )
................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4b.
Lepidopus
H e a d le n g t h 8 t im e s in t o t a l le n g t h ; e y e m o d e r a t e in s iz e , s it u a t e d la t e r a l ly ( F ig . 1 0 7 ) ............... - »
large eyes near
dorsal contour
5
m oderate eyes
situated laterally
Fig. 106 Lepidopus
Fig. 107
5a.
D o r s a l- f in e l e m e n t s 1 1 6 t o 1 2 3
Assurger
5b.
D o r s a l- f in e l e m e n t s 81 t o 9 3 . . .
Evoxymetopon
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes of the World
63
6a.
P e lv ic f in s a b s e n t ; f r e e m a r g in o f s u b o p e r c le c o n c a v e ( F ig . 1 0 8 ) .....................................................................- >
7
6b.
P e lv ic f in s s c a le - lik e ; f r e e m a r g in o f s u b o p e r c le c o n v e x ( F ig . 1 0 9 ) .................................................................. - >
8
pectoral fin
m argin o f subopercle concave
7a.
F ir s t a n a l- f in
s p in e
la r g e ,
it s
pectoral tin
m argin o f subopercleconvex
Fig. 108
le n g th
h a lf o f e y e
d ia m e t e r ;
s o f t a n a l- f in
Fig. 109
ra y s p u n g e n t
s p in u le s b r e a k in g t h r o u g h v e n t r a l s k in ( F ig . 1 1 0 ) ; t w o s m a ll c a n in e t e e t h o n u p p e r j a w
p r o je c t s f o r w a r d ( F ig . 1 1 0 ) ; a s m a ll s lit p r e s e n t o n v e n t r a l s id e o f lo w e r j a w f o r r e c e iv in g
a n t e r io r m o s t f a n g o f u p p e r j a w ( F ig . 1 1 0 ) ....................................................................................................Lepturacanthus
7b.
F ir s t a n a l- f in
s p in e s m a ll,
it s le n g th
le s s t h a n
p u p il o f e y e ; s o f t a n a l- f in
r a y s s lig h t ly
b r e a k in g t h r o u g h v e n t r a l s k in in s m a l le r s p e c im e n s ( F ig , 1 1 1 ) ; n o c a n in e t e e t h o n u p p e r
j a w p r o je c t s f o r w a r d ( F ig . 1 1 1 ) ; n o s li t o n v e n t r a l s id e o f l o w e r j a w ( F ig . 1 1 1 ) ..................... T rich iu ru s
1st anal-fin spine large
1st anal-fin spine small
canine teeth project forw ard on upper jaw
no canine teeth project forw ard on upper jaw
small slit on underside o f jaw
Fig. 110 Lepturacanthus
8a.
no slit on underside o f jaw
Fig. I l l Trichiurus
P e c t o r a l f in s s h o r t , n o t r e a c h i n g la t e r a l lin e ( F ig . 1 1 2 ) ; a n a l- f in o r ig in b e lo w 4 7 t h t o 5 0 t h
s o f t d o r s a l- f in r a y .............................................................................................................................................................
8b.
Tentoriceps
P e c t o r a l f in s lo n g , e x t e n d i n g b e y o n d la t e r a l lin e ( F ig , 1 1 3 ) ; a n a l - f i n o r i g in b e lo w 3 1 s t to
3 5 t h o r 4 1 s t t o 4 3 r d s o f t d o r s a l - f i n r a y ............................................................................................ E u pleurogram m us
pectoral fin not
reaching lateral
pectoral tin
Fig. 112 Tentoriceps
pectoral fin extending
beyond lateral line
pectoral fin
Fig. 113 Eupleurogrammus
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64
FAQ Species Catalogue Vol. 15
2.3.3 In fo rm atio n by sp ecies
Aphanopus
Aphanopus
T R IC H A p h a
L o w e , 1839
L o w e , 1 8 3 9 :7 9 . T y p e s p e c ie s ,
Synonyms:
Aphanopus carbo
L o w e , 1839, by m o n o ty p y .
None.
Diagnostic Features: B o d y
e lo n g a te
and
c o m p re s s e d .
Head
p r o f ile
s m o o t h , g e n t ly
r is in g f r o m
t ip o f
s n o u t to d o r s a l- f in o r ig in ; f r o n t a l r id g e s n o t e le v a t e d , in t e r o r b it a l s p a c e a n d n a p e f la t t e n e d , w i t h o u t s a g it t a l
c r e s t ; lo w e r h in d m a r g in o f g ili c o v e r c o n v e x ; lo w e r j a w e x t e n d s a n t e r io r to u p p e r ja w ; t ip o f b o t h j a w s w it h
a
s h o rt d e rm a l
p ro c e s s ; ja w
d e n t it io n
in c lu d e s
a n te r io r fa n g s
and
c o m p re s s e d
tr ia n g u la r te e th ;
no
v o m e r in e t e e t h ; f e w u n is e r ia l t e e t h p r e s e n t o n p a la t in e s . G ili r a k e r s o n f ir s t a r c h s p in e s c e n t . D o r s a l fin
lo n g , w it h X X X V I I I to X L V s p in e s a n d 5 2 t o 6 5 s o f t r a y s ( t o t a l 9 0 t o 1 0 9 f in e le m e n t s ) , p a r t ly d iv id e d b y
a d e e p n o t c h , b a s e o f s p in o u s p a r t o n ly s lig h t ly s h o r t e r t h a n t h e s o f t p a r t; a n a l f in w it h I I c lo s e - s e t s p in e s ,
w e ll d e t a c h e d f r o m t h e r e s t o f f in , b u t t h e f ir s t d im in u t iv e , c o m p le t e ly c o n c e a le d in a d u lt s , t h e s e c o n d v e r y
s t r o n g , d a g g e r - li k e , a n d
4 3 to 5 4 s o ft ra y s , e x te rn a l ra y s d e v e lo p e d
m e m b r a n e s o n ly in p o s t e r io r p o r t io n o f f in b a s e ; p e c t o r a l f in s w it h
th ro u g h o u t,
b u t c o n n e c te d
w it h
1 2 r a y s ; p e lv ic f in s a b s e n t in a d u lt s
b u t p r e s e n t in ju v e n ile s a s a s in g le s p in e in s e r t e d b e f o r e b a s e o f p e c t o r a l f in s ; a s m a ll f o r k e d c a u d a l fin
p re s e n t.
Colour:
B o d y c o p p e r y b la c k w it h ir i d e s c e n t t in t . I n s id e o f m o u t h a n d g ili c a v it ie s b la c k .
Biology, Habitat and Distribution:
B e n t h o p e l a g i c o n c o n t in e n t a l s lo p e , m o s t ly f r o m
4 0 0 to 1 6 0 0 m ,
j u v e n ile s m e s o p e la g ic . F e e d s o n c e p h a lo p o d s , c r u s t a c e a n s a n d a v a r i e t y o f f is h . D is t r ib u t e d t h r o u g h o u t
t e m p e r a t e a n d t r o p ic a l o c e a n s .
Interest to Fisheries:
O f th e
f o u r s p e c ie s
in t h is
genus,
c o m m e r c ia l c a t c h e s
a re
o n ly
re p o rte d
fo r
Aphanopus carbo.
Species:
F o u r s p e c ie s r e c o g n iz e d ( P a r in , 1 9 8 3 ) b u t t h e s y s t e m a t ic s t a t u s o f t h e P a c if ic f o r m is u n c e r t a in .
Key to Species of Aphanopus:
1a.
T o t a l d o r s a l- f in e le m e n t s 1 0 4 t o 1 0 9 ; v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 1 1 1 t o 1 1 5 ................................................... A.
2b.
T o ta l
d o r s a l- fin
e le m e n ts
90
t o l02;
v e rte b ra e
to ta l 9 7
to ta l
102
to
108
to
108
mikhailini
->
2
A. intermedius
2a.
T o t a l d o r s a l - f in e l e m e n t s 9 5 t o l 0 2 ; v e r t e b r a e
2b.
T o t a l d o r s a l - f i n e l e m e n t s 9 0 t o 9 7 ; v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 9 7 t o 1 0 2 .............................................................................- »
3a.
D o r s a l- f in s p in e s 3 8 t o 4 1 ; p r e c a u d a l v e r t e b r a e 4 0 t o 4 4 ................................................................................ A.
3b.
D o r s a l- f in s p i n e s 4 1 t o 4 3 ; p r e c a u d a l v e r t e b r a e 4 4 t o 4 7 ................................................ A.
3
carbo
microphthalmus
65
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
Aphanopus carbo L o w e ,
Aphanopus carbo
1839:79
Low e,
Synonyms: Aphanopus minor
M a u i, 1948.
T R IC H A p h a 1
F ig . 1 1 4
1839
( M a d e ir a ) .
1887. Aphanopus schmidti
C o lle tt ,
S aem undsson,
1907. Aphanopus
acus
FAO Names: En
Fr
- B la c k s c a b b a r d f i s h ;
- S a b r e n o ir ;
Sp
- S a b le n e g r o .
JUVENILE
- T ^ r
(adapted from T ucker, 195G)
ADULT
(after T ucker, 195G)
Fig. 114 Aphanopus carbo
FIRST GILL ARCH
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y d e p t h 1 0 . 8 t o 1 3 . 4 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; a n u s s it u a t e d b e lo w t h e la s t 3
d o r s a l- f in s p in e s ; d is t a n c e f r o m s n o u t t o a n u s 1 .7 to 1 .8 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th . H e a d le n g th 4 . 7 t o 5 .2
t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h ; s n o u t le n g t h 2 . 3 t o 2 . 5 t im e s in h e a d le n g t h ; e y e d i a m e t e r 4 . 9 t o 5 . 8 t im e s in
h e a d le n g th ; in t e r o r b it a l w id t h 1.1 t o 1 .4 t im e s in e y e d ia m e t e r ; m a x illa r y le n g t h 2 .1 t o 2 . 2 t im e s in h e a d
le n g t h . D o r s a l f in w it h X X X V I I I t o X L
( r a r e ly X L I ) s p in e s , a n d 5 2 t o 5 6 s o f t r a y s ( t o t a l 9 0 t o 9 6 f in
e le m e n t s ) ; a n a l f in w it h I I s p in e s , s it u a t e d b e lo w s e c o n d to f if t h d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y , a n d 4 4 t o 4 8 ( r a r e ly
4 3 ) s o f t r a y s . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 9 7 to 1 0 0 , in c lu d in g 4 0 t o 4 4 p r e c a u d a l a n d 5 5 t o 6 0
Geographical Distribution:
c a u d a l.
O n b o t h s id e s a n d
a t u n d e r w a t e r r is e s o f N o r th A t la n t ic f r o m D e n ­
m a r k S t r a it t o a b o u t 3 0 ° N ( F ig . 1 1 5 ).
60*
Flabitat and Biology:
B e n th o p e la g ic fro m 2 0 0
t o 1 6 0 0 m , j u v e n ile s m e s o p e la g ic . M ig r a t e s to
m id w a t e r a t n ig h t a n d f e e d s o n c r u s t a c e a n s ,
c e p h a lo p o d s
and
f is h e s
( m o s t ly
«0*
m a c r o u r id s ,
m o r id s a n d a l e p o c e p h a l u s ) . M a t u r e s a t 8 0 to
8 5 c m . S p a w n s w e s t o f t h e B r it is h
I s le s f r o m
20*
«sc* *►.■.
N o v e m b e r to A p r il a t d e p t h s f r o m 7 0 0 to 9 0 0 m .
Size:
M a x im u m
1 1 0 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th .
Interest to Fisheries:
p o r t e d e n t ir e ly f r o m
C o m m e r c ia l
c a tc h
re ­
P o r t u g a l w it h t o t a l a n n u a l
la n d in g s ( p r o b a b ly in c lu d in g
A. intermedius
o ff
20*
M a d e ir a ) f r o m 4 6 1 3 t o 6 8 6 5 t ( 1 9 8 5 to 1 9 9 0 )
( F A O , 1 9 9 2 ) , in c lu d in g u p t o 1 0 0 0 t w h ic h is
40*
c a u g h t o f f M a d e ir a w it h a s p e c ia liz e d c o m m e r ­
c ia l d e e p w a t e r lo n g lin e ( M a u i, 1 9 5 0 ) . A p p e a r s
a s b y c a t c h in t h e t r a w l f is h e r y w e s t o f t h e B r itis h
I s le s , a lo n g
C o rn e r
R is e .
th e
M id d le - A t la n t i c R id g e
and
at
80 *
60 *
20°
0*
20*
Fig. 115
40*
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
66
Local Names:
F R A N C E : O p h a n o p e c a r b o n , S a b r e n o ir ; G E R M A N Y : S c h w a r z e r D e g e n f is c h ; J A P A N :
K u r o t a c h i- m o d o k i; P O R T U G A L : E s p a d a p r e t a ( in c l. M a d e ir a ) ; R U S S I A : U g o ln a y a r y b a - s a b ly a ; S P A I N :
S a b le n e g r o ; U K , U S A : B la c k s c a b b a r d fis h .
Literature:
T u c k e r a n d P a lm e r ( 1 9 4 9 ) ; T u c k e r ( 1 9 5 0 ) ; T e m p le m a n a n d S q u ir e s ( 1 9 6 3 , in p a r t) ; W h e e le r
( 1 9 6 9 ) ; Z ila n o v a n d S h e p e l ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; K u k u e v ( 1 9 8 2 , in p a r t) ; P a r in ( 1 9 8 3 , 1 9 8 6 ) ; N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 8 4 b ) .
Aphanopus intermedius Parin, 1983
Aphanopus intermedius
Synonyms:
T R IC H A p h a 2
F ig . 1 1 6
P a r in , 1 9 8 3 :3 5 8 ( o f f C o n g o a n d A n g o la , e a s t e r n A t la n t ic O c e a n ) .
None.
FAO Names: En
- I n t e r m e d ia t e s c a b b a r d f is h ;
Fr
- P o is s o n s a b r e t a c h u o ;
Sp
- S a b le in t e r m e d io .
J U V E N LE
(adapted from P arin and Becker, 1972)
ADULT
Fig. 116 Aphanopus intermedius
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y d e p t h 1 2 .0 to 1 6 . 4 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; a n u s s it u a t e d b e lo w t h e t h ir d f r o m
t h e la s t d o r s a l- f in s p in e , to t h e f ir s t d o r s a l- f in s o f t ra y ; d is t a n c e f r o m s n o u t to a n u s 1 .8 to 1 .9 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
le n g th . H e a d le n g t h 4 . 9 to 5 . 5 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h ; s n o u t le n g t h 2 . 3 to 2 . 6 t im e s in h e a d le n g t h ; e y e
d i a m e t e r 5 . 0 to 6 . 0 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; in t e r o r b it a l w id t h 1 .2 to 1 .4 t im e s in e y e d ia m e t e r ; m a x illa r y le n g th
2 .0
t o 2 . 2 t im e s in h e a d le n g th . D o r s a l fin w it h X L to X L I V ( r a r e ly X X X I X ) s p in e s a n d w it h 5 4 to 5 9 s o f t r a y s
( t o t a l 9 6 to 1 0 2 ( r a r e ly 9 5 ) f in e le m e n t s ) ; a n a l fin w it h II s p in e s s it u a t e d b e lo w t h e t h ir d to s ix t h d o r s a l- f in s o f t
r a y s , a n d 4 6 t o 5 0 s o f t r a y s . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 1 0 2 t o 1 0 8 , in c lu d in g 4 3 to 4 7 p r e c a u d a l a n d 5 7 to 6 1 c a u d a l.
Geographical Distribution:
T r o p ic a l a n d s u b t r o p ic a l A t la n t ic O c e a n ; in t h e N o r th P a c if ic o f f J a p a n , K u r il
Is la n d s , H a w a ii, a n d B r it is h C o lu m b ia to C a lif o r n ia ; a n d in t h e S o u t h P a c if ic o f f A u s t r a lia a n d P e r u ( F ig . 1 1 7 ).
60*
40*
20*
Fig. 117
67
Snake M ackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
Habitat and Biology:
(1000 m).
Size:
M a x im u m
B e n th o p e la g ic fr o m
Literature:
(a s
3 0 0 to 5 0 0 m
1 0 0 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th .
Interest to Fisheries:
Local Names:
8 0 0 t o 1 3 5 0 m ju v e n i l e s m e s o p e la g ic f r o m
N o s p e c ia l f is h e r y f o r t h is s p e c ie s .
J A P A N : K u r o t a c h i- m o d o k i; U S A : B la c k s c a b b a r d f is h .
A. carbo
or
Aphanopus
s p . ) T e m p l e m a n a n d S q u ir e s ( 1 9 6 3 , in p a r t) ; P a r in a n d B e c k e r
( 1 9 7 2 ) ; F it c h a n d G o t s h a ll ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; P e d e n ( 1 9 7 4 ) ; C la r k e a n d W a g n e r ( 1 9 7 6 ) ; P a r in a n d G o lo v a n ( 1 9 7 6 ) ;
P a r in e t a l. ( 1 9 7 8 ) ; H o w e e t a l. ( 1 9 8 0 ) ; M ik h a ilin ( 1 9 8 2 ) ; P a r in a n d S a z o n o v ( 1 9 8 2 ) ; K u k u e v ( 1 9 8 2 , in
p a r t) ; P a r in ( 1 9 8 3 , 1 9 9 0 b ,c ) ; N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 8 4 b ) ;
Aphanopus microphthalmus Norman, 1939
Aphanopus microphthalmus
Synonyms:
N o rm a n ,
B o re ts
(1 9 8 6 ).
F ig . 1 1 8
1 9 3 9 : 7 1 , f ig . 2 5
T R IC H A p h a 3
( G u lf o f A d e n ) .
N one.
FAO Names: En
- S m a lle y e s c a b b a r d f is h ;
Fr
- P o is s o n s a b r e p e t it s y e u x ;
Sp
- S a b le o jit o .
Fig. 118 Aphanopus microphthalmus
(a d a p te d fr o m N o rm a n , 1939)
Diagnostic Features:
m a te
d o r s a l - f in
B o d y d e p th 9 .5 to
s p in e t o f ir s t d o r s a l - f in
1 2 . 2 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h ; a n u s s it u a t e d
s o ft ra y ; d is ta n c e fro m
s n o u t to
anus
b e lo w p e n u lt i­
1 .8 t im e s
in s t a n d a r d
le n g t h . H e a d le n g t h 4 . 3 t o 5 . 0 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h ; s n o u t le n g t h 2 . 2 t o 2 . 5 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ;
e y e - d i a m e t e r 5 . 4 to 6 . 2 t im e s in h e a d le n g t h ; in t e r o r b it a l
w id t h 1 .1 t o 1 .4 t im e s in e y e d ia m e t e r ; m a x i lla r y le n g t h 2 . 0
t o 2 .1
t im e s in h e a d
le n g t h . D o r s a l f in w i t h X L I t o X L I I I
s p in e s a n d 5 3 t o 5 5 s o f t r a y s ( t o t a l 9 4 t o 9 7 f in e le m e n t s ) ;
a n a l f in w it h I I
s ix t h
d o r s a l - f in
s p in e s ,
it s o r i g in
s it u a t e d
b e lo w t h ir d
40 *
to
s o ft ra y s , a n d 4 3 to 4 6 s o ft ra y s . V e r te ­
b r a e t o t a l 9 9 t o 1 0 2 , in c lu d in g 4 4 t o 4 7 p r e c a u d a l a n d 5 4
t o 5 6 c a u d a l.
20 *
Geographical Distribution:
W e s te rn
I n d ia n
O cean; one
s p e c im e n c o lle c t e d a t W a lv i s R id g e in t h e e a s t e r n S o u t h
A t la n t ic
( F ig .
w
1 1 9 ).
Habitat and Biology:
S iz e : M a x im u m
B e n t h o p e l a g i c f r o m 8 1 0 to 1 0 2 0 m .
94 cm .
Interest to Fisheries:
None.
Local Names:
Literature:
(1 9 7 9 , a s
F o r s t e r e t a l. ( 1 9 7 0 , a s A . c a r b o ) ; P io t r o v s k y
A. carbo,
in p a r t) ; P a k h o r u k o v ( 1 9 8 1 , a s
A. carbo,
in p a r t) ; P a r in ( 1 9 8 3 ) ; N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 8 6 c ) ; S h c h e r b a c h e v e t
a l.
(1 9 8 6 ).
20 *
0*
20*
40 *
Fig. 119
60 '
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
68
Aphanopus m ikhailini
Aphanopus m ikhailini
Synonyms:
P a r in , 1 9 8 3
T R IC H A p h a 4
F ig . 1 2 0
P a r in , 1 9 8 3 : 3 5 6 ( W a l t e r s S h o a l s , w e s t e r n S o u t h I n d ia n O c e a n ) .
N one.
FAO Names: En
- M i k h a i l i n i s c a b b a r d f is h ;
Fr
- P o is s o n s a b r e ja r r e t iè r e ;
Sp
- S a b le d e M ik h a il in .
i
i
2nd anal-fin
dagger like
CAUDAL
D O R S A L V IE W OF HEAD
FRONT VIEW OF
U PP ER HEA D
FIN
F ig . 120
Aphanopus mikhailini
(a d a p te d fr o m
Diagnostic Features:
P a rin , 1983)
B o d y d e p t h 1 1 .4 to 1 5 .1 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; a n u s s it u a t e d b e lo w p e n u lt im a t e
o r la s t d o r s a l- f in s p in e ; d is t a n c e f r o m s n o u t t o a n u s 1 .8 t o 1 .9 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th . H e a d le n g t h 5 .1
t o 6 . 0 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; s n o u t le n g t h 2 . 2 t o 2 . 4 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; e y e d i a m e t e r 4 . 8 to 5 . 6 t im e s
in h e a d le n g th ; in t e r o r b it a l w id t h 1 .3 to 1 .7 t im e s in e y e d ia m e t e r ; m a x illa r y le n g th 2 . 0 to 2 . 2 t im e s in h e a d
le n g th . D o r s a l fin w it h X L I I I t o X L V s p in e s a n d 6 1 to 6 5 s o f t r a y s ( t o t a l 1 0 4 to 1 0 9 f in e le m e n t s ) ; a n a l fin
w it h I I s p in e s , its o r ig in s it u a t e d b e lo w t h ir d t o f o u r t h d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y , a n d 51 to 5 4 s o f t r a y s . V e r t e b r a e
t o t a l 1 1 1 to 1 1 5 , in c lu d in g 4 8 to 51 p r e c a u d a l a n d 6 3 t o 6 5 c a u d a l.
Geographical Distribution:
In t h e S o u t h A t la n t ic O c e a n o f f A r g e n t in a , N a m ib ia a n d a t W a lv i s R id g e ,
a n d in t h e S o u t h I n d ia n O c e a n o n s e a m o u n t s o f f M o z a m b iq u e a n d t h e W e s t A u s t r a lia n R id g e s ( F ig . 1 2 1 ).
20“
60 *
20*
40*
60*
WO*
120*
U0*
WO*
100«
80*
Fig. 121
69
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
Habitat and Biology:
Size:
B e n th o p e la g ic fr o m
1 0 3 5 to 2 0 0 0 m .
M a x im u m 8 2 c m .
Interest to Fisheries:
N one.
Local Names:
Literature:
P io t r o v s k y
( 1 9 8 6 c ) ; P a r in
Assurger W
Assurger W
( a ls o
(1 9 7 9 ,
A. carbo,
as
in
p a r t) ;
M ik h a ilin
(1 9 8 2 ,
as
Aphanopus
s p .);
N a k a m u ra
(1 9 9 0 c ).
T R IC H A s s u r
h itle y , 19 33
h it le y , 1 9 3 3 : 8 4 . T y p e s p e c ie s ,
Evoxymetopon anzac
A le x a n d e r , 1 9 1 6 , b y o r ig in a l d e s ig n a t io n
m o n o ty p ic ).
Synonyms:
None.
Diagnostic Features:
S e e s p e c ie s .
Biology, Habitat and Distribution:
R a r e b e n t h o p e la g ic f is h , p r o b a b ly w i d e l y d is t r i b u t e d
in a ll w a r m
oceans.
Interest to Fisheries:
Species:
N o s p e c ia l f is h e r y .
A s in g le s p e c ie s .
Assurger anzac ( A le x a n d e r ,
Evoxymetopon anzac
A le x a n d e r ,
Synonyms: Assurger alexanderi
FAO Names: En
T R IC H A s s u r 1
F ig . 1 2 2
1916)
1 9 1 6 :1 0 4 ,
p i. 7
( F r e e m a n t le , W e s t e r n A u s t r a lia ) .
W h it le y , 1 9 3 3 .
- R a z o r b a c k s c a b b a r d f is h ;
Fr
- P o is s o n s a b r e r a s o ir ;
Sp
- S a b le a s e r r a d o .
13 or 14 en­
larged basal
plates
FIR S T G ILL A RCH
HEA D
(a fte r P a rin a n d B e c k e r, 1972)
F R O N T V IE W OF
U PP ER HEA D
D O R S A L V IE W OF HEA D
Fig. 122 Assurger anzac
(adapted from Parin and Mikhailin, 1981)
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
70
Field Characters:
C a u d a l f in p r e s e n t . S a g it t a l c r e s t d e v e lo p e d o n in t e r o r b it a l s p a c e a n d n a p e . U p p e r
h e a d p r o f ile g e n t le . B o d y d e p t h 2 5 to 2 8 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y v e r y e lo n g a t e a n d r e m a r k a b ly c o m p r e s s e d ; m a x im u m d e p t h 2 5 .1 to 2 8 . 0
t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h ; a n u s s it u a t e d b e lo w t h e 4 0 t h t o 4 2 n d d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y . H e a d le n g t h 1 2 .1 to
1 3 .5
t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; s n o u t le n g t h 2 . 5 t o 2 . 6 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; u p p e r h e a d p r o f ile s t r a ig h t o r
s c a r c e ly c o n v e x , g e n t ly r is in g f r o m t ip o f s n o u t to d o r s a l- f in o r ig in ; f r o n t a l c r e s t s c o n f lu e n c e a t n a r e s le v e l;
in t e r o r b it a l s p a c e a n d n a p e c o n v e x , w it h s a g it t a l c r e s t s t r o n g ly e le v a t e d ; lo w e r h in d m a r g in o f g ili c o v e r
c o n v e x ; e y e d i a m e t e r 7 . 4 t o 8 . 0 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; in t e r o r b it a l w id t h 1.1 t o 1 .2 t im e s in e y e d ia m e t e r ;
m a x illa r y le n g t h 3 .1 to 3 . 3 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; lo w e r j a w e x t e n d s a n t e r io r t o u p p e r ja w ; t ip o f b o t h j a w s
w it h a s h o r t d e r m a l p r o c e s s ; a n t e r io r ly in lo w e r ja w , 3 p a ir s o f f a n g s ; a s in g le p a ir o f s m a l le r f a n g s a t t ip
o f lo w e r ja w . G ili r a k e r s s p in e s c e n t , e n la r g e d b a s a l p la t e s 1 3 o r 1 4 . D o r s a l f in w it h a f e w w e a k a n t e r io r
s p in e s h a r d ly d if f e r in g f r o m t h e s o f t r a y s , d o r s a l- f in e l e m e n t s 1 1 6 to 1 2 3 ; f ir s t a n a l- f in s p in e r u d im e n t a r y ,
s e c o n d s p in e s c a le - lik e , a n a l- f in s p i n e s in s e r t e d b e lo w 4 2 n d to 4 4 t h s o f t d o r s a l- f in r a y , t o t a l 7 4 to 8 7
a n a l- f in e le m e n t s , w it h o n ly 1 4 t o 1 7 e x t e r n a l s o f t r a y s , c o n f in e d to p o s t e r io r p o r t io n o f t h e f in ; p e c t o r a l
f in s w it h
1 2 s o f t r a y s , t r ia n g u la r , w it h
a n t e r io r r a y s m u c h s h o r t e r t h a n
p o s t e r io r r a y s ; p e lv ic f in s o f I
s c a l e - li k e s p in e a n d 1 t in y s o f t r a y , in s e r t e d b e lo w e ig h t h o r n in t h d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y a n d w it h a d is t a n c e
o f 1 .5 to 1 .6 e y e d ia m e t e r s b e h in d t h e p o s t e r io r p a r t o f p e c t o r a l- f in b a s e ; s m a ll f o r k e d c a u d a l f in p r e s e n t.
L a t e r a l lin e f a ir ly s t r a ig h t . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 1 2 5 t o 1 2 9 , in c lu d in g 4 2 to 4 3 p r e c a u d a l a n d 8 3 to 8 6 c a u d a l.
Colour:
B o d y s ilv e r y , d o r s a l- f in m e m b r a n e b la c k b e f o r e t h ir d t o f o u r t h s o f t ra y .
Geographical Distribution:
K n o w n f r o m o f f P u e r t o R ic o a n d U r u g u a y ( s p e c im e n s a t I n s t it u t f ü r S e e f is ­
c h e r e i, U n iv e r s i t ä t H a m b u r g ( I S H ) w e r e c o lle c t e d f r o m
3 2 ° 4 4 ’S , 4 8 ° 4 3 ’W ) a n d a t W a lv i s R id g e in t h e
A t la n t ic , o f f w e s t e r n A u s t r a lia in t h e I n d ia n O c e a n , a n d in t h e P a c if ic o f f N e w G u in e a , s o u t h e r n . J a p a n ,
M id w a y Is la n d , C a lif o r n ia , N a z c a a n d S a la y G o m e z R id g e s ( F ig . 1 2 3 ).
20*
Habitat and Biology:
o n f is h e s ( in c lu d in g
Size:
P r o b a b ly b e n t h o p e la g ic f r o m
Englauris mordax
and
1 5 0 t o 4 0 0 m , ju v e n ile s e p i- o r m e s o p e la g ic . F e e d s
Merluccius productus
o f f C a lif o r n ia ) a n d s q u id
M a x im u m 2 2 5 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th .
Interest to Fisheries:
N o s p e c ia l f is h e r y f o r t h is s p e c ie s .
Local Names:
N a g a y u m e - t a c h im o d o k i.
Literature:
JAPAN :
K a m o h a r a ( 1 9 5 2 ) ; T u c k e r ( 1 9 5 6 ) ; B a c k u s e t a l. ( 1 9 6 9 ) ; P a r in a n d B e c k e r ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; F it c h a n d
G o t s h a ll ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; A b e e t a l. ( 1 9 7 4 ) ; P a r in a n d M ik h a ilin ( 1 9 8 1 ) ; N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 8 4 b ) ; P a r in ( 1 9 9 0 b ) .
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71
Snake M ackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
Benthodesmus G o o d e
Benthodesmus
TRICH Benth
and B e a n , 1882
G o o d e a n d B e a n , 1 8 8 2 :3 8 0 . T y p e s p e c ie s ,
Lepidopus elongatus
C la r k e , 1 8 7 9 , b y o r ig in a l
d e s ig n a t io n ( a ls o m o n o t y p ic ) .
Synonyms:
N one.
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y e x t r e m e ly e l o n g a t e
and
c o m p re s s e d .
Head
p r o f ile s m o o t h , g e n t ly
r is in g
f r o m t ip o f s n o u t to o r ig in o f d o r s a l f in ; f r o n t a l r id g e s n o t e le v a t e d , n a p e f la t t e n e d w i t h o u t s a g it t a l c r e s t ;
lo w e r h in d m a r g in o f g ili c o v e r c o n v e x ; lo w e r j a w e x t e n d s a n t e r io r to u p p e r ja w ; t ip s o f b o t h j a w s w it h a
s h o r t d e r m a l p r o c e s s in la r g e r s p e c im e n s ; j a w d e n t it io n in c lu d e s a n t e r io r f a n g s a n d s lig h t ly c o m p r e s s e d
la t e r a l t e e t h ; n o v o m e r in e t e e t h ; u n is e r ia l t e e t h p r e s e n t o n p a la t in e s . G ili r a k e r s o n f ir s t a r c h s p in e s c e n s
D o rs a l fin lo n g , w ith X X X I to X L V I s p in e s a n d 6 8 to 1 1 2 s o ft r a y s (to ta l 1 0 2 to 1 5 5 fin e le m e n ts ) , p a r tia lly d iv id e d
b y a s h a llo w n o tc h , b a s e o f s p in o u s p a r t a b o u t h a lf a s lo n g a s b a s e o f s o f t p a rt; a n a l fin w it h I I s p in e s c lo s e ly
d r a w n to g e th e r , t h e fir s t r u d im e n ta r y , c o m p le te ly c o n c e a le d in a d u lts , th e s e c o n d w ith a d e lic a te c a r d ifo r m s h a p e ,
w e ll d e t a c h e d f r o m t h e r e s t o f t h e fin , a n d 6 4 to 1 0 2 s o f t ra y s , e x t e r n a l r a y s d e v e lo p e d t h r o u g h o u t o r c o n f in e d
to p o s t e r io r p o r t io n o f t h e fin ; p e c t o r a l f in s w it h 1 2 s o f t r a y s ; p e lv ic f in s d im in u t iv e , c o m p o s e d o f a s c a le - lik e
s p in e a n d a r u d im e n t a r y s o f t ra y , in s e r te d b e fo r e , b e lo w o r b e h in d b a s e o f p e c to r a l fin s ; s m a ll f o r k e d c a u d a l fin
p r e s e n t.
Colour:
B o d y s ilv e r y , ja w s a n d o p e r c le b la c k is h . In s id e o f m o u th a n d g ili c a v it ie s b la c k .
Biology, Habitat and Distribution:
B e n th o p e la g ic , m o s t ly a t u p p e r t o m id d le c o n t in e n t a l s lo p e ( 2 0 0 to 9 6 0 m ),
ju v e n ile s e p i- to m e s o p e la g ic . F e e d s o n a v a r ie t y o f f i s h , s q u id a n d c r u s t a c e a n s . D is t r ib u t e d in a ll t e m p e r a t e
and
t r o p ic a l
oceans.
Interest to Fisheries:
Species:
N one.
E le v e n s p e c ie s , e ig h t o f w h ic h w e r e r e c o g n iz e d in r e c e n t r e v is io n ( P a r in a n d B e c k e r , 1 9 7 2 ) . In
a d d itio n , a t le a s t t w o u n d e s c r ib e d s p e c ie s a r e k n o w n f r o m ju v e n ile s p e c im e n s in t h e e a s te r n t r o p ic a l P a c ific a n d
o f f R y u k y u I s la n d s . T h e p o s s ib ilit y t h a t
B. tenuis
r e p r e s e n t s a c o m p le x o f d if f e r e n t s p e c ie s is c u r r e n t ly b e in g
s t u d ie d b y N . P a r in .
Illustrated Key to Species of Benthodesmus:
1a.
P e lv ic f in s in s e r t e d b e f o r e o r b e lo w p e c t o r a l- f in b a s e ( F ig . 1 2 4 ) ..................................................................
->
2
1b.
P e lv ic f in s in s e r t e d b e h in d p e c t o r a l- f in b a s e ( F ig . 1 2 4 ) ......................................................................................... - >
8
Û M
M
ïïî
pectoral-fin base
pelvic fin
b e fo re or b elo w
2a.
->• <r-
b e h in d
124 P e lv ic -fm
p o s itio n
D o r s a l- f in s p in e s X X X I t o X X X I V , t o t a l d o r s a l- f in e l e m e n t s 1 0 2 to 1 0 5 ; v e r t e b r a e t o t a l
B. oligoradiatus
1 0 5 to 1 0 9
2b.
F ig .
D o r s a l- fin s p in e s X X X I V to X L I V , t o ta l d o r s a l- f in e le m e n t s 1 1 3 to 1 5 0 ; v e r t e b r a e to ta l
1 1 9 t o I5 5 ( F i g . 1 2 5 )
102 to 105 dorsal-fin elements
Fig. 125 B. oligoradiatus
72
3a.
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
T o t a l d o r s a l- f in e l e m e n t s 1 5 0 ; a n a l f in w it h 1 0 2 s o f t r a y s ; v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 1 5 5 ( F ig . 1 2 6 )
B. papua
3b.
T o t a l d o r s a l- f in e le m e n t s 1 1 3 to 1 3 7 ; a n a l f in w it h 6 9 t o 9 2 s o f t r a y s ; v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 1 1 9
to 1 4 2
->
4
150 dorsal-fin elem ents
Fig. 126 B. papua
4 a . T o t a l d o r s a l- f in e l e m e n t s 1 1 3 to 1 2 9 ; v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 1 1 9 t o 1 3 2 ..................................................................... - > 5
4 b . T o t a l d o r s a l- f in e l e m e n t s 1 2 9 t o 1 3 7 ; v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 1 3 3 t o 1 4 2 .......................................................................- » 7
5 a . D o r s a l- f in
B. tenuis
s p in e s X X X V I I I to X L I I ( F ig . 1 2 7 )
5 b . D o r s a l- f in s p in e s X X X I V t o X X X V I I
->
6
38 to 42 dorsal-fin spines
¿ zm zz r f tr r r m / fifï if iiiliir r n , ^ ¡jm rm rrntm m ntrnmT-,
Fig. 127 B. tenuis
6a.
A n a l f in w i t h 7 0 t o 7 6 s o f t r a y s ; v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 1 1 9 t o 1 2 4 ( F ig . 1 2 8 ) ................. B.
macrophthalmus
6b.
A n a l f in w it h 8 0 t o 8 4 s o f t r a y s ; v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 1 2 6 t o 1 2 9 ( F ig . 1 2 9 ) .......................................... B.
neglectus
TTrrrrrr^mr/H H T H rr rn rnrrr
W Ti,r>aca-ca,a.iJM qj^crm m M m rrrrrnm m r,r^m Tm m m .r
......
to 84 anal-fin soft rays
70 to 76 anal-fin soft rays
Fig. 128 B. macrophthalmus
la.
Fig. 129 B. neglectus
D o r s a l- f in s p in e s X X X I X - X L I V , a n a l f in w it h 7 3 to 8 3 s o f t r a y s ; a n a l- f in s p in e s s it u a t e d
b e lo w t h e 8 t h t o 11 th d o r s a l - f in s o f t r a y ( F ig . 1 3 0 ) .......................................................................................... B.
7b.
tuckeri
D o r s a l- f in s p i n e s X X X V I - X X X I X , a n a l f in w i t h 8 6 t o 9 2 s o f t r a y s ; a n a l - f i n s p i n e s s it u a t e d
b e lo w th e
s e c o n d to s ix th
d o r s a l- f in
s o f t r a y ( F ig .
B. Suluensis
131)
36 to 39 dorsal-fin spines
W.uuuuuiimueumwu<ni&&na™MusBítífis¡uui-
S) *• •••'••. ;.,
».t.- ■
■.... '••- VV'VVv'vV'l^
■ \ 1
—
'■'L:V~7—
......
^ -------- m i m . i U i i n i n i r m i j i i n u T
39 to 44 dorsal-fin spines
... .....
to 92 anal-fin soft rays
73 to 83 anal-fin soft rays
Fig. 130 B. tuckeri
Fig. 131 B. suluensis
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes of the W orld
8a.
73
T o t a l d o r s a l - f i n e l e m e n t s 1 3 1 t o 1 3 6 ; a n a l f in w i t h 8 0 t o 8 5 s o f t r a y s ; v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 1 3 7
t o 1 4 2 ( F ig . 1 3 2 ) ........................................................................................................................................................................... B.
8b.
vityazi
T o t a l d o r s a l- f in e le m e n t s 1 4 0 to 1 5 5 ; a n a l fin w it h 8 9 to 1 0 1 s o f t ra y s ; v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 1 4 9
to l 59
................................................................................................................................................................................................................
131 to 136 dorsal-fin elem ents
80 to 85 anal-fin soft rays
Fig. 132 B. vityazi
9a.
H ead
le n g th
in ju v e n ile s a n d a d u lt s ( s t a n d a r d
le n g t h
> 2 0 c m ) 8 . 5 to 9 . 5 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
le n g th : b o d y d e p t h in a d u lt s ( s t a n d a r d le n g th > 6 0 c m ) 3 0 t o 4 6 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th
( F i g . 1 3 3 ) ................................................................................................................................................................................. B.
9b.
H e a d le n g th in ju v e n ile s a n d a d u lt s ( s t a n d a r d le n g th
elongatus
> 2 0 c m ) 7 . 0 to 8 . 0 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
le n g th ; b o d y d e p t h in a d u lt s ( s t a n d a r d le n g th > 6 0 c m ) 2 2 t o 2 7 t im e s in s t a n d a r d l e n g t h
io
Fig. 133 B. elongatus
1 0 a . T o t a l d o r s a l- f in e l e m e n t s 1 4 2 to 1 4 8 ; v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 1 4 9 t o 1 5 3 ( F ig . 1 3 4 ) ..........................
B. pacificus
10b
B. simonyi
T o t a l d o r s a l - f in e l e m e n t s 1 4 8 t o 1 5 5 ; v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 1 5 3 t o 1 5 8 ( F ig . 1 3 5 ) ....................
142 to 148 dorsal-fin elements
Fig. 134 B. pacifcus
148 to 155 dorsal-fin elem ents
Fig. 135 B. simonyi
74
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
Benthodesmus elongatus
Lepidopus elongatus
Synonyms:
( C la r k e , 1 8 7 9 )
T R IC H B e n th 2
F ig . 1 3 6
C la r k e , 1 8 7 9 : 2 9 4 , p i. 1 4 ( N e w Z e a la n d , H o k it ik a , S o u t h Is la n d ) .
N one.
FAO Names: En
- E lo n g a t e f r o s t f i s h ;
)b AC
Jy *» » y .
Fr
- P o is s o n s a b r e lo n g ;
Sp
- C in t illa e lo n g a d a .
•:
F ig . 136
F IR S T G ILL ARCH
Benthodesmus elongatus
(a d a p te d fr o m T u c k e r, 1953)
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y d e p t h 3 0 . 6 t o 4 6 . 3 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h ; a n u s u n d e r f ir s t to f o u r t h s o f t
d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y ; d is t a n c e f r o m s n o u t t o a n u s 2 . 6 to 2 . 8 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th . H e a d le n g t h 8 . 6 to
9 .3
t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; s n o u t le n g t h 2 . 2 t o 2 . 5 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; e y e d i a m e t e r 4 . 7 t o 6 . 2 t im e s
in h e a d le n g th ; in t e r o r b it a l w id t h 2 . 8 t o 3 . 9 t im e s in e y e d ia m e t e r ; m a x illa r y le n g th 2 . 6 t o 3 .1 t im e s in h e a d
le n g t h . D o r s a l f in w it h X L I I t o X L V I s p in e s a n d 9 9 to 1 0 8 s o f t r a y s ( t o t a l 1 4 3 t o 1 5 2 fin e le m e n t s ) ; a n a l
f in w it h I I s p in e s , its o r ig in s it u a t e d b e lo w f o u r t h to e ig h th s o f t d o r s a l- f in ra y , a n d 91 to 9 8 s o f t ra y s , e x t e r n a l
s o f t r a y s d e v e lo p e d o n ly in t h e la s t t h ir d o f its b a s e ; p e lv ic f in s in s e r t e d b e h in d p e c t o r a l- f in b a s e . V e r t e b r a e
to ta l 151 to 1 5 9 .
Geographical Distribution:
S u b t r o p ic a l a n d t e m p e r a t e w a t e r s o f S o u t h e r n H e m is p h e r e : o f f s o u t h B r a z il
a n d A r g e n t in a , R io G r a n d e R is e , s o u t h e a s t e r n A f r ic a , M a d a g a s c a r R id g e , s o u t h e a s t e r n A u s t r a lia , N e w
Z e a la n d , S a la y G o m e z R id g e ( F ig . 1 3 7 ).
60*
20«
20*
0»
20«
t0 °
60 °
80«
100®
120®
HO®
)• 180"
»0°
>® 00°
60"
40"
20"
F ig . 137
Habitat and Biology:
B e n t h o p e la g ic f r o m 2 6 0 to 5 7 5 m a t S a la y G o m e z R id g e , 3 8 0 to 9 5 0 m e ls e w h e r e ,
ju v e n ile s m e s o p e la g ic . F e e d s o n c r u s t a c e a n s ( m a in ly p r a w n s a n d e u p h a u s iid s ) , s m a ll f is h e s ( e .g .
cus)
Mauroli­
a n d s q u id ( P a r in e t a l., 1 9 9 0 b ) . A t t a in s a le n g th o f 8 8 c m a t a g e o f 9 y e a r s ( K o t ly a r a n d P a r in , 1 9 9 0 ) .
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes of the W orld
75
F e m a le s m a t u r e a t 5 7 c m a n d m a le s a t 71 c m , 5 t o 6 y e a r s o ld . B a t c h s p a w n e r s w it h 5 0 0 0 t o 1 6 0 0 0
e g g s p e r s p a w n ( A n d r ia n o v e t a l., 1 9 9 0 ) .
Size:
M a x im u m 9 3 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th .
Interest to Fisheries:
Local Names:
N o d a ta
a v a ila b le .
A U S T R A L I A : S le n d e r f r o s t f is h ; N E W Z E A L A N D : B ig e y e d s c a b b a r d f is h ; S O U T H A F R I C A :
S l a n k k a l k v is , S l e n d e r f r o s t f i s h .
Literature:
T u c k e r ( 1 9 5 3 ) ; P a r in e t a l. ( 1 9 8 1 ) ; M a y a n d M a x w e ll ( 1 9 8 6 ) ; N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 8 4 b , 1 9 8 6 a ) ; P a u lin
e t a l. ( 1 9 8 9 ) ; P a rin ( 1 9 9 0 b ) .
Benthodesmus macrophthalmus
Benthodesmus macrophthalmus
Synonyms:
P a r in a n d B e c k e r , 1 9 7 0
F ig .
T R IC H B e n th 3
138
P a r in a n d B e c k e r , 1 9 7 0 :3 5 6 , f ig . 2 ( A r a f u r a S e a ) .
None.
FAO Names: En
- B ig e y e f r o s t f i s h ;
Fr
- P o is s o n s a b r e g r o s y e u x ;
^ ft_’
- C i n t ill a o jo g r a n d e .
, /v a r ,, /yyrr, rr/ïrr,
V£?
-
Sp
.
>-
------------
:
--
Fig. 138 Benthodesmus macrophthalmus
(adapted fro m P a rin and B ecker, 1970 and 1972)
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y d e p t h 2 0 . 8 to 3 0 . 2 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; a n u s s it u a t e d b e lo w t h ir d to f if th
d o r s a l - f in s o f t r a y ; d i s t a n c e f r o m
7 .8
s n o u t t o a n u s 2 . 2 t o 2 . 3 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h . H e a d le n g t h 7 . 0 to
t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h ; s n o u t le n g t h 2 . 2 to 2 . 6 t im e s in h e a d le n g t h ; e y e d i a m e t e r 4 . 4 to 5 . 0 t im e s
in h e a d le n g th ; in t e r o r b it a l w id t h 2 . 5 t o 3 . 5 t im e s in e y e d ia m e t e r : m a x illa r y le n g t h 2 . 3 to 2 . 8 t im e s in h e a d
le n g th . D o r s a l f in w it h X X X I V t o X X X V I I s p in e s a n d 7 8 t o 8 5 s o f t r a y s , ( t o t a l 1 1 3 to 1 2 0 f in e le m e n t s ) ;
a n a l f in w it h I I s p in e s , in s e r t e d b e lo w f if t h t o e ig h t h
d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y , a n d 7 0 to 7 6 fin e le m e n t s , e x t e r n a l
s o f t r a y s d e v e lo p e d o n ly in p o s t e r io r h a lf o f it s b a s e ;
p e lv ic
f in s
in s e r t e d
b e lo w
p e c to r a l- fin
base.
V e rte ­
A ra fu ra S e a a n d
I n d ia n
b r a e to t a l 1 1 9 to 1 2 4 .
Geographical Distribution:
20*
O c e a n o f f J a v a ( F ig . 1 3 9 ).
Habitat and Biology:
600
B e n th o p e la g ic
fro m
320
to
m.
Size:
M a x im u m 5 0 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th .
Interest to Fisheries:
No
d a ta
a v a ila b le .
20*
Local Names:
Literature:
P a r in
and
B ecker
(1 9 7 2 ).
«0*
120*
Fig. 139
76
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
Benthodesmus neglectus P a rin .
Benthodesmus neglectus P a r in ,
Synonyms:
1976
T R IC H B e n th 4
F ig . 1 4 0
1 9 7 6 a :1 9 2
( H a lm a h e r a
S e a ).
None.
FAO Names: En
- N e g le c t e d f r o s t f i s h ;
Fr
- P o i s s o n s a b r e n é g l ig é ;
Sp
- C in tilla d e s c u id o .
Fig. 140 Benthodesmus neglectus
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y d e p t h 3 7 . 0 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; a n u s s it u a t e d b e lo w t h ir d t o s e v e n t h
s o f t d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y ; d is t a n c e f r o m s n o u t to a n u s 2 . 6 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h . H e a d le n g t h 8 . 0 t im e s
in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; s n o u t le n g th 2 . 2 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; e y e d ia m e t e r 5 . 9 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; in te r o r b it a l
w id t h 4 . 3 t im e s in e y e d ia m e t e r ; lo w e r j a w ( m a n d ib le ) le n g t h 3 .1 t im e s in h e a d le n g t h ( p r o p o r t io n s o f
h o lo t y p e 2 2 7 m m s t a n d a r d le n g t h ) . D o r s a l fin w it h X X X I V to X X X V s p in e s a n d 8 5 to 9 0 s o f t r a y s , ( t o t a l
1 1 8 t o 1 2 6 f in e le m e n t s ) ; a n a l fin w it h I I s p in e s , s it u a t e d b e lo w f if t h to n in t h s o f t d o r s a l- f in r a y , a n d 8 0 to
8 4 s o f t r a y s , e x t e r n a l s o f t r a y s d e v e lo p e d t h r o u g h o u t its b a s e ; p e lv ic f in s in s e r t e d b e lo w p e c t o r a l- f in b a s e .
V e r t e b r a e to t a l
1 2 6 to
129.
Geographical Distribution:
H a lm a h e r a a n d F lo r e s
S e a , P a c ific O c e a n , n o r th o f N e w G u in e a (F ig . 1 4 1 ). 4 0 1 )
Habitat and Biology:
P r o b a b ly b e n t h o p e la g ic , j u v e ­
n ile s m e s o p e lg i c f r o m 2 0 0 t o 8 0 0 (1 0 0 0 ) m .
Size:
M a x im u m 2 3 c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h ( k n o w n f r o m
5 ju v e n ile
s p e c im e n s ) .
Interest to Fisheries:
N o d a t a a v a ila b le .
Local Names:
Literature:
P a r in e t a l. ( 1 9 7 7 ) ; P a r in
(1 9 7 8 ).
20*
M *
WS*
120*
143*
160*
1#Ö«
Fig. 141
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
Benthodesmus oligoradiatus P a r in
Benthodesmus oligoradiatus
Synonyms:
77
T R IC H B e n th 5
F ig . 1 4 2
an d B e c k e r, 1970
P a r in a n d B e c k e r , 1 9 7 0 : 3 5 5 , f ig . 2 ( A r a b ia n S e a ) .
N one.
FAO Names: En
- S p a r s e - r a y e d fro s tfis h ;
Fr
- P o is s o n s a b r e c h a u v e ;
, m T rrrn m 7 7 m m m n rM m
- > ttv >«vVK«.teg.e.
m
m
m
Sp
- C i n t i l l a r a s t r il lo .
/_
-V
Fig. 142 Benthodesmus oligoradiatus
(a d a p te d fro m P a rin a n d B ecker, 1970 a n d 1972)
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y d e p t h 1 6 .7 to 2 5 . 6 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; a n u s s it u a t e d b e lo w p e n u lt im a t e
d o r s a l- f in s p in e t o f ir s t s o f t r a y ; d is t a n c e f r o m
s n o u t t o a n u s 2 . 2 t o 2 . 4 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h . H e a d
le n g th 5 . 8 to 6 . 6 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; e y e d i a m e t e r 4 . 9 t o 5 . 6 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; in t e r o r b it a l w id t h
2 . 7 t o 3 . 7 t im e s in e y e d ia m e t e r ; m a x illa r y le n g t h 2 . 9 to 3 .1 t im e s in h e a d le n g th . D o r s a l fin w it h X X X I to
X X X I V s p in e s a n d 6 8 t o 7 4 s o f t r a y s ( t o t a l 1 0 2 to 1 0 5 f in e le m e n t s ) ; a n a l fin w it h I I s p in e s , s it u a t e d b e lo w
f ir s t t o t h ir d d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y , a n d 6 4 t o 6 7 s o f t r a y s , e x t e r n a l s o f t r a y s d e v e lo p e d o n ly in p o s t e r io r h a lf
o f it s b a s e ; p e lv ic f in s in s e r t e d b e f o r e o r b e lo w p e c t o r a l- f in b a s e . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 1 0 5 t o 1 0 9 .
Geographical Distribution:
B e n g a l ( F ig .
A r a b ia n S e a a n d
Bay of
IO
1 4 3 ).
Habitat and Biology:
B e n th o p e la g ic
on
s e a m o u n ts
a n d t h e c o n t in e n t a l s lo p e f r o m 3 7 5 to 6 0 0 m , ju v e n ile s
m e s o p e la g ic f r o m
Size:
1 0 0 t o 3 0 0 (1 0 0 0 ) m .
M a x im u m 51 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th .
Interest to Fisheries:
N o d a t a a v a ila b le .
Local Names:
Literature:
B ra u e r (1 9 0 6 , a s
Lepidopus argenteus);
P a r in
a n d B e c k e r ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; S h c h e r b a c h e v e t a l. ( 1 9 8 6 ) ; S h c h e r b a c h e v (1 9 8 7 ).
60
*
Fig. 143
78
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
Benthodesmus pacifícus P a r in
a n d B e c k e r, 19 70
Benthodesmus elongatus p a c if ic u s
Synonyms:
F ig . 1 4 4
T R IC H B e n th 6
P a r in a n d B e c k e r , 1 9 7 0 :3 5 5 , f ig . 2 ( o f f n o r t h e r n H o n s h u , J a p a n ) .
N one.
FAO Names: En
^
- N o r th - P a c ific fr o s tfis h ;
^ .....
Fr
/ - ^ r 11 s r
- P o is s o n s a b r e n o r d - p a c if iq u e ;
Sp
- C in t illa d e l P a c if ic o .
T 7 / 7 / rrrrrrn n'rTrsr/r/T;rrrt~r
^ ' naXS
Fig. 144 Benthodesmus pacifícus
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y d e p t h 2 2 . 0 t o 2 6 . 5 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; a n u s s it u a t e d b e lo w p e n u lt im a t e
d o r s a l- f in s p in e to s e c o n d d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y ; d i s t a n c e f r o m s n o u t t o a n u s 2 . 5 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th .
H e a d le n g t h 7 .2 to 7 . 5 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; s n o u t le n g t h 2 .1 t o 2 . 5 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; e y e d i a m e t e r
5 .1
t o 6 . 5 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; in t e r o r b it a l w id t h 2 . 8 t o 3 .1 t im e s in e y e d ia m e t e r ; m a x illa r y le n g t h 2 . 6 to
2 .9
t im e s in h e a d le n g th . D o r s a l fin w it h X L I V to X L V I s p in e s a n d 9 9 t o 1 0 4 s o f t r a y s ( t o t a l 1 4 2 t o 1 4 8
f in e le m e n t s ) ; a n a l fin w it h I I s p in e s , s it u a t e d b e lo w t h ir d t o s ix t h d p r s a l- f in s o f t r a y , a n d 9 0 to 9 4 s o f t r a y s ,
e x t e r n a l s o f t r a y s d e v e lo p e d o n ly in t h e la s t t h ir d o f its b a s e ; p e lv ic f in s in s e r t e d b e h in d p e c t o r a l- f in b a s e .
V e r t e b r a e to t a l
1 4 9 to
153.
Geographical Distribution: N o r th
(k n o w n fro m
P a la u
(F ig .
P a c ific
O cean
o f f J a p a n , R y u k y u I s la n d s , K y u s h u -
R id g e ,
B r it is h
C o lu m b ia ,
and
C a lif o r n ia )
1 4 5 ).
Habitat and Biology:
B e n th o p e la g ic fro m
305 m
( d e p t h o f s p e c im e n s h o o k e d o f f M a n a z u r u , J a p a n )
a n d d e e p e r , s o m e t i m e s m ig r a t e s to s u r f a c e , j u v e ­
n ile s m e s o p e la g ic f r o m
Size:
M a x im u m
112 cm
Interest to Fisheries:
Local Names:
1 0 0 to 5 0 0 (1 0 0 0 ) m .
s ta n d a rd
N o d a ta
CANADA:
20*
le n g th .
a v a ila b le .
N o rth
P a c i f i c f r o s t f is h ;
J A P A N : Y a m a m o t o - t a c h im o d o k i, H o s o - t a c h im o d o k i;
USA:
N o r th
Literature:
P a c if ic f r o s t fis h .
F ra n z
G ilb e r t ( 1 8 1 7 , a s
(1 9 1 0 ,
Lepidopus tenuis)]
as
B. atlanticus);
P a r in a n d
B ecker
( 1 9 7 2 ) ; A b e a n d K o b a t a ( 1 9 7 4 ) ; A n d e r s o n a n d C a illie t ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; P a r in e t a l. ( 1 9 7 7 ) ; P e d e n ( 1 9 7 4 , 1 9 8 0 ) ;
B e ly a n in a
(1 9 8 2 );
N a k a m u ra
(1 9 8 2 b ,
1 9 8 4 b ).
120*
Fig. 145
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
Benthodesmus papua
Benthodesmus papua
Synonyms:
79
P a r in , 1 9 7 8
TRICH Benth 7
F ig . 1 4 6
P a r in , 1 9 7 8 :1 6 4 ( C o r a l S e a ) .
N one.
FAO Names: En
- P a p u a n f r o s t f is h ;
Fr
- P o is s o n s a b r e p a p o u ;
Sp
- C in t illa P a p u a .
^ M U JÂ Â Â JÁÁÁJMJJJJT/J f á/ / / / TTrrrrrr^r y
j /y t / i i rí / / ¿
F ig . 146
Diagnostic Features:
Benthodesmus papua
B o d y d e p t h 3 3 . 3 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; a n u s s it u a t e d b e lo w s ix t h d o r s a l- f in s o f t
r a y ; d is t a n c e f r o m s n o u t t o a n u s 2 . 7 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th . H e a d le n g t h 8 . 8 t im e s in . s t a n d a r d le n g th ;
s n o u t le n g t h 2 . 5 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; e y e d i a m e t e r 5 . 9 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; in t e r o r b it a l w id t h 3 . 5 t im e s
in e y e d ia m e t e r ; m a x i lla r y le n g t h 2 . 9 t im e s in h e a d le n g t h ( p r o p o r t i o n s o f h o lo t y p e 2 4 3 m m
s ta n d a rd
le n g t h ) . D o r s a l f in w it h X X X V I I I s p in e s a n d 1 1 2 s o f t r a y s ( t o t a l 1 5 0 f in e le m e n t s ) ; a n a l f in w it h I I s p in e s ,
s it u a t e d b e lo w n in t h s o f t d o r s a l - f in r a y , a n d
1 0 2 s o f t r a y s , e x t e r n a l s o f t r a y s d e v e lo p e d t h r o u g h o u t its
b a s e ; p e lv ic f in s in s e r t e d b e lo w p o s t e r io r e d g e o f p e c t o r a l- f in b a s e . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 1 5 5 .
Geographical Distribution:
C o ra l S e a , s o u th e a s t o f
G u lf o f P a p u a ( F ig . 1 4 7 ).
Habitat and Biology:
P r o b a b ly
n ile s m e s o p e la g ic a t 2 0 0
Size:
fro m
b e n t h o p e la g ic ,
ju v e ­
m.
20*
M a x im u m 2 4 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th ( s p e c ie s k n o w n
a s in g le p e la g ic ju v e n ile ) .
Interest to Fisheries:
No
d a ta
a v a ila b le .
Local Names:
Literature:
N one.
#0*
»0*
120*
1W *
140*
Fig. 147
180*
80
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
Benthodesmus simonyi
Aphanopus simonyi
Synonyms:
(S te in d a c h n e r, 1 8 9 1 )
TRICH Benth 8
148
S t e in d a c h n e r , 1 8 9 1 :3 5 6 ( S a n t a C r u z d e T e n e r if e , C a n a r y I s la n d s ) .
Benthodesmus atlanticus
FAO Names: En
F ig .
- S im o n y ’s f r o s t f i s h ;
Fr
G oode and
Bean,
1896.
- P o is s o n s a b r e g a n s e ;
Sp
- C in t illa d e S im o n y .
Fig. 148 Benthodesmus simonyi
(a d a p te d fr o m T u c k e r, 195G)
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y d e p th
2 2 . 0 t o 2 7 .1
t im e s
in s t a n d a r d
d o r s a l- f in s p in e to s e c o n d d o r s a l - f in s o f t r a y ; d is t a n c e f r o m
le n g t h ;
a n u s s it u a t e d
b e lo w
la s t
s n o u t t o a n u s 2 . 4 t o 2 . 5 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
le n g th . H e a d le n g t h 7 . 0 t o 8 . 0 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; s n o u t le n g t h 2 . 2 t o 2 . 6 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; e y e
d i a m e t e r 5 .1 to 5 . 8 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; in t e r o r b it a l w id t h 2 . 6 to 3 . 0 t im e s in e y e d ia m e t e r ; m a x illa r y le n g th
2 .5
t o 2 . 6 t im e s in h e a d le n g th . D o r s a l f in w it h X L I V t o X L V I s p in e s a n d 1 0 4 t o 1 0 9 s o f t r a y s ( t o t a l 1 4 8
t o 1 5 5 fin e le m e n t s ) ; a n a l fin w it h I I s p in e s , s it u a t e d b e lo w f if t h to s e v e n t h s o f t d o r s a l- f in r a y , a n d 9 3 to
1 0 2 s o f t r a y s ; e x t e r n a l s o f t r a y s d e v e lo p e d o n ly in t h e la s t t h ir d o f its b a s e ; p e lv ic f in s in s e r t e d b e h in d
p e c t o r a l- f in
b a s e . V e r te b r a e to ta l 1 5 3 to 1 5 8 .
Geographical Distribution:
N o r th
A t la n t ic
O cean
%>
( k n o w n f r o m o f f N e w f o u n d la n d , B e r m u d a , N e w E n g ­
la n d
and
M id d le A t l a n t i c R id g e s ,
I c e la n d ,
N o rw a y ,
“
P o r t u g a l, M a d e ir a a n d C a n a r y I s la n d s ) (F ig . 1 4 9 ).
Habitat and Biology:
900
B e n th o p e la g ic fr o m
m o n c o n t in e n t a l s lo p e a n d
2 0 0 to
40.
u n d e r w a t e r r is e s ,
ju v e n ile s m e s o p e lg ic .
Size:
M a x im u m
1 3 0 c m s t a n d a r d le n g t h .
Interest to Fisheries:
Local Names:
No
FRANCE:
d a ta
20‘
a v a ila b le
S a b re
d ’a rg e n t;
RUS­
S I A : B e n t h o d e m a ; U K : F r o s t f is h .
Literature:
M aui
(1 9 5 3 );
Tucker
(1 9 5 3 ,
1955,
2°‘
1 9 5 6 ) ; G r e y ( 1 9 5 5 ) ; L e im a n d S c o t t ( 1 9 6 6 ) ; W h e e le r
(1 9 6 9 );
P a r in
and
B ecker
(1 9 7 2 );
G u s h c h in
K u k u e v ( 1 9 8 1 ) ; K u k u e v ( 1 9 8 2 ) ; P a r in ( 1 9 8 6 ) .
and
80*
60'
40*
0'
20•
40*
Fig. 149
81
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
Benthodesmus suluensis P a rin ,
Benthodesmus suluensis
Synonyms:
F ig .
1976
P a r in , 1 9 7 6 a : 1 9 1
( S u lu
TRICH Benth 9
150
S e a ).
None.
FAO Names: En
- P h ilip p in e
f r o s t f is h ;
Fr
- P o is s o n
s a b re
p h ilip p in ;
Sp
- C in t illa
filip in a .
Z 7 7 3 ^ Z 7 X r7 ^ r7 7 7 7 7 7 T Z Z 7 7 7 2 7 T Z Z Z 7 7
F ig . 150
Diagnostic Features:
Benthodesmus suluensis
B o d y d e p t h 3 2 . 2 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; a n u s s it u a t e d b e lo w la s t d o r s a l- f in s p in e
t o b e h in d t h ir d d o r s a l- f in s o f t ra y ; d is t a n c e f r o m s n o u t t o a n u s 2 . 7 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th . H e a d le n g th
7 .9
t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; s n o u t le n g th 2 . 6 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; e y e d ia m e t e r 6 . 4 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ;
in t e r o r b it a l w id t h 2 . 9 t im e s in e y e d ia m e t e r ; m a x i lla r y le n g t h 3 . 4 t im e s in h e a d le n g t h ( p r o p o r t i o n s o f
h o lo t y p e 1 8 1 m m s t a n d a r d le n g t h ) . D o r s a l f in w it h X X X V I t o X X X I X s p in e s a n d 9 2 t o 9 9 s o f t r a y s ( t o t a l
1 2 9 to 1 3 7 fin e le m e n t s ) ; a n a l f in w it h I I s p in e s , s it u a t e d b e lo w s e c o n d t o s ix t h s o f t d o r s a l- f in ra y , a n d 8 6
to 9 2 s o f t r a y s , e x t e r n a l s o f t r a y s d e v e lo p e d o n ly in p o s t e r io r h a lf o f it s b a s e ; p e lv ic f in s in s e r t e d b e lo w
p o s t e r io r p a r t o f p e c t o r a l- f in b a s e . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 1 3 3 to 1 3 7 .
Geographical Distribution:
Habitat and Biology:
n ile s m e s o p e la g ic f r o m
S u lu S e a ( F ig . 1 5 1 ).
P r o b a b ly b e n t h o p e la g ic , ju v e
2 0 0 to 5 0 0 m .
Size:
M a x im u m 1 8 c m s ta n d a r d le n g th ( s p e c ie s k n o w n
fr o m
9 ju v e n ile s p e c im e n s ) .
Interest to Fisheries:
N o d a t a a v a ila b le .
Local Names:
Literature:
P a rin ( 1 9 7 6 b ) ; P a r in e t a l. ( 1 9 7 7 ) .
SO«
»O *
120*
140*
60«
110«
Fig. 151
82
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
Benthodesmus tenuis ( G ü n th e r ,
Lepidopus tenuis
TRICH Benth 1
F ig . 1 5 2
G ü n th e r, 1 8 7 7 :4 3 7 (S a g a m i B a y , J a p a n ).
Synonyms: Lepidopus aomori
FAO Names: En
1877)
(J o rd a n a n d S n y d e r, 1 9 0 1 ).
- S le n d e r f r o s tfis h ;
Fr
- S a b r e fle u r e t;
Benthodesmus benjamini
Sp
F o w le r , 1 9 3 8 .
- C i n t ill a .
^^77///rmíTítmrtm mrrnjh
F IR S T G ILL R A K E R
F ig . 152
Benthodesmus tenuis
(a d a p te d fr o m T u c k e r, 195G)
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y d e p th
1 8 . 3 t o 3 5 . 2 t im e s in s t a n d a r le n g t h ; a n u s s it u a t e d
b e lo w f o u r t h to
s e v e n t h d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y ; d i s t a n c e f r o m s n o u t to a n u s 2 . 2 t o 2 . 4 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h . H e a d le n g th
7 .1
t o 8 . 7 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h ; s n o u t le n g t h 2 . 3 t o 2 . 8 t im e s in h e a d le n g t h ; e y e d i a m e t e r 5 . 9 to 7 . 5
t im e s in h e a d le n t h ; in t e r o r b it a l w id t h
in h e a d le n g th .
1 .3 to 2 . 0 t im e s in e y e d ia m e t e r ; m a x illa r y le n g t h 2 . 3 t o 2 . 8 t im e s
D o r s a l fin w it h X X X V I I I t o X L I I s p in e s a n d 7 8 to 8 7 s o f t r a y s ( t o t a l 1 1 8 to 1 2 8 f in e le m e n t s ) ;
a n a l f in w i t h I I s p in e s , s it u a t e d b e lo w 6 t h t o 1 1 th s o f t d o r s a l- f in r a y , a n d 6 9 t o 7 6 s o f t r a y s , e x t e r n a l s o f t
r a y s d e v e lo p e d t h r o u g h o u t its b a s e ; p e lv ic f in s in s e r t e d b e f o r e o r b e lo w p e c t o r a l- f in b a s e . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l
1 2 2 to 1 3 2 .
G e o g r a p h ic a l D is t r ib u t io n :
s o u th e rn
In t h e w e s t e r n
B r a z il; in t h e e a s t e r n A t l a n t i c f r o m
A t la n tic o f f C a p e
H a t t e r a s , G u l f o f M e x ic o , S u r i n a m
G u lf o f G u in e a t o A n g o la ; in t h e w e s t e r n
P a c ific fr o m
and
th e
E m p e r o r S e a m o u n t s , J a p a n , R y u k y u I s la n d s , V ie t n a m , a n d t h e S u lu S e a ; a n d in t h e I n d ia n O c e a n f r o m
s o u t h o f J a v a ( F ig . 1 5 3 ) .
20 *
60 "
Fig. 153
Habitat and Biology:
Size:
B e n t h o p e l a g i c f r o m 2 0 0 t o 8 5 0 m , j u v e n ile s m e s o p e la g ic .
M a x im u m 7 2 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th , m a y b e m o r e .
83
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
Interest to Fisheries:
Local Names:
Literature:
N o d a ta
a v a ila b le .
J A P A N : T a c h im o d o k i.
T u c k e r ( 1 9 5 3 , 1 9 5 5 , 1 9 5 7 ) ; P a r in a n d B e c k e r ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; P a r in e t a l. ( 1 9 7 7 ) ; F u jii in U y e n o e t a l.
( 1 9 8 3 ) ; N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 8 4 b ) ; M a c h id a ( 1 9 8 5 ) ; P a r in
(1 9 9 0 c ).
R e m a r k s : T u c k e r ( 1 9 5 5 ) s h o w e d t h a t t h e t w o A t la n t ic p o p u la t io n s o f
B. tenuis d if f e r
s ig n if ic a n t ly in n u m b e r
o f v e r t e b r a e a n d t o t a l d o r s a l- f in s p in o u s a n d s o f t r a y e le m e n t s : in G u lf o f G u in e a s p e c im e n s , t h e n u m b e r
o f v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 1 2 3 to 1 2 8 a n d d o r s a l- f in e le m e n t s t o t a l 1 2 5 to 1 2 9 , a n d in t h e G u lf o f M e x ic o s p e c im e n s ,
v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 1 2 9 t o 1 3 1 a n d d o r s a l- f in e l e m e n t s t o t a l 1 2 5 t o 1 2 9 . T h e I n d o - W e s t P a c if ic p o p u la t io n s
o v e r la p in t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s w it h b o t h A t la n t ic p o p u la t io n s w it h n u m b e r o f v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 1 2 2 t o 1 3 2 a n d
d o r s a l- f in e l e m e n t s 1 1 8 to 1 2 8 . T h e e a s t e r n t r o p ic a l P a c if ic
“B. tenuis” a p p e a r s to b e a
B. tenuis a r e c u r r e n t ly
( C le m e n s a n d N o w e ll, 1 9 6 3 ) . D if f e r e n c e s a m o n g p o p u la t io n s o f
s e p a r a t e s p e c ie s
b e in g s t u d ie d b y
N . P a rin .
Benthodesmus tuckeri P a r in
Benthodesmus tuckeri
Synonyms:
TRICH Benth 10
F ig . 1 5 4
a n d B e c k e r, 1 9 7 0
P a rin a n d B e c k e r , 1 9 7 0 :3 5 9 , f ig . 2 ( o f f S o m b r e r o I s la n d , P h ilip p in e s ) .
None.
FAO Names: En
- T u c k e r ’s fr o s tfis h ;
Fr
- P o is s o n s a b r e r u b a n ;
Sp
- C in tilla d e T u c k e r .
.
—, '.V
^^,-rwst,
Fig. 154 Benthodesmus tuckeri
(a d a p te d fr o m
D ia g n o s t ic
F e a t u r e s : B o d y d e p t h 2 0 . 2 t o 3 0 . 0 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
P a r in a n d B e c k e r, 1970 a n d
1972)
le n g t h ; a n u s s it u a t e d b e lo w f if t h o r
s e v e n t h d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y ; d is t a n c e f r o m s n o u t t o a n u s 2 . 4 to 2 . 5 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h . H e a d le n g t h
7 .2
t o 8 . 3 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; s n o u t le n g t h 2 . 0 t o 2 . 5 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; e y e d i a m e t e r 7 . 2 t o 8 .2
t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; in t e r o r b it a l w i d t h 1 .2 to 2 . 2 t im e s in e y e d ia m e t e r ; m a x illa r y le n g t h 2 . 4 t o 2 . 8 t im e s
in h e a d le n g th . D o r s a l f in w it h X X X I X to X L I V s p in e s a n d 8 8 to 9 6 s o f t r a y s ( t o t a l 1 3 0 to 1 3 7 fin e le m e n t s ) ;
a n a l f in w it h I I s p in e s , s it u a t e d b e lo w 8 t h t o 11 th d o r s a l- f in s o f t ra y , a n d 7 6 to 8 3 s o f t r a y s , e x t e r n a l r a y s
d e v e lo p e d t h r o u g h o u t its b a s e ; p e lv ic f in s in s e r t e d b e f o r e o r b e lo w a n t e r io r e d g e o f p e c t o r a l- f in b a s e .
V e r t e b r a e to t a l
1 3 3 to
142.
80*
Geographical Distribution:
In t h e w e s t e r n
Pa­
c if ic O c e a n k n o w n f r o m t h e P h ilip p in e s , V ie t n a m ,
M o lu c c a I s la n d s a n d s o u t h e a s t e r n A u s t r a lia a n d in
th e
I n d ia n O c e a n f r o m
S o c o tra
I s la n d , S a y a d e
M a lh a B a n k , M o z a m b iq u e C h a n n e l a n d s o u t h o f
Java
(F ig .
40*
1 5 5 ).
Habitat and Biology:
B e n th o p e la g ic fr o m
5 5 0 to
7 9 0 m , ju v e n ile s m e s o p e la g ic a t 5 0 0 m .
Size:
M a x im u m 7 7 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th .
Interest to Fisheries:
N o d a ta
a v a ila b le .
Local Names:
Literature:
(1 9 7 7 ).
P a r in a n d B e c k e r ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; P a r in e t a l.
Fig. 155
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
84
Benthodesmus v ity a z i P a r in
Benthodesmus vityazi
Synonyms:
F ig .
a n d B e c k e r, 1 9 7 0
TRICH Benth 11
156
P a r in a n d B e c k e r , 1 9 7 0 :3 6 0 , f ig . 2 ( C e n t r a l E q u a t o r ia l P a c ific ) .
None.
FAO Names: En
- V it y a z ’ f r o s t f is h ;
Fr
- P o is s o n s a b r e g a lo n ;
Sp
- C in t illa d e V it y a z .
Fig. 156 Benthodesmus vityazi
(a d a p te d fr o m P a r in a n d B e c k e r, 1970 a n d 1972)
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y d e p t h 3 0 . 5 t o 4 0 . 0 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; a n u s s it u a t e d b e lo w f ir s t t o f o u r t h
d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y ; d is t a n c e f r o m s n o u t t o a n u s 2 . 3 t o 2 . 6 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th . H e a d le n g t h 7 . 0 to 7 . 9
t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; s n o u t le n g th 2 . 4 to 2 . 7 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; e y e d i a m e t e r 5 .2 t o 5 . 9 t im e s in h e a d
le n g th ; in t e r o r b it a l w id t h 2 . 5 t o 3 .1 t im e s in e y e d ia m e t e r ; m a x illa r y le n g t h 2 . 7 t o 3 . 3 t im e s in h e a d le n g th .
D o r s a l fin w ith X L I to X L I V s p in e s a n d 8 8 to 9 3 s o f t r a y s (to ta l 13 1 to 1 3 6 fin e le m e n t s ) ; a n a l fin w ith I I s p in e s ,
s it u a t e d b e lo w f o u r t h t o s e v e n t h d o r s a l- f in s o f t ra y , a n d 8 0 to 8 5 s o f t r a y s , e x t e r n a l r a y s d e v e lo p e d o n ly in t h e
la s t t h ir d o f its b a s e ; p e lv ic f in s in s e r t e d b e h in d p e c t o r a l- f in b a s e . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 1 3 7 to 1 4 2 .
Geographical Distribution:
C e n tra l a n d w e s te r n
P a c ific , s e a s o f I n d o - A u s t r a lia n A r c h ip e la g o , n o r t h ­
e a s t e r n a n d n o r t h w e s t e r n I n d ia n O c e a n ( F ig . 1 5 7 ).
Habitat and Biology:
B e n th o p e la g ic fro m
6 4 0 to
8 2 0 , j u v e n ile s m e s o p e la g ic f r o m 1 7 0 t o 9 0 0 m .
Size:
M a x im u m 7 7 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th .
20*
Interest to Fisheries:
N o d a t a a v a ila b le .
Local Names:
Literature:
F o u r m a n o ir ( 1 9 7 1
P a r in
and
B ecker
P a r in
et
a l.
f e lt - T a r p a n d
(1 9 8 6 );
(1 9 7 2 );
(1 9 7 7 );
K a ilo la
B. elongatus);
b, a s
P a r in
B e l y a n in a
(1 9 7 5 ,
1 9 7 8 );
(1 9 8 2 );
G lo e r -
( 1 9 8 4 ) ; S h c h e r b a c h e v e t a l.
S c h e rb a c h e v
(1 9 8 7 ).
20*
40*
M*
80*
m *
M *
IM *
IM *
M *
*•*
Fig.
Eupleurogrammus
Eupleurogrammus
( a ls o
157
TRICH Eupl
G ili, 1 8 62
G ili,
H T
1 8 6 2 : 1 2 6 . T y p e s p e c ie s ,
Trichiurus muticus
G ra y ,
1 8 3 1 , b y o r ig in a l d e s ig n a t io n
m o n o t y p ic ) .
Synonyms:
N one
Diagnostic Features:
Body
e lo n g a te
and
r e m a r k a b ly
c o m p re s s e d .
L o w e r h in d
m a r g in
o f g ili c o v e r
c o n v e x . P e c t o r a l f in s f a ir ly lo n g , e x t e n d in g b e y o n d la t e r a l lin e ; p e lv ic f in s s m a ll, r e d u c e d t o a s c a le - lik e
p r o c e s s ; c a u d a l f in a b s e n t , p o s t e r io r p a r t o f b o d y t a p e r in g to a p o in t.
Biology, Habitat and Distribution:
B e n t h o p e la g ic , m o s t ly o n c o n t in e n t a l s h e lf , b u t o f t e n c o m e s n e a r
s u r f a c e a t n ig h t. F e e d s o n a w id e v a r ie t y o f s m a ll c o a s t a l f is h e s , s q u id s a n d c r u s t a c e a n s . S h o w s a t y p ic a l
I n d o - W e s t P a c if ic d is t r ib u t io n .
85
Snake M ackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
I n t e r e s t t o F i s h e r i e s : C a u g h t c o m m e r c ia lly w it h s h o r e s e in e s , b a g n e t s a n d c o a s t a l b o t t o m t r a w ls a r o u n d
I n d ia n
c o a s ta l
w a te r s .
S p e c i e s : T w o s p e c ie s a r e r e c o g n iz e d ( N a k a m u r a , 1 9 8 4 a ) .
K e y to
1a.
S p e c ie s o f
Eupleurogrammus:
A p a ir o f f a n g s o n t ip o f lo w e r ja w ; d o r s a l- f in m e m b r a n e s lig h t ly t in g e d w it h b la c k a lo n g
s p in e s ; d o r s a l s id e o f p o s t e r io r p a r t o f b o d y s lig h t ly b la c k ; a b la c k s p o t j u s t b e h in d d e r m a l
E. glossodon
p r o c e s s o f lo w e r ja w ; p e lv ic f in s s it u a t e d b e lo w 11 th t o 1 4 th d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y .
1b.
N o f a n g s o n t ip o f lo w e r ja w : d o r s a l- f in m e m b r a n e p a le ; b o t h d o r s a l a n d v e n t r a l s id e s o f
p o s t e r io r p a r t o f b o d y b la c k ; n o b la c k s p o t b e h in d d e r m a l p r o c e s s o n v e n t r a l s id e o f lo w e r
ja w ;
p e lv ic
f in s
s itu a te d
b e lo w
Eupleurogrammus glossodon ( B le e k e r ,
Trichiurus glossodon
S ynonym s:
B le e k e r ,
1 5 th
to
d o r s a l- f in
s o ft
ra y
..............................
E. muticus
T R IC H E u p l 1
F ig . 1 5 8
1860)
1 8 6 0 b :3 8
1 8 th
(B o rn e o ).
Eupleurogrammus intermedius
( G ra y , 1 8 3 1 ).
Trichiurus intermedius
G ra y , 1831.
F A O N a m e s : E n - L o n g t o o t h h a ir t a il; F r - P o is s o n s a b r e d e n t u ; S p - P e z s a b le d e n t ó n .
black spot
black
blotch
VENTRA L VIEW OF HEAD
PE CTO RAL FIN
GILL RAKERS ON FIRST ARCH
Fig. 158 Eupleurogrammus glossodon
F ie l d C h a r a c t e r s : A p a ir o f f a n g s o n t ip o f lo w e r ja w . E y e s m a ll, ifs d i a m e t e r a b o u t 7 o r 8 t im e s in h e a d
le n g th , lo c a t e d c lo s e t o d o r s a l p r o f ile o f h e a d . A b la c k s p o t j u s t b e h in d d e r m a l p r o c e s s o n b o t t o m o f lo w e r
ja w . A f a ir ly n o t ic e a b le b la c k b lo t c h o n b a s e o f a n t e r io r m a r g in o f p e c t o r a l f in s .
D i a g n o s t i c F e a t u r e s : B o d y e x t r e m e ly e lo n g a t e a n d c o m p r e s s e d , r ib b o n - lik e , t a p e r in g t o a p o in t; a n u s
e lo n g a t e a n d f a ir ly la r g e . M o u t h la r g e w it h a d e r m a l p r o c e s s o n t ip o f e a c h ja w ; lo w e r h in d m a r g in o f g ili
c o v e r c o n v e x ; e y e s m a ll, it s d i a m e t e r a b o u t 7 o r 8 t im e s in h e a d le n g th , lo c a t e d c lo s e t o d o r s a l p r o f ile o f
h e a d ; 2 o r 3 f a n g s ( u s u a lly w i t h o u t b a r b s ) in u p p e r ja w , a p a ir o f f a n g s o n t ip o f lo w e r ja w ; a s in g le s e r ie s
o f s h a r p c o m p r e s s e d la te r a l t e e t h in b o t h ja w s . D o r s a l- f in e le m e n t s 1 1 8 t o 1 3 2 ; a n a l fin r e d u c e d t o m in u t e
s p in u le s b u r ie d in s k in , its o r ig in s it u a t e d b e lo w 31 s t t o 3 5 t h d o r s a l- f in s o f t ra y ; p e c t o r a l f in s s lig h t ly s h o r t e r
t h a n s n o u t , w it h I s p in e a n d 1 3 s o f t r a y s ; p e lv ic f in s r e d u c e d to s c a le - lik e s p in e s , s it u a t e d b e lo w 11 th to
1 4 th d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y ; c a u d a l f in a b s e n t , p o s t e r io r p a r t o f b o d y t a p e r in g to a p o in t. L a t e r a l lin e r u n n in g
a l m o s t s t r a ig h t , c lo s e r t o v e n t r a l c o n t o u r . C o l o u r :
In f r e s h s p e c im e n s , b o d y s t e e ly b lu e w it h m e t a l lic
r e f le c t io n s , b e c o m in g s ilv e r y g r e y a f t e r d e a t h ; d o r s a l- f in m e m b r a n e s lig h t ly t in g e d w it h b la c k a lo n g s p in e s ,
d o r s a l s id e o f p o s t e r io r p a r t s lig h t ly t in g e d w it h b la c k ; d e r m a l p r o c e s s e s a t t ip o f e a c h j a w b la c k , a b la c k
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
86
s p o t p r e s e n t j u s t b e h in d d e r m a l p r o c e s s o n b o t t o m o f lo w e r ja w , a f a ir ly n o t ic e a b le b la c k b lo t c h o n b a s e
o f a n t e r io r m a r g in o f p e c t o r a l f in s .
Geographical Distribution:
I n d o - W e s t P a c if ic in ­
80°
c lu d in g T h e G u lf , In d ia , S r i L a n k a , M a la y s ia , S in ­
g a p o r e , I n d o n e s ia a n d T h a ila n d ( F ig . 1 5 9 ).
60®
Habitat and Biology:
B e n t h o p e la g ic , in c o a s t a l w a ­
te rs d o w n to a b o u t 8 0 m d e p th , o fte n c o m e s n e a r
s u r f a c e a t n ig h t. F e e d s o n c r u s t a c e a n s , s q u id a n d
Atherina, Stolephorus, Escualosa,
Sardinella,
Dussumeria,
Thryssa,
Sphyraena,
Hemiramphus,
Leiognathus,
Eupleurogrammus,
f is h e s ( s p e c ie s o f
e tc ., in P a lk B a y , In d ia ).
Size: M a x im u m 50
40 c m .
c m t o t a l le n g th , c o m m o n
15
to
60°
Interest to Fisheries:
C a u g h t m a in ly w it h s h o r e
s e in e s , b a g n e t s a n d b o t t o m t r a w l s in c o a s t a l w a ­
t e r s d o w n to 5 0 m d e p t h in W e s t B e n g a l to M a d r a s ,
P a lk B a y a n d
G u lf o f M a n n a r .
M a r k e te d
m o s t ly
Fig. 159
d r ie d , m ix e d w it h o t h e r t r ic h iu r id s , a ls o s a lt e d o r
fr e s h .
Local Names:
Literature:
T u c k e r (1 9 5 6 ); J a m e s (1 9 6 1 , 1 9 6 7 ); N a k a m u ra (1 9 8 4 a ).
Eupleurogrammus muticus ( G r a y ,
Trichiurus muticus
Synonyms:
TRICH Eupl 2
F ig . 1 6 0
1831)
G r a y , 1 8 3 1 :1 0 ( In d ia ) .
N one.
FAO Names: En
- S m a l lh e a d h a ir t a i l;
Fr
- P o is s o n s a b r e a s b a s ;
Sp
- P e z s a b le a s b a s .
small
black
spot
FIRST GILL ARCH
Field Characters:
PECTORAL
FIN
Fig. 160 Eupleurogrammus muticus
N o f a n g s o n tip o f lo w e r ja w . E y e s m a ll, its d ia m e t e r 6 to 8 t im e s in h e a d le n g th , lo c a te d f a r
f r o m d o r s a l p r o file o f h e a d . A s m a ll p a le b la c k s p o t o n b a s e o f a n t e r io r m a r g in o f p e c t o r a l fin s .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y e x t r e m e ly e lo n g a t e a n d c o m p r e s s e d , r ib b o n - lik e , t a p e r in g to a p o in t; a n u s s m a ll.
M o u th la r g e w it h a d e r m a l p r o c e s s a t t ip o f e a c h ja w ; lo w e r h in d m a r g in o f g ili c o v e r c o n v e x ; e y e s m a ll, its
d ia m e t e r 6 to 8 t im e s in h e a d le n g th , lo c a t e d f a r f r o m d o r s a l p r o file o f h e a d ; 2 o r 3 ( u s u a lly 3 ) f a n g s ( u s u a lly
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Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld__________________________________________________________________ 87
w i t h o u t b a r b s ) in u p p e r ja w ; n o f a n g s o n t ip o f lo w e r ja w ; a s e r ie s o f s h a r p c o m p r e s s e d la t e r a l t e e t h in
b o th ja w s . A s in g le , lo n g - b a s e d d o r s a l fin w it h I I I s p in e s a n d a b o u t 1 4 0 s o f t r a y s ; a n a l f in r e d u c e d t o m in u t e
s p in u le s b u r ie d in s k in , s itu a te d b e lo w 4 1 s t to 4 3 r d d o r s a l- fin s o f t ra y ; p e c to r a l f in s a b o u t a s la r g e a s s n o u t, w ith
Is p in e a n d 1 2 s o f t r a y s ; p e lv ic f in s p r e s e n t, b u t r e d u c e d to a s m a ll s c a le - lik e p r o c e s s ; c a u d a l fin a b s e n t, p o s t e r io r
p a r t o f b o d y t a p e r in g to a p o in t . L a t e r a l lin e r u n n in g a lm o s t s t r a ig h t a lo n g m ib d o d y o r s lig h t ly n e a r e r v e n t r a l
c o n to u r th a n d o rs a l c o n to u r.
Colour:
In f r e s h s p e c im e n s , b o d y s t e e ly b lu e w ith m e t a llic r e f le c tio n s , b e c o m in g
s ilv e r y g r e y a f t e r d e a th ; d o r s a l- f in m e m b r a n e s e m i- t r a n s p a r e n t , b o th d o r s a l a n d v e n t r a l s id e s o f p o s t e r io r p a r t
o f fin b la c k ; d e r m a l p r o c e s s o n u p p e r j a w b la c k , d e r m a l p r o c e s s o f lo w e r j a w b la c k a d o v e a n d g r e y b e lo w ; a
s m a ll p a le b la c k s p o t o n b a s e o f a n t e r io r m a r g in o f p e c t o r a l f in s .
Geographical Distribution:
T h a ila n d , C h in a
and
I n d o - W e s t P a c ific in c lu d in g T h e G u lf, In d ia , S ri L a n k a , M a la y s ia , In d o n e s ia , G u lf o f
s o u th e rn
Habitat and Biology:
K o re a n
P e n in s u la
B e n t h o p e la g ic ,
in c o a s t a l
( F ig .
1 6 1 ).
w a t e r s d o w n to a b o u t 8 0 m d e p t h , o f t e n c o m e s
n e a r s u r f a c e a t n ig h t. F e e d s o n a w i d e v a r i e t y o f
s m a ll f is h ,
Size:
50
s q u id
and
c ru s ta c e a n s .
60®
M a x im u m 7 0 c m t o t a l le n g th , c o m m o n 2 0 to
cm .
Interest to Fisheries:
C a u g h t m a in ly w it h s h o r e
s e in e s , b a g n e ts a n d c o a s ta l b o tto m t r a w ls in c o a s ta l
w a te r s d o w n to a b o u t 5 0 m in W e s t B e n g a l to M a d r a s
in t h e e a s t c o a s t o f In d ia a n d a r o u n d B o m b a y in t h e
w e s t c o a s t o f In d ia . M a r k e t e d
m o s t ly
d r ie d
and
s a lte d , m ix e d w ith o t h e r tr ic h iu r id s , s o m e tim e s fre s h .
Local Names:
J A P A N : O s h ir o id a c h i; M A L A Y S I A :
S e le y u r , T im a h - t im a h ; T H A I L A N D : S m a llh e a d r ib 20*
20*
40°
60 *
80 *
120°
140*
160*
b o n f is h .
Literature:
T u c k e r (1 9 5 6 ); J a m e s (1 9 6 1 ,
Fig. 161
1 9 6 7 );
N a k a m u ra (1 9 8 4 a ,b ).
TRICH Evox
Evoxymetopon Gili, 1863
Evoxymetopon G ili, 1 8 6 3 : 2 2 7 . T y p e s p e c ie s , Evoxymetopon taeniatus G ili, 1 8 6 3 , b y m o n o t y p y .
Synonyms:
N one
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y e lo n g a t e , d e e p a n d r e m a r k a b ly c o m p r e s s e d . U p p e r p r o f ile o f h e a d c o n v e x
s t e e p ly r is in g f r o m t ip o f s n o u t t o d o r s a l- f in o r ig in f o r m in g a p r o m in e n t s a g it t a l c r e s t . P o s t e r io r e n d o f g ili
c o v e r b r o a d ly r o u n d e d . F ir s t a n a l- f in s p in e s c a le - lik e in s h a p e ; p e lv ic f in s p r e s e n t , s c a le - lik e ; s m a ll c a u d a l
fin
p re s e n t.
Biology, Habitat and Distribution:
L it t le in f o r m a t io n
is k n o w n a b o u t t h e b io lo g y o f t h is g e n u s . B e n ­
t h o p e l a g ic o n c o n t in e n t a l s h e lf a n d s lo p e , s e e m s t o b e a b u n d a n t in s e a m o u n t a in a r e a s .
Interest to Fisheries:
Species:
N o s p e c ia l f is h e r y f o r s p e c ie s o f t h is g e n u s .
T w o s p e c ie s r e c o g n iz e d t h u s fa r .
Key to Species of Evoxymetopon:
1a.
F ir s t d o r s a l- f in s p in e e lo n g a t e d ; n o s t r il s lit- lik e ; b o d y d e p t h
le n g th
1b.
1 2 .5 t o
1 3 .5 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
.......................................................................................................................................................................
Evoxymetopon poeyi
F ir s t d o r s a l- f in s p in e n o t e lo n g a t e d ; n o s t r il c r e s c e n t ; b o d y d e p t h 1 1 . 5 t o 1 2 . 5 t im e s in
s ta n d a rd
le n g th
....................................................................................................................................
Evoxymetopon taeniatus
88
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
Evoxymetopon poeyi Günther, 1887
Evoxymetopon poeyi
Synonyms:
F ig . 1 6 2
TRICH Evox 1
G ü n th e r , 1 8 8 7 :3 9 , p i. 4 3 ( M a u r it iu s , In d ia n O c e a n ) .
N one
FAO Names: En
- P o e y 's s c a b b a r d fis h ;
Fr -
P o is s o n s a b r e la tte ;
Sp -
T a ja li d e P o e y .
' ,v ' ' / ' ■■¿'•■f i
sharply spines
cent gili rakers
l i i l l i i
Fig. \61 Evoxymetopon poeyi
FIRST GILL ARCH
Field Characters:
F ir s t s p in e o f d o r s a l fin e lo n g a te .
Diagnostic Features:
P e c to r a l f in s t r ia n g u la r in s h a p e .
B o d y e lo n g a t e a n d c o m p r e s s e d ; b o d y d e p th
1 2 .5 to
1 3 .5 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th .
H e a d le n g th 7 .5 to 8 .5 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; u p p e r p r o file o f h e a d r a t h e r s t r a ig h t ; a s lit- lik e n o s tril p re s e n t;
m o u th la r g e , n o t p r o tr a c tile ; 3 p a ir s o f la r g e fa n g s in a n t e r io r e n d o f u p p e r ja w (3 o f t h e m o fte n lo s t), 1 p a ir o f
s m a ll fa n g s in lo w e r ja w ; s h a r p c o n ic a l t e e th in b o th ja w s , u p p e r ( a b o u t 3 0 ) la r g e r a n d m o r e s p a r s e ly a r r a n g e d
th a n lo w e r ( a b o u t 4 0 ) ; t o n g u e s le n d e r w ith m a n y ir r e g u la r v illif o r m to o th p a tc h e s ; v o m e r e d e n ta te , fin e u n is e r ia l
c a n in e t e e th o n p a la tin e . G ili r a k e r s s h a r p ly s p in e s c e n s D o r s a l- fin e le m e n t s 91 to 9 3 , f ir s t d o r s a l- f in s p in e
e lo n g a te ; f ir s t a n a l- fin r a y s c a le - lik e , o t h e r r a y s e m b e d d e d ; p e c t o r a l f in s s it u a t e d lo w , r a t h e r s m a ll a n d a c u te
t r ia n g u la r in s h a p e w ith s h o r t e r a n t e r io r r a y s a n d lo n g e r p o s t e r io r ra y s ; p e lv ic f in s r e d u c e d to s c a le - lik e s p in e s .
L a te r a l lin e f a ir ly s t r a ig h t, s it u a t e d m id - la t e r a lly o r s lig h t ly n e a r e r v e n tr a l c o n t o u r th a n d o r s a l c o n to u r . N o
s c a le s .
Colour:
B o d y s ilv e r y w h it e , a ll f in s p a le b r o w n ; o p e r c le lin in g b la c k is h .
Geographical Distribution:
In th e In d ia n O c e a n r e ­
p o r te d f r o m M a u r itiu s , a n d in th e W e s t P a c ific O c e a n ,
r e p o r te d
fro m
O k in a w a
and
K y u s h u - P a la u
R id g e
(F ig . 1 6 3 ).
Habitat and Biology:
a b u n d a n t in
s h o re .
sea
Feeds
Priacanthus,
B e n th o p e la g ic , s e e m s to b e
m o u n ta in
on
ra th e r
Decapterus,
a re a s ,
la r g e
s o m e tim e s
f is h e s
near
( s p e c ie s
Em m elichthys
of
20*
e tc .)
in
K y u s h u P a la u - R id g e .
Size:
M a x im u m 2 0 0 c m s ta n d a r d le n g th , c o m m o n 1 3 0
20*
to 1 8 0 cm .
Interest to Fisheries:
N o s p e c ia l fis h e ry fo r th is s p e c ie s .
S o m e t im e s m a r k e te d fr e s h in O k in a w a w h e n c a u g h t.
Local Names:
J A P A N : H a ta t a t e y u m e - ta c h im o d o k i,
20“
H ir e n a g a - y u m e t a c h i.
Literature:
Remarks:
T u c k e r ( 1 9 5 6 ) ; A b e a n d A s a i (1 9 7 5 ); N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 8 2 b , 19 8 4 b ).
T u c k e r (1 9 5 6 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t d iff e r e n c e s b e tw e e n
E. poeyi a n d E. taeniatus
Fig. 163
a r e p r o b a b ly d u e to s e x ,
g r o w t h s ta g e s o r d a m a g e o f t h e s p e c im e n s d e s c r ib e d . N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 8 2 b ) r e c o g n iz e d b o th s p e c ie s to b e v a lid .
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
Evoxymetopon taeniatus G ili,
89
1863
TRICH Evox 2
F ig . 1 6 4
Evoxymetopon taeniatus Gili, 1 8 6 3 :2 2 8 (Havana, Cuba).
Synonyms:
N one
FAO Names: En -
C h a n n e l s c a b b a r d fis h ;
Fr
- P o is s o n s a b r e c a n a l;
Sp -
T a ja li d e c a n a l.
bthkí-1
, / i 'j
^
crescent
nostril
spinescent
gili rakers
FIRST GILL ARCH
Fig. 164 Evoxymetopon taeniatus
Field Characters:
F ir s t s p in e o f d o r s a l fin n o t e lo n g a te .
Diagnostic Features:
P e c to r a l f in s t r ia n g u la r in s h a p e .
B o d y e lo n g a t e a n d c o m p r e s s e d ; b o d y d e p t h 1 1 .5 to 1 2 .5 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th .
H e a d le n g th 7 .5 to 8 . 0 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; u p p e r p r o file o f h e a d c o n v e x ; a c r e s c e n t n o s t r il in f r o n t
o f e y e ; m o u th la r g e , n o t p r o tr a c t ile ; lo w e r j a w s lig h t ly a n t e r io r to u p p e r ja w ; s e v e r a l f a n g s in a n t e r io r e n d
o f u p p e r j a w a n d a p a ir o f f a n g s in lo w e r ja w ; la t e r a l t e e t h in b o t h j a w s s h a r p a n d c o n ic a l; v o m e r e d e n t a t e
a n d f in e
u n is e r ia l c a n in e t e e t h
on
p a la tin e . G ili r a k e r s s p in e s c e n t .
D o r s a l- f in
e le m e n t s 81
to 8 8 , f ir s t
d o r s a l- f in s p in e n o t e lo n g a te ; f ir s t a n a l- fin r a y s c a le - lik e , o t h e r ra y s o r d in a l a n d s h o rt; p e c to r a l f in s s itu a te d
lo w , r a t h e r s m a ll a n d t r ia n g u la r in s h a p e w it h s h o r t e r a n t e r io r r a y s a n d s lig h t ly lo n g e r p o s t e r io r r a y s ; p e lv ic
f in s r e d u c e d to a s c a le - lik e s p in e . L a t e r a l lin e f a ir ly s t r a ig h t , s it u a t e d m id - la t e r a lly o r s lig h t ly n e a r e r v e n t r a l
c o n t o u r t h a n d o r s a l c o n t o u r . N o s c a le s .
Colour:
B o d y s ilv e r y w h it e w it h s lig h t r e d - b r o w n is h o n d o r s a l
p a r t; s e v e r a l lo n g it u d in a l p a le y e l l o w s t r i p e s o n b o d y ; fin m e m b r a n e o f a n t e r io r p a r t b la c k is h a n d p o s t e r io r
p a r t s e m it r a n s p a r e n t in f ir s t d o r s a l fin .
Geographical Distribution:
In
th e
A t la n t ic
O cean
f r o m t h e B a h a m a s , C a r ib b e a n S e a a n d o f f s o u t h e r n
B r a z il ( s p e c im e n s a t In s t it u t f ü r S e e fis c h e r e i, U n iv e r ­
s it ä t
H a m b u rg
4 4 ° 3 5 'W )
and
( IS H )
in th e
w e re
c o lle c t e d
P a c ific O c e a n
fro m
fro m
2 4 ° 4 0 'S ,
C h e ju
Do
Is la n d ( s o u th o f K o r e a n P e n in s u la ) (F ig . 1 6 5 ).
20*
Habitat
and
c o n t in e n t a l
Biology:
s lo p e ,
and
B e n t h o p e la g ic
s o m e tim e s
th e
on
th e
c o n tin e n ta l
s h e lf.
Size:
M a x im u m
200 cm
s ta n d a rd
le n g h t, c o m m o n
1 3 0 to 1 8 0 c m .
60*
160'
Interest to Fisheries:
No
s p e c ia l
fis h e r y
fo r
th is
Fig. 165
s p e c ie s .
Local Names:
Literature:
C U B A : T r ia n te , T y r a n t fis h ; J A P A N : Y u m e t a c h im o d o k i; K O R E A : D o n g - d o n g - g a l- c h i.
U c h id a
(1 9 4 0 ) ; T u c k e r
(1 9 8 4 b ).
Remarks: See E.poeyi.
(1 9 5 6 );
D u a r te - B e llo ( 1 9 5 9 ) ;
P a rin a n d
M ik h a ilin
(1 9 8 1 ) ;
N a k a m u ra
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
90
TRICH Lepid
L ep id o p u s G oiian, 1770
Lepidopus Goüan, 1770:107, 185. Type species, Lepidopus g o u an ian us Lacepede, 1800 = T ric h iu ru s
caudatus Euphrasen, 1788, by subsequent monotypy or subsequent designation (see Eschmeyer, 1990).
Synonyms: Vandellius Shaw, 1803. S c arcin a Rafinesque, 1810. Z ip h o te c a Montague, 1811.
D i a g n o s t ic F e a t u r e s : B o d y e lo n g a t e a n d c o m p r e s s e d . H e a d le n g t h 4 . 2 to 6 . 8 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ;
u p p e r h e a d p r o f ile s li g h t ly c o n c a v e to s lig h t ly c o n v e x , g e n t ly r is in g f r o m t ip o f s n o u t to d o r s a l- f in o r ig in ;
f r o n t a l c r e s t s c o n v e r g in g f r o m b e fo r e m id d le o f o r b it s to b e h in d t h e ir r e a r m a r g in s ; s a g it t a l c r e s t, if p r e s e n t,
c o n f in e d to n a p e ( b e g in n in g b e t w e e n o r b it s in Lepidopus s p .) ; lo w e r j a w p r o je c ts a n t e r io r to u p p e r ja w ;
lo w e r h in d m a r g in o f g ili c o v e r c o n v e x ; e y e s f a ir l y la r g e , s it u a t e d n e a r d o r s a l c o n t o u r ; in t e r o r b it a l s p a c e
c o n c a v e to c o n v e x ; t ip s o f b o th ja w s u s u a lly w ith a s h o r t d e r m a l p r o c e s s ; ja w d e n t it io n in c lu d in g a n t e r io r
f a n g s (3 to 6 in u p p e r j a w a n d a p a ir in lo w e r ja w ) a n d s m a l le r la t e r a l t e e t h . D o r s a l f in w it h V I I to X w e a k
a n t e r i o r s p in e s h a r d ly d if f e r i n g f r o m s u b s e q u e n t s o f t r a y s ; f ir s t a n a l- f in s p in e r u d im e n t a r y , s e c o n d s p in e
m o d e r a te to s tr o n g ; p e c t o r a l f in s w ith
12 s o f t ra y s , s u b t r ia n g u la r , a n t e r io r r a y s s h o r t e r th a n p o s t e r io r s o ft
r a y s ; p e lv ic f in s w it h I s m a ll s c a l e - li k e s p i n e a n d 1 to 2 t in y s o f t r a y s , in s e r t e d b e h in d e n d o f p e c t o r a l - f i n
b a s e ; s m a ll f o r k e d c a u d a l fin p r e s e n t. L a te r a l lin e s lo w ly d e s c e n d in g f r o m a b o v e g ili o p e n in g to m id - la t e r a l
p o s it io n .
Biology, Habitat and Distribution:
Interest to Fisheries:
Species:
B e n t h o p e la g ic a t s h e lf a n d u p p e r s lo p e . D is tr ib u te d t h r o u g h o u t a ll o c e a n s .
S e e s p e c ie s .
S ix s p e c ie s r e c o g n iz e d ( P a r in a n d C o lle t t e , 1 9 9 2 ) .
Illustrated Key to Species of Lepidopus:
1a.
P o s t e r io r c o n f lu e n c e
in t e r o r b it a l
r e g io n ;
o f fro n ta l
c re s ts
b e fo re
in t e r o r b it a l
space
s t r o n g ly
m id d le
o f o r b it s ;
convex;
o r b it s
s a g it t a l
r e l a t iv e ly
c re s t
b e g in s
fa r fro m
in
d o rs a l
p r o f ile ( F ig . 1 6 8 ) ................................................................................................................................................................. Lepidopus s p .
1b.
P o s t e r io r c o n f lu e n c e o f f r o n t a l c r e s t s b e h in d
c o n f in e d to
nape;
in t e r o r b it a l s p a c e
m id d le o f o r b it s ; s a g it t a l c r e s t , if p r e s e n t ,
u s u a lly c o n c a v e
o r f la t ( c o n v e x o n ly
in
L . dubius);
o r b it s n e a r ly t o u c h in g d o r s a l p r o f ile ( F ig . 1 6 6 a n d 1 6 7 ) .........................................................................................
posterior confluence o f crest
behind middle o f orbits
Fig. 166 Dorsal view of head
-> 2
interorbital
space concave
Fig. 167 Front view of
upper head
Fig. 168 Lepidopus sp.
2a.
U p p e r h e a d p r o f ile c o n c a v e ; d o r s a l- f in e l e m e n t s 91 t o 1 1 0 ; v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 9 8 t o 1 1 4
........................ - > 3
2b.
U p p e r h e a d p r o f ile s li g h t ly c o n v e x ; d o r s a l- f in e l e m e n t s 7 8 to 8 9 ; v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 8 2 to 9 6 ................ -> 4
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
3a.
91
S e c o n d a n a l- fin s p in e s p u r - lik e , lo n g e r th a n p u p il; d o r s a l- f in e le m e n t s 91 to 9 3 , a n a l- fin
s o f t e le m e n t s 4 4 to 4 7 ; v e r t e b r a e to t a l 9 8 to 1 0 0 ( F ig . 1 6 9 ) ..................................................................
3b.
S e c o n d a n a l- fin s p in e p la t e - lik e , t w ic e o r m o r e s h o r t e r t h a n p u p il;
L. calcar
d o r s a l- f in e le m e n t s
9 8 to 1 1 0 , a n a l- fin s o f t e le m e n t s 5 9 to 6 6 ; v e r t e b r a e to t a l 1 0 5 to 1 1 4 (F ig . 1 7 0 ) .................... L.
caudatus
//urn/m rmrmnnumi rm r^
Fig. 169 L. calcar
4a.
Fig. 170 L. caudatus
I n t e r o r b it a l s p a c e c o n v e x , s a g it t a l c r e s t c o n f in e d to n a p e ; h e a d le n g th 6 . 4 to 6 . 8 t im e s
in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; b o d y d e p t h 1 6 to 1 8 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; s e c o n d a n a l- f in s p in e
c a r d if o r m , e q u a l to le n g th o f p u p i l ............................................................................................................................... L.
4b.
dubius
I n t e r o r b it a l s p a c e c o n c a v e , n o s a g it t a l c r e s t ; h e a d le n g t h 4 . 2 to 5 . 5 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
le n g t h ; b o d y d e p t h 9 to 1 3 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g t h ; s e c o n d a n a l- f in s p in e p la t e - lik e ,
s h o r t e r t h a n le n g th o f p u p il
.........................................................................................................................................................—> 5
sagittal crest confined to nape
Fig. 171 L. dubius
5a.
E y e d i a m e t e r 4 . 9 to 6 . 2 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; c a u d a l- f in s p a n le s s t h a n le n g th o f u p p e r
c a u d a l- f in lo b e ; d o r s a l- f in e le m e n t s 7 8 to 8 7 ; v e r t e b r a e t o t a l 8 2 to 9 3 ..................................................... L.fitchi
5b.
E y e d ia m e t e r a b o u t 4 . 0 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; c a u d a l- f in s p a n g r e a t e r th a n le n g th o f u p p e r
c a u d a l- f in lo b e ; d o r s a l- f in e le m e n t s 8 9 ; v e r t e b r a e to t a l 9 4 ........................................................................... L.
78 to 87 dorsal fin elements
manis
89 dorsal fin elements
lin i,,!.,lU H W m itm m ;' nn
Fig. 172 L .fitchi
m um m .
Fig. 173 L. manis
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
92
TRICH Lepid 6
Lepidopus sp.
(to b e d e s c r ib e d b y P a r in a n d C o lle tt e , 1 9 9 3 in A r c h iv . F is c h e r e iw is s . )
S y n o n y m s : N one.
FAO N am es:
E n - C r e s te d s c a b b a r d f is h ; F r - P o is s o n s a b r e c r é n e lé ; S p - P e z c in to e n c r e s t a d o .
lnlcrorbilal space
convex
J-y,
FRONT VIEW OF
UPPER HEAD *
DORSAL VIEW OF HEAD
Fig. 174 Lepidopus sp.
(adapted from Tucker, 1957)
* (after P arin and Mikhailin, 1981)
Field Characters:
B o d y s ilv e r y to b r o w n is h , d a r k e r a lo n g la te r a l lin e . In t e r o r b it a l s p a c e s t r o n g ly c o n v e x .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y e lo n g a t e a n d c o m p r e s s e d ; b o d y d e p t h 1 0 .9 to 1 3 .0 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ;
a n u s s it u a t e d b e lo w 3 6 th to 4 0 t h s o f t d o r s a l- f in ra y . H e a d le n g th 5 .9 to 6 . 5 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; s n o u t
le n g t h 2 . 5 to 2 . 7 t im e s in h e a d le n g t h ; u p p e r h e a d p r o f i le a l m o s t s t r a ig h t , g e n t l y r is i n g f r o m
d o r s a l- f in
o r ig in ;
p o s t e r io r c o n f lu e n c e
e x t e n d in g
th ro u g h
d i a m e t e r 4 . 9 to 5 .1
n a p e ; o r b it s
fa r,
o f fro n ta l c re s ts b e fo re
n o t r e a c h in g
u p p e r p r o file ,
t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; in t e r o r b it a l w id t h
s n o u t to
m id d le o f o r b its ; s a g it t a l c r e s t p r o m in e n t ,
in te r o r b it a l s p a c e
1 .6 to
s t r o n g ly c o n v e x ; e y e
1 .8 t im e s in e y e d i a m e t e r ; u p p e r j a w
le n g th 2 . 8 to 3 . 0 t im e s in h e a d le n g t h ; la t e r a l t e e t h 1 5 to 2 0 in m a x illa r y , 1 5 to 2 1 in d e n t a r y ; a f e w t e e t h
o n p a la tin e s . G ili r a k e r s 1 7 o r 1 8 . D o r s a l- f in e le m e n t s 9 0 to
9 6 ; a n a l fin w ith II s p in e s , th e s e c o n d s p in e fla t, t r ia n g u la r ,
tw ic e s h o r te r th a n th e d is ta n c e fr o m its o rig in to a n u s in s e r te d
b e lo w 3 7 t h to 4 0 t h d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y , a n d 5 2 to 5 8 s o f t r a y s ,
p o s t e r io r 1 9 to 2 3 c o n n e c t e d b y m e m b r a n e ; p e lv ic f in s in ­
s e r t e d b e lo w 9 th to
d ia m e t e r b e h in d
1 0 th d o r s a l- f in s o f t ra y , a b o u t h a lf e y e
p o s t e r io r e n d
o f p e c t o r a l- fin b a s e . P y lo r ic
c a e c a a b o u t 2 0 . V e r t e b r a e to t a l 9 8 to 1 0 7 , in c lu d in g 3 7 to 4 0
p re c a u d a l a n d
61
to 6 7
c a u d a l.
Colour:
Body
s ilv e r y
to
b r o w n is h , d a r k e r a lo n g la te r a l lin e ; in s id e o f g ili c a v it y b la c k .
Geographical Distribution:
W e s te r n A tla n tic O c e a n f r o m 4 3 ° N
o f f t h e S c o t ia n S h e lf to 3 5 ° S o f f s o u t h e r n B r a z il (F ig . 1 7 5 ).
Habitat and Biology:
B e n th o p e la g ic fr o m 2 0 0 to 5 0 0 m ,
ju v e n ile s p e la g ic .
Size:
M a x im u m 6 6 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th .
Interest to Fisheries:
Literature:
N o d a t a a v a ila b le .
Evoxymetopon taeniatus);
as Lepidopus s p .).
T u c k e r (1 9 5 7 , a s
a n d M ik h a ilin ( 1 9 8 1 ,
Local Names:
P a rin
Fig. 175
93
Snake M ackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
Lepidopus calcar P arin and M ikhailin, 1982
TRICH Lepid 2
F ig . 1 7 6
Lepidopus calcar Parin and Mikhailin, 1982a:27 (Colahan Seamount, Hawaiian Ridge).
S ynonym s:
None.
F A O N a m e s : E n - H a w a iia n r id g e s c a b b a r d f is h ; F r - P o is s o n s a b r e h a w a iie n ; S p - P e z c in to e x p o lín .
////ƒ ƒ
/
HEA D*
^ /
Z
pelvic-fins CAUDAL FIN*
interorbital space
ANAL-FIN SPINE
FRONT VIEW OF
UPPERH EAD *
DORSAL VIEW OF HEAD
Fig. 176 Lepidopus calcar
(after Parin and Mikhailin, 1982)
Field Characters:
B o d y d a r k b r o w n . S e c o n d a n a l- fin s p in e s to u t, s p u r - lik e , lo n g e r t h a n p u p il o f e y e .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y e lo n g a t e a n d c o m p r e s s e d ; b o d y d e p t h 1 0 .5 to 1 3 .9 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ;
a n u s s it u a t e d b e lo w 4 0 t h to 4 3 t h d o r s a l- f in ra y . H e a d le n g th 5 .9 to 6 . 4 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; s n o u t le n g th
2 .5
to 2 .6 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; u p p e r h e a d p r o file o b liq u e - c o n c a v e , r is in g g e n t ly f r o m tip o f s n o u t to m id d le o f
o rb its a n d m o re s te e p ly to d o rs a l o rig in ; p o s te r io r c o n flu e n c e o f fr o n ta l r id g e s b e fo r e r e a r m a r g in o f o rb its ; s a g itta l
c r e s t c o n f in e d to n a p e ; o r b it s n e a r e ly t o u c h in g u p p e r p r o file , in te r o r b it a l s p a c e s lig h t ly c o n c a v e ; e y e d ia m e t e r
4 . 7 to 5 .1 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; in te r o r b it a l w id t h 1 .7 to
1 .8 t im e s in e y e d ia m e te r ; u p p e r j a w le n g th 2 .8 t im e s
in h e a d le n g th ; la te r a l te e th 1 5 to 1 7 in m a x illa r y , 15
to
19
in
d e n ta r y ;
r a k e r s 1 3 to
te e th
p re s e n t
on
p a la tin e s .
G ili
1 6 . D o r s a l- f in e le m e n t s 91 to 9 3 ; a n a l
fin w ith II s p in e s , s e c o n d s p u r-lik e , v e r y s to u t, 1 .7 to 1.8
t im e s lo n g e r t h a n d is ta n c e f r o m its o r ig in to a n u s , (in ­
s e r t e d b e lo w 4 4 t h to 4 5 t h d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y ) , 4 4 to 4 7
s o f t ra y s , p o s t e r io r 1 0 to 2 0 s o f t r a y s c o n n e c te d b y
m e m b r a n e ; p e lv ic fin s in s e r te d b e lo w s e v e n th to e ig h th
20*
d o r s a l- fin s o f t r a y w ith a d is ta n c e o f 0 .6 to 0 .7 t im e s e y e
d ia m e te r b e h in d p o s t e r io r e n d o f p e c to r a l b a s e . P y lo r ic
c a e c a 1 8 . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 9 8 to 1 0 0 , in c lu d in g 4 3 to 4 4
p re c a u d a l a n d
5 4 to 5 7 c a u d a l.
Colour:
B o d y d a rk
b r o w n , m u c h p a le r b e lo w ( m ig h t b e s ilv e r y ir id e s c e n t in
life); o p e rc le b la c k , in s id e o f m o u th a n d gili c a v itie s b la c k .
100*
Geographical Distribution:
fro m
So
fa r
re c o rd e d
120*
140*
160*
1M *
160*
KO*
120*
o n ly
ty p e lo c a lity a t C o la h a n S e a m o u n t o f H a w a iia n
S u b m a r in e R id g e ( 3 1 ° 0 1 'N , 1 7 5 ° 5 3 'W ) (F ig . 1 7 7 ).
Fig. 177
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
94
Habitat and Biology:
Size:
B e n t h o p e la g ic f r o m 2 7 0 to 3 5 0 m .
M a x im u m 7 9 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th (k n o w n f r o m 3 s p e c im e n s ) .
Interest to Fisheries:
N o d a ta a v a ila b le .
Local Names:
Literature:
B o r e ts (1 9 8 6 ) .
Lepidopus caudatus (Euphrasen, 1788)
TRICH Lepid 1
F ig . 1 7 8
Trichiurus caudatus Euphrasen, 1788:52, pi. 9 (Cape o f Good Hope).
Synonyms: Lepidopus argenteus Bonnaterre, 1788. T ric h iu ru s ensiform is Vandelii, 1797. Lepidopus
g o u a n ia n u s Lacepède, 1800. T ric h iu ru s g la d iu s Holten, 1802. V a n d e lliu s lu s ita n ic u s Shaw, 1803.
L ep id o p u s p e r o n ii Risso, 1810. S c a rc in a a rg y re a Rafinesque, 1810. Z ip h o th e c a tetrad en s Montague,
1811. Lepidopus xantusi Goode and Bean, 1895. Lepidopus lex Phillips, 1932.
FAO Names: En
- S ilv e r s c a b b a r d f is h ;
Fr -
17 to 20 gili
rakers —
S a b r e a r g e n té ( S a b r e in A r e a 3 7 ) ;
Sp
- P e z c in to .
interorbital space flat
or slightly concave
D O R S A L V IE W O F H E A D *
(after Parin and Mikhailin, 1981)
Field Characters:
Fig. 178 Lepidopus caudatus
(adapted from Tucker, 1956)
FRONT VIEW OF
UPPER HEAD*
FIRST GILL ARCH
B o d y u n if o r m ly s ilv e r y .
S e c o n d a n a l- fin
s p in e
p la te -lik e , t w ic e o r m o r e s h o r t e r th a n
p u p il.
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y e lo n g a t e a n d c o m p r e s s e d ; b o d y d e p t h 1 0 .9 to 1 5 .4 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ;
a n u s s it u a t e d b e lo w 3 6 t h to 4 0 t h d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y . H e a d le n g t h 5 . 7 to 6 . 8 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
s n o u t le n g th 2 .4 to 2 .7 tim e s in h e a d le n g th ; u p p e r h e a d p ro file o b liq u e c o n c a v e , ris in g g e n tly f r o m
le n g th ;
t ip o f
s n o u t to m id d le o f o r b it s a n d m o r e s t e e p ly to d o r s a l o r ig in ; p o s t e r io r c o n f lu e n c e o f f r o n t a l r id g e s b e h in d
r e a r m a r g in o f o r b it s ; s a g it t a l c r e s t c o n f in e d to n a p e ; o r b it s n e a r e ly t o u c h in g d o r s a l p r o f ile , in t e r o r b it a l
s p a c e f la t o r s li g h t ly c o n c a v e ; e y e d i a m e t e r 4 . 9 to 6 .1 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; in t e r o r b it a l w id t h
1 .3 to 1 .6
t im e s in e y e d ia m e te r ; u p p e r j a w le n g th 2 . 7 to 3 .0 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; p a la tin e t e e th p r e s e n t. G ili r a k e r s
1 7 t o 2 0 . D o r s a l- f in e l e m e n t s 9 8 t o
1 1 0 ; a n a l fin w it h II s p in e s , s e c o n d p l a t e - l ik e o r t r ia n g u la r , s h o r t e r
t h a n p u p il, ( in s e r t e d b e lo w 3 8 t h to 4 2 n d d o r s a l- f in s o f t ra y ) , 5 9 to 6 6 s o f t r a y s , p o s t e r io r 1 5 to 2 4 s o f t ra y s
c o n n e c t e d b y m e m b r a n e ; p e lv ic f in s in s e r t e d b e lo w e ig h th to n in th d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y , a b o u t 1 e y e d ia m e t e r
b e h in d p o s t e r io r e n d o f p e c t o r a l- f in b a s e . P y lo r ic c a e c a 2 0 to 2 9 . V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 1 0 5 to 1 1 4 , in c lu d in g
3 8 to 4 4 p r e c a u d a l a n d 6 5 to 7 2 c a u d a l.
Colour:
B o d y u n if o r m ly s ilv e r y ; d o r s a l fin b la c k is h g r e y (in N o r th
A t la n t ic p o p u la t io n s ) o r w it h b la c k m a r g in o f m e m b r a n e b e t w e e n f i r s t 3 s o f t d o r s a l- f in r a y s a n d s e v e n t h
to n in th s o f t r a y s ( in S o u t h H e m is p h e r e p o p u la t io n s ) .
95
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
Geographical Distribution:
t ic f r o m
d e ir a ,
E a s te rn
N o r th
A t la n ­
F r a n c e to S e n e g a l, in c lu d in g A z o r e s , M a ­
C a n a r ie s
a n d o ffs h o re
M e d it e r r a n e a n
( in d iv i d u a l
s e a m o u n ts , w e s te rn
s t r a g g le r s
as
f a r n o r th
a s I c e la n d a n d e a s t to B la c k S e a ) , o f f S o u t h A f r ic a
fro m
e rn
Cape
F r io to A g u lh a s
W a lv is
R id g e ,
B a n k , in c lu d in g
s e a m o u n ts
in
O c e a n a lo n g 3 0 to 3 5 ° S , A u s t r a lia f r o m
W a le s to s o u t h e r n
la n d ( F ig .
n o rth ­
s o u th e rn
40 °
I n d ia n
N e w S o u th
W e s t A u s t r a lia , a n d
New Zea­
1 7 9 ). A d o u b tfu l re c o rd fro m
C ape San
L u c a s , M e x ic o ( R o s e n b la t t a n d W ils o n , 1 9 8 7 ) .
Habitat and Biology:
t a l s h e lf , a lo n g
B e n t h o p e la g ic
on
c o n t in e n ­
its e d g e a n d u p p e r s lo p e d o w n to
4 0 0 m ( 6 0 0 m in A u s t r a lia ) , u s u a lly o v e r s a n d y a n d
m u d d y b o t to m s f r o m
A u s t r a lia ) .
s io n a lly
w hen
M ig r a t e s
fo u n d
1 0 0 to 2 5 0 m ( o v e r 3 0 0 m in
in to
in s h o r e
it a p p e a r s
at
m id w a t e r
in
at
u p w e llin g
s u rfa c e .
n ig h t.
O cca­
of deep
S c h o o lin g
20«
Fig. 179
w a te r
s p e c ie s .
F e e d s o n c r u s t a c e a n s , s m a ll s q u id a n d f is h . In t h e
E a s t A t la n t ic th e m o s t im p o r t a n t f o r a g e it e m s a r e Euphausia hanseni, E. luceus, Pasiphaea
semispinosa, Sergesthes s p p . , Todaropsis eblanae, Engraulis capensis, Etrumeus terres, Sardinops ocel­
lata, Maurolicus muelleri, Symbolophorus humbolti, Diaphus dumerili, Lampanyctodes hectoris, Chloro­
phthalmus s p . a n d Scomber japonicus ( M ik h a ilin , 1 9 7 8 ) . A t t a in s le n g th o f 1 2 5 c m a t 9 y e a r s o f a g e in
s o u th e rn
s o u t h e r n E a s t A t la n t ic a n d 1 6 0 c m a t a g e o f 1 3 y e a r s in n o r th e r n E a s t A t la n t ic ( M ik h a ilin , 1 9 7 6 a ) . S p a w n s
f r o m e n d o f w i n t e r to e a r ly s p r in g o f f N o r th A f r ic a n c o a s t ( W h e e le r ,
1 9 6 9 ) a n d s p r in g to a u t u m n in N e w
Z e a la n d w a t e r s ( R o b e r t s o n , 1 9 8 0 ).
Size:
M a x im u m 2 0 5 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th a n d a b o u t 8 k g w e ig h t in e a s t e r n N o r th A t la n t ic , u s u a lly 1 0 0 to
1 3 5 c m a n d 1 .0 to 2 .3 k g .
Interest to Fisheries:
I m p o r t a n t c o m m e r c ia l f is h s p e c ie s in t h e e a s t e r n N o r th A t la n t ic , m a in ly o f f P o r t u g a l
a n d M o r o c c o . A ls o c a u g h t b y tr a w ls o f f N a m ib ia a n d N e w Z e a la n d . W o r ld a n n u a l c a t c h e s v a r ie d in 1 9 8 5
to 1 9 9 0 f r o m 7 8 3 9 to 21 7 4 8 t ( F A O , 1 9 9 2 ) . F le s h e x c e lle n t .
Local Names:
A U S T R A L IA :
S o u th e rn
fr o s t fis h ;
FRANCE:
S a b re ;
GERMANY:
D e g e n fis c h ;
GREECE:
S p a d o p s a r o ; IT A L Y : P e s c e s c ia b o la ; M A L T A : F ja m m a ; N E W Z E A L A N D : S c a b b a r d fis h , F r o s tfis h ; P O R ­
TU G AL:
E spada
b ra n c a ;
R U S S IA :
L e p id o p ;
S P A IN :
E s p a d ie lla ;
SOUTH
A F R IC A :
B o tte rs n o e k ,
B u t-
t e r s n o e k ; U K : F r o s tfis h , S c a b b a r d fis h ; Y U G O S L A V I A : Z m ijic n ja k r e p a s .
Literature:
T u c k e r ( 1 9 5 6 ) ; W h e e le r
( 1 9 6 9 ) ; M ik h a ilin
( 1 9 7 7 ) ; S c o t t e t a l.
(1 9 8 0 );
L a s t e t a l.
(1 9 8 3 );
D u h a m e l ( 1 9 8 4 ) ; P o r t s e v a n d N ik o la e v ( 1 - 9 8 4 ) ; N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 8 6 c , 1 9 9 0 a ) ; M a y a n d M a x w e ll ( 1 9 8 6 ) ; P a rin
( 1 9 8 6 , 1 9 9 0 c ) ; R o s e n b la t t a n d W ils o n ( 1 9 8 7 ) ; S h c h e r b a c h e v e t a l. ( 1 9 8 9 ) .
Remarks:
C o m p a r is o n s
o f p o p u la t io n s
o f th e
A t la n t ic - M e d it e r r a n e a n , S o u t h A f r ic a , s o u t h e r n
been
based
o n a d e q u a te
m a t e r ia l.
m a in
d i s t r ib u t io n a l
I n d ia n O c e a n
H o w e v e r , s a m p le s f r o m
a re a s ,
th a t
is ,
a n d A u s t r a lia - N e w
s o u t h w e s t A f r ic a
(3 0 4
th e
e a s te rn
Z e a la n d ,
N o r th
have
never
s p e c im e n s ) a n d th e
A z o r e s ( 1 0 2 s p e c im e n s ) d if f e r s ig n if ic a n t ly in d o r s a l- f in p ig m e n t a t io n ( s e e a b o v e ) a n d m e r is tic c h a r a c t e r s
( M ik h a ilin ,
1 9 7 7 ).
Seam ount
( 3 6 ° 2 2 'N ,
S u r p r is in g ly ,
1 1 ° 3 7 'W )
M o r p h o m e t r ie s t u d ie s o f
M ik h a ilin i
a g re e
L. caudatus
w ith
s a m p le s
th e
( if t h e y
s o u th e rn
w e re
p o p u la t io n
r e q u ir e f u r t h e r e la b o r a t io n .
not
in
m is la b e lle d )
v e rte b ra l
fro m
and
G e tty s b u rg
d o rs a l
c o u n ts .
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
96
Lepidopus dubius Parin and M ik h a ilin , 1981
Lepidopus dubius
Synonyms:
TRICH Lepid 3
F ig . 1 8 0
P a rin a n d M ik h a ilin , 1 9 8 1 :4 0 3 , fig . 1 ( o f f A n g o la , E a s t A t la n t ic O c e a n ) .
None.
FAO Names: En
- D o u b tf u l s c a b b a r d f is h ;
Fr
- P o is s o n s a b r e é n ig m e ;
Sp
- P e z c in to e n ig m a .
, y/ / sS/ sss
interorbital
space convex
FRONT VIE W OF
UPPER H EA D
HEAD
DORSAL V IE W OF HEAD
Fig. ISO Lepidopus dubius
(adapted from Parin and Mikhailin, 1981)
Field Characters:
B o d y s ilv e r y , e d g e s o f ja w s a n d o p e r c le b la c k is h . I n t e r o r b it a l s p a c e c o n v e x . S a g it t a l
c r e s t c o n f in e d to n a p e .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y e lo n g a t e a n d c o m p r e s s e d ; b o d y d e p t h
1 6 .4 to 1 8 .5 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ;
a n u s s it u a t e d b e lo w 3 3 th to 3 5 th s o f t d o r s a l- f in ra y . H e a d le n g th 6 .4 to 6 .8 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; s n o u t
le n g th 2 .6 to 2 .8 tim e s in h e a d le n g th ; u p p e r h e a d p ro file s lig h tly c o n v e x , r is in g v e r y g e n tly fr o m s n o u t to n a p e ;
p o s t e r io r c o n flu e n c e o f fr o n ta l r id g e s b e fo r e r e a r m a r g in o f o rb its , s a g itta l c r e s t c o n fin e d to n a p e ; o r b its n e a r e ly
t o u c h in g u p p e r p r o file , in te r o r b it a l s p a c e s t r o n g ly c o n v e x ; e y e d ia m e t e r 5 .3 to 5 .6 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ;
in te r o r b it a l w id t h 1 .7 to 1 .9 t im e s in e y e d ia m e te r ; u p p e r j a w le n g th 2 .8 to 3 .2 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; la te r a l
t e e th 1 5 to 2 0 in m a x illa r y , 11 to 1 7 in d e n t a r y ; a f e w t e e th o n p a la tin e s . D o r s a l- f in e le m e n t s 8 5 to 8 9 ( r a r e ly
8 3 ) ; a n a l fin w ith II s p in e s , s e c o n d s p in e w e a k , c a r d if o r m a n d a little lo n g e r th a n th e d is ta n c e f r o m its o r ig in
to a n u s (in s e rte d b e lo w 3 5 th to 3 7 th d o rs a l-fin s o ft ra y ), 4 8
to 5 3 s o ft ra y s , p o s te r io r 2 0 to 2 5 s o ft r a y s c o n n e c te d b y
m e m b r a n e ; p e lv ic f in s in s e r t e d b e lo w s e v e n t h t o n in th
d o r s a l-fin s o ft ra y , a b o u t a n e y e d ia m e te r b e h in d p o s t e ­
r io r e n d o f p e c to r a l- fin
b a s e . P y lo r ic c a e c a
40®
13. V e r te ­
b r a e t o t a l 91 to 9 6 , in c lu d in g 3 3 to 3 7 p r e c a u d a l a n d 5 5
to 61 c a u d a l.
Colour:
B o d y s ilv e ry ; e d g e s o f ja w s a n d
o p e r c le b la c k is h .
20®
Geographical Distribution:
A lo n g s h o r e s o f W e s t A f ­
r ic a f r o m E q u a t o r to 1 4 ° 3 0 'S ( F ig . 1 8 1 ).
Habitat and Biology:
B e n t h o p e la g ic f r o m 3 2 0 to 4 9 5
m , ju v e n ile s e p i- to m e s o p e lg ic f r o m 2 0 to 2 2 0 m .
Size:
M a x im u m k n o w n s t a n d a r d le n g th is 4 3 c m .
20 ®
Interest to Fisheries:
N o d a ta a v a ila b le .
Local Names:
Literature:
atus
? ); P a r in
P a r in e t a l. ( 1 9 7 8 , a s
(1 9 9 0 c ).
Evoxymetopon taeni­
20*
0*
20®
Fig. 181
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes of the W orld
Lepidopus fitc h i
Lepidopusfitchi
Synonyms:
97
TRICH Lepid 4
F ig . 1 8 2
R o s e n b la tt a n d W ils o n , 1 9 8 7
R o s e n b la tt a n d W ils o n , 1 9 8 7 :3 4 8 , fig. 6 (N o rth C o ro n a d o Isla n d , B a ja C a lifo rn ia N o rte , M e x ic o ) .
None.
FAO Names: En
Fr
- F itc h 's s c a b b a r d f is h ;
Sp
- P o is s o n s a b r e y a t a g a n ;
- F e z c in to d e F itc h .
2nd anal-fin spine flat
pelvic fins
anus
and triangular
VENTRAL VIEW
Fig. 182 Lepidopus fitc h i
(adapted from Rosenblatt andWilson, 1987)
VENTRAL VIEW
Field Characters:
B o d y b la c k o r b r o w n w ith a s ilv e r y s h e e n a lo n g a b d o m e n . C a u d a l s p a n le s s th a n le n g th o f
u p p e r c a u d a l- f in lo b e .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y m o d e r a te ly e lo n g a t e a n d c o m p r e s s e d ; b o d y d e p th 9 .2 to
1 3 .3 tim e s in s ta n d a r d
le n g th ; a n u s s it u a t e d b e lo w 3 5 th o r 3 6 th d o r s a l- f in ra y . H e a d le n g th 4 .2 to 5 .5 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; s n o u t
le n g th 2 .7 to 3.1 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; u p p e r h e a d p r o file s lig h t ly c o n v e x , r is in g g e n t ly f r o m s n o u t to d o r s a l-fin
o rig in ; p o s t e r io r c o n flu e n c e o f fro n ta l c r e s ts ju s t b e h in d r e a r m a r g in o f o rb its ; s a g itta l c r e s t a b s e n t; o r b it to u c h in g
d o r s a l p ro file ; in te r o rb ita l s p a c e s lig h tly c o n c a v e ; e y e d ia m e te r 4 .9 to 6 .0 tim e s in h e a d le n g th ; in te ro rb ita l w id th
1 ,3 to 1 .8 tim e s in e y e d ia m e te r ; u p p e r ja w le n g th 2 .7 to 3 .4 tim e s in h e a d le n g th ; la te ra l te e th 2 0 to 2 7 in m a x illa ry ,
1 8 to 3 0 in d e n ta r y ; a f e w t e e th o n p a la tin e s . G ili r a k e r s 12 to
1 7 . D o r s a l- fin e le m e n ts 7 8 to 8 7 ; a n a l fin w ith II
s p in e s , s e c o n d s p in e fla t, tr ia n g u la r , m u c h s h o r t e r th a n d is ta n c e f r o m its o r ig in to a n u s , in s e r te d b e lo w 3 7 th to
3 8 th d o rs a l-fin s o ft ra y , 41 to 5 0 s o ft ra y s , p o s te r io r 2 3 to 2 7 c o n n e c te d b y m e m b ra n e ; p e lv ic fin s in s e rte d b e lo w
e ig h th to n in th d o r s a l- fin s o f t ra y , le s s th a n e y e d ia m e te r b e h in d p o s t e r io r e n d o f p e c to r a l- fin b a s e ; c a u d a l fin
lu n a te , its s p a n le s s th a n le n g th o f u p p e r c a u d a l- f in lo b e . P y lo r ic , c a e c a 1 6 to 18. V e r t e b r a e t o ta l 8 4 to 9 3 ,
in c lu d in g 3 2 to 3 7 p r e c a u d a l a n d 4 8 to 5 7 c a u d a l.
Colour:
B o d y b la c k o r b r o w n w ith a s ilv e r y s h in e a lo n g
abdom en.
Geographical
Distribution:
E a s te rn
P a c ific
O cean
fr o m
< .«83 S’
C a p e « ¡w a n d a , O r e g o n (4 5 ° N ) to G u lf o f C a lifo r n ia a n d f r o m 5 ° N
L
to s o u th e r n P e ru (F ig . 1 8 3 ).
Habitat and Biology:
B e n th o p e la g ic fr o m
í
M
1 7 5 to 5 0 0 m , ju v e ­
n ile s e p ip e la g ic a t u p p e r 1 5 0 m . A p p a r e n t ly s c h o o lin g s p e c ie s .
F e e d s o n e u p h a u s iid s a n d s m a ll f is h e s , in c lu d in g
mordax
a n d ju v e n ile
Merluccius productus.
Engraulis
A t ta in s a le n g th o f 8 0
4
9 ---
M a x im u m 1 0 2 c m s t a n d a r d le n g th a n d 1 .4 k g .
Interest to Fisheries:
&
S-*-. J
( - «
to 9 0 c m a t 11 to 1 8 y e a r s ( F itc h a n d G o t s h a ll, 1 9 7 2 ).
Size:
\
-
■1
%
Hk
N o s p e c ia l f is h e r y f o r t h is s p e c ie s , b u t
a c a tc h o f 1 3 6 0 k g w a s o n c e ta k e n b y o tte r tra w l a t 2 5 0 m o ff
N e w p o r t B e a c h , C a lif o r n ia .
Local Names:
Literature:
U S A : B la c k s c a b b a r d f is h .
F itc h
and
L. xantusi); H u b b s
( 1 9 8 2 , as L. xantusi).
as
( 1 9 6 8 , a s L. xantusi);
L. xantusi); C h ir ic h ig n o ( 1 9 7 4 ,
( 1 9 7 9 , a s L. xantusi); M ik h a ilin
L a v e n b e rg
F itc h a n d G o t s h a ll ( 1 9 7 2 , a s
e t a l.
•
U
160°
140°
120°
100°
80°
60°
40°
20°
Fig. 183
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
98
Remarks:
L.fítchi d i f f e r
N o r t h e r n a n d s o u t h e r n p o p u la t io n s o f
in n u m b e r o f v e r t e b r a e , d o r s a l- a n d a n a l- f in
s o f t r a y s ( s e e M ik h a ilin , 1 9 8 2 ; R o s e n b la t t a n d W ils o n , 1 9 8 7 ) a n d m a y w a r r a n t t a x o n o m i c r e c o g n it io n .
Lepidopus manis
Lepidopus manis
S ynonym s:
TRICH Lepid 5
F ig . 1 8 4
R o s e n b la t t a n d W ils o n , 1987
R o s e n b l a t t a n d W ils o n , 1 9 8 7 : 3 4 4 , f ig . 5 ( I s la I s a b e la , G a l a p a g o s I s la n d s ) .
N one.
F A O N a m e s : E n - G h o s t s c a b b a r d f is h ; F r - P o is s o n s a b r e fa n tô m e ; S p - P e z c in to fa n ta s m a .
.V
2nd anal-fin spine flat
and triangular
anus
pelvic fins
VE N T R A L V IE W
(adapted from
Field Characters:
R o s e n b l a t t a n d W ilson,
1987)
B o d y lig h t t a n , h e a d u n if o r m ly b ro w n . C a u d a l- f in s p a n g r e a t e r t h a n le n g t h o f u p p e r
c a u d a l - f i n lo b e .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y m o d e r a te ly e lo n g a t e a n d s t r o n g ly c o m p r e s s e d ; b o d y d e p t h 9 .1 t im e s in s t a n d a r d
le n g th . H e a d le n g th 4 . 2 t im e s in s t a n d a r d le n g th ; s n o u t le n g t h 3 . 0 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; u p p e r h e a d p r o file
s lig h t ly c o n v e x , r is in g g e n t ly f r o m t ip o f s n o u t t o d o r s a l- f in o r ig in ; p o s t e r io r c o n f lu e n c e o f f r o n t a l r id g e s j u s t
b e h in d r e a r m a r g in o f o r b its ; s a g it t a l c r e s t a b s e n t; o r b it s e n t e r ­
in g d o r s a l p r o f ile ; in t e r o r b it a l s p a c e s li g h t ly c o n c a v e ; e y e
d ia m e t e r 3 . 9 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; in te r o r b it a l w id t h 1 .8 t im e s
in e y e d ia m e t e r ; u p p e r j a w le n g t h 2 . 7 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ;
la te r a l t e e t h 2 9 in m a x illa r y , 2 6 in d e n t a r y ; n o p a la t in e t e e th .
G ili r a k e r s 2 4 . D o r s a l- f in e le m e n t s 8 9 ; a n a l fin w it h I I s p in e s ,
s e c o n d s p in e fla t , p la t e - lik e , m u c h s h o r t e r t h a n t h e d is t a n c e
b e t w e e n its o r ig in to a n u s , 5 0 s o f t ra y s , p o s t e r io r 2 4 c o n n e c te d
b y m e m b r a n e ; p e lv ic f in s in s e r t e d w it h a d is t a n c e le s s t h a n
e y e d ia m e t e r b e h in d p o s t e r io r e n d o f p e c t o r a l- fin b a s e ; c a u d a l
fin lu n a te , its s p a n g r e a t e r th a n le n g th o f u p p e r c a u d a l- f in lo b e .
V e r t e b r a e t o t a l 9 4 , in c lu d in g 3 7 p r e c a u d a l a n d 5 7 c a u d a l.
Colour:
B o d y lig h t t a n , h e a d u n if o r m ly b r o w n .
Geographical Distribution:
Is la I s a b e la , G a la p a g o s I s la n d s
( F ig . 1 8 5 ).
Habitat and Biology:
Size:
69
cm
U n k n o w n (h o lo ty p e fo u n d d e a d in a c o v e ).
s ta n d a rd
le n g t h
( s p e c ie s
know n
o n ly
fro m
h o lo t y p e ) .
Interest to Fisheries:
Local Names:
No
d a ta
a v a ila b le .
F ig . 1 8 5
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Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
99
TRICH Lept
Lepturacanthus Fowler, 1905
Lepturacanthus
(s u b g e n u s o f
Trichiurus)
F o w le r ,
1 9 0 5 : 7 7 0 . T y p e s p e c ie s ,
Trichiurus savala
C u v ie r ,
1 8 2 9 , b y o r ig in a l d e s ig n a t io n ( a ls o m o n o t y p ic ) .
Synonyms:
N one.
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y e lo n g a t e a n d r e m a r k a b ly c o m p r e s s e d . A n t e r io r m o s t f a n g o f u p p e r j a w v e r y
lo n g , c o m in g o u t t h r o u g h a s m a ll s lit o n v e n t r a l s id e o f lo w e r ja w ; lo w e r h in d m a r g in o f g ili c o v e r c o n c a v e .
A n a l- f in
s o ft ra y s
p u n g e n t s p in u le s ;
p e c t o r a l f in s f a ir l y
lo n g , e x t e n d i n g
above
la t e r a l lin e ; p e lv ic f in s
c o m p le t e ly a b s e n t ; c a u d a l f in a b s e n t , p o s t e r io r p a r t o f b o d y t a p e r in g to a p o in t.
Biology, Habitat and Distribution:
B e n t h o p e l a g i c m o s t ly o n c o n t in e n t a l s h e lf , c o m e s o f t e n c lo s e to
s u r f a c e a t n ig h t. F e e d s o n a w i d e v a r i e t y o f s m a ll c o a s t a l f is h e s , s q u id a n d c r u s t a c e a n s . K n o w n f r o m
In d o -W e s t P a c ific w a te rs .
Interest to Fisheries:
C a u g h t w ith
s h o re
s e in e s ,
bag
n e ts a n d
s m a ll b o t t o m
tr a w ls
in
m a n y A s ia n
c o u n t r ie s , m a in ly m ix e d w it h o t h e r c o a s t a l fis h .
Species:
T w o s p e c ie s r e c o g n iz e d s o fa r .
Key to Species of Lepturacanthus:
1a.
S n o u t r a t h e r s h o r t, it s le n g t h a b o u t 3 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; e y e la r g e , its d i a m e t e r 5 to 7
t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; d is t a n c e b e t w e e n e y e a n d u p p e r j a w ( s u b o r b it a l le n g t h ) a b o u t h a lf
o f e y e d ia m e t e r ; d o r s a l- f in e l e m e n t s 1 2 3 t o 1 3 3
1b.
............................................................................................. L.
pantului
S n o u t lo n g , it s le n g t h a b o u t 2 t o 2 . 5 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; e y e s m a ll, its d i a m e t e r 7 to 9
t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; d is t a n c e b e t w e e n e y e a n d u p p e r j a w ( s u b o r b it a l le n g t h ) s lig h t ly
s m a l le r t h a n e y e d ia m e t e r ; d o r s a l- f in e l e m e n t s 1 1 3 to 1 2 3
Lepturacanthus pantului
Trichiurus pantului
Synonyms:
...................................................................... L.
TRICH Lept 1
F ig . 1 8 6
(G u p ta , 1 9 6 6 )
G u p ta , 1 9 6 6 :1 7 0 -1 7 1
s a v a la
( P a r g a n a s D is tr ic t, w e s t B e n g a l, In d ia ) .
N one.
FAO Names: En
- C o r o m a n d e l h a ir t a il;
Fr
- P o is s o n s a b r e b é c u n e ;
Sp
- P e z s a b le c o r o m a n d é lic o .
derm al process
slit
FIRST GILL ARCH
VENTRAL VIEW OF HEAD
Fig. 186 Lepturacanthus p a n tu lu i
100
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
Field Characters:
S n o u t s h o r t , its le n g t h a b o u t 3 t im e s in h e a d le n g th . E y e la r g e , its d i a m e t e r a b o u t 5
to 7 t im e s in h e a d le n g th . S u b o r b it a l s p a c e a b o u t h a lf a s la r g e a s e y e d ia m e t e r .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y e x t r e m e ly e lo n g a t e a n d s t r o n g ly c o m p r e s s e d , r ib b o n - lik e , g r a d u a lly t a p e r in g
to a p o in t. S n o u t s h o r t , its le n g t h a b o u t 3 t im e s in h e a d le n g t h ; m o u t h la r g e w it h a d e r m a l p r o c e s s a t t ip
o f e a c h ja w ; lo w e r h in d m a r g in o f g ili c o v e r c o n c a v e ; e y e la r g e , it s d i a m e t e r a b o u t 5 t o 7 t im e s in h e a d
le n g th , s u b o r b it a l s p a c e a b o u t h a lf a s la r g e a s e y e ; 3 ( s o m e t im e s 4 ) f a n g s w it h b a r b s a n d 2 s m a l le r f o r w a r d
d ir e c t e d c a n in e t e e t h p r e s e n t in u p p e r ja w ; a n t e r io r m o s t f a n g v e r y lo n g , c o m in g o u t t h r o u g h a s m a ll s lit o n
v e n t r a l s id e o f lo w e r ja w . A s in g le , lo n g - b a s e d , d o r s a l fin w it h I I I s p in e s a n d 1 2 0 to 1 3 1 s o f t r a y s ; a n a l fin
r e d u c e d t o a lo n g s p in e a n d 7 4 t o 8 4 s m a l le r s p in u le s , b r e a k in g t h r o u g h t h e s k in , t h e a n t e r io r m o s t f a ir ly
lo n g , s it u a t e d b e lo w 3 6 t h to 4 0 t h d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y ; p e c t o r a l f in s s lig h t ly s h o r t e r t h a n s n o u t , w it h I s p in e
a n d 1 0 o r 11 s o f t r a y s ; p e lv ic a n d c a u d a l f in s a b s e n t. L a t e r a l lin e n e a r e r v e n t r a l c o n t o u r t h a n d o r s a l c o n t o u r
o f body.
Colour:
In f r e s h s p e c im e n s , b o d y s t e e ly b lu e w it h m e t a llic r e f le c t io n s , b e c o m in g s ilv e r y g r e y a f t e r
d e a t h ; t a p e r in g p a r t b la c k ; m a r g in o f a n u s b la c k ; u s u a lly m a r g in o f d o r s a l f in , in s id e o f o p e r c le a n d a n t e r io r
p a r t o f s h o u l d e r g ir d le , j e t b la c k .
Geographical Distribution:
K n o w n fro m
H o o g h ly e s t u a r ­
ie s t o G u lf o f M a n n a r in t h e e a s t c o a s t o f I n d ia ( F ig . 1 8 7 ).
Flabitat and Biology:
B e n t h o p e l a g i c ( o r p e la g ic ) , e s t u a r ­
ie s a n d c o a s t a l w a t e r s f r o m s u r f a c e t o t h e d e p t h s o f a b o u t
8 0 m . F e e d s o n a w i d e v a r i e t y o f s m a ll f is h e s a n d c r u s t a ­
c e a n s ( c h i e f ly o n p r a w n s , y o u n g c lu p e o id s , Harpodon
nehereus a n d Trichiurus s p p . in H o o g h ly e s t u a r ie s , I n d ia ) .
Size:
M a x im u m 9 2 c m t o t a l le n g t h , c o m m o n 2 0 to 6 0 c m .
Interest to Fisheries:
In t h e e a s t c o a s t o f I n d ia , c a u g h t
m a in ly w i t h b a g n e t s in e s t u a r ie s , w i t h s h o r e s e in e s a n d
b o a t s e in e s in in s h o r e w a t e r s , a n d w it h t r a w l s in o f f - s h o r e
w a t e r s . M a r k e t e d f r e s h a s w e ll a s d r ie d s a lt e d .
Local
N am es:
Literature:
G u p ta (1 9 6 6 , 1 9 6 7 , 1 9 6 8 ); N a k a m u ra (1 9 8 4 a ).
Fig. 187
Lepturacanthus savala
Trichiurus savala
C u v ie r , 1 8 2 9 :2 1 9 (“ M e r d e s
Synonyms: Trichiurus armatus
FAO Names: En
G ra y , 1831.
- S a v a la n i h a ir t a il;
Field Characters:
Fr
TRICH Lept 2
F ig . 1 8 8
( C u v ie r , 1 8 2 9 )
In d e s ’ -
B o m b a y a n d M a l a b a r d is t r ic t , In d ia ) .
Trichiurus roelandti
B le e k e r , 1 8 6 0 .
- P o is s o n s a b r e c im e t e r r e ;
Sp
- P e z s a b le s a v a la i.
S n o u t lo n g , it s le n g t h 2 t o 2 . 5 t im e s in h e a d le n g t h . E y e s m a ll, its d i a m e t e r a b o u t 7
to 9 t im e s in h e a d le n g t h a n d s lig h t ly lo n g e r t h a n s u b o r b it a l s p a c e .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y e x t r e m e ly e lo n g a t e a n d s t r o n g ly c o m p r e s s e d , r ib b o n - lik e , t a p e r in g t o a p o in t
( c a u d a l t a p e r in g p a r t v e r y lo n g ) . S n o u t lo n g a b o u t 2 t o 2 . 5 t im e s in h e a d le n g t h ; e y e s m a ll, its d i a m e t e r
a b o u t 7 t o 9 t im e s in h e a d le n g th a n d s lig h t ly lo n g e r t h a n s u b o r b it a l s p a c e ; m o u t h v e r y la r g e w it h a d e r m a l
p r o c e s s a t t ip o f e a c h ja w ; 2 o r 3 ( m o s t ly 3 ) f a n g s w it h b a r b s a n d 2 s m a ll f o r w a r d d i r e c t e d c a n in e t e e t h
p r e s e n t in u p p e r ja w , a n t e r io r m o s t f a n g s ( u s u a lly w i t h o u t b a r b s ) p r e s e n t a t t ip o f lo w e r ja w . L o w e r h in d
m a r g in o f g ili c o v e r c o n c a v e . A s in g le , lo n g - b a s e d , d o r s a l f in w it h I I I o r I V s p in e s a n d 1 1 0 t o 1 2 0 s o f t
r a y s ; a n a l f in r e d u c e d to s m a ll s p i n u le s ( a b o u t 7 5 ) b r e a k in g t h r o u g h s k in , t h e a n t e r io r m o s t f a ir ly lo n g , its
o r ig in s it u a t e d b e lo w 3 6 t h t o 3 9 t h s o f t d o r s a l- f in r a y : p e c t o r a l f in s s lig h t ly s h o r t e r t h a n s n o u t , w it h I s p in e
a n d 1 0 s o f t r a y s ; p e lv ic a n d c a u d a l f in s a b s e n t . L a t e r a l lin e n e a r e r v e n t r a l t h a n d o r s a l c o n t o u r o f b o d y .
Colour:
In f r e s h s p e c im e n s , b o d y s t e e ly b lu e , w it h
m e t a l lic r e f le c t io n s , t a p e r in g
p a r t w h it e ; m a r g in o f
a n u s p a le ; u s u a lly m a r g in o f c a u d a l- f in m e m b r a n e w h it e ; t ip o f b o t h ja w s b la c k ; in s id e o f o p e r c le a n d
a n t e r io r p a r t o f s h o u l d e r g ir d le , p a le b la c k .
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
101
derm al process
slit
F ig .188 Lepturacanthus savala
VENTRAL VIEW OF HEAD
Geographical Distribution:
In d o -W e s t
P a c if ic :
fro m
I n d ia
and
S ri
Lanka
to
M a l a y s ia , S in g a p o r e ,
I n d o n e s ia , P h i l i p p i n e s , T h a i l a n d , C h in a , N e w G u in e a , a n d n o r t h e r n A u s t r a l i a ( F ig . 1 8 9 ) .
Habitat and Biology:
B e n t h o p e la g ic ,
in
c o a s ta l
w a te r s d o w n to a b o u t 1 0 0 m d e p th , o fte n c o m e s
n e a r s u r f a c e a t n ig h t . F e e d s o n a w i d e v a r i e t y o f
s m a ll f is h e s
and
and
s p e c ie s
of
c ru s ta c e a n s
( c h i e f ly
on
p ra w n s
Setipinna, Anchoviella, Harpodon,
Trichiurus e tc . in H o o g h ly e s t u a r ie s , I n d ia ) .
Size:
M a x im u m 1 0 0 c m , c o m m o n 3 0 t o 7 0 c m t o t a l
le n g th .
Interest to Fisheries:
C a u g h t m a in ly w it h
s h o re
20*
s e in e s , b a g n e t s a n d c o a s t a l b o t t o m t r a w ls in A s ia n
c o u n t r ie s . M a r k e t e d f r e s h a s w e ll a s d r ie d s a lt e d .
Local Names:
A U S T R A L I A : S p in y h a ir t a il; M A L A Y ­
S I A : S e la y u r , T im a h ; S R I L A N K A : S m a llh e a d e d r ib b o n f is h , S a v a la i.
20"
Literature:
T u c k e r (1 9 5 6 );
Jam es
(1 9 6 1 ,
0°
1 9 6 7 );
G u p ta (1 9 6 7 , 1 9 6 8 ); N a k a m u ra (1 9 8 4 a ).
Tentoriceps
Tentoriceps
( a ls o
W h it le y , 1 9 4 8 :9 4 . T y p e s p e c ie s ,
Trichiurus cristatus
m o n o t y p ic ) .
Diagnostic Features:
Species:
VO*
60°
80*
100*
120*
1V0"
160*
180°
160*
140»
Fig. 189
TRICH Tent
W h it le y , 1 9 4 8
Synonyms: Pseudoxymetopon
20*
C hu and W u, 1962.
S e e s p e c ie s .
O n ly o n e s p e c ie s r e c o g n iz e d s o fa r .
K lu n z in g e r , 1 8 8 4 , b y o r ig in a l d e s ig n a t io n
102
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
Tentoriceps cristatus ( K lu n z in g e r ,
Trichiurus cristatus
1884)
1884:120,
K lu n z in g e r ,
Synonyms: Pseudoxymetopon sinensis
FAO Names: En
Fr
- C r e s t e d h a ir t a il;
TRICH Tent 1
F ig . 1 9 0
p i.
13,
f ig . 5 a ( K o s s e ir , R e d S e a c o a s t o f E g y p t ) .
C hu and W u,
1962.
- P o is s o n s a b r e m a n c h o t ;
Sp
- P e z s a b le c u c h illa .
2nd analfin spine
scale-like
pelvic fins reduced to
scale-like processes
FIRST GILL ARCH
Field Characters:
Fig. 190 Tentoriceps cristatus
P e c t o r a l f in s s h o r t , n o t r e a c h in g la t e r a l lin e . P e lv ic f in s r e d u c e d t o s c a l e - li k e p r o c e s s .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y e x t r e m e ly e lo n g a t e a n d s t r o n g ly c o m p r e s s e d , r ib b o n - lik e , t a p e r in g t o a p o in t.
D o r s a l p r o f ile o f h e a d e v e n ly c o n v e x ; m o u t h la r g e w it h a d e r m a l p r o c e s s a t t ip o f e a c h ja w ; lo w e r h in d
m a r g in o f g ili c o v e r c o n v e x ; e y e v e r y la r g e s it u a t e d la t e r a lly , its d i a m e t e r 5 o r 6 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; 2 o r
3 f a n g s in u p p e r a n d 2 f a n g s in lo w e r ja w , a s in g le s e r ie s o f s h a r p c o m p r e s s e d la t e r a l t e e t h in b o t h ja w s .
A s in g le , lo n g - b a s e d , d o r s a l f in w it h V s p in e s a n d 1 2 6 t o 1 4 4 s o f t r a y s ; a n a l f in r e p r e s e n t e d b y I m in u t e
f ir s t s p in e a n d I s c a le - lik e s e c o n d s p in e , s it u a t e d b e lo w 4 7 t h to 5 0 t h s o f t d o r s a l- f in r a y , r e d u c e d to m in u t e
s p i n u le s b u r ie d
in s k in t h e r e a f t e r ; p e c t o r a l f in s s h o r t , n o t r e a c h in g
la t e r a l lin e ; p e lv ic f in s p r e s e n t b u t
r e d u c e d t o s c a l e - li k e p r o c e s s e s ; c a u d a l f in a b s e n t , p o s t e r io r p a r t o f b o d y t a p e r in g t o a p o in t. L a t e r a l lin e
r u n n in g
a l m o s t s t r a ig h t m id - la t e r a l,
o r s li g h t ly
n e a re r v e n tra l th a n
d o rs a l
c o n to u r.
Colour:
In f r e s h
s p e c im e n s , b o d y s ilv e r y w h it e b e c o m in g s ilv e r y g r e y w it h d a r k c lo u d - lik e p a t c h e s a f t e r d e a t h ; e a c h ja w ,
d o rs a l a n d
a n a l- fin
bases
s o o ty .
Geographical Distribution:
Red
S e a , M o z a m b iq u e
B ank, C h a g o s
In d o -W e s t
P a c ific :
c h a n n e l, S a y a - d e
I s la n d s , A n d a m a n
Sea,
M a lh a
N o rth w e s t
a n d N o r th A u s t r a lia , S o u t h C h in a S e a , E a s t C h in a
S e a , T a s m a n S e a , P h ilip p in e s a n d s o u t h e r n J a p a n
( F ig .
1 9 1 ).
Habitat and Biology:
B e n th o p e la g ic
or
p e la g ic ,
liv e s in c o a s t a l w a t e r s f r o m 3 0 t o 1 1 0 m d e p t h , n o t
fo u n d
in
lo w
s a l in i t y
w a te rs .
Feeds
m a i n ly
on
s m a ll f is h , s q u id a n d c r u s t a c e a n s .
Size:
M a x im u m
9 0 c m t o t a l le n g t h , c o m m o n 3 0 to
70 cm .
Interest to Fisheries:
to m
tr a w ls
and
C aught
s o m e t i m e s w it h
m a i n ly
bag
w it h
n e ts ,
b o t­
m ix e d
w it h o t h e r t r ic h i u r id s in s o u t h e a s t A s ia n c o u n t r ie s .
Fig. 191
M a r k e t e d f r e s h a n d d r ie d s a lt e d in t h e P h ilip p in e s .
Local Names:
Literature:
J A P A N : K a n m u r i- d a c h i; P H I L I P P I N E S : C r e s t e d h a ir t a il.
T u c k e r (1 9 5 6 );
S e n ta
(1 9 7 5 ,
1 9 7 7 );
P a r in
G lo e r f e lt - T a r p a n d K a ilo la ( 1 9 8 4 ) ; S a in s b u r y e t a l. ( 1 9 8 5 ) .
and
M ik h a ilin
(1 9 8 2 b );
N a k a m u ra
(1 9 8 4 a ,b );
103
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
Trichiurus Linnaeus, 1758
Trichiurus
L in n a e u s ,
T R IC H T r ic h
1758:246.
Synonyms: Enchelyopus
Diagnostic Features:
T y p e s p e c ie s ,
B le e k e r ,
Trichiurus Lepturus
1862. Lepturus
B o d y e lo n g a te
and
L in n a e u s ,
1758,
b y m o n o ty p y
1863.
G ili,
r e m a r k a b ly c o m p r e s s e d .
L o w e r h in d
m a r g in
o f g ili c o v e r
c o n c a v e . A n a l- f in s o f t r a y s m o s t ly b u r ie d in s k in ; p e c t o r a l f in s f a ir l y lo n g , e x t e n d in g a b o v e la t e r a l lin e ;
p e l v i c f i n s a b s e n t ; c a u d a l f in a b s e n t , p o s t e r i o r p a r t o f b o d y t a p e r i n g t o a p o in t .
Biology,Habitat and Biology:
B e n t h o p e la g ic , o n
c o n t in e n t a l s h e lf a n d
s lo p e .
F e e d s o n f is h , s q u id
a n d c r u s t a c e a n s . G e n e r ic d is t r ib u t io n b e in g t r o p ic a l a n d t e m p e r a t e w a t e r s w o r ld w id e f o r
T. Lepturus
and
o f f I n d ia n O c e a n f o r t h e o t h e r t w o s p e c ie s .
Interest to Fisheries:
T.
Lepturus
is a c o m m e r c ia l ly im p o r t a n t s p e c ie s w o r ld w id e , a n d t h e o t h e r t w o
s p e c ie s a r e o c c a s io n a l ly c a u g h t in lo c a l f is h e r ie s in In d ia .
Species:
T h r e e s p e c ie s r e c o g n iz e d s o f a r ( N a k a m u r a , 1 9 8 4 a ) . T .
v a r i o u s lo c a l p o p u la t io n s w h ic h
h a v e b e e n e v a lu a t e d
Lepturus
s e e m s to b e c o m p o s e d o f
b y s o m e a u t h o r a s s p e c ie s o r s u b s p e c ie s . W e
f o ll o w T u c k e r ( 1 9 5 6 ) w h o r e c o g n iz e d o n ly o n e s in g le s p e c ie s f o r
T.Lepturus.
Illustrated Key to Species of Trichiurus :
1a.
P e c t o r a l- f in s p in e s e r r a t e d : f ir s t a n a l- f in s p in e s it u a t e d b e lo w a b o u t 3 6 t h s o f t d o r s a l- f in
s o f t r a y ( F ig . 1 9 2 ) ...........................................................................................................................................................
1b.
P e c t o r a l- f in
s p in e n o t s e r r a te ; f ir s t a n a l- fin
s p in e s it u a t e d
X.
gangeticus
b e lo w 3 9 th to 4 1 s t s o ft
d o r s a l - f i n s o f t r a y ...............................................................................................................................................................................
-» 2
s e rra te d
s p in e
PECTORAL
FIN
F ig . 192
Trichiurus gangeticus
Lepturus
2a.
F a n g s o n j a w s w it h b a r b s ; d o r s a l- f in e l e m e n t s m o r e t h a n 1 3 0 ( F ig . 1 9 3 ) ...
X.
2b.
F a n g s o n j a w s w i t h o u t b a r b s ; d o r s a l- f in e l e m e n t s le s s t h a n 1 2 0 ( F ig . 1 9 4 )
... X.
Fig. 193 Trichiurus lepturus
auriga
Fig. 194 Trichiums auriga
104
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
Trichiurus auriga
Trichiurus auriga
S ynonym s:
K lu n z in g e r , 1 8 8 4
F ig .
TRICH Trich 2
195
K lu n z i n g e r , 1 8 8 4 : 1 2 0 , p i. 1 2 , f ig . 1 ( K o s s i e r , R e d S e a c o a s t o f E g y p t ) .
None.
F A O N a m e s : E n - P e a r ly h a ir t a il; F r - P o is s o n s a b r e b r o c h e t ; S p - P e z s a b le p e r la .
F ig . 195
FIRST G ILL ARCH
Field Characters:
Trichiurus auriga
A n t e r io r m a r g in o f p e c t o r a l- f in s p in e n o t s e r r a t e d . A n a l- f in o r ig in s it u a t e d b e lo w 4 0 t h
o r 4 1 s t d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y . F a n g s o n b o t h ja w s w i t h o u t b a r b s .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y e x t r e m e ly e lo n g a t e a n d s t r o n g ly c o m p r e s s e d , r ib b o n - lik e , t a p e r in g to a p o in t;
d is t a n c e f r o m s n o u t t o a n u s a b o u t 2 / 5 o f s t a n d a r d le n g th . M o u t h v e r y la r g e , w it h a s m a ll d e r m a l p r o c e s s
a t t ip o f e a c h ja w ; lo w e r h in d m a r g in o f g ili c o v e r c o n c a v e ; e y e v e r y la r g e , its d i a m e t e r 5 . 5 t o 7 t im e s in
h e a d le n g t h ; 2 o r 3 p a ir s a n d o n e p a ir o f f a n g s w i t h o u t b a r b s in u p p e r a n d lo w e r ja w s , r e s p e c t iv e ly ; a
s in g le s e r ie s o f s h a r p , c o m p r e s s e d la t e r a l t e e t h in b o t h ja w s ; m in u t e t e e t h o n p a la t in e s . D o r s a l- f in b a s e
lo n g a n d f in r a t h e r lo w , w i t h o u t a n o t c h b e t w e e n t h e s p in o u s a n d s o f t p a r ts , w it h I I I s p in e s a n d 1 0 6 t o 1 1 3
s o f t r a y s ; a n a l f in r e d u c e d t o a b o u t 8 0 s p i n u le s s lig h t ly b r e a k in g s k in ( it s o r ig in s it u a t e d b e lo w 4 0 t h o r
4 1 s t d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y ) ; p e c t o r a l f in s a b o u t a s lo n g a s s n o u t , w it h I s p in e a n d 9 s o f t r a y s ; p e lv ic a n d c a u d a l
f in s a b s e n t . L a t e r a l lin e o r ig in a t in g a t u p p e r m a r g in o f g ili c o v e r , r u n n in g o b liq u e ly to b e h in d t ip o f p e c t o r a l
f in s , t h e n s t r a ig h t to v e n t r a l c o n t o u r o f b o d y .
Colour:
F r e s h s p e c im e n s a r e p e a r l w h it e a n d s lig h t ly d u s k y
d o r s a lly ; m a r g in s o f d o r s a l a n d a n a l f in s d u s k y in f o r m a lin .
Geographical Distribution:
I n d ia n O c e a n : R e d S e a ,
o f f w e s t c o a s t o f In d ia a n d T im o r S e a ( F ig . 1 9 6 ).
Habitat and Biology:
B e n t h o p e la g ic , in d e e p w a t e r s
r a n g in g f r o m 2 5 0 to 3 5 0 m d e p t h o f f K e r a la a n d T a m il
N a d u , In d ia . F e e d s o n d e e p w a t e r s h r im p s a n d s m a ll
f is h e s lik e m y c t o p h id s .
Size:
M a x im u m 3 5 c m to ta l le n g th , c o m m o n 1 5 to 3 0 c m .
Interest to Fisheries:
s p e c ie s . C a u g h t w i t h
No
s p e c ia l f is h e r y
f o r t h is
d e e p w a t e r t r a w l s m ix e d t o ­
g e t h e r w it h o t h e r c o m m e r c ia l ly im p o r t a n t f is h a s b y c a tc h .
60*
Local Names:
Literature:
S ila s a n d R a ja g o p a la n ( 1 9 7 4 ) ; N a k a m u r a
20*
0*
20*
40«
M*
M*
W *
120*
% 9*
1W *
(1 9 8 4 a ).
Remarks:
ja g o p a l a n
HO*
W
F ig . 196
T h is
(1 9 7 4 )
s p e c ie s
has
r e c o g n iz e d
lo n g
t h is
been
s p e c ie s
s y n o n y m iz e d
as
d is t in c t .
w ith
Trichiurus Lepturus.
S il a s
and
Ra­
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
Trichiurus gangeticus
105
G u p ta , 1 9 6 6
F ig .
Trichiurus gangeticus G u p t a , 1966:169-170
TRICH Trich 3
197
( P a r g a n a s D is t r ic t , W e s t B e n g a l, In d ia ) .
Synonyms: Lepturacanthus serratus
D u tt a n d T h a n k a m ,
FAO Names: En
- P o is s o n s a b r e d u G a n g e ;
- G a n g e s h a ir t a il;
Fr
1966.
Sp
- P e z s a b le d e l G a n g e s .
it
s e rra te d
s p in e
PECTO RAL
Fields Characters:
FIN
A n t e r io r m a r g in o f p e c t o r a l- f in s p in e s e r r a t e d . A n a l- f in o r ig in s it u a t e d b e lo w a b o u t
3 6 t h d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y . F a n g s o n b o t h j a w s w it h b a r b s .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y e x t r e m e ly e lo n g a t e a n d s t r o n g ly c o m p r e s s e d , r ib b o n - lik e , t a p e r in g to a p o in t.
M o u t h v e r y la r g e , w it h a d e r m a l p r o c e s s a t t ip o f e a c h ja w ; lo w e r h in d m a r g in o f g ili c o v e r c o n c a v e ; e y e
v e r y la r g e , s it u a t e d d o r s a lly , its d i a m e t e r 6 o r 7 t im e s in h e a d le n g th ; 2 o r 3 p a ir s a n d o n e p a ir o f f a n g s
w it h b a r b s n e a r t ip o f u p p e r a n d lo w e r ja w s , r e s p e c t iv e ly ; a s in g le s e r ie s o f s h a r p , c o m p r e s s e d la t e r a l
t e e t h in b o t h ja w s . A s in g le lo n g - b a s e d d o r s a l fin , w it h I V s p in e s a n d 1 1 6 to 1 2 9 s o f t r a y s ; a n a l fin r e d u c e d
to a b o u t 8 5 m in u t e s p in u le s , s lig h t ly b r e a k in g t h r o u g h s k in , its o r ig in s it u a t e d b e lo w a b o u t 3 6 t h d o r s a l- f in
s o f t ra y ; p e c t o r a l f in s a b o u t a s lo n g a s s n o u t w it h I s e r r a t e d s p in e a n d 1 0 o r 11 s o f t r a y s ; p e lv ic a n d c a u d a l
f in s a b s e n t . L a t e r a l lin e n e a r e r v e n t r a l C o n t o u r t h a n d o r s a l
c o n t o u r o f b o d y , r is in g t o w a r d d o r s a l p r o f ile o n ly a n t e r io r ly .
Colour:
F re s h
s p e c im e n s
b r i g h t s il v e r y w h it e w it h
s e m i­
t r a n s p a r e n t d o r s a l- a n d a n a l- f in m e m b r a n e s ; b o d y b e c o m e s
d a r k e r in f o r m a lin .
Geographical Distribution:
I n d ia f r o m
D is t r ib u t e d
in e a s t c o a s t o f
H o o g h ly e s t u a r ie s t o G u lf o f M a n n a r ( F ig . 1 9 8 ) .
Habitat and Biology:
B e n t h o p e l a g i c t o p e la g ic , in c o a s t a l
w a t e r s a n d e s t u a r ie s , c o m e s o f t e n
n e a r s u r f a c e a t n ig h t.
F e e d s o n a w i d e v a r i e t y o f s m a ll f is h a n d c r u s t a c e a n s .
Size:
M a x im u m 5 0 c m a s f a r a s k n o w n t o t a l le n g th , c o m m o n
2 0 to 4 0 c m .
Interest to Fisheries:
bag
n e ts
and
c o a s ta l
C a u g h t m a i n ly w it h
b o tto m
t r a w ls ,
s h o r e s e in e s ,
m ix e d
w it h
o th e r
t r ic h i u r id s in c a t c h e s o n t h e e a s t c o a s t o f I n d ia . M a r k e t e d
f r e s h a s w e ll a s d r ie d s a lt e d , m ix e d w it h o t h e r t r ic h iu r id s .
Local Names:
Literature:
M*
Fig. 198
G u p ta (1 9 6 7 ); N a k a m u ra (1 9 8 4 a ).
106
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus ,1 7 5 8
Trichiurus Lepturus
TRICH Trich 1
F ig . 1 9 9
L i n n a e u s , 1 7 5 8 : 2 4 6 ( S o u t h C a r o li n a , N o r t h A m e r i c a ) .
Clupea haumela F o r s s k á l, 1 7 7 5 . Trichiurus lepturus japonicus T e m m in c k
Trichiurus coxii R a m s a y a n d O g ilb y , 1 8 8 7 . Trichiurus nitens G a r m a n , 1 8 9 9 .
S ynonym s:
a n d S c h le g e l, 1 8 4 4 .
F A O N a m e s : E n - L a r g e h e a d h a ir t a il; F r - P o is s o n s a b r e c o m m u n , S p - P e z s a b le .
F ig . 199
Field Characters:
Trichiurus lepturus
A n t e r io r m a r g in o f p e c t o r a l- f in s p in e n o t s e r r a t e d . A n a l- f in o r ig in s it u a t e d b e lo w 3 9 t h
t o 4 1 s t d o r s a l- f in s o f t ra y . F a n g s in b o t h ja w s w it h b a r b s .
Diagnostic Features:
B o d y e x t r e m e ly e lo n g a t e a n d s t r o n g ly c o m p r e s s e d , r ib b o n - lik e , t a p e r in g to a p o in t
( t ip o f t e n b r o k e n ) ; p o s it io n o f a n u s n e a r e r s n o u t t h a n p o s t e r io r t ip o f b o d y ( p r e a n a l le n g t h a b o u t 2 / 5 o f
s t a n d a r d le n g t h ) . M o u t h la r g e , w it h a d e r m a l p r o c e s s a t t ip o f e a c h ja w ; lo w e r h in d m a r g in o f g ili c o v e r ,
c o n c a v e ; e y e la r g e , its d i a m e t e r 5 to 7 t im e s in h e a d le n g t h ; 2 o r 3 p a ir s o f e n la r g e d f a n g s w it h b a r b s
n e a r e r t ip o f u p p e r j a w a n d a n o t h e r p a ir n e a r t ip o f lo w e r ja w ; a s in g le s e r ie s o f s h a r p , c o m p r e s s e d la te r a l
t e e t h ( o f t e n a ls o f a n g - li k e in la r g e r s p e c im e n s ) in b o t h ja w s ; m in u t e t e e t h o n p a la t in e s . D o r s a l f in r a t h e r
h ig h a n d lo n g , w i t h o u t a n o t c h b e t w e e n t h e s p i n o u s a n d s o f t p a r ts , w it h I I I s p in e s a n d 1 3 0 t o 1 3 5 s o f t
r a y s ; a n a l f in r e d u c e d to a b o u t 1 0 0 t o 1 0 5 m in u t e s p in u le s , u s u a l ly e m b e d d e d in t h e s k in o r s lig h t ly
b r e a k in g t h r o u g h , it s o r ig in s it u a t e d b e lo w 3 9 t h t o 4 1 s t d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y ; p e c t o r a l f in s m e d iu m - s iz e d ,
a b o u t a s lo n g a s s n o u t , w it h I s p in e a n d 11 t o 1 3 s o f t r a y s ; p e lv ic a n d c a u d a l f in s a b s e n t . L a t e r a l lin e
b e g in n in g a t u p p e r m a r g in o f g ili c o v e r , r u n n in g o b liq u e to b e h in d t ip o f p e c t o r a l f in s , t h e n s t r a ig h t c lo s e
to
v e n tra l c o n to u r.
S c a le s
a b se n t on
body.
E xcess
o s s i f i c a t io n
in t e r n e u r a l b o n e s o f t e n s e e n in s p e c im e n s f r o m I n d ia n w a t e r s .
o f s u p r a o c c ip i t a l,
Colour:
in t e r h a e m a l a n d
F r e s h s p e c im e n s s t e e l b lu e w it h
s ilv e r y r e f le c t io n , p e c t o r a l f in s s e m i- t r a n s p a r e n t , o t h e r f in s s o m e t im e s t in g e d w it h p a le y e llo w ; t h e c o lo u r
b e c o m e s u n if o r m s ilv e r y g r e y s o m e t im e a f t e r d e a t h .
Geographical Distribution:
T h r o u g h o u t t r o p ic a l a n d t e m p e r a t e w a t e r s o f t h e w o r ld ( F ig . 2 0 0 ) .
20'
20®
60®
WO®
120®
140°
160®
180®
160®
KO®
120'
» 0*
20 ®
Fig. 200
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
107
H a b i t a t a n d B i o l o g y : B e n th o p e la g ic a , c o n t in e n t a l s h e lf t o 3 5 0 m d e p t h ( f r o m 5 5 t o 3 8 5 m in t h e e a s t e r n
P a c if ic ) , o c c a s io n a l ly in s h a llo w w a t e r s a n d a t s u r f a c e a t n ig h t. Y o u n g a n d im m a t u r e f is h f e e d m o s t ly
o n e u p h a u s iid s , s m a ll p e la g ic p l a n k t o n ic c r u s t a c e a n s , s u c h
s m a ll
f is h e s
c h o v ie s ,
( a n c h o v ie s ,
s a r d in e s ,
Scomber, Trichiurus
o p p o s in g
b r e g m a c e r o t id s
m y c t o p h ii d s ,
e tc .
and
A d u lt s
b r e g m a c e r o t id s ,
o c c a s io n a l ly
on
s u rfa c e
w h e re
th e y
p re y
and
p l a n k t o n ic
m o re
o r g a n is m s .
s u r f a c e d u r in g d a y t im e a n d m ig r a t e t o t h e b o t t o m
p i s c iv o r o u s
s p h y r a e n id s ,
c ru s ta c e a n s .
m ig r a t io n . J u v e n i le s
d u r in g d a y t im e a n d f o r m
on
Paracalanus, Acartia, Oncaea
as
becom e
c a r a n g o id s ,
s q u id
c o m p le m e n t a r y v e r t ic a l d iu r n a l f e e d in g
a b o u t 1 0 0 m a b o v e th e b o tto m
th e
e tc .).
and
e tc ., a n d
fe e d
a t h e r in id s ,
A d u lts
and
and
on
an­
s c ia e n id s ,
ju v e n ile s
s m a ll a d u l t s f o r m
have,
s c h o o ls
lo o s e f e e d in g a g g r e g a t io n s a t n ig h t - t im e n e a r
L a rg e
a d u lts
fe e d
on
p e la g ic
p re y
n e a r th e
a t n ig h t.
In t h e S e a o f J a p a n , t h is s p e c ie s m a t u r e s a t 2 y e a r s o ld a t a s iz e o f a b o u t 3 0 c m p r e a n a l le n g th in f e m a le s
and
28
cm
in
m a le s .
Som e
in d iv i d u a ls o f b o t h
sexes
a ls o
m a tu re
at age
1 ( S h io k a w a ,
1 9 8 8 ).
Egg
p r o d u c t io n a t 4 5 c m p r e a n a l le n g t h is e s t im a t e d a t a b o u t 1 3 0 0 0 0 o v e r t h e e n t ir e s p a w n in g s e a s o n a r o u n d
t h e c e n t r a l p a r t o f t h e S e a o f J a p a n . E g g s a r e p e la g ic , h a v e a d i a m e t e r o f 1 . 5 9 to 1 . 8 8 m m , a n d h a t c h
a f t e r 3 t o 6 d a y s a t a s iz e o f 5 . 5 t o 6 . 5 m m t o t a l le n g th . T h e s p a w n in g s e a s o n is f r o m A p r il to A u g u s t w it h
a p e a k in J u n e in t h e E a s t C h in a S e a , f r o m J u ly t o O c t o b e r w it h a p e a k o f S e p t e m b e r in S u r u g a B a y , f r o m
A p r i l t o O c t o b e r w it h a p e a k in J u n e in t h e K ii C h a n n e l, f r o m M a y to N o v e m b e r o f f t h e K ii P e n in s u la , a n d
f r o m J u n e t o O c t o b e r w it h a p e a k in J u l y a n d A u g u s t in t h e c e n t r a l p a r t o f t h e S e a o f J a p a n ( S h io k a w a ,
1 9 8 8 ).
S h io k a w a ( 1 9 8 8 ) e s t im a t e d t h e a g e a t p r e a n a l le n g t h o f t h is s p e c ie s in t h e S e a o f J a p a n b a s e d o n o t o lit h
r e a d in g s . F e m a le s : 1 y e a r a t 2 4 c m , 2 y e a r s a t 3 0 c m , 3 y e a r s a t 3 4 c m , 4 y e a r s a t 3 7 c m , 5 y e a r s a t
4 0 c m , 6 y e a r s a t 4 1 c m . M a le s : 1 y e a r a t 2 3 c m , 2 y e a r a t 2 8 c m , 3 y e a r a t 31 c m , 4 y e a r a t 3 3 c m , 5
y e a r a t 3 4 c m , 6 y e a r a t 3 5 c m . F o r t h e C a lif o r n ia n p o p u la t io n F it c h a n d G o t s h a ll ( 1 9 7 2 ) e s t im a t e d t h e
a g e o f a 8 3 c m t o t a l le n g t h m a le a s 4 y e a r s a n d t h e a g e o f a 1 1 2 c m t o t a l le n g t h f e m a l e a s 7 y e a r s .
M ig r a t io n o f t h is s p e c ie s is c o n s id e r e d to b e c a r r ie d o u t b e t w e e n t h e w i n t e r in g g r o u n d s in t h e E a s t C h in a
S e a a n d t h e s p a w n in g g r o u n d s in t h e Y e l lo w S e a ( M is u , 1 9 6 1 ) . In t h e S e a o f J a p a n , t h e w in t e r in g g r o u n d s
is s it u a t e d in t h e c o a s t a l w a t e r s , m o s t ly o n t h e c o n t in e n t a l s h e lf ( S h io k a w a , 1 9 8 8 ) .
S iz e : M a x im u m
1 2 0 c m t o t a l le n g t h , c o m m o n f r o m 5 0 to 1 0 0 c m .
I n t e r e s t t o F i s h e r i e s : C a u g h t m a in ly w it h b a g n e t s in e s t u a r ie s , w it h t r o llin g , s h o r e s e in e s , b o a t s e in e s ,
s e t n e ts a n d b o tto m
o r m id w a t e r lo n g lin e s in in s h o r e w a t e r s , a n d w it h b o t t o m t r a w l s in o f f s h o r e w a t e r s
t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r ld . T h e m o s t im p o r t a n t c o m m e r c ia l ly c a u g h t t r ic h iu r id o r g e m p y lid w it h a n a n n u a l c a t c h
o f 7 5 2 7 1 1 t in 1 9 9 0 . A b o u t 8 5 % o f t h e c a t c h e s r e p o r t e d a r e t a k e n f r o m F A O F is h in g A r e a 6 1 , a n d a r o u n d
60%
o f t h e t o t a l y ie ld is t a k e n b y C h in a . F o r m o r e in f o r m a t io n a b o u t f is h e r ie s s t a t is t ic s s e e s e c t io n 1 .2 .
E x c e l le n t t a s t e f o r f is h f r y a n d v a r i o u s k in d s o f g r i lls a n d f o r s a s h im i ( s lic e d
ra w
m e a t p r e p a r e d w it h
s o y s a u c e a n d h o r s e r a d d is h ) w h e n f r e s h .
L o c a l N a m e s : A U S T R A L I A : A u s t r a lia n h a ir - t a il; C A N A D A : C u t la s s f is h ; F R A N C E : S a b r e ; J A P A N : H a k u io ,
H akuuo,
H a k u n a g i,
H akuyo,
H ir a g a t a n a ,
K a t a n a , S a a b e r a , S a w a b e r u , S h ir a g a , T a b i n o h im o , T a c h iu o ,
T a c h i, T a c h io , T a c h u o , T a c h iio , T a c h in o iy u , T a c h in u iy u , T a c h in ja , T a c h in o u o , T a c h in o y o ; M A L A Y S I A :
S e la y a r , T im a h ; R U S S I A : S a b lja r y b a ; S P A I N : E s p a d a , S a b le , S a v o la ; S R I L A N K A : L a r g e h e a d e d r ib b o n f is h ; K O R E A : M a e - d o m - g w a ; U K : C u t la s s f is h , H a ir t a il; U S A : C u t la s s f is h .
L ite r a tu r e :
T u c k e r (1 9 5 6 );
Jam es
(1 9 6 1 );
G u p ta
(1 9 6 7 );
F ra n c a
(1 9 6 9 );
F it c h
and
G o t s h a ll ( 1 9 7 2 ) ;
N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 8 1 , 1 9 8 4 a , b ) ; M ik h a ilin ( 1 9 8 2 ) ; G lo e r f e lt - T a r p a n d K a io la ( 1 9 8 4 ) ; S a i n s b u r y e t a l. ( 1 9 8 5 ) ;
P a r in ( 1 9 8 6 , 1 9 9 0 c ) ; S h io k a w a ( 1 9 8 8 ) ; O c h ia i a n d T a n a k a ( 1 9 8 8 ) .
Trichiurus japonicus w a s o r i g in a l ly d e s c r ib e d b y T e m m in c k a n d S c h le g e l ( 1 8 4 4 ) f r o m
a s Trichiurus lepturus japonicus, a n d s y n o n y m i z e d w it h Trichiurus lepturus L in n a e u s b y T u c k e r
T w o f o r m s r e f e r a b le to t h e g e n u s Trichiurus a r e r e c e n t ly r e c o g n iz e d in O k in a w a , J a p a n , a n d D r.
R e m a rk s :
Japan
(1 9 5 6 ).
T e ts u o
Y o s h in o o f t h e U n iv e r s it y o f t h e R y u k y u s a n d I. N a k a m u r a a r e c u r r e n t ly s t u d y in g t h e s e f o r m s w it h r e s p e c t
t o t h e v a l id i t y o f
nitens
Trichiurus japonicus.
A n o t h e r n o m in a l s p e c ie s s y n o n y m iz e d w it h T.
lepturus
is
Trichiurus
G a r m a n , 1 8 9 9 f r o m t h e e a s t e r n P a c if ic O c e a n ( C a lif o r n ia to P e r u ) ( T u c k e r , 1 9 5 6 ) . T h is f o r m d if f e r s
f r o m a ll o t h e r p o p u la t io n s o f T.
lepturus
in h a v in g f e w e r n u m b e r s o f d o r s a l- f in s o f t r a y s ( 1 1 6 t o 1 2 8 v e r s u s
1 3 6 t o 1 4 2 ) a n d v e r t e b r a e (1 4 1 to 1 5 8 v e r s u s 1 6 2 t o 1 7 0 ) , a n d is c o n s id e r e d a s a v a lid s p e c ie s b y H u b b s
a n d H u b b s ( 1 9 4 1 ) a n d m a n y s u b s e q u e n t a u t h o r s , in c lu d in g m o s t r e c e n t ly b y M ik h a ilin ( 1 9 8 2 ) .
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FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
108
3. LIST OF N O M IN A L SPECIES OF T R IC H IU R O ID E A
T h e f o llo w in g lis t g iv e s in fo r m a t io n ( h o r iz o n t a lly ) in t h e o r d e r (i) t h e s c ie n t if ic n a m e a s it o r ig in a lly a p p e a r e d , in
a lp h a b e t ic a l o r d e r a c c o r d in g to t h e s p e c if ic n a m e ; (¡i) t h e a u t h o r o r a u t h o r ( s ) - C u v ie r ( 1 8 2 9 ) = in C u v ie r a n d
V a le n c ie n n e s is a b b r e v ia t e d in C u v . a n d V a l.; (iii) d a t e o f p u b lic a t io n ; a n d (iv ) p r e s e n t id e n tific a tio n .
N O M IN A L
S P E C IE S
CORRECT
NAME
3.1 NOMINAL SPECIES OF GEMPYLIDAE
Thyrsites acanthoderma Lowe, 1839
Thyrsites altivelis Richardson, 1839
Paradiplospinus antarcticus Andriashev, 1960
Rexea antefurcata Parin, 1989
Dicrotus armatus Günther, 1860
Prometheus atlanticus Lowe, 1838
Scomber atun Euphrasen, 1791
Thyrsites ballieui Sauvage, 1882
Thyrsites bengalensis Alcock, 1894
Rexea brevilineata Parin, 1989
Xenogramma carinatum Waite, 1904
Thyrsites chilensis Cuvier in Cuv. and Val., 1832
Gempylus coluber Cuvier in Cuv. and Val., 1831
Scomber dentatus Bloch and Schneider, 1801
Scomber dentex Richardson, 1842
Cybium flavo-brunneum Smith, 1849
Rexea furcifera Waite, 1911
Lepidopus gracilis Brauer, 1906
Rexichthys johnpaxtoni Parin and Astakhov, 1987
Scomber lanceolatus Cuvier in Cuv. and Val., 1832
Machaerope latispinus Ogilby, 1899
Thyrsites lepidopoides Cuvier in Cuv. and Val., 1831
Diplogonurus maderensis Noronha, 1926
Epinnula magistralis Poey, 1854
Thyrsitoides marleyi Fowler, 1929
Thyrsites micropus McCoy, 1873
Diplospinus multistriatus Maui, 1948
Rexea nakamurai Parin, 1989
Nesiarchus nasutus Johnson, 1862
Acinacea notha Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1804
Gempylus ophidianus Poey, 1860
Epinnula orientalis Gilchrist and von Bonde, 1924
Epinnula orientalis americana Grey, 1953
Epinnula orientalis pacifica Grey, 1953
Promethichthys pacificus Seale, 1906
Ruvettus pacificus Jordan and Jordan, 1922
Prometheus paradoxus Capello, 1867
Dicrotus parvipinnis Goode and Bean, 1896
Ruvettus pretiosus Coco, 1829
Ruvettus pretiosus
Thyrsites atun
P a ra d ip lo sp in u s a ntarcticus
Rexea antefurcata
Prom ethichthys prometheus
P rom ethichthys prometheus
Thyrsites atun
Prom ethichthys prometheus
Rexea bengalensis
Rexea brevilin e a ta
Lepidocybium flavobrunneum
Thyrsites atun
Gempylus serpens
Thyrsites atun
Thyrsites atun
L epidocybium flavobrunneum
Rexea s o la n d ri
P a ra d ip lo sp in u s g r a c ilis
Rexichthys jo h n p a x to n i
Thyrsites atun
Nealotus tripes
Thyrsitops lepidopoides
Lep ido cybium flavobrunneum
E p in n u la m a g is tra lis
Thyrsitoides m a rle y i
Rexea s o la n d ri
D ip lo sp in u s m u ltis tria tu s
Rexea naka m u ra i
Nesiarchus nasutus
Gempylus serpens
Gempylus serpens
Neoepinnula o rie n ta lis
Neoepinnula americana
Neoepinnula o rie n ta lis
Prom ethichthys prometheus
Ruvettus pretiosus
Nesiarchus nasutus
Prom ethichthys prometheus
Ruvettus pretiosus
109
Snake M ackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
Thyrsites prometheoides B le e k e r, 1856
Gempylus prometheus C u v ie r(in C u v. and V a l., 1832
Jordanidia raptoria S nyd er, 1911
Lepidosarda retigramm a K is h in o u y e , 1926
Tongaichthys robustus N a k a m u ra and F u jii, 1983
Thyrsites scholaris P oey, 1854
Gempylus serpens C u v ie r, 1829
Tetragonurus simplex L o w e , 1834
Gempylus solandri C u v ie r in C u v. and V a l., 1832
Scomber splendens R ich ard so n , 1842
Mimasea taeniosoma K a m o h a ra , 1936
Rovetus temmincki C a n tra in e , 1833
Lemnisoma thyrsitoides Lesson, 1831
Nealotus tripes Johnson, 1865
Ruvettus tydemani W e b e r, 1913
Thyrsitops violaceus B ean , 1887
Ruvettus whakari G r iff in , 1927
Rexea prom etheoides
P rom ethich thys prom etheus
Rexea prom etheoides
L e p ido cybium flavob ru nneum
Tongaichthys robustus
Ruvettus pre tio su s
G empylus serpens
Ruvettus pre tio su s
Rexea s o la n d ri
Thyrsites atun
T hyrsitoides m a rle y i
Ruvettus pre tio su s
G empylus serpens
N ealotus tripes
Ruvettus pre tio su s
N esiarchus nasutus
Ruvettus pre tio su s
3.2 NOMINAL SPECIES OF TRICHIURIDAE
Aphanopus acus M a u i, 1948
Assurger alexanderi W h itle y , 1933
Evoxymetopon anzac A le x a n d e r, 1916
Lepidopus aom ori Jordan and S nyder, 1901
Lepidopus argenteus B o n n a te rre , 1788
Scarcina argyrea R afin e sq u e, 1810
Benthodesmus atlanticus G oode and B ean , 1896
Trichiurus auriga K lu n z in g e r, 1884
Benthodesmus benjamini F o w le r, 1938
Lepidopus calcar P a rin and M ik h a ilin , 1982
Aphanopus carbo L o w e , 1839
Trichiurus caudatus E uphrasen, 1788
Trichiurus coxii R am say and O g ilb y , 1887
Trichiurus cristatus K lu n z in g e r, 1884
Lepidopus dubius P a rin and M ik h a ilin , 1981
Lepidopus elongatus C la rk e , 1879
Benthodesmus elongatus p a c ific u s P a rin and B e c k e r, 1970
Trichiurus ensiformis V a n d e lii, 1797
Lepidopus fitc h i R o se n b latt and W ils o n , 1987
Trichiurus gangeticus G u p ta, 1966
Trichiurus gladius H o lte n , 1802
Trichiurus glossodon B le e k e r, 1860
Lepidopus gouanianus Lacep ed e, 1800
Clupea haumela F o rss ká l, 1775
Eupleurogrammus intermedius G ra y , 1831
Trichiurus intermedius G ra y , 1831
Aphanopus intermedius P a rin , 1983
Trichiurus lepturus L in n ae u s, 1758
Aphanopus carbo
A ssu rg e r anzac
A ssu rg e r anzac
Benthodesmus tenuis
Lepidopus caudatus
Lepidopus caudatus
Benthodesmus sim onyi
T ric h iu ru s a u rig a
Benthodesmus tenuis
Lepidopus c a lc a r
Aphanopus carbo
Lepidopus caudatus
T ric h iu ru s le p tu ru s
Tentoriceps crista tu s
Lepidopus dubius
Benthodesmus elongatus
Benthodesmus p a c ific u s
Lepidopus caudatus
Lepidopus fitc h i
T ric h iu ru s gangeticus
Lepidopus caudatus
E upleurogram m us glossodon
Lepidopus caudatus
T ric h iu ru s le p tu ru s
E u p le u ro g ra m m u s glossodon
E upleurogram m us glossodon
Aphanopus in term edius
T ric h iu ru s le p tu ru s
110
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
T ric h iu ru s le p tu ru s
Lepidopus caudatus
Lepidopus caudatus
Benthodesmus m acrophthalm us
T ric h iu ru s le p tu ru s
Lepidopus m anis
Trichiurus lepturus japonicus T e m m in c k and S c h le g e l, 1844
Lepidopus lex P h illip s , 1932
Vandellius lusitanicus Shaw , 1803
Benthodesmus macrophthalmus P a rin and B e c k e r, 1970
Trichiurus m alabaricus D a y , 1865
Lepidopus manis R o se n b latt and W ils o n , 1987
Aphanopus m icrophthalmus N o rm a n , 1939
Aphanopus m ik h a ilin i P a rin , 1983
Aphanopus m inor C o lle tt, 1887
Trichiurus muticus G ra y , 1831
Benthodesmus neglectus P a rin 1976
Trichiurus nitens G a rm a n , 1899
Benthodesmus oligoradiatus P a rin and B e c k e r, 1970
Trichiurus pan tului G u p ta, 1966
Benthodesmus Papua P a rin , 1978
Lepidopus p e ro n ii R isso, 1810
Evoxymetopon poeyi G ü n th e r, 1887
Trichiurus savala C u v ie i, 1829
Aphanopus schm idti Saem undsson, 1907
Lepturacanthus serratus D u tt and T h a n k a m , 1966
Aphanopus simonyi Stein dachn er, 1891
Pseudoxymetopon sinensis C hu and W u , 1962
Benthodesmus suluensis P a rin , 1976
Evoxymetopon taeniutus G ili, 1863
Lepidopus tenuis G ü n th e r, 1877
Ziphotheca tetradens M o n ta g u e , 1811
Benthodesmus tuckeri P a rin and B e c k e r, 1970
Benthodesmus vityazi P a rin and B e c k e r, 1970
Benthodesmus tu cke ri
Benthodesmus vitya zi
Lepidopus xantusi G oode and B ean , 1895
Lepidopus caudatus
Aphanopus m icro p h th a lm u s
Aphanopus m ik h a ilin i
Aphanopus carbo
E upleurogram m us m uticus
Benthodesmus neglectus
T ric h iu ru s le p tu ru s
Benthodesmus o lig o ra d ia tu s
Lep turaca nth us p a n tu lu i
Benthodesmus papua
Lepidopus caudatus
Evoxym etopon p oe yi
Lep turaca nth us savala
Aphanopus carbo
T ric h iu ru s gangeticus
Benthodesmus sim onyi
Tentoriceps crista tu s
Benthodesmus suluensis
Evoxym etopon taeniatus
Benthodesmus tenuis
Lepidopus caudatus
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111
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
4. LIST OF SPECIES BY MAJOR MARINE FISHING AREAS
G E O G R A P H IC A L D ISTR IB U TIO N
S PE C IE S
MAJOR M A R IN E FISHING A REAS FOR STATISTICAL P U R P O S E S
PAGE
21
27
31
34
•
•
•
•
37
41
47
•
•
48
51
57
•
•
58
61
67
71
77
81
87
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
88
GEMPYLIDAE
Diplospinus multistriatus
24
E pinnula magistralis
26
Gempylus serpens
27
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lepidocybium flavobrunneum
29
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nealotus tripes
30
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Neoepinnula americana
33
Neoepinnula orientalis
34
•
•
•
•
Nesiarchus nasutus
35
•
•
•
•
Paradiplospinus antarcticus
37
Paradiplospinus gracilis
39
Promethichthys prometheus
40
Rexea antefurcata
44
Rexea bengalensis
45
Rexea brevilineata
46
Rexea nakam urai
47
•
•
•
Rexea prometheoides
48
•
•
•
Rexea solandri
49
Rexichthys johnpaxtoni
51
Ruvettus pretiosus
52
Thyrsites atun
54
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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•
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FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
112
G E O G R A P H IC A L D IS TR IB U TIO N
SPECIES
MAJOR M A R IN E F IS H IN G A REAS FO R STATISTICAL P U R P O S E S
PAGE
21
Thyrsitoides m arleyi
56
Thyrsitops lepidopoides
57
Tongaichthys robustus
59
27
31
34
37
41
47
•
48
51
57
•
•
58
61
67
71
77
•
•
81
87
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
T R IC H IU R ID A E
Aphanopus carbo
65
•
•
•
•
Aphanopus intermedius
66
•
•
•
•
Aphanopus microphthalmus
67
Aphanopus m ikhailini
68
Assurger anzac
69
Benthodesmus elongatus
74
Benthodesmus macrophthalmus
75
Benthodesmus neglectus
76
Benthodesmus oligoradiatus
77
Benthodesmus pacificus
78
Benthodesmus papua
79
Benthodesmus simonyi
80
Benthodesmus suluensis
81
Benthodesmus tenuis
82
Benthodesmus tuckeri
83
•
•
Benthodesmus vityazi
84
•
•
Eupleurogrammus glossodon
85
•
•
•
•
•
?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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' •
•
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88
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the W orld
111
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
SPECIES
MAJOR MARINE FISHING AREAS FOR STATISTICAL PURPOSES
PAGE
21
27
31
34
37
41
47
48
51
57
•
58
61
67
71
Eupleurogrammus muticus
86
•
Evoxymetopon poeyi
88
•
Evoxymetopon taeniatus
89
Lepidopus s p .
92
Lepidopus calcar
93
Lepidopus caudatus
94
Lepidopus dubius
96
Lepidopus fitc h i
97
Lepidopus manis
98
Lepturacanthus pantului
99
•
•
Lepturacanthus savala
100
•
•
•
•
Tentoriceps cristatus
102
•
•
•
•
Trichiurus auriga
104
•
Trichiurus gangeticus
105
•
•
Trichiurus lepturus
106
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
87
•
•
•
•
81
•
•
•
•
77
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
88
114
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
MAJOR MARINE FISHING AREAS FOR STATISTICAL PURPOSES
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FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
115
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o p e e n e r e is d o o r d e n M o lu k s c h e n A r c h ip e l g e d a a n in h e t g e v o lg v a n G o u v e r n e u r - G e n e r a a l D u y m a e r
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FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
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n y d y b v a n d s f is k a f T r ic h iu r id e r n e s f a m ilie fr a
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W a it e , E . R . 1 9 0 4 . A d d it io n s t o t h e f is h f a u n a o f L o r d H o w e I s la n d , N o . 4 .
4 (2 ):1 2 0 -1 5 9 .
Rec. Aust. Mus.,
5 (3 ):1 3 5 -1 8 6 ,
3 p is .
Proc. N.Z. Inst.,
W a it e , E . R . 1 9 1 1 a . A d d i t i o n s o f t h e f a u n a o f N e w Z e a l a n d . N o . II.
4 3 (2 ):9 -5 1 .
W a it e , E . R . 1 9 1 1 b . S c ie n t if ic r e s u lt s o f t h e N e w Z e a l a n d G o v e r n m e n t T r a w l in g E x p e d it io n , 1 9 0 7 . P is c e s .
P a r t . II.
W ass,
R .C .
Rec. Canterbury Mus.,
1984. A n
a n n o ta te d
1 (3 ):1 5 7 -2 7 2 .
c h e c k lis t o f th e
f is h e s
of Sam oa.
NOAA Techn. Rep. NMFS SSRF,
7 8 1 :1 -4 3 .
W e b e r , M . 1 9 1 3 . D ie F is c h e d e r S i b o g a - E x p e d i t i o n .
W h e e le r , A . 1 9 6 9 .
Siboga Exped.,
5 7 :1 -7 1 0 .
Bhe fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe. Macmillan,
London,
M e lb o u r n e
a n d T o ro n to . 6 1 3 p.
W h i t l e y , G . P . 1 9 3 3 . S t u d i e s in i c h t h y o l o g y . N o . 7 .
Rec. Aust. Mus.,
W h i t l e y , G . P . 1 9 4 8 . S t u d i e s in i c h t h y o l o g y . N o . 1 3 .
1 9 (1 ) : 6 0 - 1 12.
Rec. Aust. Mus.,
2 2 (1 ):7 0 -9 4 .
W it h e ll, A . F ., a n d J . W . J . W a n k o w s k y . 1 9 8 9 . A g e a n d g r o w t h e s t im a t e s f o r p in k lin g ,
( S c h n e id e r ) , a n d g e m fis h ,
Freshwater Res.,
W o n g ra ta n a ,
T.
( C u v ie r ) , f r o m
Genypterus blacodes
Aust. J. M ar
e a s t e r n B a s s S t r a it , A u s t r a lia .
4 9 :2 1 5 -2 2 6 .
1980.
G e m p y lid a e ) .
Rexea solandri
An
o c c u rre n c e
of
Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc.,
Bhyrsitoides marleyi
F o w l e r in
th e
Andam an
Z ila n o v , V . K . , a n d L .l. S h e p e l. 1 9 7 5 . A c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e e c o lo g y o f b l a c k s c a b b a r d f is h
L o w e in t h e N o r t h A t la n t ic .
Sea
( P is c e s :
2 8 :1 3 7 -1 4 6 .
Vopr. Ikhtiol.,
Aphanopus carbo
1 5 ( 4 ) : 7 3 7 - 7 3 9 ( in R u s s ia n ) .
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130
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
6. INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC AND VERNACULAR NAMES
E X P L A N A T IO N O F T H E S Y S T E M
T y p e fa c e s u s e d :
Italics
(bold)
V a lid s c ie n t if ic n a m e s ( d o u b le e n t r y b y g e n e r a a n d
s p e c ie s )
S y n o n y m s ( d o u b le e n t r y b y g e n e r a a n d s p e c ie s )
Italics
R om an
R om an
(bold)
I n t e r n a t io n a l ( F A O ) s p e c ie s n a m e s
L o c a l s p e c ie s n a m e s
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes of the W orld
131
A
Benthodesmus p a c if ic u s ........................................................... 78
A b u ra s o k o -m u ts u ..................................................................
30
Acanthoderm a ............................................................................... 52
acanthoderma, Thyrsites ................................................................... 52
Acinacea ........................................................................................... 27
Acinacea notha .................................................................................... 27
Acinaceidae ....................................................................................... 20
acus, Aphanopus ................................................................................. 65
alexanderi, Assurger .......................................................................... 69
altivelis, Thyrsites ............................................................................... 54
Am erican s a c k fis .................................................................. 33
am ericana, N e o e p in n u la ........................................................... 33
A ntarctic e s c o la r .................................................................. 37
an tarcticu s, P a ra d ip lo s p in u s ............................................ 1 0 ,3 7
a n tefu rc ata , R e x e a .................................................................. 4 4
anzac, A s s u rg e r ............................................................................ 69
anzac, Evoxymetopon ......................................................................... 69
aomori, Lepidopus .............................................................................. 82
A o s u m iy a k i................................................................................... 27
Benthodesmus p a p u a .................................................................. 79
Benthodesmus s im o n y i .........................................................
80
Benthodesmus suluensis....................................................... 81
Benthodesmus t e n u i s ............................................................... 82
Benthodesmus t u c k e r i ............................................................. 83
Benthodesmus v i t y a z i ............................................................. 84
Bigeye frostfish ...................................................................... 75
Bigeyed scabbardfish............................................................ 7 5
Bipinnula .............................................................................................. 35
B lack g e m fis h ........................................................................... 35
Black scabbard fish .........................................................66, 67
B lack s c a b b a rd fis h ......................................................... 65, 97
B lack snake m a c k e r e l................................................. 30, 32
Black snoek .......................................................................... 5 6
Bolshaya reksiya .............................................................. 5 0
Bottersnoek......................................................................... 9 5
b re v ilin e a ta , R e x e a ................................................................
46
B u tte rsno ek............................................................................ 9 5
A p h a n o p u s ..................................................................... 9 ,1 0 ,6 1 ,6 4
Aphanopus a c u s ...............................................................................
A phanopus c a rb o ................................................................
65
6 4 ,6 5
C
A phanopus m ic ro p h th a lm u s ..................................................... 6 7
Ca thu ra n ............................................................................... 2 8
Caballa b la n c a .......................................................................58
A phanopus m i k h a il i n i
calcar, Lep id o pu s ........................................................................93
A phanopus in te rm e d iu s ............................................................. 66
9, 68
Aphanopus m inor ................................................................................. 65
Aphanopus, schmidti ............................................................................ 65
Aphanopus sim onyi .............................................................................. 80
Aplurus .................................................................................................... 52
argenteus, Lepidopus ...........................................................................94
argyrea, Scarcina ................................................................................. 94
armatus, D icrotus ................................................................................. 40
armatus, Trichiurus ............................................................................ 100
A s s u rg e r
9, 61, 69
Assurger alexanderi .......................................................................... 69
Assurger a n z a c .............................................................................. 69
atlanticus, Benthodesmus .................................................................... 80
atlanticus, P ro m eth eu s .................................................................... 40
atun, Scomber ........................................................................................54
atu n , T h y rs ite s ...................................................... 2, 9, 10, 20, 54
au rig a, T ric h iu ru s ...................................................................... 104
A ustralian h a irta il.....................................................................107
carbo, A p h a n o p u s ............................................................... 64,
65
carinatum, Xenogramma ...................................................................29
caudatus, L e p id o p u s . ...................................................... 2,
9, 94
caudatus, T ric h iu ru s .......................................................... 90,
94
C ava lin ha................................................................................ 5 8
C hannel s c a b b a rd fis h ...........................................................89
chilensis, Thyrsites............................................................................. 54
C in tilla .................................................................................. 6 1 , 82
C intilla de S im o n y ................................................................... 80
C intilla de T u c k e r.....................................................................83
C intilla de V it y a z ..................................................................... 84
C intilla del P a c ific o ..................................................................78
C intilla descuido....................................................................... 76
C intilla e lo n g a d a ...................................................................... 74
C intilla filip in a ............................................................................81
C intilla o jo g ra n d e .................................................................... 75
C intilla P a p u a ............................................................................ 79
C intilla r a s tr illo .........................................................................77
B
ballieui, Thyrsites .................................................................................. 40
B a ra -m u ts u .................................................................................... 53
B a rra c u d a .......................................................................................55
B engal e s c o la r ............................................................................ 45
bengalensis, R e x e a ........................................................................ 45
bengalensis, Thyrsites ...........................................................................45
benjamini, Benthodesmus .................................................................... 82
B e n th o d e m a ...................................................................................80
B enth o desm u s ............................................................. 9, 10, 61, 71
Benthodesmus atlanticus ...................................................................... 80
Benthodesmus benjamini ..................................................................... 8 2
Clupea haumela ................................................................................ 106
coluber, Gempylus .............................................................................. 27
Common g e m fish ...................................................................50
C orom andel h a ir ta il................................................................ 99
coxii, Trichiurus ................................................................................ 106
C rested h a irta il....................................................................... 102
C rested s c a b b a r d fis h ............................................................ 92
cristatu s, Tentoriceps ....................................................... 101,102
cristatus, Trichiurus ..................................................................... 102
C utlassfish.............................................................................107
Cutlassfishes
1, 2, 6, 61
Cybium ñavo-brunneum .................................................................... 29
Cybium ñavobrunneum ...................................................................... 29
Benthodesmus e lo n g a tu s ............................................................. 74
Benthodesmus elongatus pacificus .................................................... 7 8
Benthodesmus m a c ro p h th a lm u s ................................................75
D
Benthodesmus n eg le ctu s .............................................................. 76
D e g e n fis c h .................................................................................... 95
Benthodesmus o lig o r a d ia tu s ...................................................... 77
dentatus, Scomber ..............................................................................54
dentex, S c o m b e r .................................................................................. 54
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
132
D icrotus ........................................................................................... 40
Dicrotus a rm atus ............................................................................ 40
D icrotus p a r v ip in n is ..................................................................... 40
D ip lo g o n u ru s .................................................................................... 29
D iplogonurus m a d e r e n s is ...........................................................29
D ip lo s p in u s .................................................... 1, 6, 20, 24, 3 7
D ip lo s p in u s m u l t is t r i a t u s ............................................. 1 0 , 2 4
D linnokrylaya reksiya ..............................................................45
D o m in e ......................................................................... 1 , 2 0 , 2 6
D ó m in e ....................................................................... 20, 26, 27
D o n g -d o n g -g a l-c h i.....................................................................89
D ou b tfu l s c a b b a r d fis h ........................................................ 96
dubius, L e p id o p u s .....................................................................96
E scolier g r a c ile ..................................................................... 56
E scolier long n e z .................................................................... 35
E scolier longues a il e s ........................................................... 44
E scolier m a îtr e ......................................................................... 26
E scolier n o i r
29, 30
E scolier o r ie n ta l....................................................................... 34
Escolier r a y é ......................................................................... 24
E scolier r e p tile ......................................................................... 30
E scolier r o y a l........................................................................... 48
E scolier s e r p e n t
27, 28
E scolier t i f ia t i........................................................................... 49
E scolier t o n g a .......................................................................... 59
E s c o lie rs .....................................................................................20
Elongate fr o s tfis h ................................................................... 74
E sko la r................................................................................... 30
E sp a d a ................................................................................107
Espada b ra n c a ...................................................................... 95
Espada p re ta ......................................................................... 66
E spadiella............................................................................... 95
elongatus pacificus, Benthodesmus ...........................................
Eupleurogram m us
E
78
9, 61, 84
elongatus, B enth o desm u s ........................................................ 74
Eupleurogrammus glossodon ..................................................... 8 5
elongatus, Lepidopus ................................................................. 41, 74
Enchelyopus ...................................................................................... 103
ensiformis, Trichiurus ....................................................................... 94
Eupleurogrammus m u ticu s ........................................................ 8 6
Evoxymetopon
E p in n u la .................................................................................. 6, 2 6
Evoxymetopon anzac .......................................................................... 69
Epinnula m agistralis ................................................................... 2 6
Evoxymetopon p o e y i ..................................................................... 88
Epinnula orientalis ..................................................................... 32, 34
Epinnula orientalis americanus ......................................................33
Epinnula orientalis pacifica ............................................................ 34
Escolar .................................................................................................. 35
Evoxymetopon taeniatus ...................................................... 8 7 , 89
E s c o la r
de
de
de
de
de
c a n a i...................................................................... 27
N a k a m u ra ............................................................ 47
P a x to n ...................................................................51
rayas c o r ta s ........................................................4 6
T o n g a .................................................................... 59
Escolar m a g r o .......................................................................... 39
Escolar n a rig u d o ..................................................................... 35
Escolar n e g r o
29, 30
Escolar o r ie n ta l........................................................................ 34
Escolar o s c u r o ......................................................................... 3 0
Escolar plateado .................................................................... 49
Escolar p ro m e te o .................................................................... 4 0
Escolar r a y a d o ......................................................................... 24
Escolar r e a l................................................................................48
Escolar s ie r r a ............................................................................57
E s c o la rs
1, 2 0
E s c o lie r....................................................................................... 54
E scolier a m é r ic a in .................................................................. 33
E scolier a n ta rc tiq u e ............................................................... 37
E scolier b a rra c u d a ..................................................................46
E scolier
E scolier
E scolier
E scolier
E scolier
E scolier
9, 61, 8 7
F
2 9 , 3 0 , 52
Escolar a m e ric a n o ..................................................................33
Escolar a n ta rtic o ..................................................................... 37
Escolar b e n g a li........................................................................ 45
E scolier b la n c ........................................................................... 57
Escolar c la v o
5 2 , 53
Escolar de aleta la r g a ........................................................... 44
Escolar
Escolar
Escolar
Escolar
Escolar
Eupleurogrammus intermedius ....................................................... 85
b é c u n e ........................................................................51
b e n g a la is ...................................................................45
b la n c ........................................................................... 57
c la i r ............................................................................. 40
d e n t u ...........................................................................47
é lé g a n t....................................................................... 39
F itch 's s c a b b a rd fis h ............................................................... 97
fitchi, Lepidopus........................................................................ 9 7
F jam m a................................................................................... 95
üavo-brunneum, C ybium .................................................................. 29
ñavobrunneum, C yb iu m ................................................................... 29
ñavobrunneum, Lepidocybium .................................... 10, 12, 2 9
Frostfish
80, 95
F r o s t f i s h e s ...........................................................................1, 61
fu rcifera, R e x e a .................................................................... 41, 49
Fuurai-kam asu........................................................................32
G
G anges h a ir t a il....................................................................... 105
gangeticus, T ric h iu ru s ............................................................... 10 5
G e m fis h e s ..............................................................................1, 20
G E M P Y L ID A E ......................................................................... 20
Gem pylus ............................................................................ 6, 20, 2 7
Gempylus coluber ................................................................................27
Gempylus ophidianus ......................................................................... 27
Gempylus Prometheus ........................................................................ 40
Gempylus serpens .................................................................. 10, 2 7
Gempylus so la n d ri ........................................................................... 49
G host scabbardfish ............................................................... 98
gladius, Trichiurus .............................................................................. 94
glossodon, Eupleurogram m us ..................................................... 85
glossodon, Trichiurus ......................................................................... 85
gouanianus Lepidopus ................................................................ 90, 94
gracilis, Lepidopus .............................................................................. 39
gracilis, Paradiplospinus .............................................................. 39
Snake M ackerels and Cutlassfishes o f the World
133
H
Lepidopus c a lc a r .................................................................... 93
H a irta il................................................................................. 107
H a ir ta ils .................................................................... 1, 9, 61
H a k e .......................................................................................50
H a k u io ................................................................................. 107
H akunagi......................................................................... 107
H aku uo ..............................................................................107
H aku yo ..............................................................................107
Hashinaga-kurotachi........................................................... 36
Hatatateyum e-tachim odoki................................................ 88
haumela, Clupea .......................................................................... 106
H awaiian rid ge s c a b b a rd fis h ..........................................93
H iragatana ....................................................................... 107
H irashibi-kam asu.............................................................. 58
Hirenaga-yum etachi............................................................ 88
H oso-kurotachi..................................................................... 25
H oso-tachim odoki................................................................ 78
Lepidopus c a u d a tu s ..................................................... 2,
9, 94
Lepidopus d u b iu s ................................................................... 96
Lepidopus elongatus ........................................................... 71,74
97
Lepidopus f i t c h i ................................................................
Lepidopus gouanianus ..................................................... 90, 94
Lepidopus gracilis ..................................................................... 39
Lepidopus le x ............................................................................... 94
98
94
Lepidopus s p ......................................................... 92
Lepidopus tenuis ....................................................................... 82
Lepidopus xantusi ..................................................................... 94
Lepidosarda ................................................................................. 29
Lepidosarda retigramma .......................................................... 29
L e p tu r a c a n th u s .................................................................61,99
L epturacanthus p a n t u lu i .................................................
99
Lep turacan th u s s a v a la ....................................................... 100
Lepidopus m a n is ................................................................
Lepidopus peronii .....................................................................
Lepturacanthus serratus ........................................................ 105
Lepturus ...................................................................................... 103
lepturus japonicus, Trichiurus ............................................. 106
Interm ediate s c a b b a rd fis h ...............................................66
lepturus, T ric h iu ru s .......................................
interm edius, A p h a n o p u s .......................................................... 66
Leucoscombrus ...........................................................................
lex, Lepidopus ...........................................................................
intermedius, Eupleurogrammus ..................................................... 85
intermedius. Trichiurus ................................................................ 85
J
2,9, 103,106
27
94
Long-finned e s c o la r ......................................................
44
Long-finned g e m fis h .............................................................. 45
Longtooth h a ir t a il............................................................ 85
lusitanicus, Vandellius .............................................................
94
jo h n p a x to n i, R e x ic h th y s ..........................................................51
Jordanidia ......................................................................................
Jordanidia raptoria .......................................................................
41
48
K
Kagokamasu .........................................................................49
Kanm uri-dachi..................................................................... 102
K a ta ria .................................................................................. 107
King b a rra c u d a .....................................................................50
K in g fish .................................................................................. 50
Kuroshibi-kam asu.................................................................41
Kurotachi-kam asu................................................................ 28
K urotachi-m odoki.............................................................. 67
M
M achaerope ....................................................................................
Machaerope latispinus ..................................................................
30
30
m acrop hth alm us, B enth o desm u s .......................................
75
maderensis, Diplogonurus ............................................................ 29
M a e -d o m -g w a .......................................................................... 107
m a g is tra lis , E p in n u la .............................................................. 26
M alaya r e k s iy a .......................................................................
m a rle y i, T h y rs ito id e s .................................................. 10,
55, 56
m icrop h thalm us, A p h a n o p u s ................................................. 67
micropus, Thyrsites ............................................................................ 49
M ikhailin 's s c a b b a rd fis h .................................................
m ik h a ilin i, A p h a n o p u s ......................................................
L
46
m anis, L e p id o p u s ....................................................................... 98
68
9,68
lanceolatus, Scomber ..................................................................... 54
M imasea ............................................................................................ 55
Mimasea taeniosoma ......................................................................... 56
Largehead h a ir t a il.......................................................... 106
Largeheaded ribbonfish......................................................107
minor, Aphanopus................................................................................ 65
latispinus, Machaerope ..................................................................... 30
Leionura ............................................................................................ 54
Lemnisoma ...................................................................................... 27
Lemnisoma thyrsitoides ................................................................ 27
Lemnisomidae ................................................................................. 20
L e p id o c y b iu m ....................................................
6, 9, 17, 20, 29
M in a m ih o so -ku ro ta ch i...........................................................
m u ltis tria tu s , D ip lo s p in u s ............................................. 10,
39
24
m uticus, E u p leu ro g ram m u s .....................................................86
muticus, Trichiurus ................................................................ 84, 86
N
Lep id o cyb ium ñ a v o b ru n n e u m ................................... 10, 12, 29
N a g a n ja ....................................................................................... 57
L ep id op .................................................................................... 95
N a g a ta c h i-k a m a s u ................................................................. 57
N agayum e-tachim odoki ....................................................... 70
N akam ura’s e s c o la r................................................................... 47
n a k a m u ra i, R e x e a ..................................................................... 47
N askanskaya re k s iy a ................................................................ 47
nasutus, N e s ia r c h u s ................................................................. 35
Lepidopidae ..................................................................................... 61
lepidopoides, Thyrsites .................................................................. 57
lepidopoides, T h y rs ito p s ..........................................................5 7
L e p id o p u s ....................................................................... 9, 61, 90
Lepidopus aom ori .......................................................................... 82
Lepidopus argenteus .......................................................................... 94
N e a lo t........................................................................................
32
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
134
N e alo tu s .....................................................................................
30
Nealotus trip es ..................................................................... 1 0 ,3 0
Neglected fr o s tfis h .............................................................. 76
neglectus, Benthodesmus ............................................................76
N e o e p in n u la .............................................................................. 9,3 2
Neoepinnula am eric an a .............................................................. 33
Neoepinnula o rien talis ....................................................... 3 3 ,3 4
Nesiarchus .............................................................................. 9 ,3 5
Nesiarchus nasutus .................................................................. 35
N e z ia rk h ....................................................................................... 36
nitens, Trichiurus .......................................................................... 106
North P acific fr o s tfis h ........................................................... 78
N orth-P acific fr o s tfis h ...........................................................78
notha, Acinacea ............................................................................... 27
O
O ilfis h
1 ,2 0 , 5 2 ,5 3
oligoradiatus, Benthodesmus ..................................................
77
O o k a g o k a m a s u ....................................................................... 50
O o s h ib ik a m a s u ....................................................................... 55
O phanope c a rb o n .................................................................. 66
ophidianus, Gempylus ....................................................................... 27
orientalis americanus, Epinnula ................................................ 33
orientalis pacifica, Epinnula ........................................................ 34
orientalis, Epinnula ..................................................................... 32,34
orientalis, N e o e p in n u la ........................................................... 34
O s h iro id a c h i.................................................................................87
P
pacificus, Benthodesmus .........................................................
78
pacificus, Promerhichthys ............................................................. 40
pacificus, Ruvettus .......................................................................... 52
pantului, Lepturacanthus ........................................................... 99
pantului, Trichiurus .......................................................................
99
Papua, Benthodesmus ..............................................................
79
Papuan fr o s tfis h ...................................................................... 79
Paradiplospinus ......................................................... 1,
Pez
Pez
Pez
Pez
Pez
sable
sable
sable
sable
sable
c u c h illa ................................................................. 102
del G a n g e s ...................................................... 105
d e n tó n .................................................................. 85
p e r la ....................................................................... 104
s a v a la i................................................................... 100
Pez s ie rra ............................................................................... 5 5
P hilippine fr o s tfis h ..................................................................81
Pia Insee S a a k ....................................................................... 5 7
P oey's s c a b b a rd fis h ........................................................... 88
poeyi, Evoxymetopon............................................................... 88
P oisson sabre a s b a s .............................................................. 86
Poisson sabre b é c u n e ........................................................... 99
Poisson sabre b ro c h e t........................................................ 104
Poisson sabre c a n a l............................................................... 89
Poisson sabre c h a u v e ........................................................... 77
Poisson sabre c im e te rre .................................................... 100
Poisson sabre c o m m u n ...................................................... 106
Poisson sabre c r é n e lé ........................................................... 92
Poisson sabre d e n t u ........................................................... 85
Poisson sabre du G a n g e .................................................... 105
Poisson sabre é n ig m e ....................................................... 96
Poisson sabre fa n tô m e ......................................................... 98
Poisson
Poisson
Poisson
Poisson
Poisson
Poisson
Poisson
Poisson
Poisson
Poisson
Poisson
Poisson
Poisson
sabre g a lo n ........................................................... 84
sabre g a n s e ............................................................. 80
sabre gros y e u x .................................................. 75
sabre h a w a iie n .................................................... 93
sabre ja r r e tiè r e .................................................... 68
sabre la t t e .............................................................. 88
sabre lo n g .............................................................. 74
sabre m a n c h o t .................................................... 102
sabre n é g lig é ....................................................... 76
sabre n o rd -p a c ifiq u e ........................................ 78
sabre p a p o u ............................................................. 79
sabre petits y e u x ................................................ 67
sabre p h ilip p in .................................................... 81
Poisson sabre r a s o ir .............................................................. 69
Poisson sabre r u b a n ........................................................... 83
Poisson sabre ta c h u o ......................................................... 66
Poisson sabre y a ta g a n ....................................................... 97
P oissons s a b r e s .......................................................................61
6,9, 20,37
Polucheshujnaya re k s iy a .....................................................48
Paradiplospinus antarcticus ................................................. 10,37
pretiosus, Ruvettus .......................................................... 10,12,52
Paradiplospinus g ra c ilis ..............................................................39
Prometeeva re ksiya ..............................................................49
paradoxus, Prometheus .....................................................................35
parvipinnis, D icrotus ..................................................................... 40
prometheoides, Rexea ................................................................. 48
P axton's e s c o la r .................................................................. 51
P axton’s g e m fis h ....................................................................... 5 2
Pearly h a ir ta il......................................................................... 104
Peixe coelho de n a tu ra ......................................................... 3 6
Peixe espada p r e to ................................................................ 3 6
peronii, Lepidopus .......................................................................... 94
Pesce s c ia b o la ....................................................................... 9 5
Pez c in t o ..................................................................................... 94
Pez cinto de F itc h ................................................................ 97
Pez cinto e n c re s ta d o ..............................................................92
Pez cinto e n ig m a ..................................................................... 96
Pez cinto e x p o lin ..................................................................... 93
Pez cinto fa n ta s m a .............................................................. 98
Pez espada p ic u d o ................................................................ 3 6
Pez s a b le ........................................................................... 6 1 ,1 0 6
Pez sable a s b a s ....................................................................... 86
Pez sable c o ro m a n d é lic o .................................................. 99
prometheoides, Thyrsites .................................................................. 48
Prometheus ........................................................................................... 40
Prometheus atlanticus ....................................................................... 40
Prometheus g e m fish .......................................................... 49
Prometheus paradoxus .................................................................. 35
Prometheus, Gempylus ...................................................................... 40
Prometheus, Promethichthys .................................................... 40
Promethichthys ........................................................................ 9,40
Promerhichthys pacificus ............................................................. 40
Promethichthys Prometheus ..................................................... 40
P rom etikht.............................................................................. 41
Pseudoxymetopon .......................................................................... 101
Pseudoxymetopon sinensis ............................................................. 102
R
raptoria, Jordanidia ....................................................................... 48
R azorback s c a b b a rd fis h ....................................................... 69
Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes of the W orld
135
R eksikh t.......................................................................................5 2
retigramma, Lepidosarda ............................................................. 29
Scomber lanceolatus ....................................................................... 54
Scomber splendens .......................................................................... 54
Rexea b revilin eata ....................................................................... 4 6
S e la y a r........................................................................................ 107
S e la y u r........................................................................................ 101
S e le y u r.......................................................................................... 87
serpens, Gempylus ...................................................................10.27
Rexea furcifera .......................................................................... 41,49
serratus, Lepturacanthus............................................................. 105
Rexea n a k a m u ra i ......................................................................... 4 7
S h ib i-k a m a s u ............................................................................... 60
S h ira g a ........................................................................................ 107
S hort-lined e s c o la r.................................................................. 46
S ie r r a ............................................................................ 54,55, 58
Sierra c o m u n ............................................................................ 55
Sierra del S u r .............................................................................. 58
Sierra g r á c il................................................................................ 56
R e x e a .................................................................................
9,2 0,41
Rexea an tefu rc ata ..................................................................... 44
Rexea bengalensis ........................................................................45
Rexea prometheoides ................................................................... 48
Renea so lan d ri .................................................................2 ,9 ,2 0 ,4 9
Rexichthys ..............................................................................
9,51
Rexichthys jo h n p a x to n i .............................................................. 51
robustus, Tongaichthys ......................................................... 5 8 ,5 9
roelandti, Trichiurus ....................................................................... 100
Roudi e sc o lar............................................................................. 4 0
R o u v e t......................................................................... 2 0 ,5 2 ;5 3
Rovetus .............................................................................................. 52
Rovetus temminckii ............................................................................ 52
S ie r r a s .......................................................................................... 20
Silver g e m fis h ............................................................................ 49
Silver s c a b b a rd fis h .............................................................. 94
S im ony's fr o s tfis h ................................................................ 80
Royal e s c o la r ............................................................................48
R u v e ta .......................................................................................... 53
simonyi, Aphanopus ............................................................................ 80
Ruvettidae ............................................................................................ 20
simplex, Tetragonurus ..................................................................... 52
sinensis, Pseudoxymetopon .............................................................102
R uvetto ......................................................................................... 53
R uvettus ............................................................................ 6 ,9 ,2 0 ,5 2
Ruvettus pacificus .............................................................................. 52
Ruvettus pretiosus ............................................................ 1 0 ,1 2 ,5 2
Ruvettus tydemani.......................................................................... 52
Ruvettus whakari ............................................................................ 52
S
S a a b e ra ..................................................................................... 107
S a b le ................................................................................ 61,107
Sable a s e rra d o ..................................................................... 69
Sable de M ik h a ilin .............................................................. 68
Sable in te rm e d io ..................................................................... 66
Sable n e g r o ..................................................................... 6 5 -6 6
Sable o ji t o .............................................................................. 67
Sablja ry b a ............................................................................ 107
S a b r e ......................................................................... 9 4 ,9 5 ,1 0 7
Sabre a rg e n té ............................................................................ 94
Sabre d 'a r g e n t......................................................................... 8 0
Sabre fle u r e t......................................................................... 82
Sabre n o i r ........................................................................... 6 5 -6 6
S a b r e s ......................................................................................... 61
S a c k fis h ................................................................................... 34
S a c k fis h e s ..............................................................................1 ,2 0
savala, Lepturacanthus ............................................................ 100
savala, Trichiurus ....................................................................99, 100
S a v a la i..................................................................................... 101
S avalani h a ir t a il.................................................................... 1 0 0
S a v o la ..................................................................................... 107
Saw aberu................................................................................... 107
Scabbard fis h ..............................................................................95
S c a b b a rd fis h e s .................................................................... 1,61
Scarcina ............................................................................................ 90
Scarcina argyrea ............................................................................ 94
schmidti, Aphanopus .......................................................................... 65
scholaris, Thyrsites ............................................................................ 52
Schwarzer D egenfisch............................................................. 66
Scomber a tu n ...................................................................................... 54
Scomber dentatus ............................................................................... 54
Scomber dentex ............................................................................... 54
simonyi, Benthodesmus ................................................................80
S ingle-line g e m fis h ..................................................................... 41
S la n g m a k rie l................................................................................ 28
S lank k a lk v is ................................................................................ 75
Slender e s c o la r ......................................................................... 39
Slender fr o s tfis h .............................................................. 75,82
Small g e m fis h .............................................................................. 46
S m alleye s c a b b a rd fis h ........................................................... 67
Sm allhead h a ir ta il.................................................................... 86
Sm allhead rlb b o n fis h .............................................................. 87
Sm allheaded rib b o n fis h ....................................................... 101
Snake m a c k e re l.................................................................. 27,28
Snake m a c k e re ls ...........................................................1,2,7,20
S n e k ............................................................................................ 53
S n o e k ................................................................................... 54,55
S n o e k s .................................................................................... 1, 20
S o k o s u m iy a k i.............................................................................. 35
solandri, Gempylus .......................................................................... 49
solandri, R e x e a ................................................................ 2,9,20,49
Southern fro s tfis h ....................................................................... 95
Southern k in g fis h ........................................................................50
sp.. Lepidopus ...............................................................................92
S p a d o p s a ro .................................................................................. 95
S parse-rayed fr o s tfis h ........................................................... 77
Spiny h a irta il.............................................................................. 101
splendens, Scomber .............................................................................54
Striped e s c o la r ....................................................................... 24
suluensis, Benthodesmus ............................................................. 81
T
T a b in o h im o ................................................................................ 107
T a c h i............................................................................................107
T a c h iio ..................................................................................... 107
T a c h ik a m a s u ............................................................................ 33
T a c h im o d o k i................................................................................ 83
T a c h in ja ................................................................................... 107
T a c h in o iy u .............................................................................. 107
T a c h in o u o .................................................................................. 107
T a c h in o y o ...................................................................................107
T a c h in u iy u .............................................................................. 107
FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15
136
T a c h io ....................................................................................... 107
T a c h iu o ..................................................................................... 107
T a c h u o ...................................................................................... 107
taeniatus, Evoxymetopon ..................................................
8 7 ,8 9
taeniosoma, M imasea .......................................................................56
T a ja li............................................................................................61
Tajali de c a n a i......................................................................... 89
T ajali de P o e y ....................................................................... 88
Trichiurus intermedius ....................................................................... 85
Trich iu ru s le p tu r u s ............................................... 2,9,103,106
Trichiurus lepturus japonicus ........................................................ 106
Trichiurus muticus ..................................................................... 84,86
Trichiurus nitens ............................................................................ 106
Trichiurus pantului .......................................................................... 99
Trichiurus roelandti ..........................................................................100
Trichiurus savala ..................................................................... 99,100
9 ,6 1 ,1 0 1
tripes, N e a lo tu s ...................................................................... ¡0,30
T u c k e r's fr o s tfis h .....................................................................83
tuckeri, B enth o desm u s ..............................................................
Tentoriceps cristatus ................................................................1 0 2
tenuis, B enth o desm u s ........................................................... 8 2
Tyrant f is h ..................................................................................... 8 9
T a m a -k a m a s u ............................................................................53
temminckii, Rovetus .......................................................................... 52
T e n to ric e p s ..................................................................
tenuis, Lepidopus .............................................................................. 82
tetradens, Ziphotheca ....................................................................... 94
Tetragonurus simplex ....................................................................... 52
Thyrsites ......................................................................... 9, 20, 54
tydemani, Ruvettus ...............................................................................52
u
U golnaya ry b a -s a b ly a ................................................................66
Thyrsites acanthoderma .................................................................. 52
Thyrsites altivelis .............................................................................. 54
Thyrsites a t u n ....................................................... 2 ,9 ,1 0 ,2 0 ,5 4
Thyrsites ballieui ...............................................................................40
Thyrsites bengalensis ..................................................................... 45
Thyrsites chilensis .............................................................................54
Thyrsites lepidopoides .................................................................. 57
Thyrsites micropus ............................................................................ 49
Thyrsites prometheoides .................................................................. 48
Thyrsites scholaris ....................................................................... 52
T h y rs ito id e s .................................................................................. 9,55
Thyrsito id es m a r le y i .................................................. 10, 5 5 .5 6
thyrsitoides, Lemnisoma .................................................................. 27
Thyrsitops .................................................................................. 9 ,5 7
57
Thyrsitops violaceus ......................................................................... 35
T hyrsito ps le p id o p o id e s .......................
T im a h .............................................................................. 1 0 1 ,1 0 7
T im a h -tim a h ................................................................................ 87
T ir z ito p ..........................................................................................58
Tonga e s c o la r ....................................................................... 59
T o n g a ic h th y s ...................................................................1 7 ,2 0 ,5 8
Tongaichthys ro b u s tu s .......................................................5 8 ,5 9
T o n g a ik h t.................................................................................... 60
T o u y o u -k a m a s u .........................................................................35
T ria n te ......................................................................................... 89
T R IC H IU R ID A E .........................................................................61
V
Vandellius ..............................................................................................90
Vandellius lusitanius ....................................................................... 94
violaceus, Thyrsitops .......................................................................... 35
V ityaz' fr o s tfis h ......................................................................... 84
v ity a z i, Benthodesmus ................................................................ 84
V ostochnaya e p in u la .............................................................. 3 5
w
whakari, Ruvettus ................................................................................ 52
W h ite snake m a c k e re l...................................................... 57,58
X
xantusi, Lepidopus .............................................................................. 94
Xenogramma .........................................................................................29
Xenogramma carinatum ..................................................................... 29
Y
Y a m a m o to -ta c h im o d o k i......................................................... 7 8
Y u m e ta c h im o d o k i....................................................................... 8 9
T ric h iu ru s ........................................................................9 ,6 1 ,1 0 3
Trichiurus armatus ......................................................................... 100
Trich iu ru s a u r ig a .................................................................... 104
Trichiurus
Trichiurus
Trichiurus
Trichiurus
caudatus ................................................................ 90,94
coxii ............................................................................... 106
cristatus ................................................................ 101,102
ensiformis ........................................................................ 94
Trichiurus gangeticus ...........................................................
1 05
Trichiurus gladius .......................................................................... 94
Trichiurus glossodon ..................................................................... 85
z
Ziphoteca ............................................................................................ 90
Ziphotheca tetradens ....................................................................... 94
Zm einaya m a k r e l..................................................................... 24
Z m ijicn ja k r e p a s ....................................................................... 95
Zyphothyca ............................................................................................ 27

The load history shown in the Fig. 1 is repeatedly applied to

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実地形と構造を有限要素モデルに組み込む手法

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