Annual report section Sanitary Engineering 2013
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Department of Water Management
Section Sanitary Engineering
Annual report 2013
Section Sanitary Engineering
Editors:
Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld
Prof. Dr. Ir. J.B. van Lier
J.M. Duiverman
Table of contents
Table of Contents
Introduction
2
Research
4
Individual Projects
58
Education
164
Media
202
1
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction by Professor Jules van Lier
For many people, the year 2013 will be remembered as
And what did we do in education and research in 2013?
the year in which the financial sector lost its last part of
In the first weeks of January we hesitantly said yes to a
credibility. So let’s give all trust to the academics, and we
request from the board to create the first TU Delft MOOC.
will certainly support you in doing so...! For our section
A MOOC is a massive online open course, which in fact is
Sanitary Engineering, the year 2013 was a year of hard
an academic lecture series that can be followed for free
working with excellent results, both on research and
on the internet. With our open course ware experience,
education. Though, the start of the year was not easy
we were confident that making a MOOC would be just a
when just before New-Year’s eve, our colleague Ric van
little bit more of the same... Well, it was just a little bit
de Water, the coordinator of the Evides Industriewater
more than that! With Anke Grefte and Peter de Moel in the
program, suddenly passed away. We remember his joyful
lead, supported by a number of student assistants, and
presence and are still struggling to refill his position. In
the TU Delft multi-media service, we were able to launch
the meantime we are extending the research work on
the course by mid-September. An unbelievable number
industrial water treatment and reclamation.
of nearly 29.000 students enrolled in our MOOC edition
of our bachelor course Introduction to Water Treatment.
As every year, various people left, whereas others
How to teach such huge number? Making use of “Youtube
joined our group. One person should be mentioned,
knowledge clips”, complemented with online questioning,
who contributed with all her efforts to our prosperity:
readings, examination, and forum discussions, we could
Mieke! As cornerstone of our section and our yearly
bring our message across. The positive feedback of the
vakantiecursus, it will be difficult to keep the same level
many students was our reward. The next step is to use
without her help. We wish Mieke a very pleasant and
all the online material in an upgraded on-campus course,
above all healthy retirement. But for many, her retirement
creating a new episode in modernizing academic teaching.
came as a surprise. Indeed, time is flying. Personally, being
In addition to the MOOC, also our online Master program
already 5 years at TU Delft, I turned half a century this
started in September this year. At the moment we have
year and in June I was confronted with the fact that I
a number of 10 students following our online master
was serving the government for 25 years... It seems that
courses. A bit further in the report, Anke Grefte explains
time indeed lapses with accelerated speed... A pleasant
more in depth our online education and the further
surprise was the decision of Francois Clemens to proceed
possibilities that will be explored. In addition to MOOC
his professorship at TU Delft in combination with an
and online MSc coordination, Anke finalized her PhD with
employment at Deltares. This decision was certainly good
a successful defense the last day of November; congrats
news for the Urban Drainage program which is executed
Anke!!
in cooperation with RIONED. With Delft Urban Water we
consolidated the Water movie contest and we convened a
In resume, although 2013 started off with mixed feelings
workshop at the very successfully organized Amsterdam
and a bit unsecure, we turned the year into a fantastic
International Waterweek.
experience. Wishing you all an excellent 2014 in good
health!
Also memorial was the graduation of our first Chinese PhD
students Gang Liu and Jixiang Yang on drinking water and
wastewater, respectively, both with support of Chinese
Professor Jules van Lier
Scholarship Counsel (CSC). We celebrated this fact with
Head section Sanitary Engineering
a small Sino-Dutch workshop. My visit to Harbin, Beijing,
Chair on Waste Water Treament /
Shanghai, immediate after the graduation, confirmed
Environmental Engineering
my impression: China is booming at a rate beyond
expectation... We are determined to consolidate our
Chinese cooperation!
2
Highlights 2013
Highlights 2013
Three new post-doc staff members joined our group:
carbon. Ir. Andreas Moerman won the KNW thesis award
Mathieu Lepot (sewerage), Dr. Ir. David de Ridder
with his MSc thesis “Drinking water temperature modeling
(adsorption of micropollutants), Dr. Ir. Anke Grefte
in domestic systems” and Bas des Tombe won the Cees
(education and industrial water treatment).
Boeter award for his BSc thesis on salinisation problems
Seven PhD students successfully defended their PhD thesis
in groundwater wells for irrigation water supply.
in 2013: Pawel Krzeminsky, Activated sludge filterability
and full-scale membrane bioreactor operation; Gang Liu,
About five hundred people attended our annual new-
Microbiological water quality in drinking water distribution
year conference for the Dutch Water Sector, the
systems: Integral study of bulk water; suspended solids,
“Vakantiecursus” on the 12th of January 2013. Theme of
loose deposits, and pipe wall biofilm; Jixiang Yang,
the Vakantiecursus this year was: The Watercycle, there
Prospects for flux enhancement in anaerobic membrane
is something in it. The day was opened by our new dean
bioreactors
Jojanneke
of the Faculty Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Prof. Dr.
Dirksen, Monitoring ground settlement to guide sewer
Bert Geerken, and attracted several well-known speakers
asset
and a very interested crowd which debated intensively
treating
management;
saline
Amer
wastewater;
El-Kalliny,
Photocatalytic
oxidation in drinking water treatment using hypochlorite
about the future of the water sector.
and titanium dioxide; André Arsénio, Lifetime prediction
of PVC push-fit joints; Anke Grefte, Removal of natural
We published a large number of scientific articles in
organic matter fractions by anion exchange. In total 5
international refereed journals and gave numerous
PhD students joined our group: Alexander Hendriks,
presentations
Astrid Fischer, Marieke de Goede, Doeke Schippers, Peng
researchers were for example at the IWA development
Wei.
conference in Nairobi, the IWA water re-use conference
at
international
conferences.
Our
in Windhoek and at the International Water Week in
2013 was also a re-orientation with regard to research
Amsterdam. Moreover, several of our staff members are
funding. With our industrial and institutional partners, we
active reviewers and editors for important international
approached funds that are channeled via the foundation
journals in the field of water research.
for applied sciences (STW), funded by the Dutch Scientific
Research organization (NWO). In June the joint Water
Technology call was launched by the Top consortia for
Knowledge & Innovation (TKI) and STW. Four projects
were granted:
▪▪
New sanitation systems (Ivo Pothof)
▪▪
Treatment of harsh chemical wastewater in anaerobic
membrane bioreactors (Henri Spanjers)
▪▪
Ceramic membranes for direct treatment of municipal
sewage (Bas Heijman)
▪▪
Arsenic removal from ground water (Doris van
Halem)
Dr. Ir. Doris van Halem won the Steven Hoogendijk Award
from the ‘Bataafsch Genootschap der Proefondervindelijke
Wijsbegeerte’ received for her thesis “Subsurface Iron
and Arsenic Removal for drinking water treatment in
Bangladesh”. Dr. Ir. David de Ridder won the Waternet
Watercylus Innovation Award, because of his PhD
research on QSAR modelling of adsorption to activated
3
Research
4
Annual report 2013
Research
5
Research
Mission statement
Mission statement Section Sanitary Engineering
From urban water chain to urban water
cycle
Sanitary engineering typically takes place within the
More than 50% of humanity lives in urban areas, with
urban water cycle, which in itself is part of the greater
the largest growth in developing countries. Cities and
hydrological cycle. Drinking water is obtained from
water are closely linked to each other. A well-functioning
groundwater or surface water. The water is treated and
water network is essential for a city. Everybody has the
subsequently transported to the users, i.e., households
right to be supplied by clean and riskless drinking water,
and industries, by means of an extensive distribution
proper sanitary services, safe and reliable collection and
network. Hereafter, the used waters, previously called
treatment of the used urban waters, and protection
wastewaters, are collected, often together with the
of surface water and groundwater bodies. Fresh and
drainage water, again via an extensive sewerage system.
clean water, however, is scarce and for several cities the
Subsequently, the collected sewage is conveyed to the
limiting factors for economic growth. Smart technologies
sewage treatment plant, where the water is relieved from
combined with a robust infrastructure give the opportunity
unwanted pollutants. After treatment, the purified water
to use the scarce fresh water multiple times. In this way
is discharged into open surface waters, after which it is
a win-win situation is created where the population,
again part of the natural hydrologic cycle.
industries and (peri-)urban agriculture are less dependent
on imported fresh water. Concomitantly, recovery of the
Given the worldwide increasing water scarcity and/
urban water-linked resources such as nutrients but also
or costs involved in importing fresh waters from large
thermal and chemical energy will be addressed by the
distances, a growing interest exists in making short-
mentioned technologies.
cuts in the urban water cycle, creating possibilities for
multiple water use or even partly transforming the urban
6
Mission statement
water chain into an urban water cycle. As such, water
university and partners not only benefit from the scientific
is more and more regarded as a valuable commodity,
and professional publications and PhD dissertations, but
whereas its polluting constituents are more and more
also from patents, practical applications, and knowledge
recognized
Intervening
transfer in open course ware lectures via internet. At
technologies are being developed for upgrading water
present, about 60 students carry out their PhD research
qualities and concomitantly recovering contaminants as
and yearly about 20 students finalise their MSc in Sanitary
resources turning negatively valued urban streams into
Engineering.
as
recoverable
resources.
positively valued assets. Traditional conveyance systems
for sewage and urban drainage are critically evaluated
Education
and made fit for the modern urban water cycle approach,
In addition to the research, education is the most
anticipating on current societal demands and possible
important activity of the section Sanitary Engineering.
climate changes. Forecasted increase in flood events
Apart from two introduction courses in the BSc, specialised
will put additional demands on adequate urban drainage
courses are given in the MSc-track Water Management.
designs. Obviously, reliability, cost-effectiveness, and
The philosophy of the section is that these courses must
resource efficiency are keywords in present research in
be, as much as possible, available for everyone. Therefore
sanitary engineering and water treatment technologies.
both on-campus and on-line education is provided. The
In order to take all benefits from the used urban waters,
on-campus education is focussed on the learning-by-
profound knowledge is required on physical-chemical
doing, involving students, where possible, with practical
and biological treatment technologies needed to upgrade
assignments (activated learning).In addition, students
these waters to agreed standards for subsequent use or
are stimulated to have an internship abroad, in order to
discharge.
broaden their horizon. On-line education is divided into
three different categories: (i) Open Course Ware is freely
The mission of the research program at the section of
available and consists of recorded lectures (collegerama)
Sanitary Engineering of TU Delft is to achieve practical
and written material; (ii) the on-line master’s programme
breakthroughs in these niches by a coordinated approach
also makes use of the recorded lectures to stimulate
in close cooperation with the Dutch water sector and
distant learning, but the content is exactly the same
the international scientific community. By working
as for on-campus students; (iii) Massive Open On-line
together within a well-developed network with the stake
Course (MOOC) “Introduction to Water Treatment” is
holders from science and industry, we aim to cover the
freely available and is especially made to address large
complete innovation cycle, from the initial brain wave,
groups. The section Sanitary Engineering is front runner
through research planning, funding and execution, to
in on-line education and the mentioned MOOC was the
implementation in practice and possibly valorization and
first one of TU Delft.
commercialisation.
Ambition in research and education
Research themes and approach
Dutch drinking water is characterized by a very high
Research and education of the Sanitary Engineering
quality, owing to the high technical standards in Dutch
Section is of high societal relevance and technical
water companies, resulting in continuous supply of
excellence. It serves the current needs of the Dutch
safe drinking water at an acceptable price. No chlorine
Water sector and outlines present developments and
is used during drinking water production, which is
future strategies in close cooperation with the sector. In
made possible by applying a multiple barrier treatment
addition, international developments and our increasing
system, producing biologically stable water. Moreover, the
participation in the international Water arena increasingly
drinking water is soft, has a pleasant taste and colour
include research projects of global concern. Our
and pipeline leakages are virtually zero. As a result of
philosophy results in a balanced combination of societal
this, the trust in the drinking water quality is high. The
and industrial pull and scientific push. We strongly
Dutch drink water from the tap and they do not feel
believe that this is in the best interest of our MSc and
the need for using bottled water or point-of-use filters.
PhD students serving both science and industry. Delft
Continuation of the high quality standards in the water
7
Research
Mission statement
sector requires research on presence and fate of priority
introduction of new treatment technologies, interactions
pollutants, biological growth (e.g. Legionella) and water
between sewerage and separation of rain water from
quality deterioration in the distribution system.
the sewer system. In addition, the water boards are
emphasizing the potentials of recovery of resources, such
Municipalities
are
responsible
for
collecting
and
transporting used waters and managing the rainwater
as nutrients, bio-plastics, cellulose fibres, and energy
from sewage streams.
and groundwater in urban areas. In the near future they
are faced with several challenges, e.g. climate change,
To be able to address the research needs of the water
(de-)urbanisation, increased pollution, costs, energy,
sector, our MSc and PhD research is clustered in 5
and resource effectiveness, implementation of sensor
thematic research themes:
networks for process control. These challenges are to
1. “Emerging technologies for drinking water and waste
be faced in the light of a more intense cooperation with
water treatment” includes solutions for emerging
other stakeholders, ultimately leading to an increasing
threats,
need for knowledge of the involved processes and sound
treatment.
increasing
standards,
and
optimized
engineering solutions.
2. “Modeling, sensoring and automation” deals with
Water boards, ultimately responsible for the upgrading
3. “Optimal design and operation of piped networks”
of the used urban waters, are challenged by increasingly
investigates the water quality and hydraulic aspects
operational efficiency improvement.
stringent effluent criteria and societal concerns on priority
pollutants and hygienic quality of the produced effluents.
Moreover, foreseen shortcuts in the water chain, creating
urban water cycles, require effluent qualities meeting the
in distribution and drainage systems.
4. “Water and Health” focuses on the relations between
technical interventions and related health risks.
5. “Sustainable
solutions
for
drinking
water
and
demands of the subsequent user, that are often much
sanitation” focuses on improving drinking water
more stringent than the emission standards. This logically
supply and sanitation in developing countries.
results in improved operation of sewage treatment plants,
Each of the staff members has its own specialisation to
develop research in one or more of the above mentioned
research
themes.
These
specialisations
include
(anaerobic) membrane bioreactors, (ceramic) membrane
filtration, metallic surfaces in water, characterisation of
natural organic matter, soft sensors in water treatment,
monitoring in sewer systems, emerging pathogens and
technology selection in relation to water quality.
Our research agenda includes a mixture of desk-top
research, laboratory experiments, pilot-plant experiments
and full-scale field research. Computer modelling is very
important as it enables us to understand the complex
reality and limit the number of experiments to achieve
an optimal result. Where laboratory experiments test our
initial hypothesis under defined conditions, pilot plant
and field research includes the specific water quality and
reactor operational aspects that cannot be simulated in
the lab. Moreover, full-scale investigations at treatment
plants and piped/sewerage networks are required in
order to study the effects of large scale hydraulics. As
such, our research can be characterised as a mixture of
8
Mission statement
water quality, process technology, hydraulics and applied
Frequent external visitors are invited to participate in
mathematics. A thorough understanding of physical,
meetings and colloquia.
chemical and biological processes is required to improve
Our international network includes a vast number of
the water matrix to the required level. This, combined
foreign universities, such as in Duisburg, Leuven, Gent,
with a thorough insight in hydraulic aspects, such as
Sheffield, New South Wales, Bradford, Johannesburg,
turbulence, mixing, and uneven flow patterns, will ensure
Boulder, Waterloo, Trondheim, Dresden, Poitiers, Rennes,
the feasibility of the technology in large scale settings.
Toulouse, Zürich, Valencia, Santiago de Compostela,
Based on our experience, these mixtures of scales
Singapore, Harbin, Beijing, Shanghai, and Xiamen.
and sciences provide a total view on sound sanitary
Research projects are performed in cooperation with
engineering that stimulates new ideas and approaches.
Agentschap NL, NWO, Commercial partners, TTIWetsus
The professors in our group have a down-to-earth
and the European Union. Special agreements for
approach and practice ‘management by participation’.
research collaboration are made with Waternet, Dunea,
They stimulate discussions between PhD students,
Oasen, Evides, HWL, Vewin and Rioned. Next to papers
staff members and experts from science and industry.
and reports, our research is communicated through a
Moreover, they frequently participate in national and
newsletter. In addition, many ideas are disseminated at
international meetings on the research agenda for the
our annual ‘Vakantiecursus’ which is acknowledged as the
water sector, such as the International Water Association
leading Dutch conference on Sanitary Engineering being
and KNW, providing additional stimuli to the research.
annually first, just after New Years’ eve.
The processes of improvement and innovation function
primarily through the interaction with the experts from
science and industry.
Professor Jules van Lier
Professor Luuk Rietveld
Head section Sanitary Engineering
Professor Innovation and
Professor of Environmental Integration of the Urban Water
Engineering and Wastewater
Cycle
Treatment
9
Research
Mission statement
Theme 1: Emerging technologies for water treatment
Theme leaders: Bas Heijman & Jules van Lier
In recent years it has become clear that the pollution of
the effectiveness of different treatment technologies and
water sources has become so widespread that traces of
treatment combinations in removing these emerging
compounds such as endocrine disputers, polar pesticides
substances is investigated. Also a modeling approach
and pharmaceuticals can even be found in Dutch drinking
is developed to predict the removal of new emerging
water. Only a few of these emerging substances are
substances and to assess the plant performance towards
known and measured in our drinking water. To face these
organic micro pollutants.
new substances application of advanced water treatment
Due to the increasing need for protection of water
is required. Moreover, due to the scientific progress we
resources, the growing environmental awareness, as laid
have come to understand that also microbiological threats
down in the European Water Framework Directive (WFD),
still cannot be ignored, the most relevant being Legionalla
and the public inclination to sustainability, the pressure
and Cryptosporidium. Fortunately, in recent years we have
on water recycling, and the need for improvement of
also seen major breakthroughs in new technologies such
effluent quality of waste water treatment plants (WWTP)
as membrane filtration and disinfection/oxidation with
are increased over the past years. Therefore, there is a
ozone/UV/H2O2. These technologies can be used both on
need for upgrading the WWTPs. This can be done by
the drinking water as well as on the waste water side and
advanced or tertiary treatment of effluent of conventional
an integrated approach has to be developed. Our research
WWTP’s by filtration and ultrafiltration; the development
in this theme deals with the further development of these
of alternatives for conventional treatment processes e.g.
technologies and in particular the determination of the
the membrane bioreactor either aerobic or anaerobic;
practical feasibility including such aspects as efficiency,
and the modification of the conventional treatment to
costs and operational aspects. In several PhD projects
optimize the efficiency.
Research projects
Decision Support System for controlling emerging substances in the water cycle
Astrid Fischer
Hybrid Advanced Oxidation and Artificial Recharge to Remove the Organic Micropollutants from
Drinking Water
Feifei Wang
Increasing the utilization of organic waste and low value feeds with the help of lignin
degrading fungi
Mostafa Zahmatkesh
Optimization of submerged ceramic micro-membrane filtration with coagulation
pretreatment condition for surface water treatment
Biological Advance Oxidation Processes toward Micropollutant removal
DIPOOL Advanced UV-based technology for pool water treatment
Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor Technology for the Treatment of Industrial Effluents
Application of Dynamic Membranes in Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor Systems
A newly designed demineralization technology based on thermosensitive hydrogels
Emerging substances: Towards an absolute barrier
Microbiological safe swimming pools without chlorine
Peter Lu
Marco Casola
Maarten Keuten
Recep Kaan Dereli
Mustafa Evren Ersahin
Samuele Olivero
Cheryl Bertelkamp
Marjolein Peters
Cost-Effective Municipal Wastewater Treatment by Coupling of UASB and
ANAMMOX Reactors
Hydrodynamic determination of RO membranes using the PIV method
BioXtreme treatment of industrial wastewater
10
Javier A. Sánchez Guillén
Amir Haidari
Julian Muñoz Sierra
Mission statement
Theme 2: Reuse and recovery of water, energy and used
compounds
Theme leaders: Jules van Lier & Luuk Rietveld
Wastewater treatment is needed to full-fill the Water
the black (faeces), yellow (urine), grey (bathing and
Framework Directive. However, more and more attention
kitchen) and white (rain) streams are (partly) separated.
is paid to the fact that waste water is also a potential
The yellow stream can e.g. be used for the production of
resource of city water and/or industrial water. Crucial
fertilizer. Phosphate recovery is becoming an important
is treatment at specification at acceptable costs with
issue since this compound is getting scarce and prices
the aim of resource recovery at various levels, such as
are rising dramatically. Finally, the water of the effluent of
energy, fertilizing agents such as phosphates and of
a waste water treatment plant is a resource for industry
course water. In the Netherlands specific programmes
and agriculture. In the Netherlands, 80% of the fresh
are developed to increase the energy production at waste
water use is industrial and when domestic waste water
water treatment plants by for example the production
effluent is used for industrial application less pressure is
of green gas (from sludge) that can be injected in the
laid on the precious water sources.
existing natural gas distribution system. This could even
be applied to black water in a decentralized system where
Research projects
Enhanced biogas production from waste sludge
Roslinda Seswoya
Organic carbon in demineralized boiler feedwater
David Moed
Flux enhancement in anaerobic membrane bioreactor with focus on saline conditions
Jixiang Yang
Enhanced Enzymatic Anaerobic Fermentation of Organic Residues (EnzyFOR) Steef de Valk
Anaerobic digestion (AD) of fine sieve concentrated sewage waste Dara Ghasimi
Emission Minimalization of Marine Aquaculture Recirculation Systems
Removal of residual pollutants for reclamation of treated wastewater (Delft Blue Water)
Estimation of water temperature in sewer systems
OPTIMIX
Forward Osmosis in Sewer Mining
Xuedong Zhang
Diana Brandão
Jorge Elias Maxil
Guido Kooijman
Kerusha Lutchmiah
Treatment of Domestic Sewage by Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor Technology – Anaerobic MBR
for Aqua Cleaning and Energy Recovery
Innovative ceramic ultrafiltration for water reuse: fouling on MF/UF and RO Hale Ozgun
Ran Shang
Distinguishing competitive effects from characterized background EFOM isolates on adsorption
of trace organic contaminants by typical activated carbons Advanced Oxidation-Electrochemical solutions for water and wastewater treatment
Jingyi Hu
Yasmina Bennani
11
Research
Mission statement
Theme 3: Modeling, sensoring and automation
Theme leaders: Luuk Rietveld & Henri Spanjers
Water treatment plants consist of numerous treatment
Focus of this theme is on an optimised process and
processes in series and in parallel. The operation of the
flow control by mass balance based modeling and by
present-day infrastructure is done by operators who
more sophisticated computational fluid dynamics. Also
mainly focus on providing the required flow at all times.
stochastic data models are used to assess the efficiency
It is obvious that it is possible to achieve better results at
of treatment processes. We also aim to achieve the
lower costs and with less impact on the environment by
concept of a ‘virtual treatment plant’, that is a model of
utilising available options such as buffer tanks, equal flow
the plant that can function as a simulator to assist the
distribution over process units, flow control and process
operator in finding the optimal settings.
control. By using computer models it is now also possible
to control the water quality leaving the treatment plant
while delivering the required flow and quality.
Research projects
Modelling of biological granular activated carbon filtration
René van der Aa
Optimization of Drinking Water Treatment Processes using models and on-line monitoring tools (Techneau)
Model-based control in the urban water cycle Petra Ross
Annelies Aarts
Removal of pharmaceuticals by organic coagulants/flocculants in primary settling
of wastewater treatment plant
Behavior and removal of natural organic matter (NOM) in treatment processes
Mohomad Mohd Amin
Anke Grefte
Novel monitoring and process control system for efficient production of VFA and biogas in
anaerobic digestion plant
Broadening and renewal of the Dutch drinking water benchmark
12
Xuedong Zhang
Marieke de Goede
Mission statement
Theme 4: Distribution and discharge networks
Theme leaders: Marie-claire ten Veldhuis, Francois Clemens & Jeroen Langeveld
Water infrastructures are a vital support of urban societal
The focus of this research theme is on monitoring,
development: they supply clean drinking water and
detection
evacuate polluted wastewaters to protect public health
infrastructures by a combination of experimental research
and they drain stormwaters to prevent flood damage
and probabilistic methods in support of quantitative risk
and economic and societal disruption. Quality of service
analysis. We use urban labs to collect experimental data
provided by water infrastructures is under threat as
from real-life conditions and use datamining techniques
ageing processes degrade structural and hydraulic
linking multiple data sources to predict failures in support
conditions. Leakages, blockage, pipe blockage, water
of risk analysis and prevention. Our aim is to provide
quality deterioration are but a few of the detrimental
society with effective techniques and strategies to use
effects ageing processes can generate.
ageing water infrastructures while maintaining optimal
and
prediction
of
failures
in
water
functionality.
Developing better understanding of ageing processes
is a prerequisite to be able to predict and prevent
harmful effects. Early detection and warning is another
essential strategy to cope with failures and to increase
understanding of failure conditions.
Research projects
Strategic assetmanagement in the water cycle
Failure prediction and management of lateral connections in sewer systems
High resolution rainfall data to protect cities against floods Modeling of water supply systems for optimal control and respons to anomalies Decision making and organization of sewer asset management
Effective Sewer Asset Management Settlement as a driver for sewer rehabilitation
Biological water quality in distribution networks Lifetime prediction of PVC push-fit joints Modelling of pluvial flood damage
Rian Kloosterman
Johan Post
Guenda Bruni
Martijn Bakker
Wouter van Riel
Nikola Stanić
Jojanneke Dirksen
Gang Liu
André Arsénio
Matthieu Spekkers
13
Research
Mission statement
Theme 5: Sustainable solutions for developing countries
Theme leaders: Jules van Lier, Bas Heijman & Doris van Halem
Safe drinking water is at present not available for every
utilization of renewable energy. Appropriate sanitation,
human being on earth. The current knowledge on
in balance with the prevailing socio-economic conditions
low-cost drinking water treatment is often insufficient to
is of crucial importance for (partly) meeting the agreed
provide safe water in remote and underdeveloped areas.
MDG-7. Sustainability in terms of cost-effectiveness,
Either solutions do not fit within the targeted environment
technical plain and recovery of resources are the main
or a scientific approach is not at hand.
drivers for novel developments. Energy recovery via
Research to develop and improve treatment systems for
anaerobic conversion processes may generate direct
the poor is the main objective of the work done within
benefits on household levels meanwhile basic sanitary
this new research theme. The (upcoming) projects in
requirements are established. A similar approach will be
this theme aim at critically evaluating existing treatment
followed in addressing sanitation at community level and/
options
innovative
or city section level, where block sanitation or satellite
technologies. The current research focuses on low-
sewers are connected to technical plain systems which
cost ceramic filtration, subsurface arsenic removal, and
focus on recovery of resources.
and
the
development
of
new
Research projects
Upflow gravel filtration for multiple uses
Luis Dario Sanchez Torres
Transport and attenuation of organic compounds and turbidity peaks in subsurface
porous media during aquifer passage Juan Pablo Gutierrez
Safe drinking water in Bangladesh: feasibility and sustainability of hand-pump subsurface
arsenic removal in diverse settings
14
Sandra Borges Freitas
Mission statement
Theme 6: Water & Health
Theme leader: Gertjan Medema
Safe water is essential to our society. Water systems
These provide new niches for pathogens and new routes
should protect society against the spread of infectious
of exposure to pathogens.
diseases. New pathogens emerge (like SARS, new (avian)
influenza viruses). They emphasize the vulnerability
The research focus in this theme is:
of our densely populated society to infectious diseases
▪▪
Quantitative health impact assessment of water
and highlight the importance of knowledge about
systems, with an emphasis on risks caused by
the pathogens, their possible pathways and effective
pathogenic microbes. The results will help to make
management. In our densely populated country, the
informed risk management decisions in the water
burden on the environment with pathogenic microorganisms is high and the possibilities for exposure
sector.
▪▪
to these pathogens are also many. The conventional
prevent transmission of pathogens through the water
exposure through drinking water is well under control,
but other water uses (such as bathing) are not. Moreover,
we are inventing new concepts for dealing with water
Effective (treatment) technologies or strategies to
route.
▪▪
Research is a close collaboration with KWR Watercycle
Research Institute and the water sector.
in our society (wastewater reuse, water in cities, etc.).
Research projects
Health impact of new urban water concepts
Helena Sales Ortells
Mechanisms of loose deposits´ microbiota effects on the quality of chlorinated distribution
systems water New methods for microbial water quality testing
Ana Poças
Maja Taucer-Kapteijn
15
Research
Delft Urban Water
“Well Water Waste Wealth” wins Delft Urban Water movie
contest
Gautum Vishwanath from Bangalore is the winner of the
The four nominees of the Delft Urban Water movie contest
Delft Urban Water Movie Contest, for his movie entitled
were officially presented during the Delft Urban Water
‘Well Water Waste Wealth’. In this short film we descend a
seminar on 11 June. Nominees were selected out of no
water well and hear what happens as we use it or pollute
less than 24 submissions from all over the world. The 2nd
it. Water problems in India’s cities are many, but Mr
prize of the contest, the IPad, went to “City=Catchment
Vishnwanath shows inventive solutions to close the urban
Area” by David Ginting and Ravina Binol. The jury liked
cycles of water, nutrients and food.
the clear and convincing story-line and was impressed
by the creative and speedy sketch-wise presentation
According to the jury, he “presents out-of-the-box
supporting the movie’s message.
solutions that show how big problems can be answered
by small and pragmatic actions”. Furthermore: “The jury
The Delft Urban Water movie contest is a yearly event
was impressed by the movie’s quality and the way it
organised by the partners of Delft Urban Water. More
combines creativity with a wide range of inventive and
information is on www.delfturbanwater.nl.
practical solutions. “Well, it used to talk to you” and we
hope Mr Vishwanath’s solutions will continue to do so for
years to come.
16
DWES
Drinking Water Engineering and Science (DWES)
The worlds’ first open access journal on drinking water
actively and successfully approaching potential authors to
treatment and distribution: Drinking Water Engineering
engage them in DWES, via their network and at scientific
& Science (DWES) continues to attract more research
conferences. This lead to two special issues in 2013; on
papers (7 in 2011, 11 in 2012 and 15 in 2013). It
desalination and on the Young Water Professionals.
is increasingly becoming the journal of choice for
researchers in water treatment and distribution research
Some changes took place in the editorial board: prof.
worldwide, with authors from Netherlands, UK, Belgium,
Luuk Rietveld took over the role of editor-in-chief position
Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Norway, Latvia,
form prof. Gertjan Medema and Cheryl Bertelkamp
Finland, Portugal, USA, Canada, Colombia, Australia,
MSc and dr. Anke Grefte stepped in to strengthen the
Japan, China, Pakistan, Korea, India, Thailand, Ethiopia,
executive editors after Jasper Verberk stepped down from
Namibia and South Africa.
this position.
DWES is an international peer reviewed journal with a
very open setup. The comments of the reviewers are
Please visit the DWES website www.drinking-water-
published online and also other researchers are invited
engineering-and-science.net, join the discussion and
to post their review comments. Also the authors reply to
submit your research paper to DWES!
the comments is posted, so there is an open discussion
on the science in the DWES Discussion. The accepted
Luuk Rietveld & Gary Amy
papers are published open access, meaning that they can
Editors-in-chief
be seen and downloaded for free. The editorial board is
17
Research
Research grants 2013
GSFA
High-rate VFA production from
industrial waste using the granular
sludge process
variables like the temperature and the pH. Experiments
will be conducted with model substrates, mixtures
of substrates, and industrial wastewaters like those
encountered in agroindustry. The project will need
The GFSA project was awarded March 2013, within the
to clarify the fermentation product spectrum and
STW Partnershipprogram: “Partnership Paques – The
corresponding microbial community structure as a
VFA Platform”. The project grants two PhD candidates,
function of the operational variables. Specific objectives in
one at Sanitary Engineering and one at Environmental
this area are the formation of unwanted side products like
Biotechnology (AS) at the TU Delft.
molecular hydrogen and methane, and the possibility to
direct the process towards lactate, propionate or butyrate
Partial pre-acidification of organic substrates in industrial
that are preferred products in subsequent VFA processing
wastewater as pretreatment step for anaerobic digestion
step. Experiments will be combined with thermodynamics
typically is conducted in large mixed tanks. Primary aim of
based quantitative computational process models that
this pretreatment step is equilibration of the wastewater
will be capable of identifying key regulators in the
composition and concentration. Partial pre-acidification
process and will describe the development in time of
in a side process has a positive impact on subsequent
the process and the microbial community structure. In
methanation of the organic acids produced.
particular the identification of the environmental drivers
For alternative processes for VFA processing, like
of the different fermentation profiles possible is a major
polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production, direct recovery
challenge in the field of microbial ecology and related
of VFA, or reductive carbon chain length elongation, the
process development.
VFA production step needs to fulfill other objectives.
(i) the extent of substrate acidification needs to be
maximized, (ii) the VFA composition should be controlled,
(iii) production of methane containing biogas should be
avoided, (iv) biomass concentrations in the bioreactor
effluent should be minimized, and (v) compact bioreactors
will need to be developed in order minimize the footprint
and investment costs.
This project aims for development of the Granular Sludge
process for volatile Fatty Acid production (GSFA) that can
achieve these objectives. Granular sludge technology
is successfully applied for both aerobic and anaerobic
wastewater treatment, but the application potential for
pre-acidification of wastewater is a largely unexplored
research topic. The project aims for elucidating typical
process engineering related aspects of the process like
the impact of the solid retention time, and operational
Project partners:
Funded by:
Project coordinator:
Period:
18
Paques, Delft University of Technology (Sanitary Engineering (CiTG) and
Environmental Biotechnology (AS))
STW Partnershipprogram: “Partnership Paques – The VFA Platform”
Merle de Kreuk
2013-2017
Research grants 2013
AQUAdemia
This project will encourage structured, result-driven
cooperation
ventures
between
universities
and
companies, bridging the gap between the two sectors in
the area of water-related industries, research centres and
HEIs (higher education institutions).
The aim is to ensure the continuous and sustainable
transfer of information and the application of this
information for each actor and the constant improvement
of the integrated water system management, which is
considered one of the key themes of the century we live.
The idea is to establish a system that:
▪▪
brings together stakeholders from academy and
industry to work together in a stable partnership with
a defined complete competence system design
▪▪
realises individualised trainings of students/future
employees according to the real industry needs and
using the existing educational offer of HEIs
▪▪
connects internships and mobility of students with
these trainings and concrete project ideas which
resulted out of the declared needs of industrial
partners
AQUAdemia will significantly improve the Business and
Academy relationship in a concrete area of knowledge,
which is relevant enough (water) to attract future alliance
members from all kinds of organisations worldwide.
AQUAdemia joins forces to design innovative, sustainable
ways of increasing human capital in one of the crucial
sectors for the future environmental and economic
development.
The expected impact is strengthening the role of HEIs as
engines of innovation and increasing the employability,
creativity
and
innovative
potential
of
graduates,
professors and company staff.
Project partners:
University of Girona, WUSMED, Aqualogy, Spain, TU Graz, Austria, IWTH,
Germany, Delft University of Technology, Waterboard De Dommel (the Netherlands)
Funded by:
EU Life Long Learning Programme
Project coordinator:
Jeroen Langeveld
Period:
2013-2015
19
Research
Research grants 2013
OPTI-VFA
Novel monitoring and process control
system for efficient production of VFA
and biogas in anaerobic digestion plant
disintegration product during AD process will be utilized
as energy in a closed process.
The total budget of the two-year OPTI-VFA project is
More profitable biogas production by optimization of
EUR 1.15 million of which TUDelft together with the
anaerobic waste digestion.
Dutch company Maris Projects share approximately
24%. TUDelft will carry out the research on the crucial
Section Sanitary Engineering of TUDelft has started a
parameters for process monitoring and control and will
new European project, coordinated by VTT Technological
supervise the pilot test. Maris Projects will make available
Research Centre of Finland (VTT), which focuses on
practical expertise and will facilitate the pilot plant.
studying anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic waste and
developing its control. AD process can be optimized to
produce either biogas or volatile fatty acids that are
even more valuable products than biogas. The produced
volatile fatty acids can be converted further to raw
materials with which it’s possible to produce oil-replacing
biobased products, such as bioplastics.
During the anaerobic digestion process, which contains
four main steps, the organic matter is degraded by
bacteria to biogas in the absence of oxygen. Controlling
the digestion process is one of the most important ways
of making the biogas production process more efficient. A
prototype for process monitoring and controlling system
will be developed during the OPTI-VFA project. This
system enables more efficient control of both volatile
fatty acids and biogas production. It also improves the
profitability, efficiency and reliability of the process.
Anaerobic digestion of biowaste also promotes the green
society, due to the fact that AD process has many positive
environmental impacts. After digestion, waste has
considerably less odour problems, reduced acidity as well
as reduced pathogen and pesticides content. Fossil fuels
can be compensated by biogas and thus the amount of
emissions can be decreased. Also the methane emissions
will be decreased, when the methane produced as a
Project partners:
Funded by:
Project coordinator:
Period:
20
Attero (the Netherlands), Optomeasures (France), Rikola (Finland), MTT Multantiv
(Finland), MSI (Spain), Maris Projects (the Netherlands), VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland (Finland), TUDelft (the Netherlands) and CEIT (Spain)
European Union
Henri Spanjers
2013-2015
Research grants 2013
4 STW fundings Sanitary Engineering
The section Sanitary Engineering (Department Water
Management) received no less than 4 research fundings
from the STW-TKI Water Technology call. Remarkable
is the fact that half of the fundings are paid for by the
Industry.
The research topics are:
▪▪
New sanitation systems
▪▪
Treatment of harsh chemical wastewater in anaerobic
membrane bioreactors
▪▪
Ceramic membranes for direct treatment of municipal
sewage
▪▪
Arsenic removal from ground water
More information on each of the projects can be found
on: www.gezondheidstechniek.tudelft.nl
Project partners:
Funded by:
Project coordinators:
Evides Industriewater, Logisticon, Paques BV, RIVM, Pidpa, Hatenboer-Water,
Royal HaskoningDHV, Vitens Water Supply, Brabant Water, Deltares, Waternet,
Stowa, RIONED, Waterschap Zuiderzeeland, Xylem
STW and project partners
Ivo Pothof/Francois Clemens, Henri Spanjers, Bas Heijman, Doris van Halem
21
Research
Current research grants
Project name
Project partners
Funded by
TU-Project
coordinator
Period
AHPD - Autogenerative high-
WUR
Agentschap NL – EOS-
Jules van Lier
2008-2012
pressure digestion
Bareau
LET program
Ambrein - Anaerobic membrane
Norit
Agentschap NL –
Jules van Lier
2008-2012
bioreactor for industrial
Saxion
Innowator program
wastewater
Ghent University
AMBR tool developments for
Biothane-Veolia
Biothane-Veolia
Jules van Lier
2010-2014
A-Racer - Anaerobic MBR for
Pentair (Norit)
Agentschap NL –
Jules van Lier
2011-2014
Aquacleaning and energy
Saxion
Innowator program
AsRem – Arsenic removal from
Vitens
Agentschap NL –
Doris van Halem
2009-2012
drinking water
Royal Haskoning
Innowator program
EU Life Long Learning
Jeroen
2013-2015
Programme
Langeveld
Aqua4All
Bas Heijman
2006-2012
Agentschap NL –
Bas Heijman
2009-2012
NWO – Veni program
Arne Verliefde
2009-2013
Evides Industriewater
Innovation program
Henri Spanjers
2009-2013
Rossmark
Water Framework
Veolia Water Services
Directive
full-scale applications
recovery
Unesco-IHE
Subotics PUC
Obrovac municipality
Aquademia
University of Girona,
WUSMED, Aqualogy,
Spain, TU Graz, Austria,
IWTH, Germany, TU Delft,
Waterboard De Dommel
(the Netherlands)
Ceramic filter pots
Waterlab Noord
Het Waterlaboratorium
KWR Watercycle Research
Institute
Coldsoft – Thermoreversible ion
Akzo Nobel
exchange resins
Afira
Countering the threat of
Innowator program
pharmaceuticals to our drinking
water
Delft Blue Water
Hoogheemraadschap
Delfland
22
Current research grants
Project name
Project partners
Funded by
TU-Project
coordinator
Period
DiDit
Grontmij
Agentschap NL –
Luuk Rietveld
2010-2012
Brightwork
Innowator program
Luuk Rietveld
2009-2012
Luuk Rietveld
2009-2012
Water Board
Hoogheemraadschap
Holland Noorderkwartier
Water Board
Waterschappen Limburg
DiPool
Hellebrekers Technieken
Agentschap NL –
van Remmen UV techniek
Innowator program
Akzo Nobel
Coram International
Sportfondsen Nederland
DisConTO
Vitens
Agentschap NL –
PWN
Innowator program
Brabant Water
Dunea
DHV
RiVM
Ureason
DSM Hydrolysates
DSM
DSM
Merle de Kreuk
2012-2013
Dynafil - Dynamic filtration of
KWR
Agentschap
Jules van Lier
2011-2014
A-stage activated sludge in
Logisticon
NL – Efficiente
aeration tank and anaerobic
STOWA
vergistingsketen
digester
WS Brabantse Delta
Luuk Rietveld
2010-2013
Henri Spanjers
2009-2013
Waternet
Bert Daamen
EFRO Swimming pools
Hellebrekers Technieken
EFRO East
van Remmen UV techniek
Netherlands
Akzo Nobel
Coram International
Sportfondsen Nederland
Emares - Emission
WUR-Imares
Agentschap NL –
minimalisation of marine
van Antwerpen
Innowator program
aquaculture recirculation
Milieutechniek
systems
Seafarm BV
GroVisCo
23
Research
Current research grants
Project name
Project partners
Funded by
TU-Project
coordinator
Period
Enzyfor - Enzymatically
DSM
STW – W2R program
Jules van Lier
2011-2015
enhanced digestion for
COSUN
enhanced treatment of
Tauw
Arne Verliefde
2010-2013
secondary sludge
STOWA
Estab
Norit PT/X-Flow
Agentschap NL –
Rossmark
Innowator program
EPAS
Kompetenz Zentrum
Wasser
Vitens
Oasen
Berliner Wasserbetriebe
VWM
KWR
E4Water
Dechema
EU (FP7 Program)
Luuk Rietveld
2012-2014
FilterXpert
DHV
Agentschap NL –
Luuk Rietveld
2009-2012
Waternet
Innowator program
Henri Spanjers
2012-2016
Merle de Kreuk
2013-2017
Gerjan Medema
2010-2013
Luuk Rietveld
2010-2013
Vitens
Oasen
Water Board Vallei en Eem
Thales
Fungi - Increasing the
utilization of organic waste and
Wageningen University and
STW - Waste to
Research Center
Resource
Paques, TU Delft
STW
low value feeds with the help
of lignin degrading fungi
GFSA
Partnershipprogram:
“Partnership Paques –
The VFA Platform”
Health impact of new urban
water concept
KWR Watercycle
KWR Watercycle Research
Institute
RIVM
Research Institute
Innovation program
Utrecht University
Grontmij
Lightning
PoolwaterTreatment and
Agentschap NL –
Stichting Gorinchemse
Innowator program
Sportaccommodaties
24
Current research grants
Project name
Project partners
Funded by
TU-Project
coordinator
Period
I-Can
Logisticon
Agentschap
Bas Heijman
2010-2013
CoMeTas
NL – Innowator
Evides
program
Luuk Rietveld
2010-2013
Project partners
Jules van Lier
2009-2012
European Union
Henri Spanjers
2013-2015
KRW
Merle de Kreuk
2010-2012
KRW
Luuk Rietveld
2010-2012
Bas Heijman
2010-1013
Marie-claire ten
2011-2015
Vitens
Integrated Filter Technology
Visser & Smit Hanab BV
Agentschap
Grontmij Nederland BV
NL – Innowator
Delft University of Technology
program
Waterschap Veluwe
MBR2+
Witteveen en Bos
Water Board Hollandse Delta
Evides Industriewater
OPTI-VFA
Attero (The Netherlands)
Optomeasures (France)
Rikola (Finland)
MTT Multantiv (Finland)
MSI (Spain)
Maris Projects (The
Netherlands)
VTT Technical Research Centre
of Finland (Finland)
CEIT (Spain)
TU Delft
Optimix – Removal of
Witteveen en Bos
pharmaceuticals in primary
Water Board Hollandse Delta
settling by flocculation.
Evides Industriewater
Priomf – Removal of
Water Board Rijnland
pharmaceuticals in waste
Waternet
water treatment plant effluent
Norit
Puro
Logisticon
Agentschap
Haitjema
NL – Innowator
Waternet
program
RIVM
Oasen
RainGain
TU Delft
Provincie Zuid-Holland
Interreg IVB NWE
Veldhuis
25
Research
Current research grants
Project name
Project partners
Funded by
TU-Project
coordinator
Period
Luuk Rietveld
2012
2008-2012
Gemeentewerken Rotterdam
KU Leuven
Aquafin BV
Imperial College London
MetOffice
ENPC/ParisTech
Local Government Flood Forum
Val de Marne County
Seine-St Denis County
MetéoFrance
Veolia
Seminar on removal of
NWO & Tongji University
NWO
emerging micro-pollutants
(shanghai)
(Netherlands
from the urban water cycle
foundation
for Scientific
Research)
Settlement analysis for the
Waternet
Waternet
Jeroen
Set-up of the FIPAG Academy
IHE-Delft (lead)
Nuffic/NICHE
Luuk Rietveld
2012-2016
for Professional Development
TU Delft
in Water and Sanitation
IRC Water and Sanitation
KWR
Agentschap NL -
Luuk Rietveld
2011-2014
HTI
Innowator
sewer system of Amsterdam
Langeveld
Centre
UNESCO-HydroEX
Rand Water
Eduardo Mondlane University
Sewermining
Triqua
Waternet
Shell ZLD research formulation
Shell
Shell
Henri Spanjers
2012
SLIMM - Automated model
Vitens
Agentschap
Luuk Rietveld
2009-2012
based management of drinking
Logisticon
NL – Innowator
water treatment
Perceptive Engineering
program
DHV
26
Current research grants
Project name
Project partners
Funded by
TU-Project
coordinator
Period
SMARTeST – Resilience
Leadpartner: BRE
EU 7th
Marie-claire ten
2010-2013
Framework
Veldhuis
Interreg IVB NWE
Jan Peter van
technology, systems and tools
TAPES - Transnational
Delft University of Technology
Action Program on Emerging
Waternet
Substances
Waterschap De Dommel
2013-2016
der Hoek
KWR
DVGW
Erftverband
VMW
University of Edinburgh
FHNW
VITO
Van Gogh grant
INSA de Lyon
French-Dutch
Jeroen
Academy
Langeveld
VEWIN - Improving and
VEWIN
VEWIN
Jan Peter van
broadening of the Dutch
faculty TBM
(Association of
der Hoek
drinking water benchmark
Dutch drinking water
Dutch Water
companies
Companies)
Virus control - Enhanced
Unilever (UK & Hindustan)
TTI
elimination of viruses in
Berson UV
Watertechnologie
household water treatment
WLN
processes
Wetsus
2013-2014
2013-2016
Gertjan Medema
2012-2015
Bas Heijman
2010-2013
Doris van Halem
2010-2014
RIVM
TUDelft
Water institute Indonesia (Wii)
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Agentschap NL –
Directorat General of Human
EVD program
Settlements
Perpamsi
BPPSPAM
Stichting Wateropleidingen
WOTRO Subsurface arsenic
Free University Amsterdam
NWO – Wotro
removal
Wageningen University
program
Dhaka University
Bangladesh University of
Engineering and Technology
27
Research
Academic staff
Head section Sanitary Engineering
Professor Environmental Engineering
/Wastewater Treatment
Room 4.57
[email protected]
+31 15 27 81 615
Prof. Dr. Ir. J.B. van Lier
[email protected]
+31 15 27 84 732
Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld
Professor Sewerage
Room 4.65
Professor Water and Health
Room 4.63
[email protected]
+31 15 27 85 450
[email protected]
+31 15 27 89 128
Prof. Dr. Ir. F.H.L.R. Clemens
Professor Drinking Water
Engineering
Room 4.49
[email protected]
+31 15 27 85 227
Prof. Dr. Ir. J.P. van der Hoek
Prof. Dr. G.J. Medema
Professor Innovative Water
Purification Processes
Room 4.49
[email protected]
+31 15 27 85 227
Prof. Dr. Ir. W.G.J. van der Meer
Assistant professor Drinking
Water
Room 4.48
Assistant professor Wastewater
Treatment
Room 4.61
[email protected]
+31 15 27 85 838
[email protected]
+31 15 27 85 274
Dr. Ir. A.R.D. Verliefde
Associate professor Wastewater
Room 4.63
H.L.F.M. [email protected]
+31 15 27 89 128
Dr. Ir. H.L.F.M. Spanjers
Dr. Ir. M.K. de Kreuk
Assistant professor Drinking
Water
Room 4.51
[email protected]
+31 15 27 84 282
Dr. Ir. S.G.J. Heijman
Assistant professor Sewerage
Room 4.65
Associate professor Sewerage
Room 4.68
[email protected]
+31 15 27 84 734
[email protected]
+31 6 22 40 95 65
Dr. Ir. J.A.E. ten Veldhuis
28
Professor Urban Water Cycle
Engineering
Room 4.53
Dr. Ir. J. Langeveld
Academic staff
Assistant professor Drinking
Water
Room 4.48
Postdoc
Room 4.48
[email protected]
+31 15 27 86 588
[email protected]
+31 15 27 87 490
Dr. Ir. D. van Halem
Dr. Ir. A. Grefte
Researcher Wastewater Transport
Room 4.68
Postdoc
Room 4.51
[email protected]
+31 15 27 84 734
[email protected]
+31 15 27 82 231
Dr. Ir. I.W.M. Pothof
Dr. Ir. D.J. de Ridder
Lab Manager
Room S3 0.03
Lab Technician
Room S3 0.03
[email protected]
+31 15 27 84 946
[email protected]
+31 15 27 84 947
Ir. P. Andeweg
Ir. A.D. Schuit
Postdoc
Room 4.68
Departmental Secretary
Room 4.78 / 5.44
[email protected]
+31 15 27 8? ??
[email protected]
+31 6 20 10 23 68
Ir. M. Lepot
Ir. P.Y. Jorritsma
Education consultant
Room 4.54
[email protected]
Ir. P.J. de Moel
29
Research
Strategic programs
Sewerage and urban drainage research program
The Dutch urban drainage sector will be facing a number
is doing research in the munipality of Utrecht on the relation
of significant challenges in the next decade. The sector
between the condition of the sewer system in terms of root
has to deal with new issues such as climate change and
intrusion and sediment beds and hydraulic performance.
priority pollutants, whilst at the same time there is a societal
pressure on cutting cost levels, reducing CO2 emissions and
Theme 3. Dynamics of sewer systems
nutrient recovery. In addition, there is an increasing lack of
Continuous monitoring of hydraulics and wastewater quality
highly qualified personnel. This urged the sector to decide to
is applied at a number of locations in the Netherlands. These
support the sewerage chair at Delft University of Technology,
data open an enormous opportunity to study the dynamics of
with the following objectives:
sewer systems itself and in relation with wwtps and receiving
▪▪
an increase of the number of MSc students;
▪▪
an increase of the number of PhD students;
▪▪
fundamental
research
answering
the
waters and to enhance the knowledge on in sewer processes.
Ir. Petra van Daal-Rombouts works on this topic, using the
observed
challenges.
extensive database of Waterboard De Dommel and closely
cooperating with the Waterboard.
Research program
Theme 4. Sustainable urban water cycle
The research program will comprise 4 themes, therewith
Theme 4 focuses on research on new concepts for the urban
covering the main challenges of the sewerage and urban
water cycle enabling energy recovery and reuse of materials.
drainage sector.
The main issues to be dealt with are the conveyance of
separated flows (black water, yellow water, grey water) and
Theme 1 Asset management
the lack of a sound methodology to objectively compare
In the Netherlands, each year € 600 million is spend on
sanitation concepts. A STW proposal is being written in order
asset management or, more specifically, on sewer renovation
to be able to employ two PhD students on this topic.
and rehabilitation. Recent research has demonstrated visual
sewer inspections to be associated with significant uncertainty
Organization
and limited reproducibility. As these inspections are the main
The research program is funded by partners from the Dutch
source of information used in sewer rehabilitation projects,
urban drainage sector. Each contributor to the research
these annual investments lack a profound basis. The
program participates in this Program Committee. The Program
research within this theme focuses on alternative sources
Committee advises the sewerage chair on the composition of
of information (or ways of working) in order to organize
the research program. In addition, the members have the
the asset management in such a way that sewer system
privilege to actively participate in the supervisory committees
performance (serviceability) will be maintained at the desired
of the research projects within the program and to provide
level. Nikola Stanic M.Sc and ir. Wouter van Riel are working
case studies.
together on this topic.
The partners of the research program are:
Theme 2. Operation and maintenance
ARCADIS, DHV, Gemeente Almere, Gemeente Breda,
Operation and maintenance in sewer systems is driven by
Gemeente ’s-Gravenhage, Gemeentewerken Rotterdam,
local criteria, e.g. gully pots are typically cleaned once a
Gemeente Utrecht, GMB Rioleringstechnieken, Grontmij,
year, irrespective of the type of sewer system (combined or
KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Royal Haskoning,
storm sewer) and irrespective of the impact on sewer system
Stichting RIONED, STOWA, Tauw , Vandervalk & De Groot,
performance. The research projects within this theme will
Waterboard De Dommel, Platform Water Vallei & Eem,
provide knowledge on the relation between the operation
Waternet en Witteveen+Bos.
and maintenance strategy applied and overall system
performance. The main focus will be on the front end of
Dr.ir. J.G. Langeveld (Jeroen)
sewerage, being house connections and gully pots. This topic
Directeur Kennisprogramma Urban Drainage
is dealt with by ir. Johan Post. In addition, Marco van Bijnen
Associated professor Sewerage and Urban Drainage
30
Strategic programs
TU Delft cooperation Vitens in the field of drinking water
research
On 14 January 2011, the Faculty of Civil Engineering and
The cooperation agreement coincided with the appointing
Geosciences (CEG) signed a contract in the field of water
of two new part-time professors at the Drinking water
research.
chair. Prof. dr. ir. Jan Peter van der Hoek MBA, director
of Waternet, the Amsterdam water company’s strategic
A cooperation was entered into with drinking water
centre and Prof. dr. ir. Walter van der Meer lead the
company Vitens in the field of drinking water research
drinking water research together with Prof. Dr. Ir. Luuk
and a new chair of Innovative Water Technology was
Rietveld.
set up at the Faculty’s Water Management department.
Vitens provides an annual, 200 k€ financial contribution
and TU Delft sees to staffing and facilities. The two
parties signed the agreements in Delft during the 63rd
Vakantiecursus [Summer Holiday Course], the Dutch
water industry’s annual networking symposium, by Dean
Prof. ir. Louis de Quelerij, director of Stichting RIONED
Hugo Gastkemper and chairman of the board of directors
ir. Rik van Terwisga of Vitens.
Vitens is the Netherlands largest drinking water company
and provides the provinces of Friesland, Overijssel,
Flevoland, Gelderland and Utrecht and a number of
municipalities in the provinces of Noord-Holland and
Drenthe with drinking water. Both parties are of the
opinion that knowledge development for ‘Innovative
water technology’ in the drinking water supply chain is
an essential precondition for retaining the high quality
of drinking water both nationally and internationally. The
research focuses on integral, sustainable approaches to
the sub-fields of sources, purification and distribution.
31
Research
Strategic programs
Evides IW and TU Delft: Update on cooperation on
“Innovations in the Industrial Waterloop”
Evides IW
for application in the industry to compile know-how to
Next to drinking water, Evides water company is one of
optimize the industrial water loop and reduce its water
the largest suppliers of water & water services to the
footprint.
industry in the Netherlands. Evides Industry Water (EIW)
is acting as a full-service water partner to the industry,
The cooperation aims to establish a permanent base
providing a utility portfolio compiling: industrial water
with substantial expertise and know-how of the industrial
treatment (process and demineralised water), waste
water utility within the Delft University. In time this should
water treatment and integrated treatment (water reuse).
be aggregated into a professorship at the Delft University
In addition EIW designs, finances and operates their
in the field of knowledge of Industrial water treatment
custom-made water treatment plants. EIW is operating
and utilities. The enhancement of structural knowledge
water plants for all major (petro)chemical multinational
about the improvement of existing and development
companies and makes use of both proven technology as
of new technologies will add to the attractiveness of
well as innovative new process designs.
the water technology sector for young, well-educated
professionals.
Water Reuse
One of the mayor targets of EIW is to establish water
The cooperation will support MSc and PhD research
reuse and recycling. Closing the water loop has a positive
projects to develop technologies & solutions with superior
effect on the environment, as it reduces the industrial
performance in relation to (i) reduced energy footprint,
use of precious water resources, like: groundwater and
(ii) maximized sustainable production of re-usable water
drinking water. Effluent water coming from the waste
and brine (concentrates) conversion (iii) operational
water treatment plants is a potential feedstock and
stability over substantial periods of time at lowest
suited to apply as a source for the production of process
operational expenses.
water. EIW has excellent experiences with the recycling
of wastewater for the production of process water in the
At present 2 PhD students are working in the framework
Netherlands, for example on the Dow Chemical Terneuzen
of this cooperation. David Moed is investigating the
site (reusing both industrial as well as municipal effluent
impact of low-level impurities on the corrosiveness of
to serve as process & demin water). The coming years
boiler make-up water, in which impurities are linked
the water cycle of the site and its Terneuzen surroundings
to natural organic matter compounds. Julian Munoz
will even be further closed. This development is currently
is researching the potentials for bio-treatment under
supported by a new research project, the EU FP7
extreme conditions, characterised by refractory/toxic
E4Water project: 2012-2015: towards a paradigm shift
compounds, high salinity, high temperature, etc. In
in the chemical industry to create a breakthrough in
addition to the PhD students, several MSc students are
industrial water treatment by enhanced reuse, recycling
performing their thesis research in the framework of
and valorization of complex wastewater. For this case and
this cooperation. Joeri Legierse is working on closed
other examples, see: www.evides.nl
(domestic) water systems in the ‘Stadshavens’ project of
Evides researching the potentials of ceramic membranes,
TUD-EIW Cooperation
whereas Marleen Heinekamp works on mild desalinisation
On May 24th-2011 TUDelft CiTG and Evides signed an
using electro dialysis and capacitive de-ionisation to
exclusive long-term cooperation aiming at a research
prepare cooling water from blow down water and other
program focused on the industrial water utility. The
sources. Mark Schetters researched the flocculation of
research program is focusing on fundamental and
activated sludge treating chemical wastewaters under
applied research into the water production, waste
saline conditions.
water treatment, reuse & zero discharge technologies
32
Strategic programs
Of course also the work of Diana Brandao can be listed
reuse plant for the production of greenhouse and surface
under this cooperative framework. Diana is researching
water. For this case and reuse studies, see: www.
the potential for upgrading Harnaschpolder effluent to
delftbluewater.nl
high-quality surface water, combatting salt water intrusion
in the Westland area. The latter research is part of the
Shell
“Delft Blue Water” pilot project focusing on water reuse,
Shell is a new partner in our industrial water (reuse)
and in the long run, full scale effluent water reuse from
programme with interest to optimise the Zero Liquid
the Harnaschpolder waste water treatment plant. The
Discharge (ZLD) technology and finding solutions for
main activity of “Delft Blue Water” is conducting research
Produce Water in oil extraction wells. PhD candidate Basak
on demonstration scale which focuses on the production
Savun drafted literature research reports in current ZLD
of two different water qualities: high quality ground water
technologies with focus on high quality salt production.
& surface water and high quality greenhouse water. If the
Fei Fei Cui is currently following up Basak’s work who, for
research and the business case studies are successful,
personal reasons, switched her career.
the next step will be the realization of a full scale water
Dunewater in the 21th century – Strategic cooperation
Dunea Duin en Water – TUD in the field of drinking water
research
On 9 October 2013 Dunea drinking water company and
the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences signed
a 4-year contract for strategic cooperation in the field of
of chlorine, on microbiological contamination.
▪▪
Preliminary research into the extension of the lifetime
of the transport system “Afgedamde Maas”.
drinking water research. In fact it is a continuation of
the previous contract. The cooperation covers the period
Dunea will contribute € 50,000 per year to support these
2013-2017 and focuses on four specific subjects:
researches.
▪▪
▪▪
▪▪
The effect of advanced oxidation processes on
managed aquifer recharge during the removal of
Dunea Duin en Water produces and distributes drinking
organic micro pollutants from drinking water.
water for over 1.2 million customers in the province Zuid-
Research into the effect of dune infiltration on the
Holland. The dunes near Scheveningen, Katwijk and
arsenic concentration, and research into methods
Monster are the centre of Dunea’s treatment process,
to reduce the increase during dune infiltration and
which enable the production of safe and reliable drinking
methods into removal of arsenic from drinking water.
water. Surface water from the Afgedamde Maas is
Research into the effect of flushing the drinking
Dunea’s main water source. After pretreatment this water
water distribution system, with and without the use
is transported to the dune area and infiltrated.
33
Research
Strategic programs
Waternet and TU Delft investigate innovation in water
cycle
On May 27 2008 ir. Roelof Kruize, CEO of Waternet,
has been assigned to perform these tasks by waterboard
and prof.ir. Louis de Quelerij, dean of the faculty of
Amstel, Gooi en Vecht and the city of Amsterdam. With
Civil Engineering and Geosciences of TU Delft signed a
Waternet’s ambition to shape the innovation in the water
strategic collaboration contract. The collaboration focuses
cycle and the expertise of TU Delft in the sectors of the
on research in innovation in the water cycle, particularly
water cycle, this collaboration is a logical next step.
on the sectors drinking water, waste water and water
systems.
The duration of the collaboration was, in first instance,
four years and still continues. The collaboration consists
Waternet is the first water cycle company in the
of MSc work of TU Delft students at Waternet, PhD
Netherlands. Waternet takes care of the entire water cycle:
research of employees of TU Delft and Waternet, post
from drinking water, sewerage and treatment of waste
doc research by employees of TU Delft at Waternet,
water to discharge of waste water effluent into surface
employees of Waternet doing their MSc (in part time) at
water. Furthermore, maintenance of ditches, lakes and
TU Delft and the use of the pilot installation at Leiduin as
ponds, advice during high ground water levels and dike
a “water cycle laboratory”.
supervision are part of the tasks of Waternet. Waternet
Strategic research collaboration HWL
TU Delft cooperates closely with Het Waterlaboratorium
Enduring relationship
(an
partnership
Het Waterlaboratorium invests 50,000 euro’s in this
agreement was signed on Thursday 11 March 2010 by
partnership annually. TU Delft and Het Waterlaboratorium
Marcel Tielemans, the director of Het Waterlaboratorium,
were already partners, but on a smaller scale. Both parties
and Prof. Louis de Quelerij, Dean of the Faculty of
continue this successful cooperation on a systematic
Civil Engineering and GeoSciences at TU Delft. Het
basis.
institute
for
water
research).
A
Waterlaboratorium makes funding available totalling
50,000 euro’s for innovative research into the detection
Het Waterlaboratorium
and removal of organic micro-pollutants in the urban
Het Waterlaboratorium specialises in high-quality advice
water cycle.
and research relating to water. The laboratory’s expertise
is available for all those who want to achieve perfect
Innovative research
water quality. Its customers are companies that supply
Cooperation brings benefits for both parties. Het
drinking water, but also include hospitals and health
Waterlaboratorium
institutions, the off-shore sector, municipal government,
benefits
from
easier
access
to
knowledge and research at the university, while TU Delft
gains access to the expertise of Het Waterlaboratorium
in the field of detecting and identifying organic micropollutants. Research themes include the presence
and behaviour of priority substances and emerging
substances within the urban water cycle, the behaviour
and selective removal of natural organic material, and the
quality of water in distribution networks. This research is
carried out both by staff at Het Waterlaboratorium and
by students, PhD researchers and postdoc researchers.
34
businesses and sports institutions.
Strategic programs
Collaboration Oasen Water company and TU Delft
Oasen water company and TU Delft collaborate in
Oasen water company and TU Delft were already working
research on drinking water engineering. Ir. Alexander
together, on drinking water research for some years.
Vos de Wael, CEO of Oasen water company, and Prof.ir.
With this strategic collaboration both organisations aim
Hans van Dijk, professor in Drinking Water Engineering
to have a more structured research relationship. The
at TU Delft, signed a collaboration agreement on June
collaboration has advantages for both organisations.
30, 2008.
Oasen water company has more access to knowledge
and research at the university. TU Delft has the possibility
Oasen Water company produces drinking water for
to execute applied research on pilot locations close to
750,000 customers and 7,200 companies in the eastern
Delft. Both organisations intend to do innovative research
part of the province of South-Holland. The supply area
on different aspects of the drinking water process. The
has an surface area of 1,115 km2. The head office of
research is carried out by employees of Oasen water
Oasen water company is located in Gouda.
company, PhD students and post docs from TU Delft.
35
Research
Awards
Cees Boeter Prize 2013
The Cees Boeter Prize is awarded every year by the
Bas des Tombe
Department of Water management of the Faculty Civil
Bas conducted his bachelor project in Vietnam, where
Engineering and Geosciences for the best BSc thesis work
he investigated salinisation problems in groundwater
of that year. The prize consist of €250,=, which can be
wells for irrigation water supply. One of the questions he
spent freely. Criteria for assessment of the thesis work
tried to answer is whether recent installation of a shrimp
include theoretical background and quality, originality,
factory could be causing salinisation of groundwater
applicability of the results and level of writing and
near the wells. Collecting local field data proved to
presentation.
be a difficult task. Still, Bas managed to get sufficient
insight to make realistic assumptions for implementation
Cees Boeter is an ex-employee of the laboratory of Water
into a numerical model that he used for analysis. This
management and hands over the prize personally. In the
demonstrates creativity, intelligence and perseverance.
year 2012-2013 the three nominees for the Cees Boeter
Bas also made the information available through internet,
prize were:
so additional data can easily be included in the future.
The results of his study will be used by a local company
Irene Caltran
for further analysis.
Irene investigated how small-scale treatment techniques
for arsenic removal can been implemented at the
The jury was once more impressed by the quality of the
individual household. She tested properties of various
this year’s bachelor thesis work. The investigative and
materials to determine their adsorption capacity and
entrepreneurial skills of students chosing to go abroad
implemented the materials in batch experiments and in
for a bachelor project was much appreciated by the jury.
kinetic experiments. By doing this, Irene collected a large
The combination experimental field work and theoretical
amount of experimental data that she presented and
analysis has was an important factor in the evaluation.
analysed in a very clear and sensible way. In her report
The jury finally decided to grant the CeesBoeterprijs
she demonstrates how she can also critically reflect upon
2013 to Bas des Tombe for his research into salinization
her experimental results. The jury was impressed by the
problems in Vietnam.
size and quality of the experimental work and report.
Abel Heinsbroek
Abel travelled to Mozambique for his bachelor project on
improvement of drinking water treatment in the town of
Vilanculos. The existing drinking water treatment plant
was no longer functioning due to a lack of maintenance
and local operational expertise. Abel decided to design a
new treatment plant based on very robust techniques.
He assembled and tested a pilot installation on-site,
using locally available materials. This requires a lot of
improvisation skills, especially given local circumstances.
The jury appreciated his creativity which he intelligently
combined with practical capabilities.
36
Awards
Steven Hoogendijk award voor Doris van Halem
Zaterdag 21 september 2013 heeft Doris van Halem de
Steven Hoogendijk
Steven Hoogendijk Award van het Bataafsch Genootschap
Steven Hoogendijk was een Rotterdamse horloge- en
der Proefondervindelijke Wijsbegeerte ontvangen voor
instrumentmaker en natuurkundige. Hij richtte in 1769
haar proefschrift Subsurface Iron and Arsenic Removal
het Bataafsch Genootschap op, dat de natuurkundige
for drinking water treatment in Bangladesh.
en medische wetenschap in de Rotterdamse regio
Het genootschap heeft haar deze award toegekend
wil bevorderen. De stichting reikt iedere twee jaar de
vanwege de uitzonderlijke kwaliteit van het door haar
Steven Hoogendijk Prijzen uit aan de beste promovendi
verrichte onderzoek. In haar onderzoek combineerde ze
van enerzijds de TU Delft (Techniek) en anderzijds de
veldonderzoek in Bangladesh met experimenteel werk
Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (medisch-biologisch).
in het Waterlab van de Faculteit Civiele Techniek en
Geowetenschap. De jury was met name onder de indruk
Meer informatie
van haar grondige aanpak naar dit maatschappelijk
www.bataafschgenootschap.nl/s/bataafsch/about.html
relevante onderwerp. De uitreiking vond plaats tijdens
de 117e Algemene Vergadering van genootschap in
de sociëteit van de KR&ZV De Maas te Rotterdam. Van
Halem ontving haar eervolle toekenning, bestaande uit
een zilveren vergulde erepenning, een certificaat en een
geldbedrag van 2000 euro, uit handen van juryvoorzitter
Prof. dr. P.M. Sarro.
KNW Thesis award 2013
Winner KNW Thesis Award 2013:
Andreas Moerman
The winner receives an amount of money, a charter, and
free membership of KNW for one year. A summary of the
thesis will be published in the journal H2O.
During the autumn congress 2013 of KNW (Royal Dutch
Waternetwork) on 29 November in Rotterdam, the KNW
thesis awards for young scientist were granted by the
chair of the jury, Jelle Roorda (Evides). The KNW thesis
awards are established to stimulate students to write
the best thesis on water. This year Andreas Moerman
of TU Delft, section Sanitary Engineering, won the MSc
thesis award with his thesis “Drinking water temperature
modeling in domestic systems”. In the thesis the drinking
water temperature within the domestic infrastructure
is determined by modeling, with a special focus on
the effect of temperature and residence on microbial
regrowth.
37
Research
Awards
Waternet Watercyclus Innovatie Prijs 2013
TU Delft and Waternet have installed the Waternet Water
Cycle Innovation award to stimulate research in the field
of the Urban Water Cycle. The award is given once in
the two years during the “Vakantiecursus” at TU Delft.
Waternet funds the award that consists of an amount
of € 10,000,=, to be spend on study trips and further
academic development of the winner. Candidates must
have finished their PhD thesis in the field of the Urban
Water Cycle successfully at TU Delft or UNESCO-IHE in
former two years.
The Waternet Water Cycle Innovation award 2013 was
given to David de Ridder for his research “Adsorption
of organic micro-pollutants onto activated carbon and
zeolites”. David de Ridder succeeded to renew the research
in activated carbon by developing an innovative (QSAR)
modelling approach. This is mainly of importance for the
prediction of the removal of pharmaceuticals, which can
be used in the entire urban water cycle. In addition to
drinking water supply, activated carbon is more and more
used in wastewater treatment to protect the environment
and the potential drinking water sources. The research
led to many publications in highly ranked peer-reviewed
journals, a remarkable number for a PhD student. David
de Ridder is currently working as a Postdoc at TU Delft
and is working on project proposals to further develop
the adsorption onto new materials, such as zeolites. The
award will stimulate him to continue his unique research
and develop himself in the academic world.
38
Research exchange
Thabo Nkambule
Thabo
was
to work as a guest researcher with Dr. Bas Heijman and
born on the 4th of August
TI
Nkambule
Prof. Luuk Rietveld on a research project for ten months
1983 in Mbabane, Swaziland.
(till December 2013). This research involves developing
He obtained his Bachelor of
a rapid method of characterizing natural organic matter
Science degree with majors
(NOM) based on size and polarity, as well as modelling
in mathematics and chemistry
of organic pollutants removal from water using Stimela
from the University of Swaziland
modeling.
in 2005. In 2007, he enrolled
for a master’s degree in Chemistry with the University
I have enjoyed my stay at the TU Delft, especially
of Johannesburg (UJ), South Africa, and graduated Cum
the section of Sanitary Engineering. The warmth and
laude in 2009. In that same year, he enrolled for a doctor
hospitality of everyone, from the staff to the students and
of Philosophy (PhD) degree in chemistry at the same
my office and laboratory colleagues has been very good.
university (UJ) which he graduated for in October 2012.
I have learnt a lot, both from an academic perspective as
In October 2012, Thabo was then employed by the
well as a social aspect during my stay in Delft.
University of Johannesburg as a lecturer and research
fellow. In March 2013, Dr. Nkambule joined the TU Delft
Lei Chen
I got my PhD degree in Civil
During one year at TU Delft, I will cooperate with Dr.
Engineering
Zhejiang
Peter Jules to work on the project of “Smart sensor
University, China, in 2005. I
networks with energy harvesting for real time monitoring
worked in the Department of
in urban water infrastructure.” The investigation of
Civil Engineering at Zhejiang
energy harvesting technology and management, sensor
University
in
research and development, modeling and optimization of
China later and became an
water distribution network(WDN) will be carried out in
Associate Professor in 2008.
this project. The problem of modeling and optimization of
Invited by Prof. Luuk Rietveld, I
WDN will be solved by our group.
from
of
Technology
started studying at TU Delft in October 2013.
Yann Petit
I was born in 1993 at Fougères,
I have really enjoy my stay in Netherlands and at the
a town from the west of France.
TU Delft. It was very instructive on many domains and I
I have done an internship of 3
found the people I have worked with very nice.
months in 2013 at TU Delft in
order to complete my DUT (a
two years technical degree) of
Chemistry from the university of
Rennes 1. I was working at the
Sanitary Engineering section of Faculty of Civil Engineering
and Geosciences on the biofilm growth study in swimming
pool conditions under the supervision of Marjolein Peters.
My internship was taking part of the DIPool Project that
aim to design a chemical free swimming pool. Now I am
doing a engineering master on electrochemistry at the
INP phelma in Grenoble.
39
Research
Research exchange
Auréliane Labourdette
My
Auréliane
My three-month internship was for a start-up company,
Labourdette and I am 21 years
name
is
named Elemental Water Makers (currently in the Yes!Delft
old. I come from Paris, France,
incubator) which has developed an innovative solution
where I study at the engineering
that enables a constant reverse osmosis process, while
school École des Ponts ParisTech.
only using renewable energy! My supervisor was Sid
I was at the TU Delft in 2013 for
Vollebregt and my project was about estimating the cost
a scientific research internship.
of such an innovative solution depending on the capacity
I was working within the faculty
and the project location.
of Civil engineering, Sanitary engineering section.
Tiago Batista Ramalho
My
Batista
environment. I assisted the PhD researcher Dara Ghasimi
Ramalho, I am from Brazil
name
who was my daily supervisor. I was also being supervised
and I am a bachelor student
by Professor Jules van Lier. TU Delft’s laboratories are
in sanitary and environmental
equipped and organized. I am a beginning student and
engineering. I did an internship
the experience at this university make me more conscious
at
Engineering
about the importance of research to society. The staff are
section of the Faculty of Civil
from several countries and possibility that people around
Engineering and Geosciences.
the world can contribute to the knowledge construction
The internship at TU Delft was a great opportunity to
at this institution.
the
is
Tiago
Sanitary
understand how to do good research and work in a nice
Other exchange students
Gabriel Martinez Edo
Monica Rodrigues
Subject:
Research the performance and stalling
Subject:
Characterization of dissolved organic
properties of an Energy Recovery Device,
nitrogen (DON) for wastewater reuse
key component in an innovative renewable
Period:
Apr-Sep 2013
driven desalination technology
Period:
Jun-Sep 2013
Vincent Lorfeuve
Subject:
Characterization of dissolved organic
Guilain Haentjes
nitrogen (DON) for wastewater reuse
Subject:
Thermosensitive Hydrogel for Water
Period:
Jun-Sep 2013
Softening: Feasibility of Column Process
Period:
Apr-Jul 2013
Joaquin Osorio
Subject:
Biofilm research under non-chlorinated
swimming pool conditions
Period:
Jul-Sep 2013
Maria Bialo
Subject:
Rainfall variability impact on urban hydrology
Period:
Jun-Aug 2013
40
Publications
Dissertations
Dirksen, J (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013, juli 05). Monitoring ground settlement to guide sewer asset
management. TUD Technische Universiteit Delft (175 pag.) (s.l.: s.n.) (ISBN 9789461084743). Prom./coprom.: Prof.ir. FHLR
Clemens & Dr.ir. JG Langeveld.
El-Kalliny, ASM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013, september 25). Photocatalytic oxidation in drinking water
treatment using hypochlorite and titanium dioxide. TUD Technische Universiteit Delft (131 pag.) (s.l.: s.n.) (ISBN 978-946186-214-3). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir. LC Rietveld.
Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013, november 29). Removal of natural organic matter fractions by anion
exchange. TUD Technische Universiteit Delft (116 pag.) (Delft: A. Grefte) (ISBN 9789461862396). Prom./coprom.: Dr.ir. LC
Rietveld.
Krzeminski, PK (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013, januari 22). Activated sludge filterability and full-scale
membrane bioreactor operation. TUD Technische Universiteit Delft (252 pag.) (Zutphen: Wohrmann Print Service) (ISBN
9789461860927). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir. JB van Lier & Prof.ir. JHJM van der Graaf.
Liu, G (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013, april 23). Microbiological water quality in drinking water distribution
systems: Integral study of bulk water; suspended solids, loose deposits, and pipe wall biofilm. TUD Technische Universiteit
Delft (197 pag.) (Zutphen: s.n.) (ISBN 978-94-6186-145-0). Prom./coprom.: Prof.ir. JC van Dijk & G Medema.
Marques Arsenio, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013, november 27). Lifetime prediction of PVC push-fit joints.
TUD Technische Universiteit Delft (141 pag.) (Enschede: Gildeprint) (ISBN 978-94-6186-217-4). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir.
LC Rietveld & Dr.ir. JHG Vreeburg.
Yang, J (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013, april 23). Prospects for flux enhancement in anaerobic membrane
bioreactors treating saline wastewater. TUD Technische Universiteit Delft (144 pag.) (Zutphen: s.n.) (ISBN 978-94-6186141-2). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir. JB van Lier & Dr.ir. HLFM Spanjers.
Article - letter to the editor
Abel, CDT (extern), Sharma, SK (extern), Bucpapaj, E (extern) & Kennedy, MD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013).
Impact of hydraulic loading rate and media type on removal of bulk organic matter and nitrogen from primary effluent in a
laboratory-scale soil aquifer treatment system. Water Science and Technology, 68(1), 217-226.
Bakker, M (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Vreeburg, JHG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Palmen, LJ (extern),
Sperber, V (extern), Bakker, G (extern) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Better water quality and
higher energy efficiency by using model predictive flow control at water supply systems. Journal of Water Supply: Research
and Technology. Aqua, 62(1), 1-13.
Bakker, M (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Vreeburg, JHG (extern), Schagen, KM van (extern) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WMSE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). A fully adaptive forecasting model for short-term drinking water demand. Environmental
Modelling & Software, 48(October), 141-151.
41
Research
Publications
Bergmans, BJC (extern), Veltman, AM (extern), Loosdrecht, MCM van (extern), Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary
Engineering) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Struvite formation for enhanced dewaterability of
digested wastewater sludge. Environmental Technology, 2013, 1-7.
Bertelkamp C., Reungoat J., Cornelissen E.R., Singhal N., Reynisson J., Cabo A.J., van der Hoek J.P., Verliefde A.R.D. Sorption
and biodegradation of organic micropollutants during river bank filtration: A laboratory column study. Water Research
(2013), doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.086
Blandin, G (extern), Verliefde, ARD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Tang, CY (extern) (2013). Validation of assisted
forward osmosis (AFO) process: Impact of hydraulic pressure. Journal of Membrane Science, 447(november), 1-11.
Blokker, EJM (extern), Pieterse-Quirijns, EJ (extern), Vreeburg, JHG (extern) & Dijk, JC van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary
Engineering) (2013). Closure to “Simulating nonresidential water demand with a stochastic end-use model”. Journal of
Water Resources Planning and Management, 139(3), 347-348.
Borges Freitas, SC (CiTG-WM Water Management), Halem, D van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Rahman, MM (CiTGWM-WRS Water Resources), Verberk, JQJC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Badruzzaman, ABM (extern) & Meer, WGJ
van der (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Hand-pump subsurface arsenic removal: The effect of groundwater
conditions and intermittent operation. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 2013, 1-8.
Dereli, RK (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Zee, FP van der (extern), Heffernan, B (extern), Grelot, A (extern) & Lier, JB
van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Effect of sludge retention time on the biological performance of anaerobic
membrane bioreactors treating corn-to-ethanol thin stillage with high fog content. Water Research, ?(?), ?-?.
D’Haese, A (extern), Clech, P le (extern), Nevel, S van (extern), Verbeken, K (extern), Cornelissen, ER (extern), Khan, SJ
(extern) & Verliefde, ARD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Trace organic solutes in closed-loop forward osmosis
applications: Influence of membrane fouling and modeling of solute build-up. Water Research, 47(14), 5232-5244.
Dirksen, J (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Zettingen als maatstaf voor vervangen van rioolstelsel: door Ivo
Knubben. Cobouw: vakdagblad voor de bouwwereld, 2013(juli), 1-1.
Dirksen, J (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Baars, EJ (extern), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) &
Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Quality and use of sewer invert measurements. Structure and
Infrastructure Engineering, 2013, 1-11.
Dirksen, J (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Korving, H. (extern),
Cherqui, F. (extern), Le Gauffre, P (extern), Ertl, T. (extern), Plihal, H. (extern), Muller, K (extern) & Snaterse, CTM (extern)
(2013). The consistency of visual sewer inspection data. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 9(3), 214-228.
Dirksen, J (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Korving, H. (extern),
Cherqui, F. (extern), Le Gauffre, P (extern), Ertl, T. (extern), Plihal, H. (extern), Müller, K (extern) & Snaterse, CTM (extern)
(2013). Structure and infrastructure engineering: Maintenance, management, life-cycle design and performance. Structure
and Infrastructure Engineering, 9(3), 214-228.
Ersahin, ME (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Ozgun, H (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE
Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Effect of support material properties on dynamic membrane filtration performance. Separation
Science and Technology (Philadelphia), 48, 2263-2269.
42
Publications
Ersahin, ME (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Ozgun, H (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Tao, Y (CiTG-WMSE Sanitary Engineering) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Applicability of dynamic membrane
technology in anaerobic membrane bioreactors. Water Research, 2013(?), ?-?.
Gobbo, C (sect Organic Mat & Interf (ChemE/OMI)), Beurroies, I (extern), Ridder, DJ de (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering),
Eelkema, R (sect Advanced Soft Matter (ChemE/ASM)), Marrink, SJ (extern), Feyter, S de (extern), Esch, JH van (sect
Advanced Soft Matter (ChemE/ASM)) & Vries, AH de (extern) (2013). MARTINI model for physisorption of organic molecules
on graphite. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Part C: Nanomaterials and Interfaces, 117(30), 15623-15631.
Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). TU Delft gaat online: De TU Delft biedt online cursussen en
masteropleidingen aan : door Mischa Brendel. Technisch Weekblad, 2013(juli), 1-1.
Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Dignum, M (extern), Cornelissen, ER (extern) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE
Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Natural organic matter removal by ion exchange at different positions in the drinking water
treatment lane. Drinking Water Engineering and Science, 6(1), 1-10.
Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Dignum, M (extern), Cornelissen, ER (extern) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE
Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Natural organic matter removal by ion exchange at different positions in the drinking water
treatment lane. Drinking Water Engineering and Science, 6(1), 1-10.
Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Ross, PS (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Dignum, M (extern),
Cornelissen, ER (extern) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). The influence of the removal of specific
nom compounds by anion exchange on ozone demand, disinfection capacity, and bromate formation. Ozone: Science &
Engineering, 35(4), 283-294.
Harder, RC (extern), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering)
& Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Bronscheiding in bestaande infrastructuur: kansen en uitdagingen.
WT-Afvalwater, 13(2), 75-84.
Helm, AWC van der (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Schagen, KM van (extern) (2012). Het beste idee en de mooiste
IT-toepassingen in de watersector. Neerslag, 47(6), 37-39.
Hoek, JP van der (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Alphen, J van (extern), Kaas, R (extern) & Oost, R van der (extern)
(2013). Geneesmiddelen in de watercyclus. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 157(4), 433-438.
Hoek J.P. van der, Hartog P., Jacobs E. Coping with climate change in Amsterdam – a watercycle perspective. Journal of
Water and Climate Change (2013), doi: 10.2166/wcc.2013.060
Hoek J.P. van der, Bertelkamp C., Verliefde A.R.D., Singhal N. Drinking water treatment technologies in Europe: state of
the art – challenges – research needs. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA (2013), doi: 10.2166/
aqua.2013.007
Hoorman, R (extern), Kooij, K (extern) & Pothof, IWM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2010). Wateropleidingen doet
niet aan droge stof. Riolering, 2010(Februari), 44-45.
Jorsaraei, A (extern), Gougol, M (extern) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). A cost effective method
for decentralized sewage treatment. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, ?(?), ?-?.
43
Research
Publications
Kassab, GH (extern), Koetse, MM (extern), Klapwijk, A (extern), Fayyad, M (extern) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary
Engineering) (2013). Integrating methanogenesis and denitrification processes in egsb reactors treating domestic sewage
for adjusting effluent nitrogen levels. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.
Klaversma, E (extern), Helm, AWC van der (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Kappelhof, JWNM (extern) (2013). The
use of life cycle assessment for evaluating the sustainability of the Amsterdam water cycle. Journal of Water and Climate
Change, 4(2), 103-109.
Kooij, K (extern) & Pothof, IWM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2009). Stand van zaken rond gasophopingen in
afvalwaterpersleidingen. H2O: tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, 49(21), 19-21.
Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Interview met Jeroen G. Langeveld (associate profesessor aan
de TU Delft en directeur van het kennisprogramma Urban drainage). WT-Afvalwater, 1(13), 3-8.
Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Benedetti, L (extern), Klein, JJM de (extern), Nopens, I (extern),
Amerlinck, Y (extern), Nieuwenhuijzen, A van (extern), Flameling, T (extern), Zanten, O van (extern) & Weijers, S (extern)
(2013). Impact-based integrated real-time control for improvement of the Dommel River water quality. Urban Water Journal,
10(5), 312-329.
Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Schilperoort, RPS (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Weijers, SR
(extern) (2013). Climate change and urban wastewater infrastructure: there is more to explore. Journal of Hydrology,
476(January), 112-119.
Lekkerker-Teunissen, K (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), knol, AH (extern), Derks, JG (extern), Heringa, MB (extern),
Houtman, CJ (extern), Hofman-Caris, CHM (extern), Beerendonk, EF (extern), Reus, A (extern), Verberk, JQJC (CiTG-WMSE Sanitary Engineering) & Dijk, JC van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Pilot plant results with three different
types of uv lamps for advanced oxidation. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 35(1), 38-48.
Lettema, S (extern), Vliet, B van (extern) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2014). Sanitation policy and
spatial planning in urban East Africa: Diverging sanitation spaces and actor arrangements in Kampala and Kisumu. Cities:
the international journal of urban policy and planning, 36(february), 1-9.
Li, S (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Heijman, SGJ (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Verberk, JQJC (CiTG-WM-SE
Sanitary Engineering), Amy, GL (extern) & Dijk, JC van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Practical experience
of backwashing with SWRO permeate for UF fouling control. Desalination and Water Treatment: science and engineering,
51(1-3), 432-436.
Li, W. (extern), Krantz, WB (extern), Cornelissen, ER (extern), Post, JW (extern), Verliefde, ARD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary
Engineering) & Tang, CY (extern) (2013). A novel hybrid process of reverse electrodialysis and reverse osmosis for low
energy seawater desalination and brine management. Applied Energy, 104(April), 592-602.
Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Zuivering op de schop : Interview door Adriaan van Hooijdonk.
WaterForum Magazine, 9(2), 36-39.
Lindeboom, R.E.F. (extern), Ding, L (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Weijma, J (extern), Plugge, CM (extern) & Lier, JB
van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Starch hydrolysis in autogenerative high pressure digestion: Gelatinisation
and saccharification as rate limiting steps. Bioresource Technology, ?(?), ?-?.
Lindeboom, R.E.F. (extern), Ferrer, I (extern), Weijma, J (extern) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013).
44
Publications
Effect of substrate and cation requirement on anaerobic volatile fatty acid conversion rates at elevated biogas pressure.
Bioresource Technology, 150(December), 60-66.
Lindeboom, R.E.F. (extern), Ferrer, I (extern), Weijma, J (extern) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013).
Silicate minerals for CO2 scavenging from biogas in autogenerative high pressure digestion. Water Research, 2013(47),
3742-3751.
Liu, G (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Ling, FQ (extern), Magic-Knezev, A (extern), Liu, WT (extern), Verberk,
JQJC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Dijk, JC van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Quantification and
identification of particle-associated bacteria in unchlorinated drinking water from three treatment plants by cultivationindependent methods. Water Research, 47(10), 3523-3533.
Liu, G (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Lut, MC (extern), Verberk, JQJC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Dijk,
JC van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). A comparison of additional treatment processes to limit particle
accumulation and microbial growth during drinking water distribution. Water Research, 47(8), 2719-2728.
Liu, G (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Mark, EJ van der (extern), Verberk, JQJC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering)
& Dijk, JC van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Flow cytometry total cell counts: A field study assessing
microbiological water quality and growth in unchlorinated drinking water dstribution systems. BioMed Research International,
2013(Article ID 595872), 1-10.
Liu, G (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Verberk, JQJC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Dijk, JC van (CiTG-WM-SE
Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Bacteriology of drinking water distribution systems: An integral and multidimensional review.
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 97(21), 9265-9276.
Lutchmiah, K (extern), Roest, K (extern), Harmsen, DJH (extern), Post, JW (extern), Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary
Engineering), Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Cornelissen, ER (extern) (2013). Zwitterions as alternative
draw solutions in forward osmosis for application in wastewater reclamation. Journal of Membrane Science, ?(?), ?-?.
Ma, C (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Wang, L (CiTG-WM-WRS Water Resources), Li, S (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary
Engineering), Heijman, SGJ (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Su, XB
(extern) (2013). Practical experience of backwashing with ro permeate for uf fouling control treating surface water at low
temperatures. Separation and Purification Technology, 119(November), 136-142.
Ma, C (extern), Yu, S (extern), Shi, W (extern), Heijman, SGJ (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Rietveld, LC (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Effect of different temperatures on performance and membrane fouling in high
concentration PAC¿MBR system treating micro-polluted surface water. Bioresource Technology, 141(August), 19-24.
Ma, C (extern), Zuo, X (extern), Shi, W (extern), Yu, S (extern), Han, S (extern), Heijman, SGJ (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary
Engineering) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Adsorption of 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin
from water onto thermally modified attapulgite. Desalination and Water Treatment: science and engineering, 2013, 1-8.
Malekpour, S (extern), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Letema, S (extern), Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE
Sanitary Engineering) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Judgment under uncertainty: a probabilistic
evaluation framework for decision-making about sanitation systems in low-income countries. Journal of Environmental
Management, 118(March), 106-114.
45
Research
Publications
Marques Arsenio, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Pieterse, I (extern), Vreeburg, JHG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary
Engineering), Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Bont, R de (extern) (2013). Failure mechanisms and
condition assessment of PVC push-fit joints in drinking water networks. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology.
Aqua, 62(2), 78-85.
Marques Arsenio, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Pieterse, I (extern), Vreeburg, JHG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary
Engineering), Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Bont, R de (extern) (2013). Failure mechanisms and
condition assessment of PVC push-fit joints in drinking water networks. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology.
Aqua, 62(2), 78-85.
Meer, W van de (extern), Driessen, J (extern) & Moel, PJ de (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2012). Modellering
waterchemie in drinkwater. H2O: tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, 45(21), 9-9.
Moel, PJ de (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Touw, E (CiTG - Faculty Civil Engineering and Geosciences) (2013). De
campus in je eigen studeerkamer. Hoger Onderwijs Management, 2013(Februari), 24-27.
Mons, MN (extern), Heringa, MB (extern), Genderen, J van (extern), Puijker, LM (extern), Brand, W (extern), Leeuwen, CJ
van (extern), Stoks, P (extern), Van Der Hoek, JP (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Kooij, D van der (extern) (2013).
Use of the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) approach for deriving target values for drinking water contaminants.
Water Research, 47(4), 1666-1678.
Mutikanga, HE (extern), Sharma, SK (extern) & Vairavamoorthy, K (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Methods
and tools for managing losses in water distribution systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 139(2),
166-174.
Ozgun, H (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Dereli, RK (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Ersahin, ME (CiTG-WM-SE
Sanitary Engineering), Kinaci, C (extern), Spanjers, H (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE
Sanitary Engineering) (2013). A review of anaerobic membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment: Integration
options, limitations and expectations. Separation and Purification Technology, 118, 89-104.
Ozgun, H (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Ersahin, ME (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Erdem, S (extern), Atay, B
(extern), Kose, B (extern), Kaya, R (extern), Altinbas, M (extern), Sayili, S (extern), Hoshan, P (extern), Atay, D (extern),
Eren, E (extern), Kinaci, C (extern) & Koyuncu, I (extern) (2013). Effects of the pre-treatment alternatives on the treatment
of oil-gas field produced water by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. Journal of Chemical Technology and
Biotechnology, 88(8), 1576-1583.
Ozgun, H (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Ersahin, ME (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Erdem, S (extern), Atay, B
(extern), Sayili, S (extern), Eren, E (extern), Hoshan, P (extern), Atay, D (extern), Altinbas, M (extern), Kinaci, C (extern)
& Koyuncu, I (extern) (2013). Comparative evaluation for characterization of produced water generated from oil, gas, and
oil-gas production fields. CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water (Print): a journal of sustainability and environmental safety, 2013.
Ozgun, H (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Ersahin, ME (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Tao, Y (CiTG-WM-SE
Sanitary Engineering), Spanjers, HLFM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering)
(2013). Effect of upflow velocity on the effluent membrane fouling potential in membrane coupled upflow anaerobic sludge
blanket reactors. Bioresource Technology, 147(november), 285-292.
46
Publications
Pieterse-Quirijns, I (extern), Blokker, EJM (extern), Blom, EC van der (extern) & Vreeburg, JHG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary
Engineering) (2013). Non-residential water demand model validated with extensive measurements and surveys. Drinking
Water Engineering and Science, 6(2), 99-114.
Post, JAB (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Toepassen van data-assimilatie voor de kalibratie van tijdreeksen voor
hydrodynamische rioleringsmodellen. WT-Afvalwater, 13(2), 64-74.
Pothof, IWM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2008). Gasbellen in
persleiding brengen capaciteit in gevaar. Land + Water: vakblad voor civiel- en milieutechniek, 2008(1/2), 40-41.
Pothof, IWM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Meten, monitoring gegevensbeheerspaart kosten en milieu.
Riolering, feb(19), 20-22.
Pothof, IWM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Kooij, K (extern), Schuit, AD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) &
Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2009). Gasbellen in leiding: Beter voorkomen dan genezen. Land +
Water: vakblad voor civiel- en milieutechniek, 2009(6/7), 30-31.
Pothof, IWM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Schuit, AD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). The influence of surface tension on air-water flows. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
(Reston), 1(139), 1-8.
Ridder, DJ de (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Verliefde, ARD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Schoutteten, K
(extern), Linden, B van der (unit Afdelingsbureau O&O-groep (ChemE)), Heijman, SGJ (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering),
Beurroies, I (extern), Denoyel, R (extern), Amy, GL (extern) & Dijk, JC van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Relation
between interfacial energy and adsorption of organic micropollutants onto activated carbon. Carbon, 53(March), 153-160.
Rook, J (extern), Hillegers, S (extern) & Van Der Hoek, JP (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Visie van Waternet
op de drinkwatervoorziening 2020-2050. H2O: tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, 1-7.
Rook, J (extern), Hillegers, S (extern) & Van Der Hoek, JP (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Waar haalt Amsterdam
na 2020 drinkwater vandaan? H2O: tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, 2013(7-8), 40-41.
Ross, PS (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Hammes, F (extern), Dignum, M (extern), Magic-Knezev, A (extern),
Hambsch, B (extern) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). A comparative study of three different
assimilable organic carbon (aoc) methods: Results of a round-robin test. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply,
13(4), 1024-1033.
Shang, R (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Verliefde, ARD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Hu, J (CiTG-WM-SE
Sanitary Engineering), Zeng, Z (extern), Lu, J (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Kemperman, AJB (extern), Deng, H
(extern), Nijmeijer, K (extern), Heijman, SGJ (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary
Engineering) (2013). Tight ceramic uf membrane as ro pre-treatment: The role of electrostatic interactions on phosphate
rejection. Water Research, 2013.
Spekkers, MH (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Kok, M (CiTG-HE-HYE Hydraulic Engineering), Clemens, FHLR (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). A statistical analysis of
insurance damage claims related to rainfall extremes. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17, 913-922.
47
Research
Publications
Stanic, N (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Haan, C (extern), Tirion, M (extern), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary
Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Comparison of core sampling and visual
inspection for assessment of sewer pipe condition. Water Science and Technology, 67(11), 2458-2466.
Stanic, N (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Haan, CJ de (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Tirion, M (extern), Langeveld,
JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Een vergelijking van
boorkerennanalyse en visuele inspectie ter beoordeling van de cinditie van rioolbuizen. Afvalwaterwetenschap, 1(13), 9-18.
Stanic, N (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). HAZard and OPerability (HAZOP) analysis for identification of information requirements
for sewer asset management. Structure & Infrastructure Engineering (online), 2013, 1-12.
Steen, AJ van der (extern), Dirksen, J (CiTG-WM-WRS Water Resources) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary
Engineering) (2013). Visual sewer inspection: Detail of coding system versus data quality? Structure and Infrastructure
Engineering (online), 2013, 1-9.
Stegeman, S (extern), Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Bijnen, JA van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary
Engineering), Korving, H. (extern) & Meijer, DW (extern) (2013). Hydraulische vingerafdruk als indicator voor de noodzaak
van onderhoudsmaatregelen aan riolering. WT-Afvalwater, 13(2), 121-130.
Szanto, GL (extern), Oosterveer, P (extern), Scheinberg, A (extern) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering)
(2013). Composting and anaerobic digestion methods in east africa municipalities. Waste Management.
Tao, Y (extern), Gao, DW (extern), Wang, HY (extern), Kreuk, MK de (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Ren, NQ (extern)
(2013). Ecological characteristics of seeding sludge triggering a prompt start-up of anammox. Bioresource Technology,
133(April), 475-481.
Taucer, M (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Medema, G (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Hoogenboezem, W
(extern) (2013). Comparison between rapid ID 32 strep system, matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight
mass spectrometry and 16s rRna gene sequence analysis for the species identification of enterococcus spp. isolated from
water. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 13(5), 1383-1389.
TeixeiraD’AguiarNortonBrandao, D (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Scherrenberg, SM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary
Engineering) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Reclamation of used urban waters for irrigation
purposes : A review of treatment technologies. Journal of Environmental Management, 122(June), 85-98.
Uddin, SM (extern), Ronteltap, M (extern) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Assessment of urine
diverting dehydrating toilets as a flood-resilient and affordable sanitation technology in the context of Bangladesh. Journal
of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 3(2), 87-95.
Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Riemsdijk, MB van (EWI-INSY-II Interactive Intelligence) (2013).
High resolution weather data for urban hydrological modelling and impact assessment, ICT requirements and future
challenges. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 15, 1-1.
Vet, WWJM de (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)), Knibbe, WJ (extern), Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary
Engineering) & Loosdrecht, MCM van (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)) (2013). Biological active groundwater
filters: exploiting natural diversity. Water Science and Technology, 13(1), 29-35.
48
Publications
Villacorte, LO (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Ekowati, Y (extern), Winters, H (extern), Amy, GL (extern), Schippers, JC
(extern) & Kennedy, MD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Characterisation of transparent exopolymer particles
(TEP) produced during algal bloom: a membrane treatment perspective. Desalination and Water Treatment: science and
engineering, 51(4-6), 1021-1033.
Wols, BA (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Hofman-Caris, CHM (extern), Harmsen, DJH (extern) & Beerendonk, EF
(extern) (2013). Degradation of 40 selected pharmaceuticals by UV/H2O2. Water Research, 47(15), 5876-5888.
Worm, GIM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Kelderman, JP (extern), Lapikas, T (extern), Helm, AWC van der (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Schagen, KM van (extern) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). The use
of process simulation models in virtual commissioning of process automation software in drinking water treatment plants.
Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 13(5), 1331-1339.
Worm, GIM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Wuister, JJG (extern), Schagen, KM van (extern) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WMSE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Evaluation of control strategies for drinking water treatment plants using a process model.
Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology. Aqua, 62(4), 234-244.
Yang, J (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Spanjers, HLFM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Jeison, D (extern) & Lier,
JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Impact of Na+ on biological wastewater treatment and the potential of
anaerobic membrane bioreactors: A review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 43(24), 2722-2746.
Zanten, O van (extern), Klein, J de (extern), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Nieuwenhuijzen, A
van (extern) (2013). Alternatief toetsingskader ontvangend oppervlaktewater voor zuurstofdips en ammoniumpieken. WTAfvalwater, 13(3), 152-159.
Zhang, X (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Ferreira, RB (extern), Spanjers, H (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Lier,
JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Phosphatase activity and specific methanogenic activity in an anaerobic
reactor treating sludge from a brackish recirculation aquaculture system. Water Science and Technology, 68(2), 387-393.
Zhang, X (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Spanjers, HLFM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Lier, JB van (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Potentials and limitations of biomethane and phosphorus recovery from sludges of
brackish/marine aquaculture recirculation systems: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 131(December), 4454.
Zhou, H (extern), Fang, F (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Li, Z. (extern), Guo, JS (extern), Koning, J de (CiTG-WMSE Sanitary Engineering) & Graaf, JHJM van der (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Spatiotemporal variations
in euphotic depth and their correlation with influencing factors in a tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Water and
Environment Journal, 2012(?), 1-9.
Proceedings
Bakker, M (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Monitoring van het distributienet om afwijkingen te detecteren. In
JB van Lier & SGJ Heijman (Eds.), De watercyclus; daar zit wat in! (pp. 43-48). Delft: Technische Universiteit Delft (ISBN
9789461861030).
49
Research
Publications
Bakker, M (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Duist, H (extern), Schagen, K van (extern), Vreeburg, JHG (extern) &
Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Improving the performance of water demand forecasting models
by using weather input. In s.n. (Ed.), International conference on computing and control for the water industry (pp. 1-10).
s.l.: s.n..
Bakker, M (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Jung, D (extern), Vreeburg, JHG (extern), Roer, M van der (extern), Lansey,
K (extern) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Detecting pipe bursts using heuristic and CUSUM
methods. In s.n. (Ed.), International conference on computing and control for the water industry (pp. 1-8). s.l.: s.n..
Bakker, M (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Rajewicz, T (extern), Kien, H (extern), Vreeburg, JHG (extern) & Rietveld,
LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Advanced control of a water supply system: A case study. In s.n. (Ed.),
Australia’s international water conference and exhibition (pp. 1-8). s.l.: s.n..
Bakker, M (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Rajewicz, T (extern), Kien, H (extern), Vreeburg, JHG (extern) & Rietveld,
LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Reducing energy consumption and leakage by active pressure control in a
water supply system. In s.n. (Ed.), International conferences of economics and asset management (pp. 1-8). London: IWA.
Bakker, M (CiTG-WM-WRS Water Resources), Lapikas, T (extern), Tangena, BH (extern) & Vreeburg, JHG (CiTG-WM-SE
Sanitary Engineering) (2012). Monitoring water supply systems for anomaly detection and response. In den M Blanken
(Ed.), New developments in IT & water conference (pp. 1-9). Amsterdam: IWA.
Bertelkamp, C (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Schoutteten, K (extern), Singhal, N (extern), Hoek, JP van der (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Verliefde, ARD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Sorption and degradation of
chloridazon and the formation of its metabolites under different redox conditions in a river bank filtration pilot. In s.n. (Ed.),
Proceedings of the 3rd IWA BeNeLux young water professionals regional conference (pp. 1-11). s.l.: s.n..
Bijnen, JA van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Impact of sewer condition on urban flooding: necessity of
maintenance based on hydraulic monitoring. In JB van Lier & SGJ Heijman (Eds.), De watercyclus; daar zit wat in! (pp. 127131). Delft: Technische Universiteit Delft (ISBN 9789461861030).
Borges Freitas, SC (CiTG-WM Water Management), Halem, D van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Meer, WGJ van der
(CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Subsurface iron removal and hand-pump adsorptive arsenic removal in rural
Bangladesh. In s.n. (Ed.), Young water professionals regional conference (pp. 1-9). s.l.: IWA.
Borges Freitas, SC (CiTG-WM Water Management), Rahman, MM (CiTG-WM-WRS Water Resources), Halem, D van (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Verberk, JQJC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Badruzzaman, ABM (extern) & Meer, WGJ
van der (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2012). The efficiency of Subsurface Arsenic Removal under low phosphate
conditions. In Changwon (Ed.), World water congress and exhibition (pp. 1-11). Busan: IWA.
Bruni, G (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Reinoso Rondinel, RR (CITG-GRS-ARS Atmospheric Remote Sensing),
Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Russchenberg, HWJ (CITG-GRS-ARS Atmospheric Remote Sensing)
& Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). The use of X-band polarimetric radar to assess the impact
of different temporal and spatial resolution on a drainage system in Rotterdam urban area. In s.n. (Ed.), International
precipitation conference (pp. 1-1). s.l.: s.n..
50
Publications
Bruni, G (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR
(CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Impact of rainfall and model resolution on sewer hydrodynamics. In s.n. (Ed.),
International conference on sewer processes and networks (pp. 1-8). s.l.: IWA.
Dereli, RK (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Performances of anaerobic membrane bioreactors treating thin
stillage from bioethanol plants at different sludge retention times. In JB van Lier & SGJ Heijman (Eds.), De watercyclus; daar
zit wat in! (pp. 117-120). Delft: Technische Universiteit Delft (ISBN 9789461861030).
Dirksen, J (CiTG-WM-WRS Water Resources), Baars, EJ (extern), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) &
Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). The impact of fat, oil, and grease deposits on the performance
of sanitary sewers. In s.n. (Ed.), International conference on sewer processes and networks (pp. 1-8). s.l.: IWA.
Dirksen, J (CiTG-WM-WRS Water Resources), Steen, A van der (extern), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering)
& Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Quality of visual sewer inspection data: The need for a new
coding system?! In s.n. (Ed.), IWA leading edge strategic asset management conference (pp. 1-10). London: IWA.
Hofman, J.A.M.H. (extern), Elias Maxil, JA (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Wols, BA (extern), Blokker, EJM (extern) &
Van Der Hoek, JP (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2012). Heat recovery from sewage: an important factor to create an
energy neutral water cycle. In Changwon (Ed.), World water congress and exhibition (pp. 1-4). Busan: IWA.
Marques Arsenio, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Vreeburg, JHG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Bouma, F
(extern) & Dijk, JC van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2012). Destructive laboratory tests with PVC push-fit joints.
In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th water distribution systems analysis conference, WDSA 2012 (pp. 1-5). s.l.: Engineers
Australia (ISBN 9781922107589).
Marques Arsenio, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Vreeburg, JHG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Wielinga, MPC
(extern) & Dijk, JC van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2012). Continous assessment of a drinking water PVC pipe.
In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th water distribution systems analysis conference, WDSA 2012 (pp. 1-5). s.l.: Engineers
Australia (ISBN 9781922107589).
Pothof, IWM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Kuipers, H (extern), Reitsma, G (extern) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WMSE Sanitary Engineering) (2010). Interface drag on plugs in downward sloping pipes. In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th
international conference of Multiphase Flows (ICMF 2010) (pp. 1-6). s.l.: s.n..
Pothof, IWM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Schuit, AD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR
(CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2010). Influence of surface tension on downward air-water transport. In s.n. (Ed.),
Proceedings of the 7th international conference of Multiphase Flows (ICMF 2010) (pp. 1-6). s.l.: s.n..
Pothof, IWM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Tukker, M (extern), Kooij, K (extern) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE
Sanitary Engineering) (2011). Guidelines on capacity reducing gas pockets in wastewater mains. In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings
of computing and control for the water industry 2011 (CCWI) (pp. 1-6). s.l.: s.n..
Rombouts, PMM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR
(CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Requirements for quality of monitoring data for water quality based RTC. In s.n.
(Ed.), International conference on sewer processes and networks (pp. 1-8). s.l.: IWA.
51
Research
Publications
Rombouts, PMM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Schilperoort, R (extern), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary
Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). CSO pollution analysis based on conductivity
and turbidity measurements and implications for application of RTC. In s.n. (Ed.), International conference Novatech;
Planning and technologies for sustainable urban water management (pp. 1-10). s.l.: s.n..
Sanchez Guillen, JA (extern), Yimman, Y (extern), Lopez Vazquez, CM (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)),
Brdanovic, D (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013).
Effects of organic carbon source, COD/N ratio and temperature on anammox organisms. In WEF/IWA Nutrient Removal and
Recovery 2013: Trends in Resource Recovery and Use, Vancouver, Canada, 28-31 July 2013 (pp. 12p.). WEF/IWA.
Spekkers, MH (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Kok, M (extern), Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering)
& Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). A spatial analysis of rainfall damage data using c-band
weather radar images. In D Butler, A Chen, S Djordjevic & M Hammond (Eds.), International conference on Flood Resilience
(ICFR): Experiences in Asia and Europe (pp. 1-8). Exeter: Centre of Water Systems (ISBN 978-0-95-39140-9-8).
Spekkers, MH (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Zhou, Q (extern), Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K (extern), Clemens, FHLR (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Correlations between reinfall
data and insurance damage data related to sewer flooding for the case of Aarhus, Denmark. In D Butler, A Chen, S
Djordjevic & M Hammond (Eds.), International conference on Flood Resilience (ICFR): Experiences in Asia and Europe (pp.
1-7). Exeter: Centre of Water Systems (ISBN 978-0-95-39140-9-8).
Stanic, N (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Schoot, WPJ van der (extern), Kuijer, B (extern), Langeveld, JG (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Potential of laser scanning
for assessing structural condition and physical roughness of concrete sewer pipes. In s.n. (Ed.), The 7th international
conference on sewer processes & networks (pp. 1-8). s.l.: s.n..
Book - monography - editorial book
Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Snaterse, CTM (extern) (2012). Handleiding rioolreiniging :
aanbesteding, uitvoering en verrekening. Ede: Stichting Rioned (ISBN 9789073645318).
Book chapter
Lutchmiah, K (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2012). South Africa. In MA Pierce (Ed.), Encyclopedia of energy (pp. 1-2).
Ipswich: Salem Press (ISBN 978-1-58765-849-5).
Book editors
Heijman, SGJ (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (Ed.). (2013). De watercyclus; daar zit wat in! Delft: TU Delft (ISBN
9789461861030).
Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (Ed.). (2013). De watercyclus; daar zit wat in! Delft: TU Delft (ISBN
9789461861030).
52
Publications
Journal editors - refereeschap
Bertelkamp, C (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Verliefde, ARD (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Worm, GIM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (Eds.). (2013). Drinking Water Engineering
and Science, 2013.
Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (Ed.). (2013). The Scientific World Journal, 2013.
Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (Ed.). (2013). Water Science and Technology, 2013.
Pothof, IWM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (Ed.). (2013). Urban Water Journal, 10.
Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (Ed.). (2013). Drinking Water Engineering and Science, 2013.
Reports
Luijtelaar, H. (extern), Meulen, J van der (extern) & Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Inventarisatie
regenwateroverlast in de bebouwde omgeving 2013. Rionedreeks 17. Bennekom: Modern (ISBN 978-90-73645-38-7).
Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2012). Annual report
2012. Delft: TU Delft (ISBN 9789461861023).
Contribution daily or weekly newspaper
Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (10-06-2012). Online college volgen begon in de VS. Het wordt nu ook in
Nederland groot. NRC Next, pp. 4-5.
Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (13-07-2013). Online wetenschap is grote hit. Artikel Irene Overduin.
Leeuwarder Courant, pp. 1-1.
Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (27-03-2013). TU enters the world of virtual learning. Artikel :Damini
Purkayastha. TU Delta (web only), pp. 1-1.
Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (11-06-2013). Universiteiten van Leiden, Delft en A’dam experimenten met
online colleges om bekendheid te vergroten: Door Bart Funnekotter. NRC Handelsblad, pp. 8-9.
Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (03-06-2013). Waarom geven universiteiten geld uit aan online onderwijs dat
ze vervolgens gratis op internet zetten, terwijl het risico is dat ze minder studenten trekken?: Interview: Desiree Hoving.
TUDelta, 45(18), pp. 20-22.
Medema, G (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (06-05-2013). Kun je met buitenlands kraanwater je tanden poetsen? De
Volkskrant, pp. 17-17.
Meer, WGJ van der (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (17-09-2013). Over drie jaar puur water voor 12.000 huishoudens.
Artikel Arjen Schreuder. NRC Handelsblad, pp. 1-1.
53
Research
Publications
Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (03-01-2013). Hoe helpen we de derde wereld aan schoon drinkwater?
Kijk (2), pp. 71-74.
Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (27-03-2013). Delft urban water movie contest. Artikel: Heather
Montague. TU Delfta (web only), pp. 1-1.
Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (11-03-2013). Gescheiden riool sneller verstopt. Artikel: Lillian
Dominicus. BN De Stem, pp. 1-1.
Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (11-03-2013). Gescheiden riool sneller verstopt. Artikel: Lillian
Dominicus. De Stentor, pp. 1-1.
Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (11-03-2013). Gescheiden riool sneller verstopt. Artikel: Lillian
Dominicus. Brabants Dagblad, pp. 1-1.
Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (11-03-2013). Gescheiden riool sneller verstopt. Artikel: Lillian
Dominicus. Provinciale Zeeuwse Courant, pp. 1-1.
Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (11-03-2013). Gescheiden riool sneller verstopt. Artikel: Lillian
Dominicus. Eindhovens Dagblad, pp. 1-1.
Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (11-03-2013). Gescheiden riool sneller verstopt: Artikel: Lillian
Dominicus. De Gelderlander, pp. 1-1.
Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (14-03-2013). Leven in stad vol water. AD Delft, pp. 2-2.
Inaugural Speeches
Meer, WGJ van der (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Het drinkwaterbedrijf van de toekomst?. Intreerede (2013,
februari 15). Delft: TU Delft.
Lectures
Peters, MCFM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Keuten, MGA (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Kreuk, MK de (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Loosdrecht, MCM van (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)) & Rietveld, LC (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013, april 09). Minimum chlorine concentration to ensure disinfection. Rome, Italy, 5th
International conference swimming pool and spa (ICSPS).
Pronk, M (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)), Bassin, JP (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)), Kreuk, MK
de (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Kleerebezem, R (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)) & Loosdrecht, MCM
van (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)) (,). Effects of salinity on aerobic granular sludge. onbekend, Lecture +
abstract 9th International Conference on Biofilm Reactors, Paris, France, 28-31 May 2013.
54
Publications
Munoz Sierra, JD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Picioreanu, C (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)) &
Loosdrecht, MCM van (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)) (,). Modeling phototrophic biofilms in a plug flow
reactor. onbekend, Lecture + abstract 9th International Conference on Biofilm Reactors, Paris, France, 28-31 May 2013.
Other results
Dirksen, J (CiTG-WM-WRS Water Resources), Steen, A van der (extern), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering)
& Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Quality of visual sewer inspection data: The need for a
new coding system?! 5th IWA leading edge strategic asset management conference, Sydney, Australia: London (2013,
september 10 - 2013, september 12).
Ham, M van (OTB-RES-SVW Urban Renewal and Housing), Kempen, R van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Bolt, G
(extern) (2013). Neighbourhood decline and regeneration in times of crisis: new perspectives, new challenges. Organiser of
special session at the ENHR conference: Tarragona (2013, juni 19 - 2013, juni 22).
Keuten, MGA (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Zweten onder water. Optreden uitzending programma
ScienceFlash: s.l. (2013, april 12 - 2013, april 12).
Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Vrouwelijke hormonen in drinkwater. BNR nieuws radio: (2013,
april 23 - 2013, april 23).
Lutchmiah, K (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Cornelissen, ER (extern), Harmsen, DJH (extern), Wols, B (extern),
Verliefde, ARD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Post, JW (extern) (2012). Pressure assisted osmosis (PAO) to enhance
forward osmosis (FO) performance. NMG/BMG Membrane symposium: Nieuwegein (2012, juni 07).
Meer, WGJ van der (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Het drinkwaterbedrijf van de toekomst? Intreerede
hoogleraar Innovative Water Tehnologies 55:50 min.: . (2015, februari 15).
Peters, MCFM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Keuten, MGA (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Daanen, extern
(extern), Kreuk, MK de (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Loosdrecht,
MCM van (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)) & Dijk, H (extern) (2013). Quantification of continual anthropogenic
pollutant release in swimming pools. 3rd IWA Benelux young water professional regional conference: Esch sur Alzette (2013,
oktober 02 - 2013, oktober 04).
Peters, MCFM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Keuten, MGA (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Kreuk, MK de (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Loosdrecht, MCM van (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)) & Rietveld, LC (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Chlorine cell disinfection determination with flow cell cytometry and plate count. 3rd
IWA Benelux young water professional regional conference: Esch sur Alzette (2013, oktober 02 - 2013, oktober 04).
Peters, MCFM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Keuten, MGA (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Loosdrecht, MCM
van (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Chlorine
inactivation of mixed population versus indicator microorganism. 5th International conference swimming pool and spa
(ICSPS): Rome, Italy (2013, april 09 - 2013, april 12).
55
Research
Publications
Riel, WAP van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Herder, P (extern) &
Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Decision argumentation of sewer replacement projects. Leading
edge strategic asset management (LESAM): Sydney, Australie (2013, september 10 - 2013, september 12).
Van Der Hoek, JP (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Drinkwater duurder dankzij “drugs”; Door Annemieke van
Roekel.
Van Der Hoek, JP (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Nederlands drinkwater bevat meer geneesmiddelen dan
nodig.
Van Der Hoek, JP (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Normen voor medicijnen in richtlijn prioritaire stoffen.
Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Eindelijk stadse wateroverlast voorspellen.
Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Twaalf emmertjes water halen. Optreden tijdens tv uitzending
Editie NL: s.l. (2013, oktober 14 - 2013, oktober 14).
Awards
Halem, D van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Steven Hoogendijk Award.
Relevant positions
Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (periode: 2013 t/m 2013). Member international advisory committee IWA
Journal of water, sanitation and hygiene for development Functie bij: International Water Association IWA.
List date: 6 December 2013
More publications to come, for a full list of our publications check the website:
http://repository.tudelft.nl/
56
Publications
57
Individual Projects
58
Annual report 2013
Individual Projects
59
Individual projects
Annelies Aarts
Uncertainty of dynamic deep beth filtration models applied
to full scale tertiary treatment
Research objectives
Approach
The project aims to evaluate the validity of deep bed
A mathematical model for the ABWF was developed. Data
filtration models applied to full scale tertiary treatment.
from the SCADA of the WWTP in Harderwijk (obtained
Methods to identify and quantify the sources of
over a year) was used to validate the model. The
uncertainty will also be proposed herein.
validation was repeated with 100 randomly selected sets
of model parameters.
Project outline
Introduction
A Bayesian Network (BN) was developed with the
Deep bed filtration is a complex process of pollutants
state variables, the model parameters and the model
removal while head losses build up. Studies on the
residuals (Figure 3). Bayesian Networks (BN) are a
mathematical description of the process have resulted
type of probabilistic network. Each node in the graph
in numerous filtration models (Jegatheesan, 2005). The
represents a variable while the arcs between the nodes
operation of deep bed filters at wastewater treatment
represent the conditional dependence (rank correlation)
plants (WWTP) is often based on empirical control
between the variables. The variables are presented as a
rules, which poorly take into account the dynamics
conditional distribution function. The BN allows to study
of the process. It is expected that the efficiency and
the dependency between the model residuals, the model
performance of deep bed filters could be improved by
parameters and the state variables.
using model based control.
Results
The Automatic Backwash Filter (ABWF) (Figure 1) applied
The calculation of the solids removal by the model
to tertiary treatment at the WWTP of Harderwijk was
corresponds well with the measurements although the fit
selected as a full scale case study. The ABWF consists of
strongly depends on the value of the model parameters.
a set of dual-media filters which are all operated with the
The state variables didn’t seem to be correlated with
same head loss. Each filter is individually backwashed,
the model residuals for solids removal. This would mean
hence each filter is in a different stage of clogging. The
that the chosen model structure well describes the solids
filtration velocity through each filter will also be different,
removal process happening in the ABWF.
and if the influent flow and the head loss remains
constant, the velocity will decrease as more suspended
The model results for the total filtration flow (not shown)
solids settle in the filter medium.
were less straightforward. Preliminary results showed few
dependence with the model parameters while the state
Figure 1: Schematic representation of the Automatic backwash filter
60
Annelies Aarts
variables showed higher dependences. This would show that the model
structure is not well representing the full scale dynamics of the filtration
flow. This part of the study is currently in progress.
Figure 2: example of the calibration and validation of solids removal
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 27 81 585
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Figure 3: Bayesian Network to predict model residuals
Scientific relevance
Mathematical models contain fundamental knowledge about the
filtration process and its dynamics. The behavior of the filtration process
at full scale plants is however not entirely known. The influence of the
variations on the filtration process or from modelling point of view, on
the variation and uncertainty of model parameters, output and structure
has known little focus in research.
Social relevance
In the context of the Water Framework Directive, this project aims to
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Jan 2011
Expected end date: Jun 2014
Key words:
Deep bed filtration, error analysis,
full scale modelling, wastewater
Cooperation with other institutes:
Visser & Smit Hanab BV, Grontmij
Nederland BV, Waterschap Veluwe
improve the WWTP effluent quality discharged to receiving waters. In
the context of efficiency, this project aims to an efficient use of water,
chemicals and energy during the operation of the ABWF.
Literature
▪▪
Jegatheesan V. and Vigneswaran S. 2005. Deep Bed Filtration:
Mathematical Models and Observations. Critical Reviews in
Environmental Science and Technology, 35(6), 515–569.
▪▪
Cowell, R.G., Dawid, P., Lauritzen, S.L. and Spiegelhalter, D.J.
1999. Building and Using Probabilistic Networks. In: Probabilistic
Networks and Expert Systems - Information Science and Statistics,
Springer New York, pp. 25-41.
61
Individual projects
André Arsénio
Lifetime prediction of PVC push-fit joints
Research objectives
lead to the creation of the inspection prioritization map
Develop a lifetime prediction tool to predict the failure of
presented in Figure 2. This work has been extensively
PVC push-fit joints.
discussed in Arsénio et al. (2013a).
Project outline
Introduction
For this work a four-step approach for network
management was developed.
Approach
Four step approach for condition assessment
A lifetime prediction procedure has been developed
(Figure 1).
Figure 2. Inspection prioritization map. In this map the
inspection priority increases from green (low) until red
(high). Pipes and joints installed in high priority areas should
be inspected more often as they are more prone to failure
Non-destructive assessment
Figure 1. Lifetime prediction procedure for push-fit PVC joints
The inspection of joints relies on the sizing of the gap
between the two pipes at different locations inside the
1. Select the best pipe for inspection. This can either be
joint to determine the 3D alignment of the pipes. The
accomplished by employing practical knowledge - areas
alignment is a surrogate measurement for the joint’s
where the pipe-fitters are aware that the failure rate is
condition. The inspection methods is presented in Arsénio
greater than average - or be a data-driven;
et al. (2013b) and validated in Arsénio et al.(2013c).
2. Inspect the pipes using the most appropriate inspection
tool;
Index for Joint Condition
3. With the information aggregated during the inspection,
The Index for Joint Condition (IJC) was one of the most
either:
significant developments of this work (Figure 3). This
a. If the condition of the asset is below a previously
b. Otherwise,
predict
the
remaining
graphical framework allows comparing the condition
of several pipes and deciding which one is in worst
defined threshold, repair/replace;
lifetime,
condition. Ultimately this will aid network managers in
indicated as t, of the asset exploiting an
optimizing pipe replacement programs. This work has
appropriate model; and
been extensively covered in Arsénio et al.(2013d)
4. Finally, schedule a new inspection after a period, t’,
shorter than t. The actual condition of the asset at t’ can
be exploited to re-calibrate the model used in step 3b.
Each one of the three first steps will now be presented.
Inspection prioritization map
A correlation between registered main failures and ground
movement data was researched. The work demonstrated
that an increase in ground movement leads to an increase
in failure rate. Therefore, pipes and joints installed in
failure prone areas should be inspected more often. This
62
Figure 3. Index for Joint condition. Joints (black dots) inside
the gray areas are considered at risk
André Arsénio
Scientific relevance
The scientific output of the present work was threefold. First, deliver
information on failure mechanisms of PVC push-fit joints. Second, study
the use of an NDE technique for the assessment of joints. Finally, cast
some light on how to predict the remaining lifetime of joints.
Social relevance
The four step approach for network management is an important tool
to aid network managers in their day-to-day life. Not only the procedure
selects the best pipes and joints to be inspected, it also presents the
inspection method and provides the means to analyze the inspection
results.
Both scientific and social aspects of this work are thoroughly discussed
in Arsénio (2013).
Literature
▪▪
Arsénio, A.M. (2013). Lifetime prediction of PVC push-fit joints. TU
Delft (Delft).
▪▪
Arsénio, A.M., Dheenathayalan, P., Hanssen, R., Vreeburg, J.H.G.
& Rietveld, L. (2013a). Pipe failure prediction in drinking water
systems using satellite observations (submitted). Structure and
Infrastructure Engineering.
▪▪
Arsénio, A.M., Pieterse-Quirijns, I., Vreeburg, J.H.G., de Bont, R. &
Rietveld, L. (2013b). Failure mechanisms and condition assessment
of PVC push-fit joints in drinking water networks. Journal of Water
Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA. 62 (2). p.p. 78.
▪▪
Arsénio, A.M., Vreeburg, J. & Rietveld, L. (2013c). Quantitative nondestructive evaluation of push-fit joints. Urban Water Journal. p.pp.
1–11.
▪▪
Arsénio, A.M., Vreeburg, J.H.G. & Rietveld, L. (2013d). Index of
joint condition for PVC push-fit joints (submitted). Water Science &
Technology: Water Supply.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 27 87 894
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project:
Mar 2009
Expected end date: Nov 2013
Key words:
Asset management, CCTV,
condition assessment, in-line
inspection, joints, lifetime
prediction, PVC, ultrasound
Cooperation with other institutes:
Wetsus - Centre of Excellence for
Sustainable Water Technology,
KWR – Watercycle Research
Institute
63
Individual projects
Lina Bachert
Virus inactivation mechanisms by metals alone and in
combination with other disinfectants
Research objectives
Approach and results
The major goal of this research study is to determine
In this research study, the model virus MS2 is treated with
the inactivation mechanisms of the model virus MS2
UV light, silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) ions using different
with antimicrobial metals and ultraviolet (UV) light to
UV fluences, contact times and concentrations.
characterize which step in the model virus life cycle is
After disinfection treatment the samples are subjected
affected. Understanding these mechanisms allow to
to molecular assays designed to study the effect on
design effective inactivation strategies.
the infectivity, different structural components and
steps of the virus cycle of MS2. To monitor the loss of
Project outline
infectivity of MS2 after the disinfection treatment and
Introduction
to determine disinfection kinetics, infectivity assays are
Diarrhea-related illnesses are the second most common
conducted. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase
cause of child deaths worldwide [1]. Approximately 88
chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a molecular technique that
% of these diseases are linked to poor hygiene and
detects damages quantitatively in the genome induced
inadequate access to drinking water and sanitation
by the treatment processes. Different primers along the
facilities in less developed countries. Enteric viruses,
virus genome reveal the type and site of damage. An
which are major agents of diarrheal illnesses, are
enzymatic treatment prior to qRT-PCR is operationalized
persistent in the aquatic environment for long periods and
in order to investigate whether the treatment processes
not readily removed by water treatment processes [2].
affect the capsid integrity. A binding assay based on
To address this health risk, technologies for household
qRT-PCR is performed to determine whether the ability
water treatment and safe storage (HWTSS) systems may
of the virus to bind to the host cell is impaired by the
improve and protect drinking water quality from enteric
disinfection experiments.
pathogens and contribute to the reduction of diarrheal
In the first phase of the study, MS2 was inactivated in
disease transmission. UV irradiation treatment and also
time- and concentration-dependent Cu experiments.
antimicrobial metals have found their way into a number
The results showed that not only the binding function
of disinfection applications in HWTSS systems but there is
and viral genome are affected by the Cu treatment but
still a need to elucidate the virus inactivation mechanisms
also another unknown inactivation mechanism leads to
to assess alternative and low cost technologies and to
inactivation of MS2.
design effective inactivation strategies [3].
Figure 2: Concentration- and time-dependent Cu inactivation
experiments of MS2
The
next
phase
characterization
of
of
the
virus
research
involves
the
inactivation
kinetics
and
mechanisms of Ag at different concentrations and contact
Figure 1: Impact of disinfectants on virus function and
structural integrity
times. The photochemical action of UV light on MS2 at
different UV fluences will be investigated in a benchscale collimated beam apparatus equipped with two low-
64
Lina Bachert
pressure high-output (LPHO) UV lamps. After the impact of individual
disinfectants is characterized, the synergistic effects will be studied.
Scientific relevance
The separate and synergistic effect of UV light and heavy metals such
as Ag on viruses has been already investigated [4-6]. However, none
of these research studies has been focusing on the elucidation of virus
inactivation mechanisms by these disinfectants. It is still unclear which
essential virus functions such as host binding, genome injection and
replication are affected by these treatment methods, where exactly
damage occurs and to which extent.
Social relevance
Effective technologies for household water treatment and safe storage
(HWTSS) systems improve and protect water quality from fecal
contamination and contribute to the reduction of diarrheal disease
transmission. The WHO estimates that 47% of diarrheal diseases can
be prevented by using HWTSS systems for the production of safe and
clean drinking water [7].
Literature
1. Diarrhoea: why children are still dying and what can be done.
2009, The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)/World Health
Organization (WHO): Geneva, Switzerland.
2. de Roda Husman, A.M., et al., Long-term inactivation study of three
enteroviruses in artificial surface and groundwaters, using PCR and
cell culture. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2009. 75(4):
p. 1050-7.
3. Sobsey, M.D., Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health
Gains from Improved Water Supply, W.H. Organization, Editor.
2002: Geneva.
4. Butkus, M.A., et al., Use of aqueous silver to enhance inactivation
of coliphage MS-2 by UV disinfection. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology, 2004. 70(5): p. 2848-2853.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 58 2843193
E-mail: [email protected];
[email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Jan 2012
Expected end date: Jan 2016
Key words:
virus inactivation, damage
mechanisms, metals, UV light
Cooperation with other institutes:
Wetsus in Leeuwarden, RIVM in
Bilthoven
5. Butkus, M.A., M. Talbot, and M.P. Labare, Feasibility of the silverUV process for drinking water disinfection. Water Research, 2005.
39(20): p. 4925-4932.
6. Kim, J.Y., et al., Enhanced inactivation of E. coli and MS-2 phage by
silver ions combined with UV-A and visible light irradiation. Water
Research, 2008. 42(1-2): p. 356-362.
7. Prüss-Üstün, A., et al., Safer Water, Better Health. Costs, benefits
and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health.
2008, World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.
65
Individual projects
Martijn Bakker
Water demand forecasting for optimal control and
detection of pipe bursts
Research objectives
Control and monitoring of water supply systems is
often based on instantaneous measurements of flows
and pressures. This research is done to explore the
possibilities to improve control and monitoring when
using forecasts rather than instantaneous values.
Project outline
Introduction
Production and distribution flows in water supply systems
are often directly controlled by the level in the clear water
reservoir. This operation results in many flow changes,
and the daily peak demands are not completely leveled
off in the clear water reservoir. The consequence of this
operation is suboptimal water quality and higher energy
consumption. In the daily operation of water distribution
networks, pipe bursts occur quite frequently. Bursts lead
to water losses, interruption of supply, and damage to
streets and houses due to the uncontrolled water flow. To
Figure 1. Difference between level based control (top graph)
en control based on forecast (bottom graph)
minimize the negative consequences of pipe bursts, an
early detection is necessary.
We developed a heuristic burst detection method, which
continuously compares forecasted and measured values
Approach
of water demands and pressures. The forecasts of the
We developed a water demand forecasting model that
water demand were generated by the adaptive water
uses measured water demands and calendar data as
demand forecasting model, and the forecasts of the
single input in order to generate the forecasts. This model
pressures were generated by a dynamic pressure drop –
adaptively learns characteristics of the water demand in
demand relation estimator. The method was tested on a
the area, and uses these characteristics for forecasting
dataset of five years of water flow and pressure data in
future demands. We tested the performance of this
three supply areas in the Western part of the Netherlands
model on datasets of five years of water demand data
in which 41 larger burst events were reported.
in six different areas, varying from very small (village)
to big (city).
The water demand forecasting model is currently used
for the control of a number of water supply systems
in the Netherlands. We examined the differences
between control based on the forecasting model, and
the conventional (level based) control. Therefore we
compared data of water quality and energy consumption
and costs of five selected water supply systems, which
were operated conventionally during one week and
operated based of forecasts and during another week.
66
Martijn Bakker
Figure 2. Water demand forecast (bottom left page graph) and pressure
forecast (top graph) to detect bursts
Results
The performance of the forecasting model can be expressed by the
mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). For the 24-hours forecasts this
varied between 1.44-5.12%, and for the 15-minutes time step forecasts
between 3.35-10.44% (Bakker et al., 2013b). The benefits of applying
control based on forecasts are that the turbidity values are 12-28% lower,
and particle volume values 12-42% lower (Bakker et al., 2013a). The
overall energy consumption of water supply systems is 1.0-5.3% lower,
and the overall energy costs are 1.7-7.4% lower. The burst detection
method was able to detect 80% of the reported larger bursts, while on
average generating 6 false alarms annually (Bakker et al., 2012).
Scientific relevance
The approach of applying adaptive and heuristic methods, rather than
abstract advanced mathematical techniques for forecasting, control,
and anomaly detection is new, and additional to the field.
Social relevance
Reducing the energy consumption and footprint of water companies is
very relevant. And the leakages and pipe bursts are one of the main
challenges for water companies around the world.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Mob: +31 6 54245131
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Apr 2011
Expected end date: Jun 2014
Key words:
Demand prediction, Anomaly
detection, Optimal control
Cooperation with other
institutes: RIVM, Vitens, Dunea,
PWN, Brabant Water, Royal
HaskoningDHV, Ureason
Literature
▪▪
Bakker, M., Vreeburg, J.H.G., Rietveld, L.C., and Van De Roer, M.
(2012). “Reducing customer minutes lost by anomaly detection?”,
Proceedings 14th Water Distribution Systems Analysis Conference
2012, WDSA 2012, Adelaide, SA.
▪▪
Bakker, M., Vreeburg, J.H.G., Palmen, L.J., Sperber, V., Bakker, G.,
and Rietveld, L.C. (2013a). “Better water quality and higher energy
efficiency by using model predictive flow control at water supply
systems”. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology AQUA. 62 (1): 1-13.
▪▪
Bakker, M., Vreeburg, J.H.G., van Schagen, K.M., and Rietveld, L.C.
(2013b). “A fully adaptive forecasting model for short-term drinking
water demand”. Environmental Modelling and Software. 48: 141-151.
67
Individual projects
Yasmina Bennani
UV solar light active titanium dioxide photocatalysts
Research objectives
Results
The recombination of photogenerated charge carriers is a
major limitation for photocatalytic efficiency. In order to
decrease the recombination limitation of photogenerated
charge carriers and to enhance the quantum efficiency
of the immobilised photocatalyst, two approaches were
adopted in this study. First, the optimisation of anatase
to rutile ratio and secondly the application of bias to the
TiO film.
2
Project outline
Introduction
Fujishima
and
Honda
(1972)
demonstrated
the
Figure 1. Photocurrent density after thirty min of UV solar
irradiation of different AR ratio
potential of titanium dioxide (TiO2) semiconductor
materials to split water into hydrogen and oxygen in a
photo-electrochemical cell. Their work triggered the
development of semiconductor photocatalysis for a wide
range of environmental and energy applications.
Approach
Photocatalytic plates were manufactured and obtained
by Magneto special anodes B.V. (Schiedam, The
Netherlands) and prepared according to the paintthermal decomposition method. Films were additionally
modified, by changing the anatase to rutile ratio. The
effect of annealing treatment in temperature range
Figure 2. Degradation of phenol with photolysis (∆), PC (◊)
and PEC (□) at 1V for the TiO2 sample (AR ratio 82/18)
from 500-750 ̊C on prepared photoactive TiO2/Ti films
was studied. Besides, the roughness, the adhesion,
▪▪
Modification
of
thermal-paint
decomposition
and scanning electron microscopic images of TiO2 films
synthesized films by annealing treatment in the
were investigated to achieve optimise photoactive
range of 500–600°C, showed that the anatase
film. Furthermore, the comparison between the PC
phase appeared to be dominant, while at higher
degradation of phenol using PC process and using PEC
temperatures (650-750°C) the rutile phase became
process was investigated.
present in higher percentages.
▪▪
The deposited films were well-coated and the
mechanical strength and durability of annealed TiO2
films was high, presenting a significant advantage of
the use of this TiO2 films in practice.
▪▪
It was found that the AR ratio (82/18) was optimal
for both PC and PEC process. The overall oxidation
efficiency of the PEC process was better than the PC
process, by the enhancement ratio PEC/PC of 2.8.
▪▪
The improved photocatalytic activity is derived from
the synergetic effect between modified TiO2/Ti
electrode and applied bias.
68
Yasmina Bennani
Scientific relevance
This study could provide new insights on the effect of AR ratio on the PC
and PEC oxidation. This technology for preparation of a photocatalyst
was integrated with PEC process in order to achieve the highest
photocatalytic efficiency in the presence of the UV solar light.
Social relevance
Conventional TiO2 has been extensively studied for water treatment and
air purification and it is well known to be an effective system to treat
several hazardous compounds in contaminated water and air. Some
focus is given nowadays to solar light active TiO2-based photocatalysis
and its application towards remediation of regulated and emerging
contaminants of concern.
Literature
▪▪
M. Pelaez, N. T. Nolan, S. C. Pillai, M. K. Seery, P. Falaras, A. G.
Kontos, P. S.M. Dunlope, J. W.J. Hamilton, J. A. Byrne, K. O’Shea,
M. H. Entezari, D. D. Dionysiou, A review on the visible light active
titanium dioxide photocatalysts for environmental applications,
Applied Catalysis, 2012
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2783539
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Oct 2011
Expected end date: Oct 2015
Key words:
TiO2, recombination,
photo(electro)catalysis
69
Individual projects
Cheryl Bertelkamp
Emerging Substances: Towards an Absolute Barrier
Research objectives
The overall objective is to investigate the possibility of
creating an absolute barrier for OMPs with a new treatment
concept consisting of river bank filtration (RBF) followed by
membrane filtration (MF) and granular activated carbon
(GAC). A second objective is to develop a QSAR model for
OMP removal during RBF. A QSAR model can predict the
OMP removal based on the physico-chemical properties of
OMPs.
Figure 1 – Schematic overview one RBF pilot installation
Project outline
Introduction
To distinguish sorption from biodegradation, breakthrough
RBF is a natural treatment process that can remove a
curves were modelled for all OMPs in the three installations.
wide range of OMPs, however, some compounds such
By subtracting OMP removal in RBF installation 3 from RBF
as carbamazepine show very persistent behavior. To
installation two, insight was obtained in OMP removal
determine whether RBF is an effective barrier for OMPs and
under iron/manganese reducing conditions. By subtracting
to set the first steps towards the development of a QSAR
OMP removal removal in RBF installation 2 from 1, insight
model, insight is required in the transformation behavior of
was obtained in OMP removal under nitrate reducing
OMPs during RBF under different redox conditions.
conditions. A set of 50 different OMPs was dosed with a
wide range of solute physico-chemical properties (size,
Approach
hydrophobicity and charge), to assess the influence of
A RBF pilot system that consists of 3 separate RBF pilot
solute properties on OMP sorption and biodegradation
installations was started up in April 2013. One RBF
behavior.
installation represents oxic soil passage, the second one
sub anoxic (nitrate reducing) soil passage and the third
Prelimenary Results
one deep anoxic (iron/manganese) reducing soil passage
Despite the fact that the majority of OMPs were removed to
(see Table 1).
below their detection limit under iron/manganese reducing
conditions, some compounds (clofibric acid, dimethoate,
Table 1 – Experimental conditions
lincomycin, mebendazole, MTBE, sotalol and triclopyr)
showed less removal (50 - 80%). A few compounds
RBF
installation
Redox
condition
Number of
columns
Residence
time [days]
(atrazine, bentazon, carbamazepine, dichloormethaan,
1
Oxic
2
4
showed even more persistent behavior (removal <40%),
2
NO3
reduction
10
20
see Figure 2.
3
Fe/Mn
reduction
22
45
diglyme,
hydrochlorothiazide,
simazine,
and
TPPO)
A schematic overview of one installation is presented in
Figure 1. The three RBF pilot installations were filled with
oxic and anoxic soil drillings from RBF site Engelse Werk of
drinking water company Vitens.
Figure 2 – OMP removal in RBF installation three for the
more recalcitrant OMPs
70
Cheryl Bertelkamp
This indicates that these OMPs are mobile during soil passage and
possibly not removed in case sufficient residence time is not provided.
Thus, to prevent these compounds from ending up in the drinking
water, they should be removed with MF and/or GAC.
Several
studies
indicated
high
removal
(90-99%)
of
clofibric
acid, MTBE, atrazine, bentazon, carbamazepine, diglyme, sotalol,
hydrochlorothiazide, and dimethoate with nano filtration (NF) and/or
reverse osmosis (RO) membranes [6, 7, 8], while Yang et al. (2011)
reported good removal (95-99%) of lincomcyin with GAC. Therefore it
is expected that RBF in combination with MF and GAC can provide an
absolute barrier for OMPs.
Scientific relevance
The combination of RBF, MF and GAC as absolute barrier for OMPs is new
and not yet investigated. In addition, the developed QSAR model can
predict which OMPs are removed by certain pre-treatment techniques and
which are not. This will provide a reliable and relatively cheap indicator
for the OMPs removal ability of current and new treatment plants.
Social relevance
Since OMPs do not belong in drinking water and more awareness of these
compounds is created amongst the public, an absolute barrier for these
OMPs would maintain the consumers trust in the Dutch drinking water.
Literature
▪▪
Bertelkamp, C., Reungoat, J., Cornelissen, E.R., Singhal, N.,
Reynisson, J., Cabo, A.J., van der Hoek, J.P., Verliefde, A.R.D. (2013)
Sorption and biodegradation of organic micropollutants during river
bank filtration: A laboratory column study, Water Research, in press
▪▪
Van der Hoek, J.P., Bertelkamp, C., Verliefde, A.R.D., Singhal, N.S.
(2013) Drinking water treatment technologies in Europe: state of
the art – challenges- research needs, Journal of Water Supply:
Research and Technology – AQUA, in press
▪▪
Bertelkamp, C., Schoutteten, K., Singhal, N., van der Hoek, J.P.,
Verliefde, A.R.D. (2013) Sorption and degradation of chloridazon
and the formation of its metabolites under different redox conditions
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2787894
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Room 4.52
Start date project: Nov 2010
Expected end date: Nov 2014
Key words:
Organic micro pollutants,
nanofiltration, river bank filtration,
granular activated carbon
Cooperation with other institutes:
KWR, Pentair, Oasen, Vitens,
Veolia Water, Epas, De
Watergroep, KompetenzZentrum
Wasser Berlin, Berliner
Wasserbetriebe
in a river bank filtration pilot, Proceedings of the 3rd IWA BeNeLux
Young Water Professionals Regional Conference (pp. 1-11).
71
Individual projects
Sandra Borges Freitas
Safe drinking water in Bangladesh: feasibility, sustainability and
applicability of subsurface iron removal (SIR) linked to a handpump adsorptive arsenic removal filter (AAR) in diverse settings
Research objectives
Determine the small-scale feasibility and applicability of
SIR and linked with an arsenic adsorptive treatment at
the surface. The aim is to identify the dominant process
and operational parameters responsible for the robust and
appropriate design, operation and implementation of SIR/
AAR at community and household level.
Project outline
Introduction
Subsurface iron removal (SIR) has been used for many
decades (von Oesten 1900; Van Beek 1985; Mettler 2002)
Figure 1. Schematic presentation: (a) injection/ oxidation;
(b) abstraction/ adsorption; (c) Combined SIR/HAR
and consists of injection of aerated water (Figure 1a -
column experiments and field studies in rural Bangladesh.
oxidation) followed by abstraction of anoxic water (Figure
The experimental work is designed to increase our
1b - adsorption). Due to the periodic injection of aerated
understanding of arsenite (As(III)) behavior on adsorption
water adsorbed Fe(II) oxidizes to Fe(III) which attaches
media during intermittent operation, as observed during
itself to the sand grains and forms new adsorption sites
Subsurface Iron Removal. Intermittent operation consists
for Fe(II) and trace elements such as arsenic (van Halem
of shifting anaerobic and oxic conditions, where iron
et al. 2010; Borges Freitas et al. 2013). Subsurface Iron
oxidation and associated reactions play a dominant role in
Removal is proven to be very efficient, however, arsenic
As(III) immobilization. The research focuses on Granular
removal could only be partially achieved (van Halem et
Ferric Hydroxide (GFH) and Composite Iron Matrix (CIM;
al., 2010; Borges Freitas et al. 2013). The aim is to benefit
a low-cost zero-valent iron).
from the Subsurface Iron Removal (SIR), the existing
tube well and hand-pump infrastructure to combine with
Results
a targeted adsorption of arsenic integrated at hand-pump
1. (i) Subsurface Iron Removal is effective in all groundwater
level (HAR) - Figure 1c.
conditions and can be successfully applied in rural areas.
(ii) SAR technology was hypothesized to have potential,
Approach
but proved not be be very efficient and WHO standard
The effective subsurface iron removal does promote
guideline for arsenic in drinking water was never achieved
the co-removal of arsenic with a significant retention in
(Borges Freitas et al, 2013).
the subsurface (<50ppb) (Borges Freitas et al. 2013).
2. Different adsorptive media were investigated and surface
However, the WHO arsenic standard for drinking water
characterization and batch experiments were performed.
is 10ppb. This research is focus on laboratory batch and
(i) Effective adsorption of As(III) onto CIM and GFH under
Figure 2. Freündlich adsorption isotherm curves and parameters for arsenic adsorption onto GFH and CIM in: (a, b) synthetic, and (c) natural
groundwater conditions
72
Sandra Borges Freitas
synthetic groundwater conditions – Figure 2(a); (ii) GFH and CIM showed
to be very effective in natural groundwater conditions. Even though CIM
(ZVI) appears to have regenerative properties in the presence of Fe(II)
– Figure 2(b).
3. Design configurations of SIR/HAR fitting both social and geochemical
needs are under study – Figure 1(c).
Although some of the general pathways for the removal of arsenic are
known, lengthening GFH lifetime in combination with SIR is not fully
understood. The As(III) removal pathways onto ZVI (CIM) needs further
investigation given its catalytic and regeneration properties. More detailed
identification of formed solids and proper mass balances could improve
the assessment of the filters sustainability and environmental impact and
would help in the development of a consistent model for As removal based
filter system.
Scientific relevance
Arsenic in drinking water is a critical issue, deserving a scientific approach
and an all-inclusive, proven solution, so process parameters that determine
the sustainable removal efficiency of iron and arsenic in SIR/AAR will
be investigated. As(III) removal pathways on ZVI (as CIM) is still a
knowledge gap. Iron oxidation and associated reactions, such as catalytic
activation of reactive intermediates (e.g. ROS), play a dominant role in
As(III) immobilization. A new approach is the lengthening GFH lifetime
in combination with SIR. Therefore, understanding the Fe/As behaviour
on adsorption media is needed in different anaerobic/oxic conditions as
observed during intermittent operation as during SIR.
Social relevance
The mass poisoning by arsenic contamination illustrates the severe
consequences of chronic arsenic consumption through drinking water, and
this should not be neglected. Contaminated groundwater is the main source
of water for the rural populations. These communities urgently require a
simple and affordable technology to remove arsenic from groundwater for
both drinking and irrigation purposes. This integrated research approach is
a necessity for optimizing the developmental impact, and to provide safe
drinking water to millions. SIR/HAR potentially means a complementary
solution, especially for the poorest.
Literature
▪▪
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2785457
Mob: +31 6 83597560
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
www.subsurfacearsenicremoval.org
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Room 4.41
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Oct 2010
Expected end date: Oct 2014
Key words:
Iron, arsenic, removal,
groundwater, adsorption,
zerovalent iron
Cooperation with other institutes:
Brabant Water
UNICEF Bangladesh
DPHE Bangladesh
Dhaka University
BUET University
VU Amsterdam
Wageningen University
Borges Freitas S. C., van Halem D., Rahman M. M., Verberk J. Q.
J. C., Badruzzaman A. B. M. and van der Meer W. G. J. (2013).
Hand-pump Subsurface Arsenic Removal: the effect of groundwater
conditions and intermittent operation. Water Science & Technology:
Water Supply In Press, Uncorrected Proof© IWA Publishing 2013
73
Individual projects
Diana Brandão
Removal of residual pollutants for reclamation of treated
wastewater (Delft Blue Water)
Research objectives
and inoculated with selenastrum capricornutum, standard
The main objectives of the research are to understand
test organism for algal growth studies, and all essential
the importance of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in
nutrients excluding nitrate. Fig 1 shows chlorophyll-a
treated wastewater and the mechanisms responsible
development during 14 days of algae incubation. Results
for its production or consume in secondary effluents, as
indicate that algae grow in the absence of NO3. Similar
well as to identify effective removal mechanisms for DON
observations have been done by Liu (2012a). Further
compounds.
results will show if the algal growing occuurs with DON
uptake and therefore if DON is bioavailable.
Project outline
Introduction
Tertiary treatment of the HNP WWTP effluent through a
The need for understanding the occurrence and removal of
static bed bioreactor (SBBR) filtration showed increase of
dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is an issue of increasing
DON concentration. Figure 2 shows typical concentrations
importance for the reclamation of treated wastewater.
of feed water and filtrate between two backwashes.
Effluent DON may serve as disinfection by-product
precursors during wastewater disinfection and may also
contribute to eutrophication of receiving surface waters
(Mantas, 2006). In order to use the treated effluent of
the Harnaschpolder (HNP) wastewater treatment plant as
a source for fresh water supply, the total nitrogen (TN)
discharge should not exceed 2.2 mg/L, according to the
Dutch maximum tolerable values (MTR). The current
tertiary treatment at HNP performs full denitrification, but
the presence of organic nitrogen that frequently exceeds
1 mg/L hampers final N concentrations reaching the
required limit. However, it is still not well undestood if
the referred limit should be expressed as total Nitrogen,
Figure 1: Chlorophyll-a during incubation of algae in effluent
without NO3
since is not clear if the organic fraction of TN is a potential
threat for receiving waters. In case that organic nitrogen
Literature has shown that the first hours after a backwash,
is a potential cause for eutrophication, it is necessary to
when the biomass is growing fast and consuming more
investigate processes capable of removing this group of
polymeric substances than producing them, result in DON
compounds. On the other hand, if DON does not present
removal (Liu, 2012b). In the present case, production of
a threat for the final receiving system, this Nitrogen
DON is observed for the whole filtration run. Further batch
fraction should be excluded from the regulations.
tests will be carried out to understand what mechanisms
are behind the production of DON during denitrification.
Approach
Bioavailability tests were carried out to evaluate if the
DON from HNP WWTP effluent is a potential cause for
eutrophication. The variation of DON concentration was
evaluated along with filtration runtime in a static bed
bioreactor (SBBR) filter performing simultaneous nutrient
removal.
Results
Effluent of the HNP WWTP was submitted to NO3 removal
74
Figure 2: DON concentration between 2 backwashes (total
runtime of 10 h)
Diana Brandão
Scientific relevance
Gaining knowledge into removal / production mechanisms of DON
will allow to define optimal operation conditions to minimize DON in
tertiary filters, as well as additional treatment processes suitable for
DON removal.
Social relevance
If it is shown that the organic fraction of total nitrogen is not bioavailable,
extra treatment costs for reuse of water as surface water are avoidable.
If it is shown that such fraction is bioavailable, its minimization in
the final effluent will make possible to satisfy stricter environmental
limits. Besides, a safe reuse will be guaranteed for systems requiring
desinfection.
Literature
▪▪
Liu, H. Z., J. Jeong, et al. (2012a). “Algal Uptake of Hydrophobic and
Hydrophilic Dissolved Organic Nitrogen in Effluent from Biological
Nutrient Removal Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems.”
Environmental Science & Technology 46(2): 713-721.
▪▪
Liu, B., L. Gu, et al. (2012b). “Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON)
profile during backwashing cycle of drinking water biofiltration.”
Science of the Total Environment 414: 508-514.
▪▪
Pehlivanoglu-Mantas, E. & D. L. Sedlak (2006) Wastewater-derived
dissolved organic nitrogen: Analytical methods, characterization,
and effects - A review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science
and Technology, 36, 261-285.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2781585
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Room 4.59
Start date project: Oct 2009
Expected end date: Oct 2013
Key words:
Reclamation, wastewater reuse,
urban effluent, dissolved organic
nitrogen
Cooperation with other institutes:
EVIDES Industriewater; VEOLIA
water; waterboard Delfland
75
Individual projects
Guendalina Bruni
High resolution rainfall data to protect cities against floods
Research objectives
This project aims to use high resolution rainfall data from
radar to enhance urban pluvial flood prediction and water
management within cities.
Project outline
Introduction
Cities’ vulnerability to extreme rainfall is increasing due to
urbanization, increase of imperviousness, implementation
of complex network of infrastructures, and alteration of
Figure 1- Centrum district, Rotterdam, NL
precipitation patterns as an effect of climate change.
More severe and more frequent storms are expected,
Results
having a strong impact in urban catchments, which will
A convective storm event has been selected to test the
become more prone to floods. Because of the short
spatial resolution on Centrm district (Fig.3). Figure 5
duration and rapid variation in intensity especially of
shows outputs in in-sewer water depths at four locations,
summer storms, there is a strong need of both spatial
under four different rainfall resolutions in input, i.e. 100
and temporal high resolution rainfall measurements.
m, 500m, 1000m, and 2000m.
Moreover, urban hydrological modelling requires high
resolution rainfall data to be able to simulate fast runoff
processes and related short response times. This can be
provided by X-band radars. Within the RainGain project,
new generation X-band radar will be used to improve
hydrological modeling. This will lead to a better description
and quantification of pluvial floods in urban areas.
Approach
The research is focused on the adaptation of radar
product for hydrological applications, and afterwards on
the simulation of urban flooding down to the street level.
For this purpose three sewer districts of Rotterdam have
been selected: Spaanse polder, Kralingen and Centrum
(Fig.1). The districts will be modelled by a hydrodynamic
Figure 2-Rainstorm in September 2011 detected by IDRA:
maximum intensity (mm/h) and total volume (mm) over the
Centrum catchment
sewer model (Sobek) coupled with an overland flow
Results show the catchment is sensitive to changes in spatial
module: most likely the 3Di distributed modelling of
resolution: maximum differences in water depths are found
runoff and overland flow will be applied to one or more
at most convective storm cell locations and at upstream
case study areas. The results will be used to improve flood
nodes, where the smoothing effect of resolution coarsening
protection, such as warning systems and optimization of
is strongest and the storage capacity is lower, respectively.
storage capacity and pumping management in the city
Rainfall variability and rainfall peaks decrease with the
of Rotterdam.
spatial resolution (Fig. 3a). Differences in maximum
While waiting the installation of the radar in Rotterdam,
water depth are higher at locations within the center of
data from IDRA, the X-band doppler polarimetric radar
the storm, up to 20 cm (Fig. 5a), while are not significant
installed at the Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric
at the outlet of the catchment. Coarsening the spatial
Research (CESAR), have been used to investigate the
resolution from 500m to 1000m has the strongest impact
sensitivity of the hydrodynamic models to rainfall spatial
in results: 1000m resolution could be considered critical
and temporal resolution.
for this catchment.
76
Guendalina Bruni
Figure 3- Results of in-sewer water depth at four different locations (a to d)
and under four different rainfall resolution in input: 100m, 500m, 1000m and 2000m
Scientific relevance
Current techniques for rainfall observation are unable to measure
and predict rainfall at sufficiently detailed spatial and temporal scales
to match the fast hydrological processes and high spatial variety in
urban areas. Consequently, there is an imminent need to implement
new techniques that can accurately measure and predict rainfall and
resulting pluvial flooding in urban areas.
Social relevance
The availability of fine-scale rainfall and flood data will enable urban
water authorities to adequately cope with peak rainfall and will help
to prevent the severe pluvial flood damage that in the past decades
has been associated with these events. Rainfall radars are the only
measuring devices that provide space-time estimates of rainfall that
can be used for this purpose. This technique has only recently been
developed to become sufficiently detailed to be applicable to the
scale of urban areas. This innovative technique will be brought to
implementation in water management practice.
Literature
▪▪
Berne, A., Delrieu, G, Creutin, J., and Obed, C. (2004). Temporal
and spatial resolution of rainfall measurements required for urban
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2788578
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Feb 2012
Expected end date: Feb 2015
Key words:
Pluvial flood, X band radar rainfall,
drainage system modelling
Cooperation with other institutes:
Imperial College (UK), Ecole des
Ponts ParisTech (FR), KU Leuven
(BE)
hydrology. Journal of Hydrology, 299, 166-179.
▪▪
G. Bruni, J.A.E. ten Veldhuis, T. Otto, and H. Leijnse. Rainfall
resolution from weather radars and their application in urban
drainage modelling. Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 14,
EGU2012-3317, 2012. EGU General Assembly 2012.
▪▪
Emmanuel, I., Leblois, E., Andrieu, H, and Flahaut, B. (2011).
Variabilité spatio-temporelle des précipitations aux échelles de
l’hydrologie urbaine. La Houille Blanche, 4, 31-36.
▪▪
Leijnse, H., Uijlenhoet, R., vd Beek, C.Z., Overeem, A., Otto, T. , Unal,
C.M.H., Dufournet, Y., Russchenberg, H.W.J., Figueras i Ventura, J.,
Klein Baltink, H., and Holleman, I. (2010). Precipitation measurement
at CESAR, the Netherlands. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 11, 6, 13221329.
77
Individual projects
Marco Casola
Biological Advance Oxidation Processes toward
Micropollutant removal
Research objectives
Approach
▪▪
Explore the Aspecific oxidative capacity of different
Groups of bacteria known to possess aspecific Groups of
bacterial groups.
bacteria known to possess aspecific oxidative enzymes
Engineer the proper bacterial community on Activated
were explored:
Carbon Filters.
Ammonia oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) and Methane oxidizing
Follow Biological Activated Carbon pilot plant in
Bacteria (MOB), we want to understand their potential
Leiden.
on the removal of micropollutants. Study the effect of
▪▪
▪▪
biofilm growth on BAC, subsequent manage the growth
Project outline
of AOB and MOB communities on Activated carbon filters
Introduction
The
installed at Leiden north Waste Water treatment plant.
Occurrence
in
drinking
water
sources
of
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP) is
Results
an emerging environmental issue. The development of
Pharmaceutical are still under analysis,
strategies to remove these compounds from wastewater
the qPCR Analysis of 16s total bacterial DNA show the
and drinking water provides a new challenge in
different growth on the different carbons: the non-porous
environmental biotechnology.
have the highest amount of bacteria, followed by the
Microorganisms
from
environmental
sources
like
activated sludge, water infiltration systems, or biofilms
reference carbon, the pasteurized column instead show
a 10x less bacteria present.
on membranes play a key role in the degradation of
the majority of the pollutants. Hence an improved
understanding is required of the relationship of the
microbial community composition and the bacterial
degradation potential.
Table 1: BAC (lab exp.) Different pore size distribution,
different amount of biomass attaching on the carbon,
without any selection for AOB or MOB conditions
C1
C2
C3
C4
Abs+BioD
BioD
Abs+BioD
Abs
(pasteurized)
Figure 1: Values are copies number/ml wet carbon
standard
carbon
Non porous
carbon
Microporus
carbon
standard
carbon
Results
tap water
tap water
tap water
tap water
current analysis it seems that certain compounds are
25 PhAC
25 PhAC
25 PhAC
25 PhAC
better removed by AOB (Fenazon, Sulphamethoxazole,
Hypothesis
synergic
effect
Expected
higher
removal
latest breakthrough
Hypothesis
just
absorption
expected
removal
efficiency
average.
breakthrough
faster the
C1
Hypothesis
maximize
abs.
expected
high
removal
(higher
absorption
surface)
breakthrough fast
then C1
Hypothesis
minimize
Abs
expected
low
removal.
Breakthrough
fastest (no
abs.)
sotalol,
78
The Pharmaceuticals are still under analysis, from the
Lyncomicin,
ifosfamide),
MOB(Lidocaine,
Metoprolol, Cyclofosfamide, trimethoprim) this results still
need a confirmation.
Marco Casola
Table 2: BAC Pilot conditions
AOB
MOB
REF
Past.
Abs+AOB
Abs+Methanotrophs
Abs
Abs+Bio
standard carbon
pre-incubation
with AOB and
NH4
standard carbon
pre-incubation with
methanotrophs and
CH4+CH3OH
standard
carbon
Abiotic weekly
pasteurization.
25 PhAC
25 PhAC
25 PhAC
25 PhAC
Hypothesis
Expected
higher removal
capacity
breakthrough
After REF and
Past. Population
analysis
Hypothesis just
Expected higher
removal capacity
breakthrough After
REF and Past.
Population analysis
Hypothesis
Standard
control
Hypothesis
Fastest
breakthrough
The qPCR population analysis on the columns confirm the selection for
AOB and MOB
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Department Biotechnology
Environmental Biotechnology
Section
Tel.: +31 15 89175
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Figure 2: Values are copies number/ml wet carbon
Scientific relevance
Bacteria play a key role in the removal of organic pollutants, it’s needed
a deeper understanding of their behavior in complex communities,
in order to be able to manage this community to perform effective
Aspecific Biological oxidations in synergy with absorption systems.
Social relevance
The application of biological oxidation processes in synergy with other
methods to remove pharmaceuticals seems to be the most sustainable
Visiting address:
Julianalaan 67
2628BC Delft
Building 5
Room 0.009
Start date project: Nov 2008
Expected end date: Jan 2013
Key words:
BiologicalAOP, AOB, MOB,
micropollutants, microbial
population analysis, biological
activated carbon
Cooperation with other institutes:
Waternet, Norit, HWL, Rjinland
and economical way to remove micropollutants from water systems
79
Individual projects
Petra van Daal-Rombouts
Quality based Real Time Control in wastewater systems
Research objectives
between locations, see figure 2. A more detailed analysis
The main research question of this project is: “Under which
reveals that applying quality measurements in RTC needs
conditions can real time control (RTC) based on the quality of
careful consideration: whether or not discharged volumes
the receiving water be used in wastewater systems?”
are taken into account leads to very different conclusions.
Further research focusses on uncertainties, both in the quality
This question is divided into two sub questions:
measurements and in the discharge volume calculations.
1. Is there added value in applying RTC based
on
increasingly
demanding
strategies
and
implementation levels?
Scientific relevance
Previous research performed by Langeveld (2004) and
2. Can the added value be demonstrated in practice?
Schilperoort (2011) has shown there are possibilities to
decrease the impact of a sewer system and WWTP on the
Project outline
surface water. One very likely means is using RTC. Previous
Introduction
research on RTC in wastewater systems covers e.g. volume
A wastewater system consists of different subsystems: a
based RTC, optimization techniques and theoretical research.
sewer system, a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and
There is a lack of research on quality based RTC, large case
receiving water. These subsystems interact with one another
studies, comparison between theory and practice, and studies
through water quantity and water quality. However, the
on the total wastewater system. The research presented here
influence of the quality of the receiving water on the sewer
aims at filling these gaps and making the knowledge available
system or the WWTP is very limited and indirect. Improvement
for practice.
of the quality of the receiving water could be achieved through
the application of RTC in the wastewater system: using
Social relevance
information from downstream locations to adjust the operation
Social relevance is at the very basis of this project. The
of upstream systems.
proposed RTC is taking the receiving water into account in the
operation of the sewer systems and WWTP. This should result
Approach
in a decrease of the impact of the sewer system and WWTP on
As the research questions imply, the project consists
the receiving water, therefore improving its quality, and thus
of both theoretical and practical elements. The theory
leading to a higher ecological/recreational value.
focuses on determining the added value of applying RTC
in wastewater systems based on quality and impact,
Literature
for which models and measurements from a case study
▪▪
(Weijers (2012)) will be used. The practical element
consists of making an effort to demonstrate the added
Langeveld,
J.
G.
(2004).
Interactions
within
wastewater systems. Analysis. TU Delft.
▪▪
value in real life by implementing the RTC in the case
Schilperoort, R. (2011). Monitoring as a tool for the
assessment of wastewater quality dynamics. TU
study and monitoring the effects.
Delft.
▪▪
Van Daal-Rombouts, P., Schilperoort, R., Langeveld,
Results
J., Clemens, F., (2013). CSO pollution analysis
The RTC under investigation has a need for information on
based on conductivity and turbidity measurements
the water quality at different locations in the wastewater
and implications for application of RTC. Proc. of
system. This information comes from quantity and quality
measurements. In the sewer system of Eindhoven level,
and
conductivity
and
turbidity
(as
surrogate
NOVATECH 2013, 23-27 June 2013, Lyon, France
▪▪
Weijers S.R., De Jonge J., Van Zanten O., Benedetti
quality
L., Langeveld J.G., 2012. KALLISTO : cost effective
measurements) have been performed at different combined
and integrated optimization of the urban wastewater
sewer overflow (CSO) locations. In figure 1 an example of the
system Eindhoven. Water Practice and Technology,
behavior of these parameters is shown. The measurements
7(2).
show distinct differences in the quality of the discharged water
80
Petra van Daal-Rombouts
Figure 1. Example of behavior of conductivity, turbidity and level
measurements during a CSO event
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Mob: +31 6 50909369
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Figure 2. Clear differences in mean conductivity (left) and turbidity
(right) values can be found between CSO locations in one sewer
system
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Jan 2012
Expected end date: Dec 2015
Key words:
Wastewater system, real
time control, water quality,
monitoring, integrated modelling,
optimisation, conceptual models
Cooperation with other institutes:
Witteveen+Bos, Waterboard De
Dommel, INSA de Lyon, Deltares
81
Individual projects
Kaan Dereli
Effect of Sludge Retention Time on the Biological
Performance of Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors Treating
Corn-to-ethanol Thin Stillage with High Lipid Content
Research objectives
wastewaters (Rinzema et al., 1993; Hwu et al., 1998).
The high suspended solids and lipid content of corn-to-
Although granular sludge was found to be more resistant
ethanol thin stillage makes it a promising and challenging
to LCFA inhibition than flocculent sludge due to its lower
substrate for conventional high rate anaerobic treatment.
specific surface area (Hwu et al., 1996), Hwu et al. (1998)
Although the effects of lipids on anaerobic treatment
reported that the sludge flotation threshold concentration
and especially granular sludge bed systems are well
was even lower than the inhibition concentration. Hence,
documented in literature, their impact on the performance
efficient biomass retention is required for the success of
of AnMBR systems has not been investigated so far. The
high rate granular sludge bed reactors for the treatment of
aim of this study is to investigate the influence of SRT on
lipid rich wastewaters. Anaerobic membrane bioreactors
LCFA degradation and removal mechanisms in AnMBRs.
(AnMBRs) have drawn an ever growing scientific interest
The effects of high lipid concentration in corn-to-ethanol
since 2006 (Dereli et al., 2012). In AnMBRs, biomass
stillage on the biological performance of AnMBRs
is retained in the reactor, independent from its settling
operated at different SRTs are presented. Moreover, the
properties, with the aid of membranes. Thus, AnMBRs
importance of LCFA precipitation with divalent cations and
can provide a possible alternative for the treatment of
adsorption on the sludge for LCFA removal and inhibition
lipid rich wastewaters where biomass aggregation cannot
was evaluated.
be ensured and sludge flotation/washout is inevitable.
Project outline
Approach
Introduction
In this project the biological performances of lab-scale
Although lipids are potentially ideal substrates for
AnMBRs (10 L) for the treatment of corn to ethanol thin
anaerobic digestion, with high degradability and methane
stillage were investigated. The reactors were operated at
yield, anaerobic treatment of lipid rich wastewaters is
3 different SRTs such as 20, 30 and 50 days. The specific
often regarded as challenging due to the problems with
methanogenic activity tests were regularly done in order
biomass adsorption, deteriorating sludge retention,
to determine the effect of LCFA accumulation on long
sludge activity and inhibition. LCFAs, lipid hydrolysis
term biological activity of the sludge.
intermediates, exert a surface proportional toxicity to
anaerobic biomass at millimolar concentrations (Hwu and
Social relevance
Lettinga, 1997). They exhibit a similar type of toxicity as
Ethanol production, as a renewable energy source and
surfactants on cell membranes of methanogens, which
fuel additive, form starch based grains such as corn and
can lead to cell lysis (Hwu and Lettinga, 1997; Rinzema
wheat has increased rapidly in recent years to mitigate
et al., 1994). In addition to their bactericidal effect,
green-house gas emissions due to the extensive usage
LCFAs are also known to suppress the sludge activity by
of fossil fuels and to regulate the instabilities in global
adsorbing on to the anaerobic biomass, thereby limiting
fuel supply. However, bio-ethanol manufacturing is a
access to substrate and nutrients. However, the biomass
water and energy intensive process that generates a high
activity can be restored by the degradation of biomass
amount of concentrated wastewater called stillage and
associated LCFA in a prolonged time. The reversibility of
requires a high amount of energy input for downstream
LCFA inhibition indicates that it is largely related to mass
stillage management with centrifuges, evaporators and
transfer limitations than to the loss of metabolic functions
dryers. Therefore its overall environmental benefit is
and cell lysis (Cirne et al., 2007). Aside from suppressing
still questionable and the its environmental impact has
biological activity, LCFAs have also been reported to
to be decreased by finding better and more feasible
impair granule formation (Hawkes et al., 1995) and to
management
cause granular sludge flotation and washout in high
(stillage).
rate granular sludge bed reactors treating lipid rich
82
options
for
the
process
wastewater
Kaan Dereli
Results
The potential of anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) for the
treatment of lipid rich corn-to-ethanol thin stillage was investigated at
three different sludge retention times (SRT), i.e. 20, 30 and 50 days.
The AnMBRs achieved high COD removal efficiencies up to 99% and
reliable effluent quality. Although higher organic loading rates (OLRs)
up to 8.0 kg COD•m-3•d-1 could be applied to the reactors operated at
shorter SRTs, better biological degradation efficiencies, i.e. up to 83%,
was achieved at increased SRTs. Severe long chain fatty acid (LCFA)
inhibition was observed at 50 days SRT, possibly caused by the extensive
dissolution of LCFA in the reactor broth, inhibiting the methanogenic
biomass. Physicochemical mechanisms such as precipitation with
divalent cations and adsorption on the sludge played an important role
in the occurrence of LCFA removal, conversion, and inhibition.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Mob: +31 6 85353796
E-mail: [email protected]
www.wastewater.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
The major drawbacks, i.e. sludge flotation, insufficient granulation,
biomass washout, of granular sludge bed systems when treating high
lipid containing wastewaters, can all be addressed at once by membrane
assisted biomass retention in AnMBRs. However, this study underlines
that although biomass retention is guaranteed by the membrane, the
AnMBR process still suffers from reversible LCFA inhibition, mainly
caused by LCFA adsorption, and requires an appropriate adaptation/
operation strategy to obtain better biodegradation performance for the
Start date project: Nov 2010
Key words:
Anaerobic membrane bioreactor,
industrial wastewater, lipid,
ethanol thin stillage
Cooperation with other institutes:
Biothane Systems International
- Veolia
treatment of lipid rich wastewaters. Operating the reactor at short SRTs
may result in the washout of free and adsorbed LCFA from the reactor,
therefore reducing the effective concentration of LCFA causing inhibition
or transport limitation. However, a significant fraction of LCFA would
remain undegraded, reducing the methane recovery potential which is
important for the feasibility of the process unless another outlet for the
precipitated LCFA (Figure 1) is found. On the other hand, at high SRTs
more LCFA remains in the reactor and this may increase the amount
of LCFA adsorbed on to the biomass and hinder process stability. In
order to sustainably treat all LCFA only very low Lipid/Mass ratios can
be applied.
83
Individual projects
Jojanneke Dirksen
Settlement as a driver for sewer rehabilitation
Research objectives
The study was initiated to search for additional criterions
to make sewer pipe replacement decisions more sensible.
For this, better insight in the sewer system deterioration
processes is required. Currently available information
sources have a large uncertainty and do not provide the
necessary information; therefore, the potential of a new
information source, sewer settlement, will be assessed.
Project outline
Introduction
Throughout Europe, decisions on sewer rehabilitation
and replacement are often based on visual inspection
reports according to the EN 13508-2. The use of visual
Figure 2: Displaced joint and potential location for blockage
sewer inspection as the primary investigation technique,
however, has major drawbacks. Recent research has
Consequently it is to be expected that sewers might
shown that visual sewer inspection data proved to be
fail before the end of the expected design lifetime of
poorly. Therefore, it is very likely that any final decision or
60 years. Monitoring and assessing sewer settlement in
result of a deterioration model based on this data source
areas prone to settlement might be an alternative to the
is only tentatively linked to the actual (future) condition
unreliable visual inspection data.
of the inspected sewer pipe. Consequently, sewer
management based on visual inspection data will likely
Approach
result in ineffective management.
In the fist phase of the study, the settlement rate of
As not managing sewer systems is no option, as
the study area, Amsterdam was analyzed. It was found
deterioration will occur, there is an immediate need for an
that historical data on the vertical position of sewer
alternative source of reliable information to drive sewer
invert levels can be used to accurately estimate the
rehabilitation. In many deltas, land settlement is one of
settlement rate. The settlement rate in the Amsterdam
the local characteristics that significantly influence the
study area ranges from 5-10 mm/year (or 30-60 cm in
vertical position of sewer system elements and therefore
60 years). Consequently, as experienced in practice, it is
the functioning of the system. In Amsterdam e.g., the
to be expected that sewer may fail before the end of the
settlement rate amounts no less than 5-10 mm/year.
expected lifetime of 60 years.
In addition to the position of sewer invert levels, the
position of individual sewer pipes was measured using
a tilt measurement. These measurements gave accurate
results and revealed significant differences in settlement
between sewer pipes also.
Next research phases will focus on the analysis of
settlement induced defects such as displaced and open
joints, ex/infiltration, locations of stagnant water, loss of
storage, fouling of the system and disconnection of sewer
pipes. In this phase, information form inspection videos,
tilt measurements and hydraulic measurements will be
combined. In the final phase the impact of (differential)
Figure 1: Expected settlement during the lifetime of a sewer
of 60 years (in meters) for the sewer system of Amsterdam
84
settlement on hydraulic functioning will be analyzed using
Jojanneke Dirksen
model calculations and data from the Amsterdam municipal call centre,
which contains detailed information on causes and consequences of
sewer dysfunctioning.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Figur 3: Differential settlement of sewer pipes
Social relevance
Sewer system construction on a large scale started in the Netherlands
in the 1950s. Consequently, only few pipes can be found dating back
to earlier decades. Because the lifetime of sewer pipes is thought
to be around 60 years, it is expected that the number of pipes that
need replacement will significantly increase over the next years. In
addition, sewer managers are facing an increasing pressure to reduce
costs. Knowledge of the ground settlement and the relation between
settlement (differences) and sewer system dysfunctioning can help the
sewer manager to predict and act upon these negative influences in an
effective way.
Literature
▪▪
Mob: +31 6 41112779
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Nov 2008
Expected end date: Jun 2013
Key words:
Sewer, asset mangement
Cooperation with other institutes:
Waternet
Dirksen, J., Clemens, F., Korving, H., Cherqui, F., Le Gauffre, P., Ertl,
T., Plihal, H., Muller, K., Snaterse, C., 2011. The consistency of visual
sewer inspection data. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering
(DOI:10.1080/15732479.2010.541265), first published on: 07
february 2011 (iFirst).
▪▪
Dirksen, J., Baars, E.J., Langeveld, J.G., Clemens, F.H.L.R. (2012).
Settlement as a driver for sewer rehabilitation. Water Science and
Technology 66(7) pp 1534-1539.
▪▪
Dirksen, J., Pothof, I.W.M., Langeveld, J.G., Clemens, F.H.L.R.
(subm.). Slope profile measurement of sewer inverts. Automation
in Construction.
▪▪
Dirksen, J., Baars, E.J., Langeveld, J.G., Clemens, F.H.L.R. (acc.).
Quality and use of sewer invert measurements. Structure and
Infrastructure Engineering.
85
Individual projects
Jorge Elias Maxil
Heat modeling in sewer systems
Research objectives
Results
To test a model that combines stochastic model for water
The time between pumping spans and the pump capacity
use prediction, and a model for temperature prediction
(8 L/s) were the parameters used to calculate the flow
inside sewers to quantify available heat
at the pit. An uncertainty test was made to obtain
confidence limits at 95% of our measurements; it was
Project outline
found that taking water level measurements every three
Introduction
seconds produced an uncertainty of ± 0.5 L/s compared
In order to install decentralized installations for heat
to a similar method when the pumping span is read every
reuse in cities, information of flow and temperature at
second. When temperature at the end of the system was
specific spots of a sewer is needed. However, due to the
considered, we found a strong diurnal heat pattern which
difficulty and cost to measure a variety of parameters,
indicates that possibilities to recover heat during night are
it is frequent for designers to use hydrographs and
low in small sewer systems.
other patterns that result from the multiplication of an
average parameters and peak factors (Butler and Davies,
Scientific relevance
2011). In many cases, these peak factors are obtained
The use of a stochastic approach and a mathematical
from measurements in large sewers which do not reflect
model to calculate the flow and temperature decrease
the behavior in small sewers. Our research describes a
in free surface flow will also help to determine other
method to model flow and temperature coming from
characteristics of water quality when temperature plays
intermittent discharges in small sewers by linking a
an important role.
stochastic model for wastewater discharge, a hydraulic,
and a temperature model. In order to test the method, a
Social relevance
monitoring campaign was held in a small sewer system.
The use of this model is aimed to make further studies
on the feasibility to reclaim heat from wastewater inside
Approach
urban zones. This will help to make the urban water cycle
Simulated instantaneous drinking water discharges
more sustainable.
and their initial temperatures for every dwelling were
generated with an stochastic model described by
Literature
Blokker et al. (2010) and later converted into attenuated
▪▪
wastewater
discharge
patterns.
The
BLOKKER, E. J. M., VREEBURG, J. H. G. & VAN DIJK,
intermittent
J. C. 2010. Simulating residential water demand
discharge patterns for every house were the input data to
with a stochastic end-use model. Journal of Water
simulate the wastewater discharge dynamics in the sewer
using the St. Venant equations for one dimensional flow
Resources Planning and Management, 136, 19-26.
▪▪
and unsteady calculation. The temperature change of the
simulated discharges was calculated with a temperature
BUTLER, D. & DAVIES, J. 2011. Urban Drainage,
Spon Press.
▪▪
ELÍAS-MAXIL, A., HOFMAN, J., HOEK, J. P. V. D. &
model adapted from Waneer et al. (2004) for several
RIETVELD, L. C. Submitted. A Bottom-up Approach to
points along the sewer pipe. The flow method was
Estimate Dry Weather Flow in Minor Sewer Networks.
calibrated and validated with water level measurements
In: IWA (ed.) 7th International Conference on Sewer
at the pit where the wastewater is collected (Elías-Maxil
et al., Submitted). The simulation results were compared
Process and Networks. Sheffield, UK.
▪▪
WANEER, O., PANAGIOTIDIS, V. & SIEGRIST, H.
with flow and temperature measurements from a
2004. Wärmeentnahme aus der Kanalisation-Einfluss
small drainage area (two branches, 143 residences) in
auf die Abwassertemperatur (Heat recovery from
Amsterdam where the temperature of the water flowing
sewers: Effect on the wastewater temperature)
along the sewer network was measured with an optic
Korrespondenz Abwasser, 51, 489-495.
fiber cable.
86
Jorge Elias Maxil
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2789086
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Mar 2010
Expected end date: Mar 2014
Key words:
Heat modeling, sewer, waterenergy nexus
Cooperation with other institutes:
Waternet, KWR
87
Individual projects
Mustafa Evren Ersahin
DYNAFIL-Application of Dynamic Membrane Technology in
Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor Systems
Research objectives
Approach
The aim of this study is to investigate the applicability
To investigate the applicability of the DM technology for
of dynamic membranes (DMs) for the treatment of
treatment of concentrated wastewaters, two anaerobic
concentrated
dynamic MBRs (AnDMBRs) (submerged and external
wastewaters
in
anaerobic
membrane
bioreactors (AnMBRs). This indeed was oriented to
configurations) were conducted (Figure 1).
AnMBR using cloth or mesh filtration instead of a ‘real’
membrane. The feasibility of DM technology for the
Results
treatment of concentrated wastewaters at low fluxes
High removal efficiencies comparable to AnMBR systems
was investigated under mesophilic conditions. Besides,
were obtained with AnDMBR technology. This could be
the determination of an optimal support material and
accomplished by formation of a porous and compressible
investigations about its structure were achieved by
cake layer on the support material surface. Support
testing various types of support materials.
material properties are critical for the formation of an
effective cake layer over the filter surface in DM filtration
Project outline
technology. The results of the short and the more long-
Introduction
term experimental studies indicated that staple filter
Granule and biofilm formation represents the traditional
cloth is more suitable for depth filtration, whereas, mono-
way to achieve the necessary biomass retention in high
monofilament filter is more suitable for cake filtration
rate anaerobic systems, enabling bioreactors operation at
(Ersahin et al., 2013). Therefore, mono-monofilament
high biomass concentrations. However, several conditions
filter is considered more appropriate for DM filtration
have been identified where biofilm and granule formation
systems.
does not proceed well, such as high salinity and high
temperatures. The AnMBRs physically ensure biomass
Scientific relevance
retention by the application of membrane filtration
One of the most important potential benefits of DM
processes. Combination of membrane and anaerobic
technology is that the membrane itself may be no longer
processes has received much attention and become
necessary, since solids rejection will be accomplished by
more attractive and feasible, due to their advantages
the secondary membrane layer. Repeated processes of
with regard to developments for sustainable wastewater
formation and removal of DM physically may slow down
treatment. The major drawbacks of MBR technology are
the loss of membrane permeability. The development
related with membrane costs, especially for the full scale
of an optimal support material and investigations about
applications, fouling and low flux. DM technology may be
its structure were achieved by applying various types
a promising approach to resolve problems encountered in
of membranes and support materials. In addition, the
MBR processes (Kiso et al., 2000; Fan and Huang, 2002).
influence of foulants on DM formation, which is the major
DM, which is also called secondary membrane, is formed
drawback of MBR technology, was investigated.
on an underlying support material when the filter solution
contains suspended solid particles such as microbial flocs
Social Relevance
(Ersahin et al., 2012). Formation of this cake layer can
Low-cost and different kind of materials can be used
determine rejection properties of the system, since the
as the filter media for creating DM. As an alternative to
deposited layer can act as a “secondary” membrane prior
microfiltration or ultrafiltration membranes, polypropylene
the “real” filter.
monofilament filter cloth was used as support material
to form a DM (cake) layer and to provide high quality
filtration by this self-forming layer. By decreasing cost and
generating energy, ADMBRs will receive much attention,
due to their advantages with regard to developments for
sustainable waste(water) treatment.
88
Mustafa Evren Ersahin
Submerged AnDMBR
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2789086
E-mail: [email protected] /
[email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
External AnDMBR
Figure 1. Experimental Set-ups
Literature
▪▪
Ersahin, M.E., Ozgun, H., Dereli, R.K., Ozturk, I., Roest, K., van Lier,
J.B., 2012. A review on dynamic membrane filtration: materials,
applications and future perspectives, Bioresource Technology, 122,
196-206.
▪▪
Ersahin, M.E., Ozgun, H., van Lier, J.B., 2013. Effect of support
material properties on dynamic membrane filtration performance,
Separation Science and Technology, 48(15), 2263-2269.
▪▪
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Nov 2010
Expected end date: Nov 2014
Key words:
Anaerobic membrane bioreactor,
dynamic membrane, cake
filtration
Cooperation with other institutes:
KWR, STOWA, Waterschap
Brabantse Delta, Waternet,
Logisticon Water Treatment, Bert
Daamen
Fan, B., Huang, X., 2002. Characteristics of a self-forming dynamic
membrane coupled with a bioreactor for municipal wastewater
treatment, Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 5245-5251.
▪▪
Kiso, Y., Jung, Y.J., Ichinari, T., Park, M., Kitao, T., Nishimura, K., Min,
K.S., 2000. Wastewater treatment performance of a filtration bioreactor equipped with a mesh as a filter material, Water Research,
34 (17), 4143-4150.
89
Individual projects
Astrid Fischer
Decision Support System for controlling emerging
substances in the water-cycle
Research objectives
Level 1 – Present, will be mapping the present situation.
The aim of the project is to build, validate and demonstrate
This will be done by gathering as detailed as possible
a Decision Support System (DSS) that will help actors
information of the concentration of relevant compounds
within the water-cycle to make informed decisions on
in the surface waters of the case investigated. When an
how to control emerging substances in the water-cycle
overview of the chemical profile of the water is acquired,
the most cost-effective and efficient way.
and a post-treatment profile will be made based on the
water treatment technologies currently in place by the
Project outline
organisation of decision-maker. Finally a toxicological
Introduction
evaluation is made based on the TTC (Threshold of
Emerging substances in surface water are increasingly
Toxicological Concern) concept when the toxicological
giving concern to the public, regulators and users of
knowledge of the substance is limited (Mons et al. 2013).
this water as a drinking water source (Houtman 2010).
When the toxicity of the compound is well known a
However legislation both on a national and international
provisional drinking water guideline will be used (Schriks
level is often running behind especially in the case of
et al. 2010). To assess the effect on the environment the
emerging substances, due to complex decision structures
thought is to develop a TTC like approach if possible.
and the need for indisputable scientific evidence. Water
authorities and water companies struggle with the
Level 2 – Solutions, here will be assessed which solutions
question where and how to combat these substances
are available and applicable to the decision-maker based
in the water cycle. As a part of the EU Interreg project
on the outcomes of level 1. This will be evaluated within
TAPES (Transnational Action Programme on Emerging
the categories additional drinking water treatment,
Substances) a novel Decision Support System (DSS) is
additional wastewater treatment and other types of
being developed to facilitate decision makers within the
mitigation methods. This will be done by literature review
water cycle with the complex task of deciding on the most
combined with interpretation of data gathered from pilot
cost-effective and efficient strategies to control emerging
studies carried out as part of the TAPES project which
substances within their segment of the water cycle.
should give information on novel and conventional
treatments such as membrane filtration (nanofiltration),
Approach
adsorption, ion exchange, hybrid systems and activated
The DSS will be operating on three levels, the idea being
carbon.
that level 1 can be used separately or in combination with
level 2 or 3 based on what decisions to be made (Figure 1).
Level 3 – Future, will be simulating various future
developments based on consumption, hydrological and/
or legislative scenarios and statistics. In this way, the
current situation mapped in level 1 can be adjusted
to future scenarios for decisions related to long term
effects.
Information
on
consumption
patterns
of
relevant compounds will be based on literature review
and demographics, production and other information
as done by (van der Aa et al. 2011) with regards to
pharmaceuticals. Statistical models will be used for
relevant compounds where more monitoring data is
available. Hydrological models should be used to predict
effects (from phenomenon’s such as climate change)
on relevant rivers and future concentrations of relevant
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the Decision Support System.
90
substances. Through analysis of current and pending
Astrid Fischer
legislation and policies a prediction could be made of which types
of compounds would be favoured by the industry in the future and
incorporated in the DSS model.
Social relevance
When such a DSS is completely developed and working adequately it
will lead to more informed decision-making throughout the whole water
cycle and a more effective and uniform way of managing emerging
substances in the water cycle.
Literature
▪▪
Houtman C.J. (2010) Emerging contaminants in surface waters and
their relevance for the production of drinking water in Europe. J.
Integr. Environ. Sci. 7(4), 271-295.
▪▪
Mons M.N., Heringa M.B., van Genderen J., Puijker L.M., Brand W.,
van Leeuwen C.J., Stoks P., van der Hoek J.P. and van der Kooij
D. (2013) Use of the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC)
approach for deriving target values for drinking water contaminants.
Water Res. 47(4), 1666-1678.
▪▪
Schriks M., Heringa M.B., van der Kooi M.M., de Voogt P. and van
Wezel A.P. (2010) Toxicological relevance of emerging contaminants
for drinking water quality. Water Res. 44(2), 461-476.
▪▪
van der Aa N.G., Kommer G.J., van Montfoort J.E. and Versteegh
J.F. (2011) Demographic projections of future pharmaceutical
consumption in the Netherlands. Water Sci. Technol. 63(4), 825831.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Mob: +31 6 30132113
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Jan 2013
Expected end date: Jan 2018
Key words:
Emerging substances, mittigation,
water cycle
Cooperation with other institutes:
KWR, TZW, VITO, De Watergroep,
Cranfield University, Watershap
De Dommel, Erftverband,
Waternet, FHNW
91
Individual projects
Dara Ghasimi
Anaerobic digestion (AD) of fine sieved fraction under both
mesophilic and thermophilic conditions
Research objectives
3. Determination of the BMP of FSF for mesophilic and
1. To investigate the biomethane potential of the
thermophilic conditions using automated methane
fine sieved fraction (FSF) from a raw concentrated
potentials test system (AMPTS, [2]), according to the
wastewater and find the best technically and
IWA anaerobic biodegradation, activity and inhibition
economically feasible option for its biomethanation.
2. To explore and tackle possible inhibitors involving in
mesophilic and thermophilic conditions.
task group (ABAI-TG) protocol for batch assays [3],
4. Lab scale experiment of the FSF digestion at both
mesophilic and thermophilic conditions in four batch
fed laboratory STRs with a working volume of 8 liters
Project outline
at different dry solids (DS) and organic loading rate
Introduction
(OLR).
Cellulose makes up about 30-50% of the suspended
solids in the sewage of western countries. It mainly
originates from the use of toilet paper which is estimated
to be 10-14 kg per year per average person [1]. Treating
this cellulosic waste aerobically adds significant costs to
sewage treatment due to the energy input for aerobic
degradation and incineration costs of the undegraded
fibres that end up in wet waste sludge. In order to
remove these particles efficiently from the raw sewage,
Waternet (The Netherlands) has established a fine sieve
(≈350µm) at the WWTP in Blaricum.
It was found that the cellulose content of the FSF is
approximately 80% per gram total solids and 85% per
Figure 1. Collection of FSF from the very beginning point
(sewage) to the final point (CH4)
gram volatile solids [1] while the cellulose fraction of
primary sludge only reaches a maximum of 30% cellulose.
Results
This FSF is considered to be suitable for dry digestion,
During the first days, after batch feeding of FSF, acetate
maximizing energy generation to contribute to the aim of
accumulation (about 2.5 grams) was observed in the
reaching an energy neutral wastewater treatment, being
thermophilic reactor, as well as a slow increase in the
part of the umbrella program Energy Factory of the Dutch
biogas production rate, which commenced about 1 day
Waterboards.
after the batch feeding. In contrast, in the mesophilic
reactor, a rapid increase in biogas production was
In our present study FSF is anaerobically degraded under
observed immediately after the batch feeding was started,
both mesophilic and thermophilic conditions in 2 batch-
followed by a small drop and subsequent rapid increase.
fed stirred tank reactors (STR). Biomethane potential
From these batch tests, it was concluded that hydrolysis
test (BMP), COD removal, and VFAs accumulation were
was the rate limiting process in the mesophilic reactor,
followed during sequenced batches in order to get insight
whereas in the thermophilic digester methanogenesis
in the biodegradability of FSF and possible inhibition of
seems to be rate limiting. Maximum biogas production
intermediate compounds during (dry) digestion.
occurred at day 2.20 and 2.76 with almost 1600 ml/
hr under both mesophilic and thermophilic conditions,
Approach
respectively, which shows a delay of 12 hours for the
1. Characterization of the FSF and cellulose lean waste,
thermophilic reactor. This experiment was repeated
2. Mesophilic and thermophilic sludge inoculation in
several times, showing the same behaviour in each batch
STR reactors,
92
feeding.
Dara Ghasimi
The mesophilic inoculum originated from a sewer treatment plant (STP)
and was considered to be more adapted than the thermophilic inoculum
that was obtained from a solid organic waste digester. Table 1 presents
the achieved BMP, COD removal and hydrolysis constant(Kh) for both
mesophilic and thermophilic digestion of the FSF. It was found that
there is no significant difference between mesophilic and thermophilic
BMP of the FSF, indicating that a temperature increase does not lead to
more conversion..
Table 1. Obtained. BMP, CODrem, and Kh of the FSF digestion
FSM
Mesophilic
Thermophilic
BMP [ml CH4/gVSadded]
330 ± 4
331 ± 6
CODrem [%]
70 ± 10
66 ± 9
Kh [d-1]
0.37 ± 0.02
0.16 ± 0.04
From literature it was found that thermophilic digestion have faster
metabolic rates and consequently bigger hydrolysis constant [4],
however before adaptation the opposite was found. Therefore, the
test was repeated with adapted thermophilic inoculum which resulted
in higher hydrolysis constant compared to the mesophilic batch tests
(0.49 ± 0.07), as expected.
Scientific relevance
Municipal sewage treatment is a net energy consuming process as it
principally uses aerobic treatment process which utilizes about 1 kWh
of electrical energy (only for aeration purpose) per every kg of COD
removed. However, if anaerobic technology is applied, not only a huge
fraction of energy can be recovered but it also leads to achieve efficient
removal of high COD and combined heat and power generation (CHP).
Social relevance
Decreased energy use for sewage treatment, due to avoided aeration,
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Mob: +31 6 16694522
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Jun 2011
Expected end date: Jun 2015
Key words:
Anaerobic digestion, FSF,
BMP,mesophilic, thermophilic
Cooperation with other institutes:
Waternet
could also decrease green house gas emissions. Furthermore, anaerobic
treatment of the FSF fraction reduces the overall sludge production
(expensive to process) and produces biogas that could be used locally
or fed to the grid.
Literature
1. Ruiken, C et al. (2010). Influent fijnzeven in RWZI’s, Stowa rapport.
2. http://www.bioprocesscontrol.com, accessed on 14 January 2011
3. Angelidaki, I et al. (2009). Defining the biomethane potential (BMP)
of solid organic wastes and energy crops: a proposed protocol for
batch assays, Water Science & Technology-WST 59.5.
4. van Lier, J. B. (1995). Thermophilic Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment;
Temperature Aspects and Process Stability. Landbouwuniversiteit te
Wageningen.
93
Individual projects
Marieke de Goede
Broadening and renewal of the Dutch drinking water
benchmark
Research objectives
grew between 2000 and 2008, currently the growth
This study is initiated to broaden and renew the Dutch
drinking water benchmark. The benchmark can be
stopped, as can be seen in Figure 1.
▪▪
Variations in performances between drinking water
broadened by adding new subjects to it. The idea is that
supply organizations have decreased. Because of
adding new subjects will push organizations to learn and
small variation, there is less differentiation between
improve on these subjects leading to improvement of the
good and bad performance. This makes the impact
drinking water supply sector.
and learning effect of the benchmark smaller (van
Helden and Brouwer 2005).
Project outline
▪▪
Introduction
Participating in the benchmark became mandatory
in 2012. When performance measurements become
for
mandatory the chances of undesired effects (i.e.
performance comparison. In the drinking water sector it
strategic behavior) increase. The measures become
serves two goals. On the one hand improvement of the
targets and as Goodhart’s law explains: ‘When a
performances of the water supply companies and on the
measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good
Benchmarking
is
a
management
instrument
other hand it is a form of accountability for the sector (ILT
2012). The drinking water benchmark is first executed
measure’.
▪▪
The Dutch drinking water benchmark only has
over the year 1997. Since then, the productivity of the
attention for the short term, and does not focus on
drinking water supply sector has significantly improved
long term plans of organizations.
(Dumaij and van Heezik 2012).
Approach
First an evaluation of the current drinking water
benchmark is executed to identify aspects that can be
improved. This evaluation is performed by literature
research and interviews with the Dutch drinking
water companies. Based on the identified aspects are
improvement, a research plan for the coming years is
designed.
Results
The identified aspects for improvement are:
▪▪
The current drinking water benchmark has two goals:
improvement and justification. If a benchmark serves
Figure 1: Productivity index numbers of drinking water
supply organizations, with 1985 as reference year (Dumaij
and van Heezik 2012)
two goals, organizations can become too focused on
▪▪
showing that there level of performance is sufficient
Further research plan
that the improvement objective is under pressure (de
A new voluntary benchmark will be designed, focused on
Bruijn 2002).
future orientation of the organizations. Future orientation
Benchmarking can slow down innovation: innovation
consists of the following subjects: risk management, asset
means
management, innovation, water cycle and sustainability.
exploring
of
the
unknown.
Innovation
increases the risk that the results are lower than
▪▪
94
expected. Benchmarking rewards reproduction of the
The new benchmark will only have one goal: improvement
known.
of the sector. It has no mandatory character which means
The learning effect from the Dutch drinking water
that strategic behavior will decrease. The new subjects
benchmark seems to be decreased. While productivity
again have variation, which increases the impact of the
Marieke de Goede
benchmark. Innovation will be stimulated by having separate attention
for it. The new benchmark should in the end lead to an improvement of
the drinking water sector.
Benchmarking focuses on what is measurable and quantifiable.
Therefore, the focus of the next step of this research is to translate the
new subjects into performance indicators.
Social relevance
Improvement of the Dutch drinking water benchmark should lead to
improvement of the drinking water supply sector. Introducing the new
subjects in the benchmark will lead to a situation where drinking water
organizations are learning from each other again. This is expected to
improve their performance on the new subjects. Good performance on
these subjects is expected to improve the overall performance of these
organizations.
Literature
▪▪
de Bruijn, H. (2002). Managing Performance in the Public Sector.
London, Routledge.
▪▪
Dumaij, A. C. M. and A. A. S. van Heezik (2012). Productiviteitstrends
in de drinkwatersector - Een empirisch onderzoek naar het effect
van regulering op de productiviteitsontwikkeling tussen 1985 en
2010. Delft, TU Delft.
▪▪
ILT (2012). Protocol prestatievergelijking drinkwaterbedrijven
2012. Den Haag, Inspectie Leefomgevinng en Transport.
▪▪
van Helden, J. and N. Brouwer (2005). “Benchmarking en
prestatieverbetering in de publieke sector - Ervaringen met de
bedrijfsvergelijking zuiveringsbeheer.” Maandblad voor accountancy
en bedrijfseconomie(6): 9.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Mob: +31 6 46212927
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Feb 2013
Expected end date: Feb 2017
Key words:
Drinking water benchmark,
risk management, assets
management, innovation,
sustainability, water cycle
Cooperation with other institutes:
VEWIN
95
Individual projects
Anke Grefte
Behavior and removal of natural organic matter (NOM) in
treatment processes
Research objectives
treatment lane (IEX positioned before coagulation,
The objective of this research is to understand the
before ozonation or after slow sand filtration) and two
behaviour of different natural organic matter (NOM)
IEX configurations (MIEX and fluidized IEX (FIX)) were
fractions in drinking water treatment processes and to
compared on water quality as well as costs. For this
improve the drinking water quality at the consumers tap
purpose the pre-treatment plant at Loenderveen and
by extending the treatment with an ion exchange process.
production plant Weesperkarspel of Waternet were
Removing NOM before the existing treatment train will
used as a case study. The effect of NOM removal by
have a positive effect on following treatment steps,
ion exchange on the biological stability of the produced
leading to cost effective alternative treatment strategies.
drinking water has been researched and an optimization
Also the biofilm formation in the distribution network will
between ion exchange and ozonation has been made.
be limited by NOM removal with ion exchange.
NOM characterization by Liquid chromatography with
organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) has been evaluated
Project outline
and used for modeling NOM fraction removal by IEX.
Introduction
Natural
organic
matter
(NOM)
presents
several
Results
challenges for drinking water production. For example,
Pilot experiments were performed at the pilot plant of
it was found to cause increased coagulant, chlorine and
Weesperkarspel. The lanes consisted of ozonation,
ozone demands, and short runtimes of granular activated
softening, biological activated carbon filtration and slow
carbon filters. The presence of natural organic matter
sand filtration. Both, MIEX and FIX (Figure 1) were able
(NOM) can cause problems in the treatment, as well as in
to remove NOM (mainly the HS fraction) to a high extent.
the distribution of drinking water. NOM can be a source
NOM removal can be done efficiently before ozonation and
for regrowth in the distribution system, thus decreasing
after slow sand filtration. The biological stability, in terms
the biological stability of the drinking water. To improve
of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) (Figure 2), biofilm
the water quality at the consumer’s tap, NOM should be
formation rate and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), was
(partly) removed during drinking water treatment.
improved by incorporating IEX for NOM removal. IEX
positioned before ozonation was most cost effective and
Approach
improved the biological stability of the treated water.
The main part of NOM, is negatively charged; therefore
The reaction of ozone with NOM has been researched for
these can be efficiently removed by anionic ion exchange
three water qualities with different DOC concentrations
(IEX). Different placement positions of IEX in the
and NOM compositions, obtained after several stages
of an anion exchange process. It was shown that for
Figure 1: Ion exchange column at pilot plant Weesperkarspel
96
Figure 2: Average AOC values after each treatment step
Anke Grefte
the same ozone dosage per DOC, the ozone demand was higher, less
bromate was formed and a lower disinfection capacity was reached for
water containing mainly humic substances, than for water where the
humic substances were partly removed. It can be concluded that NOM
composition, specifically the humic substances, influences the ozone
demand, disinfection capacity and bromate formation.
NOM fractionation by LC-OCD provides insight into changes of NOM
composition due to water treatment. Reliable concentrations of low
molecular weight (LMW) acids were calculated when correction for
LMW-humics (HS) was not used. Not correcting for LMW-HS made it
possible to research the effect of treatment steps on the LMW-acids
concentration and it was found that AOC corresponds to a combination
of fractions, which is water type specific.
Scientific relevance
NOM is, more or less, removed by the existing drinking water treatment
and affects the effectiveness of certain treatment processes. NOM
is presently seen as a composite parameter and the removal and
conversion of specific NOM fractions has not received much attention.
By modeling the behavior of different NOM fractions in the treatment
process, insight can be obtained in the behavior of NOM in the treatment
under changing circumstances and the effects on the treatment
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2787894
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
be studied, also the consequence for environment and costs.
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2628 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Social relevance
Start date project: Jan 2006
Expected end date: Nov 2013
effectiveness. By performing the removal of different NOM fractions on
different locations in the treatment the effect on the water quality can
As the research is executed in co-operation with water companies,
the results of the research will directly be implemented in practice. By
improved drinking water treatment and avoiding deterioration of the
water quality during distribution, in combination with the distribution
processes, the excellent Dutch drinking water quality will be safeguarded
for the future.
Key words:
Drinking water quality, advanced
treatment, NOM, biological
stability
Cooperation with other institutes:
Waternet, KWR, Vitens, UnescoIHE
Literature
▪▪
Grefte, A, Ross, P.S., Dignum, M., Cornelissen, E.R. and Rietveld, L.C.
(2013). The influence of the removal of specific NOM compounds
by anion exchange on ozone demand, disinfection capacity, and
bromate formation. Ozone: Science and Engineering, 35(4):283-294
▪▪
Grefte, A., Dignum, M., Cornelissen, E.R. and Rietveld, L.C. (2013).
Natural organic matter removal by ion exchange at different
positions in the drinking water treatment lane. Drinking Water
Engineering and Science, 6(1):1-10
▪▪
Grefte, A., Dignum, M., Baghoth, S., Cornelissen, E., and Rietveld,
L. (2011). Improving the biological stability of drinking water
by ion exchange. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply,
11(1):107–112.
97
Individual projects
Juan Pablo Gutierrez
Heavy Metal Removal from Highly Turbid Water
Research objectives
The riverbank filtration has demonstrated to be a
The general goal is to determine the heavy metals removal
suitable system for treating high turbidity waters
through the porous media under different conditions of
(Thakur and Ojha, 2010). However, very few studies
turbidity-sediments load. The specific objectives are to:
have demonstrated the ability of riverbank filtration to
▪▪
Determine the clogging behaviour through the
remove heavy metals. Sontheimer (1980) reported heavy
porous media.
metal removals ranging from 0 to 94%. The objective of
Determine Hg, Pb, Cd and As removal through porous
this study was to investigate the capacity of riverbank
media before and after clogging.
filtration systems for the removal of heavy metals in
▪▪
highly turbid waters. This was studied using infiltration
Project outline
column experiments with synthetic river water, supported
Introduction
by batch experiments to determine the heavy metals
Cauca River and Palo River (tributary of Cauca River)
isotherms of turbidity causing compounds for Cauca and
are characterized for turbidity values up to 10000 NTU
Palo Rivers cases.
(Torres et al., 2010) during rainy events causing the water
treatment plants to be stopped for several hours until
Approach
the turbid events are over. Progressive deterioration of
Infiltration column and batch experiments were carried out
surface water is mainly caused by the fast urbanization,
based on the turbidity causing compounds found in Cauca
in combination with the lack of integration between water
River and the riverbed-alluvial formation constituting the
management and spatial planning, inappropriate land
soil profile at Puerto Mallarino water treatment intake, and
use, poor protection of the river basins, discharges from
were considered the heavy metal conditions of raw Cauca
domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants,
River before arriving to the mentioned water treatment
landfills, mining, deforestation processes and improper
plant. The experiments were conducted at the Stevin III
management (IAvH et al., 2011). Almost, in the 44%
Laboratory for Fluid Mechanics water laboratory at the
of Colombian municipalities is developed the small and
faculty of Civil Engineering at Delft University of Technology.
medium-scale mining, depending on it around 5 million
inhabitants (Defensoría del Pueblo, 2010). In many
During laboratory-scale studies were used the two (2)
cases mercury amalgamation is the only gold recovery
cylindrical plexi-glass infiltration columns packed with a
technology available to artisanal miners. This applies
homogeneous sandy soil emulating the entrance of river
to the average artisanal miner, who is poor. The miner
water to the alluvial aquifer. The columns were equipped with
needs to sell their gold on a daily or weekly basis in order
piezometers for the monitoring of hydraulic conductivity-
to buy food and clothing and pay for medical treatment
clogging of the porous media and sampling ports. The
and their children’s education (Fairtrade Foundation and
influent water quality was designed to roughly simulate the
Alliance for Responsible Mining, 2011). In addition it is
Cauca and Palo River conditions in terms of turbidity.
known that landfills and industrial activities are dumping
of heavy metals into river streams, contaminating the
Adsorption isotherms were used to model the equilibrium
water and making its way to human consumption can be
adsorption of lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic on
harmful to the human being. In the Cauca River heavy
turbidity-causing suspended sediments, as found in
metals has been measured in concentrations exceeding
Cauca and Palo Rivers.
the limits allowed by Colombian regulations (decree
1594/1984) regarding to human consumption and even
Results
liquid discharges into water bodies (Universidad del Valle
The infiltration column experiments and batch adsorption
and UNESCO-IHE, 2010).
experiments have confirmed the potentiality of riverbank
filtration systems to remove heavy metals from highly
turbid waters, such as the Cauca and Palo River in
Colombia.
98
Juan Pablo Gutierrez
The adsorption capacity of coarse sand, as found in bank systems, was
found to be following descending order: Pb+2 (46.61 µg/g) > Hg+2
(21.93 µg/g) > As+5 (2.78 µg/g) > Cd+2 (1.38 µg/g) (Figure 1).
Turbidity-causing components in the water, showed the sequence clay
> fine sand > silt for Hg and Pb sorption, whereas As and Cd are not
sorbed with any adsorbent evaluated (Figure 2).
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Figure 1. Heavy metals isotherms for very coarse sand
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Oct 2011
Expected end date: Apr 2015
Key words:
Riverbank Filtration, Clogging,
Turbidity Peaks
Cooperation with other institutes:
Cinara Institute / Universidad del
Valle
Figure 2. Heavy metals isotherms related to inorganic materials
composing turbidity in Cauca and Palo Rivers: (a) Hg, (b) Pb, (c) As
and (d) Cd
Cake clogging was the dominant mechanism occurring at both simulated
turbidities, assuring a combined Hg and Pb removal and a reduction in
As and Cd concentrations during riverbank filtration. Dominant clogging
mechanism, cake clogging, is positive for the application in riverbank
systems, as the self-cleaning capacity of the riverbed will prevent
irreversible deep filtration.
99
Individual projects
Amir Haidari
One step membrane filtration
Research objectives
▪▪
One Step Membrane Filtration project is aimed to find a
cheap, applicable method of running the reverse osmosis
(RO) installation without any (chemical) pretreatment and
rotational lines (Figure 1).
▪▪
minimum replacement of elements when surfaces water
is fed water to the elements. Determining the hydraulic
By introducing the feed spacer to the flow cell, the
flow pattern changed from parallel lines to irregular
These irregular rotational stream lines cause mixing
of flow.
▪▪
Most of the water flows over the thinnest part of the
role of different parts in the spiral-wound elements,
filaments, which is generally between the two nodes.
which are applied in most of the current installations, by
Since, the resistance of the filaments is lowest at
using advanced visualization method such as Particle
these points.
Image Velocimetry is an important step toward One Step
Membrane Filtration.
Project outline
Introduction
A major cost of current RO installations belongs to
pretreatment, especially when surface water is used
as feed water. Although, the RO elements can reject
Figure 1: The vector velocity fields of flow cell in present of
28 mil feed spacer (left) and absence of feed spacer (right)
all types of harmful substances from surface water, the
pretreatment steps are applied to prevent rapid fouling and
By increasing the flow velocity inside a cell contained a feed
consequently, frequent replacement of these elements.
spacer of 28mil, the followings are observed:
Fouling, as an inevitable event in membrane filtration,
▪▪
The pressure drop over the flow cell increased.
occurs much faster and with much worse symptoms
▪▪
The rotation of vortices became more evident
in the absence of pretreatment or in so-called “One
compare to the low-velocity conditions indicating the
Step Membrane Filtration” (OSMF). To prevent frequent
replacement of elements, a profound understanding of
creation of more powerful vortices.
▪▪
the membrane filtration with all its actors and reciprocated
The more powerful vortices are shifted towards
the filaments of the spacer, especially toward
interaction between these actors is required.
downstream of filaments.
Comparing the results of application of feed spacer with
Approach
different thickness, but the exact same configurations showed
Among others, understanding the hydraulic role of the feed
that:
spacer is a key parameter to less fouling in spiral-wound
▪▪
elements. Most of the former studies substantiate the
increase of pressure drop in the feed channel by application
▪▪
of feed spacers for enhancement of mass transfer.
The interference of streamlines feeding the top and
bottom membrane envelope decreases by increasing
Visualization methods, such as Particle Image Velocimetry
(PIV), are rarely applied for determining the hydraulic role
Thicker feed spacers cause lower pressure drop than
thinner ones.
the feed spacer thickness.
▪▪
The velocity in stagnant regions is minimum, which
of feed spacers. In this study, PIV is used to compare
creates proper places for settling of the particles.
different configurations of feed spacers.
Microorganisms could use these particles as the food
for their growth and expanding their population.
Results: clean water
Consequently, stagnant places of feed spacers are
When a flow cell filled with a feed spacer of 28 mil thick (each
mil is about 25.4 µm) compared to a flow cell without the
the places that biofouling initiates.
▪▪
Channeling is a consequence of development of
feed spacers in laminar flow the followings were observed:
accumulated materials and bacteria from stagnant
▪▪
The cell contained the feed spacer had a higher pressure
regions toward the free spaces between these
differences than the cell filled with the membrane only.
filaments.
100
Amir Haidari
Scientific relevance
Former studies in which Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) modules are
used, made lots of assumptions to get their results. Making of assumptions is
reduced in this study to its minimum.
This study will elucidate the hydraulic role of different parameters for
designing of an optimal feed spacer. Using an optimal feed spacer can reduce
the fouling during the operation and cleaning of RO modules.
Social relevance
OSMF reduces the cost of membrane treatment, by saving energy and
chemicals. Waste stream discharge of pretreatment, which is an environment
hazardous in current installations, will eliminate by application of OSMF. OSMF
will encourage the application of decentralized treatment plant, which could
be controlled from a central controlling unit. The latter will reduce transport
lines of production to customer and consequently, lower the costs. A smart
separation system will provide a high quality of water for the instruments
that work with water and heat, such as dishwasher, to prevent scaling and
a good-quality water for daily consumption of inhibitors based on the health
regulations.
Literature
▪▪
W.G.J.van der Meer, Membraanfiltratie presteren onder druk. 27-3-2008.
Ref Type: Hearing
▪▪
M. Gimmelshtein and R. Semiat, Investigation of flow next to membrane
walls, Journal of Membrane Science, 264 (2005) 137-150.
▪▪
P. Willems, N.G. Deen, A.J.B. Kemperman, R.G.H. Lammertink, M.
Wessling, M. van Sint Annaland, J.A.M. Kuipers, and W.G.J. van der Meer,
Use of Particle Imaging Velocimetry to measure liquid velocity profiles
in liquid and liquid/gas flows through spacer filled channels, Journal of
Membrane Science, 362 (2010) 143-153.
▪▪
A.P.S. Yeo, A.W.K. Law, and A.G. Fane, Factors affecting the performance
of a submerged hollow fiber bundle, Journal of Membrane Science, 280
(2006) 969-982.
▪▪
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Mob:+31 6 34383171
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Nov 2011
Expected end date: Nov 2015
Key words:
Membrane, PIV, Hydraulics, Feed
spacers
Cooperation with other institutes:
Vitens Water Company
W.G.J. van der Meer, M. Riemersma, and J.C. van Dijk, Only two
membrane modules per pressure vessel? Hydraulic optimization of spiralwound membrane filtration plants, Desalination, 119 (1998) 57-IN7.
▪▪
W.G.J. van der Meer and J.C. van Dijk, Theoretical optimization of spiralwound and capillary nanofiltration modules, Desalination, 113 (1997)
129-146.
101
Individual projects
Alexander Hendriks
High-rate VFA production from industrial waste using the
granular sludge process
Research objectives
Results
For the production of bioplastics, polyhydroxyalkanoate
The project aims on elucidating typical process engineering
(PHA) can be used as raw material. For efficient PHA
related aspects of the process like the impact of solids
production, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are needed, which
retention time, and operational variables like temperature and
can be obtained through anaerobic fermentation using low-
pH. Experiments will be conducted with specific substrates
grade wastewater. Using granular sludge technology for the
and mixtures of substrates (artificial wastewater). Also the
fermentation process could enhance conversion efficiencies,
influence of (un)degradable solids on the granule formation
reduce reactor size and will lead to biomass free, but VFA
and VFA product spectrum will be investigated.
rich effluent. The application of granular sludge technology
for VFA production of wastewater is however a largely
Scientific relevance
unexplored research topic. Aim of this research is to develop
The application of the granular sludge technology for pre-
a novel reactor technology using different operational
acidification of wastewater is a largely unexplored research
conditions and (mixtures of) substrates and study its effect
topic. This results of this research should shed some light on
on granule formation and VFA product spectra.
the effects of different operational conditions and (mixtures
of) substrates on granule formation and VFA product spectra.
Project outline
Introduction
Social relevance
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biopolymers produced
As mankind we should shift to a more sustainable and
by many different bacteria as an intracellular carbon and
biobased society. VFA’s are a useful building block for products
energy reserve material. In response to the problems and
in this biobased society, as for bioplastics. The results of this
harmful effects of plastic wastes on the environment, PHAs
research will bring valorization of wastewater streams a step
attract considerable attention as alternative for petroleum
closer
based plastics because they are biodegradable and
made from renewable resources (Braunegg et al., 1998;
Literature
Leaversuch, R., 1987). PHA can be produced by alternating
▪▪
Braunegg, G., Lefebvre, G., Genser, K.F., 1998.
dosage of VFA to a biological process (Johnson et al., 2009)
Polyhydroxyalkanoates, biopolyesters from renewable
This research will focus on the production of a VFA rich
resources: physiological and engineering aspects. Journal
medium from the effluent of agro- and food industries. This
medium could be used hereafter for bioplastic production or
of Biotechnology 65 (2-3), 127-161.
▪▪
utilised differently.
Johson, K., Jiang, Y., Kleerebezem, R., Muyzer, G.,
Van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., 2009. Enrichment of a mixed
bacterial culture with a high polyhydroxyalkanoate
Approach
For efficient PHA production, the conversion of organic
substrate into VFA should be maximized, the VFA composition
should be controllable, production of hydrogen and methane
gas should be avoided, biomass concentrations in the
bioreactor’s effluent should be minimized and the reactor
should be as compact as possible to minimize the footprint
and investment costs. A possible way to fulfill these objectives
is by using a granular sludge process. The research will focus
on granule formation, stability and the effects of operational
conditions and (mixtures of) substrates on granules VFA
production and VFA spectra.
102
storage capacity. Biomacromolecules 10 (4), 670-676
▪▪
Leaversuch, R., 1987. Industry weighs the need to make
polymer degradable. Modified Plastics 64, 52-55
Alexander Hendriks
Figure 1: Intracellulair PHA storage, the resource for
bioplastic
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Mob:+31 6 48758229
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Sep 2013
Expected end date: Sep 2017
Key words:
VFA production, Granular sludge,
bioplastics
Cooperation with other institutes:
STW, Paques
103
Individual projects
Jingyi Hu
Influence of NF pretreatment on PhACs adsorption in
effluent water by activated carbon
Research objectives
the adsorption capacity (K, the adsorbed amount at
A combination of nanofiltration (NF) and granular
equilibrium concentration of 1µg/L).
activated carbon (GAC) adsorption was proposed for a
subset of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs)
Results
removal in wastewater effluent for reuse purposes. The
Results show that a significant reduction in PhACs
first objective was to investigate if NF is an appropriate
adsorption occurred on the preloaded GACs (Figure 1 and
pretreatment for reducing the preloading effect of the
Figure 2). Overall, the mesoporous HD4000 exhibited
background organic matter on PhACs adsorption by
a higher reduction than the microporous UC830 after
activated carbon. The second objective was to select the
being preloaded. Nonetheless, no adsorption difference
suitable GAC with a lower preloading potential.
was observed on feed water preloaded HD4000 and the
permeate preloaded HD4000 (Figure 1), which indicates
Project outline
that the NF rejected EfOM in feed water is irrelevant to
Introduction
compete with PhACs for adsorption sites or block PhACs
PhACs in wastewater effluent pose a great threat to the
adsorption pores on HD4000. In contrast, different
receiving aquatic ecosystems, so the removal during
reduction rates were found on feed water preloaded
the water reclamation process constitutes a major task.
UC830 and the permeate preloaded UC830 in relation to
Advanced treatment technologies, such as NF was
different PhACs (Figure 2). The charged PhACs showed
demonstrated to be highly effective for removal of organic
similar reductions on feed water and permeate preloaded
matter and the (negatively) charged PhACs, while other
UC830, while the neutral PhACs displayed two reduction
PhACs showed to be more refractory. A hybrid system
patterns according to their hydrophobicities (described
with granular activated carbon (GAC) as a post treatment
by the logKow values). Namely, the neutral hydrophilic
was thus investigated to completely eliminate the PhACs.
PhACs had higher uptakes on the permeate preloaded
In this study, the adsorption behaviours of a subset of
UC830 than the feed water preloaded UC830, while an
PhACs on two structurally different GACs (before and
inverse pattern was noticed for the neutral hydrophobic
after organic matter preloading) were investigated. NF
PhACs.
pretreatment was performed to evaluate the possibilities
The abovementioned observations suggest: (1) HD4000
of preventing the preloading effect from effluent organic
with broader pore size distribution is more vulnerable to
matter (EfOM).
preloading. (2) The PhACs adsorption site reduction on
HD4000 is mainly caused by the pore occupation from
Approach
the small EfOM molecules (Zoschke et al. 2011), which
Two coal-based GACs: mesoporous HD4000 (Norit Inc.)
cannot be rejected by the preceding NF. (3) Except for
and microporous UC830 (Siemens Inc.) were applied.
the reduced adsorption sites, electrostatic interaction
Preloading of the two fresh GACs were carried out in
on preloaded UC830 also plays a role in charged
batch adsorption mode following the protocol of Karanfil
PhACs adsorption (De Ridder et al. 2011). (4) Neutral
et al. (2006). A polymeric NF membrane (Nadir Micro-
hydrophobic PhACs might be possibly partitioned onto
dyn Inc.) with a molecular weight cutoff of 800Da was
the deposited EfOM fraction (i.e. rejected by the NF) on
employed and operated with a water recovery less than
the feed water preloaded UC830 (Yu et al. 2009). (5) NF
10%.
pretreatment appears to be only effective for improving
Twelve PhACs with varying physical-chemical properties
neutral hydrophilic PhACs adsorption on microporous
were chosen, the spiked initial concentration of each
UC830.
PhAC was 5µg/L. Adsorption isotherms were conducted
in the organic-free water, on fresh GACs, effluent water
preloaded GACs and the NF permeate preloaded GACs,
respectively. The Freundlich model was used to evaluate
104
Jingyi Hu
Scientific and social relevance
NF as an effective means of removing organic matter serves to reduce
the organic loading on the subsequent GAC, which allows more
available sites for PhACs adsorption and prolong the GAC service time.
This combination technology is beneficial for eliminating PhACs during
the reclamation process and helps to reduce their impact on aquatic
ecosystem in the surface water bodies.
Literature
▪▪
De Ridder et al., Water Sci. Tech., 63(3), 416-23, 2011.
▪▪
Karanfil et al., Env. Sci. Tech., 40(4), 1321-7, 2006.
▪▪
Yu et al., Env. Sci. Tech., 43(5), 1467-73, 2009.
▪▪
Zoschke et al., Water Res., 45(15), 4544-50, 2011.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2785457
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Figure 1. Adsorption of PhACs on preloaded HD4000 and the reduction
percentage in relative to that on fresh HD4000. (FW is the abbreviation for
feed water; PW is the abbreviation for NF permeate water)
Start date project: Mar 2011
Expected end date: Mar 2015
Key words:
Pharmaceutical active
compounds; activated carbon;
nanofiltration
Cooperation with other institutes:
University of Queensland
Figure 2. Adsorption of PhACs on preloaded UC830 and the reduction
percentage in relative to that on fresh UC830
105
Individual projects
Maarten Keuten
DIPool; Dutch Innovative Pool
Advanced UV-based technology for pool water treatment
Research objectives
Reduction of chemical disinfectants in public swimming
pools. This can be done by combining alternative
disinfection techniques with adapted water treatment in
a new pool water treatment concept including aspects
of hygienic control of pool visitors. The goal is to have
chemical disinfectant free swimming pool water for public
swimming pools.
Project outline
Introduction
The
main
disadvantage
of
chemically
disinfected
swimming pools is the formation of unwanted disinfection
Results
by-products (DBPs). Reducing DBPs by abandoning
The release of anthropogenic pollutants originating from
chemical disinfectants introduces new challenges for
swimmer’s sweat, 34% of total release, can be controlled
pool water treatment. The DIPool project investigates
by the pool water temperature (figure 3). The remaining
swimming pool water treatment without chemical
66% of anthropogenic pollutants is due to unhygienic
disinfectants to face these challenges. The release of
behaviour (no pro-swim shower and no use of toilet
pollutants during swimming and the biological stability of
during swimming) (figure 4). The cooperation with
swimming pool water where studied in 2013.
behavioural scientists is the next step in this research.
Approach
Laboratory experiments were done to determine the
anthropogenic pollutants released during swimming
(figure 1). The laboratory results were validated with
pool-site experiments.
A pilot plant setup was used to focus on the pool water
treatment at chlorinated and non-chlorinated swimming
pool conditions (figure 2). The biofilm formation potential
was determined with the use of membrane fouling
simulators.
The biofilm formation potential was studied at different
swimming pool conditions. The bio activity for nonchlorinated pool water was 10 times higher compared
to the chlorinated pool water. The bio activity of the tap
water at pool water temperature was 10 times higher
compared to the non-chlorinated pool water (figure 5).
106
Maarten Keuten
Scientific relevance
Current pool water treatment relies on chemical disinfection. The
development of a pool water treatment with alternative disinfection
techniques is a new field of expertise. The influence of the dynamic
bathing load on the water quality must be kept in control. Creating
stable microbial pool water without the use of chemical disinfectants
can lead to new viewpoints for comparable water treatment processes.
Social relevance
Since the early ages bathing and swimming play an important role in
communities. The use of water basins changed over the ages from
religious via hygienic to more recreational and educational purposes.
During this development bathing and swimming has always been
a social activity. Complaints about “swimming pool odour” and eye
irritation are common reasons why nowadays some people never visit
public swimming pools. UV-Disinfected swimming pools will provide
healthy swimming without nuisance from disinfection by-products.
Literature
▪▪
M.G.A. Keuten, M.C.F.M. Peters, H.A.M. Daanen, M.K. de Kreuk,
L.C. Rietveld, M.C.M. van Loosdrecht, J.C. van Dijk Quantification
of continual anthropogenic pollutant release in swimming pools
Abstract, poster and oral presentation for 5th Pool and Spa
Conference 9-12 April 2013 in Rome
▪▪
M.G.A. Keuten, M.C.F.M. Peters, L.C. Rietveld, J.C. van Dijk Removal
efficiency of anthropogenic pollutants in different pool water
treatment steps Abstract and poster presentation for 5th Pool and
Spa Conference 9-12 April 2013 in Rome
▪▪
M.G.A. Keuten, M.C.F.M. Peters, H.A.M. Daanen, M.K. de Kreuk, L.C.
Rietveld, J.C. van Dijk Quantification of continual anthropogenic
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering and
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Mob: +31 6 29581966
E-mail: [email protected] /
[email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2628 CN Delft
Julianalaan 67
2628 BC Delf
Start date project:
End date project:
Jan 2009
Jun 2014
Key words:
Swimming pool, anthropogenic
pollutants, DBP, disinfection
Cooperation with other institutes:
Hellebrekers Technieken, van
Remmen UV-Techniek, Akzo
Nobel, Coram International,
Sportfondsen Nederland
Funding:
Agentschap NL
EFRO-GO
pollutant release in swimming pools Submitted for Water Research,
November 2013
107
Individual projects
Rian Kloosterman
Strategic Assetmanagement in the water cycle
Research objectives
Approach
The objective of the research is to design consistent
The research area is defined and divided into 4 research
outcome risk based rules and working methods to achieve
parts.
better assetmanagement decisions for the Vitens drinking
water system.
The five research parts and the connection with the
concern points are shown in the figure below.
Project outline
Introduction
Results
Water Cycle Systems (WCS) can be seen as the research
First article about research 1 (Analyzing Vitens decision
object. It has been defined as the technical (drinking
process) is planned spring 2014.
water and waste water) system and the environmental
and physical systems directly related to the production
Scientific and social relevance
of drinking water, the water use and the collection,
Assetmanagement is a young research field. Combining
purification and discharge of the waste water as well
scientific (institutional) economics theories and strategic
as the actors involved. The WCS is a complex socio-
management theories in assetmanagement theories
technical system and essential for a proper functioning of
for new assetmanagement questions is the scientific
society. The management of these large capital-intensive
contribution.
technical networks in times of water scarcity, climate
change, within various economical and social institutional
situations is one of the mayor challenges of our time.
Good management of the physical assets of the WCS
requires good knowledge of the assets, effective design
and efficient maintenance. The key for achieving an
optimal social situation is in other words, good strategic
asset management, which is the focus area of the
research.
The theoretical framework to study decision making and
development in this field is the institutional economy and
performance management. Wherein institutions are seen
as the driving factors to reduce costs and/or increase the
performance.
108
Rian Kloosterman
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Mob: +31 6 23227034
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: May 2012
Expected end date: May 2017
Key words:
Effectiveness of
assetmanagement decisions;
impact of institutions
Cooperation with other institutes:
PhD is a collaboration between
the faculty of CiTG and TBM
109
Individual projects
Guido Kooijman
Flocculants for chemically enhanced pre-treatment: ready
for the future
Project outline
Sludge dewatering
Introduction
A known characteristic of poly electrolyte (PE), or
Application of chemically enhanced pre-treatment (CEPT)
flocculants, is that it resists biological degradation
is not widely used in the Netherlands. This is mainly
(Campos et al., 2008). In our present study we use this
because the critical COD/N ratio for denitrification, that
refractory characteristic of PE in combination with the
will be negatively influenced by excessive pre-treatment.
capacity of PE to enhance sludge dewatering (Murthy,
However, with the perspective of a low COD/N tolerant
1998; Novak, et al., 2003). It was shown that application
treatment plant (Nereda with nitritation and Anammox
of PE increased primary sludge production in combination
(Winkler et al., 2012)), CEPT is a concept that will
with an enhanced dewaterability of the digested waste
regain attention in the Netherlands. Although CEPT is
sludge. Table 1 (next page) shows data for four methods
used already since the ’30, in the Optimix project CEPT
of primary sludge production: RS: reference situation
is evaluated as a solution for today’s problems. Micro
with conventional settling of wastewater. C: application
pollutant treatment, sludge dewaterability as well as small
of 10 PPM cationic organic floccuant, A: addition of
footprint sewage treatment plants (STPs) are considered
10 PPM anionic organic flocculant and M: addition of
in this study.
organic coagulant. The sludge is thickened, digested and
dewatered.
Smaller footprint
The application of flocculants can have a considerable
These results show that the PE dosed in the primary
advantage for the plant footprint: when flocculants are
settling not only aids removal of COD and P, but also
applied, a fine sieve will suffice to remove the flocculated
improves dewaterability of the waste sludge, which can
solids (Figure 1) and yield a dry solids (DS) concentration
have big consequences for operational costs since sludge
of 6.6%. This would give the possibility to replace the
disposal can account for up to 50% of total operational
conventional primary settlers and thickeners for a fine
costs (Spinosa and Vesilind, 2001).
sieve before the primary sludge is sent to the digester or
incineration plant.
Pharmaceutical removal
Literature suggests that colloids in wastewater sorb a
relatively large share of pharmaceuticals. The Optimix
project aims at directing these colloids to the primary
sludge in the primary clarifier by adding organic flocculants/
coagulants.
The
colloidally
bound
pharmaceuticals
will end up in a concentrated stream, which offers the
possibility of advanced treatments. However, it appears
that pharmaceuticals can hardly be flocculated (Table 2
on the next page) and pharmaceuticals are not attached
to colloid down to 0.1 µm (data not shown). Therefore
the treatment of pharmaceuticals with CEPT is concluded
to be unsuitable.
Figure 1. Result of fine-sieving cationic primary sludge (C)
110
Guido Kooijman
Table 2. Percentage of removal of pharmaceuticals in different settling
situations. Grey areas there is a significant difference between raw
influent and settling/flocculated wastewater.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Mob: +31 6 13764357
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Jan 2011
Expected end date: Jan 2015
Literature
▪▪
Campos, E., Almirall, M., Mtnez-Almela, J., Palatsi, J., Flotats, X.,
2008. Feasibility study of the anaerobic digestion of dewatered
pig slurry by means of polyacrylamide. Bioresource technology 99,
387–95.
▪▪
Murthy, S.N., 1998. Bioflocculation: Implications for activated
sludge properties and wastewater treatment.
▪▪
Key words:
Anaerobic digestion, micro
pollutants, flocculants, sludge
dewatering
Cooperation with other institutes:
Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland
Nalco B.V.
Het Waterlaboratorium
Novak, J.T., Sadler, M.E., Murthy, S.N., 2003. Mechanisms of floc
destruction during anaerobic and aerobic digestion and the effect
on conditioning and dewatering of biosolids. Water research 37,
3136–44.
▪▪
Spinosa, L., Vesilind, P.A., 2001. Sludge into Biosolids - Processing,
Disposal, Utilization.
▪▪
Winkler, M.-K.H., Kleerebezem, R., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., 2012.
Integration of anammox into the aerobic granular sludge process
for main stream wastewater treatment at ambient temperatures.
arch 46, 136–44.
111
Individual projects
Gang Liu
Biological stability and bacterial ecology during drinking
water distribution: distribution of re-mineralized RO
permeate
Research objectives
Approach
Investigate:
In the coming three years, the research work packages will
1. The biological stability of re-mineralized RO permeate.
be conducted in three phases of different scales. To study
2. Bacterial ecology of distributing re-mineralized RO
the biological stability, pilot distribution systems, membrane
permeate.
3. Potential influence of transition effects and cleaning
methods to minimum the effects.
4. Customers’ benefits and potential risks.
fouling simulators, and continuous biofilm monitors will
be used. The planktonic and surface grew bacteria will
be quantified by HPC, ATP and flow cytometry cell count.
Bacterial community composition and structure will be
studied by the next generation sequencing techniques, e.g.
Project outline
Introduction
454 pyrosequencing. Full scale study will be conducted in
Although it is possible to produce high quality drinking
from pilot study, before fully startup of the new treatments.
the last year of the project to validate knowledge obtained
water at treatment plants, the water quality may deteriorate
during distribution. Therefore, drinking water distribution
Results
system (DWDS) has becoming a crucial part of drinking
The project is under starting up period, results will be
water research. Due to the health related issues, most
available soon. The following figure shows previous
of the efforts have been given to biological stability and
observed transition effects during starting up of supplying
bacteriology (e.g. biofilm, legionella in DWDS). The use of
better quality water treated by upgraded treatments
disinfectant residuals has been avoided in the Netherlands,
(Figure 1).
instead Dutch approach produce and supply biological
stable drinking water by removing organic nutrients (AOC
Social relevance
below 10 µg C l-1).
Safe and high quality drinking water is essential for
With the development of water technologies and upgrading
any modern societies. Development of advanced water
of water regulations, it has been a common practice to
treatment technologies offers better solutions to improve
upgrade treatments to supply better quality drinking
drinking water service. However, the changes of supply
water. Oasen is aiming to supply the impeccable quality
water quality will lead to different levels of transition
to customers. This project is aim to make a big step
effects, such as discoloration and biomass peaks at
forward to come to a new standard by producing ‘nutrient
customers’ taps. Therefore, it is important that on one
free’ drinking water with RO. This water has a negligible
hand the produced water quality should be improved
regrowth potential, providing promising opportunities to
by applying advanced technologies. On the other
maintain high quality at customers’ taps, and to prevent
hand, the improved water quality should be maintained
target bacterial growth (pathogens and/or opportunistic
till customers’ taps without deterioration caused by
pathogens, e.g. like Legionella).
distributing process.
Yet, it is still not clear how the re-mineralization process
will influence the biological stability, will the influence of
Literature
material released by and permeate through pipe material
▪▪
Liu, G., F. Q. Ling, A. Magic-Knezev, W. T. Liu, J. Q. J.
become significant to promote bacterial growth, and how
C. Verberk and J. C. Van Dijk (2013). “Quantification
will the quality of re-mineralized RO water be influenced by
and identification of particle-associated bacteria in
the current bio-fouled DWDS.
unchlorinated drinking water from three treatment
plants by cultivation-independent methods.” Water
Research 47(10): 3523-3533.
▪▪
Liu, G., M. C. Lut, J. Q. J. C. Verberk and J. C. Van
Dijk (2013). “A comparison of additional treatment
112
Gang Liu
processes to limit particle accumulation and microbial growth during
drinking water distribution.” Water Research 47(8): 2719-2728.
▪▪
Liu, G., E. J. Van der Mark, J. Q. J. C. Verberk and J. C. Van Dijk
(2013). “Flow Cytometry Total Cell Counts: A Field Study Assessing
Microbiological Water Quality and Growth in Unchlorinated Drinking
Water Distribution Systems.” Biomed Research International.
▪▪
Liu, G., J. Q. J. C. Verberk and J. C. Van Dijk (2013). “Bacteriology
of
drinking
water
distribution
systems:
an
integral
and
multidimensional review.” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
97(21): 9265-9276.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Mob: +31 6 21391751
E-mail: [email protected] /
[email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Figure 1. Suspended solids collected by multiple particle filtration system
(MuPFiS). X-axis shows four locations in distribution area in the order of
distance from treatment plant (D1 closest and D4 farest). Y-axis shows
sampling time counted from the starting up of the new treatments. The
samples were only taken three times and once per week. A decrease of
particle load, as observed from the color of the filters, were confirmed by
total suspended solids (TSS) analysis, results not shown.
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Oct 2008
Expected end date: Oct 2016
Key words:
Drinking water distribution system
(DWDS), biological stability,
RO permeate, DWDS transition
effects
Cooperation with other institutes:
Oasen Water Company
113
Individual projects
Peter Lu
Hybrid Ceramic microfiltration for surface water treatment
Research objectives
▪▪
Surface water suffers of too high concentrations
of turbidity, NOM, color, smell, micropollutants and
▪▪
pathogens. Microfiltration in combination with activated
powdered
activated
carbon
put
on
the
membrane as a pre-coat layer before the start of a
After six hours an backwash was performed in order
to remove the cake layer and a new PAC layer was
carbon can improve all of these parameters. In this
research
The filtration time was extended to six hours in order
to use the full adsorption capacity of the PAC
put on the membrane.
▪▪
Four filtration cycles were monitored and compared
to conventional operation
filtration cycle. With a proper coagulation the filtration
time was extended to six hours. The PAC-layer acted as
a activated carbon column and protected the membrane
at the same time. The water recovery of the process
could be increased to 97%. The backwash efficiency was
increased compared to conventional operation.
Project outline
Introduction
In a normal MF or UF process the cake layer is removed
every 15 minutes by a hydraulic backwash. In this
research the goal was to protect the membrane surface
area as long as possible and to minimize the time that the
Figure 1. Filtration performance between only cake layer
protection (red); PAC precoating with cake layer protection
(blue) and conventional operation with every 19 minutes a
backwash (green)
pores of the membrane can be blocked because of the
absence of the protecting cake layer. Also in conventional
operation a large part of the permeate water is used
for backwash and thus lowering the water recovery. In
normal MF and UF operation the water recovery is about
70 to 80%. By increasing the filtration time the water
recovery can be increased to above 90%. Based on this
hypothesis we increased the filtration time to 6 hours
or more. During the filtration time the TMP increased
due to the cake layer on the membrane surface. The
TMP increase could be controlled by the coagulation
Figure 2. Effluent concentrations of atrazine and
sulfamethoxazole in PAC-MF systems with different PAC
particle sizes (red=5 micron; blue = 20 micron)
conditions: A proper pH, coagulant dose, and shear rate
Results
produced flocks of a certain size with a lower specific
In figure 2 the TMP increase during 4 filtration cycles are
cake resistance. Another way to add value to the filtration
shown. In the blue graph the membranes are pre-coated
process and to minimize membrane fouling at the same
with a PAC layer. The green lines represent conventional
time is to pre-coat the membranes with powdered
operation with filtration cycles of 19 minutes and 1 minute
activated carbon (PAC). With PAC on the membrane
of backwash. The water recovery was much lower with
micropollutants are removed during the filtration process
this conventional operation, because of the permeate
and at the same time the membrane fouling decreases
used for the backwash. Also the short term backwash
and the backwash efficiency increases.
was not so efficient: the TMP was not restored after every
backwash. Although the overall TMP increase was less
Approach
than the TMP-increase of the precoated-PAC system. The
▪▪
Powdered activated carbon was added as a precoat
backwash after six hours restored the precoated system
to improve the backwash efficiency and micro
almost completely whereas the conventional system was
pollutants removal.
not restored as good as the precoated system.
114
Peter Lu
The PAC layer acted as an activated carbon column. The breaktrough
curve could be measured (figure 2). With a filtration time of six hours
all of the atrazine could be removed. In case of the small PAC 60% of
the sulfamothoxazole was removed in a six hours cycle. With the larger
PAC about 40%.
Scientific relevance
In a hybrid membrane system coagulants and PAC work together to
increase the filtration time, recovery and to have an efficient adsorption
process.
Social relevance
A hybrid membrane system with PAC as a precoat is a compact and
efficient system that can improve a large number of water quality
parameters in one step. The system uses less energy and has a high
water recovery and a fouling is minimal.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2781718
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Sep 2009
Expected end date: Sep 2014
Key words:
Ceramic membrane, Coagulation,
Hydraulic cake layer
Cooperation with other institutes:
KWR, Vitens
115
Individual projects
Kerusha Lutchmiah
Sewer Mining
Research objectives
Results
The main aim of this project within the frame of the
It has been demonstrated that water extraction from
Sewer Mining Concept is to use forward osmosis (FO) for
sewage is possible (Lutchmiah et al. 2011), but an
water reclamation. In combination with a reconcentration
optimised membrane and an ideal draw solution are still
process, high quality water can be recovered and the
required. Therefore extensive work on draw solutions has
organics (inherent in wastewater) can be converted into
been carried out. Zwitterions and other amino acids have
renewable energy by anaerobic digestion. This work
shown of promise, with comparable water fluxes to the
follows the trend of increased interest in the promise of
commonly used NaCl. The advantage however is that
osmotically-driven membrane processes as a potential
lower solute leakages were also found (Lutchmiah et al.
solution for the most challenging global issue of water
2013)
and energy scarcity.
Project outline
Introduction
In response to the depleting fresh water availability
and environmental awareness, KWR has developed
an innovative and energy efficient process (The Sewer
Mining Concept) to produce high quality water from
sewage by combining several (waste)water treatment
processes.
Figure 2: Water and solute flux comparisons between NaCl
and the zwitterions
Fouling in FO has generally been reported as low
compared to pressure-driven membrane processes, but
the coupled effects of internal concentration polarisation
(ICP) and reverse solute leakage fouling make the process
more complicated. Furthermore most fouling studies have
been tested using model foulants. In our study FO fouling
using raw wastewater was induced. Several analytical
techniques were carried out in order to determine the
Figure 1: Overview of the Sewer Mining Concept
influence of the fouling layer on the characteristics and
surface properties of the membrane (Lutchmiah et al.
submitted).
Approach
Pressure assisted osmosis (PAO) was also proposed to
The concept allows the extraction of water from sewage
enhance the performance of FO processes by reducing
by means of FO in combination with a reconcentration
ICP. An FO transport model was developed in which
system i.e. reverse osmosis (RO). The fundamental
the additional hydraulic pressure was incorporated
nature uses an osmotic driving force to eliminate the
to describe the FO water flux in the FO mode. PAO
need for hydrostatic pressure.
laboratory experiments were carried out to add pressure
on the feed (from 0 - 1 bar). The FO flux increased when
the feed pressure increased for both the model and
the experiments, but to a lesser extent for the model.
PAO might be interesting to enhance FO performance;
116
Kerusha Lutchmiah
however, its effect will also be dependent on the type, structure and
material of the FO membrane.
Scientific relevance
Scientific knowledge about FO, especially in terms of wastewater
treatment, is still very limited and the concept integration has several
scientific challenges, which are interesting. This innovative concept
enables high quality water production while possibly reducing the
energy consumed by current installations. This project will lead to a
new, validated technological concept for producing economical, highquality water and renewable energy from wastewater.
Social relevance
Water-intensive production processes are accompanied by impacts on
the water systems. Therefore, the continuous recovery of water and
energy from wastewater sources now will enable future generations to
profit from this FO technology, allowing a prolonged life of water and
energy globally.
Literature
▪▪
Lutchmiah, K., Cornelissen, E.R., Harmsen, D.J.H., Post, J.W.,
Lampi, K., Ramaekers, H., Rietveld, L.C. and Roest, K. (2011) Water
recovery from sewage using forward osmosis. Water Science &
Technology 64(7), 1443-1449.
▪▪
Lutchmiah, K., Roest, C., van Lier, J.B. and Cornelissen, E.R. (2013)
Solution comprising an osmotic agent and method of extracting
water using said solution, Patent, The Netherlands.
▪▪
Lutchmiah, K., Brignoli, C., Zwijnenburg, A., Rietveld, L.C. and
Cornelissen, E.R. (submitted) Polysaccharide Dominance in FO
Fouling Studies of Raw Wastewater. Water Research.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 30 60 69 585
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Jan 2010
Expected end date: Jan 2014
Key words:
Energy, Forward Osmosis, Water
Recovery
Cooperation with other institutes:
KWR Watercycle Research
Institute, Waternet, Triqua,
Hydration Technology Innovations
(HTI)
117
Individual projects
David Moed
Organic carbon in steam-water cycles
Research objectives
1. Determining
breakdown
organic
of
NOM,
up to the disadvantage of thermal decomposition of
acid
formation
contaminants
from
found
the
amines to organic acids?
in
petrochemical industry and amines under boiler and
Results and future approach
superheater conditions.
Experiments to determine the kinetics and mechanisms of
2. Determining the influence of temperature, pressure,
hydrothermal NOM decomposition have been conducted
oxygen and wall effects on the thermal degradation
on a laboratory scale by using an autoclave, which was
kinetics of organic contaminants, organic acids and
operated in batch and a flow-reactor operated continuously
treatment chemicals.
using an HPLC pump. This data has been compared to
3. Quantifying the effect of organic acids and amines on
Flow-Accelerated Corrosion.
data from an actual SWC. One of the conclusions was that
flow-reactors produce more representative results. The
latter setup has therefore been applied to investigate the
Project outline
degradation kinetics of organic additives applied (such as
Introduction
morpholine and ethanolamine) to protect the SWC.
When reusing wastewater treatment plant effluent for
making demineralized water for boiler feed, the Total
Because results of the degradation studies have indicated
Organic Carbon (TOC) content of this source could be
a strong influence of temperature, pressure, wall
a concern. The guideline for TOC in boiler feed water
surface composition and volume:surface ratio, further
has become stricter over the years, due to the possible
research on hydrothermal degradation will include
damage it can cause to the steam-water cycle (SWC).
further investigation of these parameters. Because most
TOC in a boiler breaks down to short-chain organic acids
degradation occurs in the superheater section of a plant,
(acetate, formate etc.), a process of which the kinetics
the maximum temperature that will be investigated is
and mechanisms are not well understood. Even the actual
560˚C at pressures between 60 and 175 bar. The surface
detrimental effects of these organic acids are yet to be
composition will be altered be using stainless steel and
proven.
carbon steel tubes in the flow reactor. By changing the
diameter of the tube, the volume:surface ratio can be
While the effects of organics introduced through the
investigated with the same setup.
demin-water plant are still being investigated, organic
treatment chemicals are being marketed. The (film-
With information gathered on organic acids formation
forming/alkalizing) amines show great ability to protect
and organic additive decomposition, experiments will be
the SWC. However, the decomposition of these chemicals
designed to test the effect of organic acids and amines
can produce the same organic acids that are formed due
on two-phase FAC. A test loop located at the University
to the breakdown of TOC introduced through make-up
of New Brunswick with online corrosion sensors, will be
water.
used to test the influence of aforementioned constituents
on the FAC rate of carbon steel. This will be done at
Flow-Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) is the number one
temperature between 150 and 250˚C under saturated
failure mechanism in SWC’s, especially in two-phase
conditions with <5 ppb oxygen, at a high flow rate and
flow (water and steam). Conventionally, ammonia is the
steam voidage.
preferred alkalizing agent for protecting wetted parts of
the SWC. In the two-phase flow with high steam voidage,
the relatively small amount of water contains the majority
of the contaminants, while most ammonia (with its high
volatility) is still located in the steam. Amines with higher
basicity and lower volatility could provide good protection
against two-phase FAC, but do these advantages weigh
118
David Moed
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Scientific relevance
By understanding the decomposition of TOC and amines, predictions of
the presence organic acids can be made for numerous process conditions.
The FAC experiments will show the actual effect of decomposition
products and the amines that try to counter corrosion. This will help in
establishing an accurate guideline for TOC concentrations and for the
addition of amines in steam-water cycles.
Social relevance
This research will contribute to reusing wastewater for high-end
industrial purposes, without concerns about corrosion and deposits in
the system. Therefore it will bring society a step closer to successfully
implementing closed industrial water cycles and Zero Liquid Discharge
(ZLD). Because some of the issues addressed have a much broader
impact than wastewater reuse alone, the research will also contribute
to overall safety of industrial sites operating boilers, while maintaining
Mob: +31 6 41624278
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. Box 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Room 4.44
Start date project: Sep 2011
Expected end date: Nov 2015
Key words:
Industrial water, reuse, boilers,
TOC decomposition, corrosion
Cooperation with other institutes:
Evides Industriewater
minimal costs for water treatment.
119
Individual projects
Mohamed Faiz Mohd Amin
Removal of micropollutant by nanoclay-polymer
combination
Research objectives
Scientific and social relevance
1. To develop a nanoclay-polymer composite that can
This research gives an insight in the use of nanoclay
be used as medium for micropollutant removal.
with the combination of polymers as an alternative for
2. Comparison
between
clays
performance
in
micropollutant removal.
3. To develop and determine the optimum application
method.
micropollutant removal. The successful development
of a treatment method with the nanoclay-polymer
combination or with the nanocomposites is able to reduce
the treatment costs.
Project outline
Literature
Introduction
▪▪
In this project, a new treatment alternative is developed
to remove micropollutant and wastewater parameter
effectively and in a cost effective way. A potential solution
G. Beall, “The use of organo-clays in water
treatment,” Appl. Clay Sci., vol. 24, no. 1–2, pp. 11–
20, Nov. 2003.
▪▪
D. Zadaka, S. Nir, A. Radian, and Y. G. Mishael,
is the use of nanoclay coupled with biodegradable
“Atrazine removal from water by polycation-clay
polymer flocculants. The clay is naturally abundant and
composites: effect of dissolved organic matter and
relatively inexpensive compared to conventionally used
comparison to activated carbon.,” Water Res., vol. 43,
adsorbents. The usage of nanoclay provides extensive
large surface area for pollutant and polymer attachment
no. 3, pp. 677–83, Feb. 2009.
▪▪
A. Radian and Y. Mishael, “Effect of humic acid
and the combination with polymers is expected to be
on pyrene removal from water by polycation-clay
advantageous in the removal of micropollutants.
mineral composites and activated carbon.,” Environ.
Sci. Technol., vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 6228–35, Jun. 2012.
Approach
▪▪
By spiking selected micropollutants, with distinct physico-
in wastewater pretreatment.,” ScientificWorldJournal.,
chemical properties and well-defined characteristics,
the governing removal mechanisms and parameters
vol. 2012, p. 498503, Jan. 2012.
▪▪
influencing the removal mechanisms can be determined.
The sorption of the micropollutants to different ratios
G. Rytwo, “The use of clay-polymer nanocomposites
W. L. Haden, “Attapulgite: Properties and Uses,”
Clays Clay Miner., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 284–290, 1961.
▪▪
S. Y. Lee, S. J. Kim, S. Y. Chung, and C. H. Jeong,
of nanoclay and polymer are currently being tested to
“Sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds onto
improve the compounds removal during treatment.
organoclays.,” Chemosphere, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 781–
5, May 2004.
Results
comparing its ability to remove micropollutants. Smectite
as the best performer was further optimised to lower the
dosage based on normally found atrazine concentrations
in the environment. Treatment combinations with cationic
starch polymers were applied to study the effect of
polymers on the nanoclay on atrazine reduction. The
combination of polymers with nanoclay indeed showed
an improvement, especially on non-performer clay
(attapulgite). The combination of nanoclay and polymers
also reduced the (>80%) dosage requirement to <
40mg/L. However, this study still need a refinement and
optimisation before final conclusions can be made.
120
Mohamed Faiz Mohd Amin
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2781462
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Room 4.64
Start date project: Oct 2010
Expected end date: Oct 2014
Key words:
Nanoclay, polymer, micropollutant,
atrazine, flocculation
Cooperation with other institutes:
Nalco and Water board Rijnland
121
Individual projects
Julian Muñoz Sierra
BioXtreme – Anaerobic wastewater treatment under
extreme conditions
Research objectives
and conversion/inhibition/toxicity, filterability, fouling
The aim of this study is to develop an engineering
potentials will be addressed.
solution for the bioconversion of organic compounds
Trials will be conducted with different organic aromatic
(toxic/recalcitrant) existing in industrial wastewater
functional groups. In the last phase of the research,
streams under extreme conditions. The research will
water reclamation possibilities for industrial wastewater
focus on the most suitable technologies for this purpose
under extreme conditions will be evaluated.
(i.e. anaerobic membrane bioreactors) to encourage
reclamation of process waters for reuse. Attention will
Scientific relevance
be paid to the selection and bioaugmentation of specific
Extreme conditions in the process water and wastewater
biomass and its growth in highly filterable sludge.
of the industrial sector encourage the development
of
non-conventional
biological
treatment
solutions.
Project outline
The
Introduction
how the complex compounds are converted by the
Industrial wastewaters generated in oil and chemical
microorganisms, what is the influence of different
industries are often characterized by extreme conditions
conditions on the microbial community and functionality,
such as the presence of refractory and hazardous
and how the process is addressed within the technology
chemical compounds, high salinity, high temperatures,
selected (AnMBR). Findings are compared with current
off-spec pH values, among others. Particularly for these
technologies, elucidating the added advantages of the
extreme types of wastewaters the conventional biological
developed extreme bioreactor concept, including new
technologies have many limitations, but granular or
process configurations and water reuse possibilities.
research
will
increase
the
understanding
of
membrane assisted bio-treatment offers many advantages
such as in-reactor bio-augmentation of the required
Social relevance
bacterial species and maximized sludge retention times
In the Netherlands, about 80% of the fresh water use is
(SRT), ensuring high metabolic conversion properties per
industrial use. The research is focused on fundamental
unit of reactor volume. In case auto-immobilization or
and applied research into the wastewater treatment
sludge granulation is difficult, application of membrane
and reuse technologies for application in the industry
technology for pre-treating industrial process waters
to compile know-how for optimizing the industrial water
has several striking advantages: i) system compactness,
loop and reducing its water footprint. Research with the
allowing installment at or even inside the industry; ii)
final aim in water recycling has the potential to improve
production of suspended solids free effluents, simplifying
the effectiveness of the existing technologies and invest
effluent upgrading techniques; iii) full retention of specific
in the future well-being of the world’s population.
bacterial communities that are required for conversion of
complex, recalcitrant and hazardous compounds.
Literature
▪▪
Jeison, D. (2007). Anaerobic membrane bioreactors
Approach
for wastewater treatment: Feasibility and potential
A selection of waste streams of interest is made, i.e.
applications. PhD thesis. Wageningen University,
at those industries where increased water efficiency is
considered but hampered by the nature of the organic
Wageningen, The Netherlands.
▪▪
Dereli, R. K., M. E. Ersahin, et al. (2012). “Potentials
pollutants present. Anaerobic bio-conversion will be
of anaerobic membrane bioreactors to overcome
investigated during the research. The treatability of the
treatment limitations induced by industrial wastewaters.”
process water stream will be researched under controlled
Bioresource Technology 122: 160-170
lab conditions and synthetic wastewater making use
of down-scaled reactor systems. Relevant aspects of
interests such as biomass retention/bio-augmentation
122
Julian Muñoz Sierra
▪▪
Lin, H., W. Gao, et al. (2012). “Membrane bioreactors for industrial
wastewater treatment: A critical review.” Critical Reviews in
Environmental Science and Technology 42(7): 677-740.
▪▪
Kleerebezem, R. (1999). Anaerobic treatment of Phthalates:
Microbial and Technological aspects. PhD thesis. Wageningen
University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2786588
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Dec 2012
Expected end date: Dec 2017
Key words:
An-MBR, reuse, aromatic
compounds, biodegradation,
salinity, thermophilic
Cooperation with other institutes:
Evides Industriewater, Paques
123
Individual projects
Sam Olivero
A newly designed demineralization technology based on
thermosensitive hydrogels
Research objectives
to calculate the total capacity of the bed adopting different
Current softening technologies are characterized by
empty bed contact times (EBCT) to obtain insight of the
the production of difficult-to-manage waste, excessive
kinetics of the process. Another investigated aspect was
energy consumption, or low efficiency, and business
the regeneration efficiency of the same influent solution
opportunities in this field are numerous. Hardness needs
at different regeneration temperatures.
a new and durable solution on a global scale, and in this
scenario enters this research on a softening hydrogel, as
Results
a more sustainable and ecologically friendly softening
In figure 1 the breakthrough curves of calcium and
technology. Such innovation aims to soften cold water
deuterium at different EBCT’s are presented in the same
by using a thermosensitive hydrogel regenerable with
graph. It is possible to observe the retardation of the
low-grade waste heat. The process at issue would make
calcium breakthrough due to the interaction with the
superfluous the addition of other chemicals and extra
softening hydrogel, while the deuterium passes though
energy within the regeneration process.
the bed without being retained. The mass balance
obtained as difference between the 2H and the calcium
Project outline
front leads to a total capacity of the hydrogel of 0.047 ±
Introduction
0.004 mmol of Ca2+/g resin.
The present study focuses on a thermosensitive
The same solution used to load the hydrogel was fed
polyampholytic hydrogel based on a lower critical solution
during regeneration, but at a different temperature.
temperature (LCST) polymer, able to soften water at low
Results (see Figure 2) confirms the higher efficiency of
temperature, and regenerable with low-grade waste heat
regeneration at each temperature increase, and shows
without the addition of any chemical product. During
clearly the impact of the volume phase transition of the
demineralization, the hard water is put in contact with
poly-NIPAAm matrix in lowering the capacity toward
the hydrogel at a temperature lower than the LCST
calcium ions. Over the LCST, the collapse of the hydrogel
(TLCST=32°C), and the cationic and anionic domains
structure increases the internal ion pair formation among
within the hydrogel attract and bond the charged
the charged groups in the polymer, counteracting the
species in the aqueous system. In the second step,
sorption of ions from the solution, leading to the claimed
the polyampholytic polymer is contacted with a second
thermoresponsive charge neutralization.
aqueous system at T2 > TLCST, and the charged species
previously loaded on the hydrogel are released and the
polymer is ready to restart the loading cycle. Compared
to other thermoregenerable copolymers, the regeneration
temperature is lower than 60°C, which makes the
investigated material more efficient.
Approach
A dynamic column set-up was used to obtain process
data. Column studies are considered essential to compare
different process configurations and to evaluate the
pressure drop due to the presence of the hydrogel bed.
Due to possible interaction with commonly used tracers
(e.g., NaCl), and sensitivity to ionic strength changes,
the use of deuterated water was preferred. Comparing
the breakthrough curves of calcium (sorptive solute) and
deuterium (inert solute), a simple mass balance was used
124
Figure 1: Calcium vs. Deuterium breakthrough for different
EBCT’s
Sam Olivero
Figure 2:Regeneration efficiencies as a function of temperature. Two
different trends are highlighted below and above the LCST
Scientific relevance
The development of a viable softening technology which does not
involve salt or acid regeneration would be a significant scientific result.
Optimizing the existing material can potentially open a new and more
spread application of clever hydrogels.
Social relevance
Hardness in water causes many problems in industrial processes and
everyday domestic issues. Polyvalent ions such as (i.e. Ca, Mg) form
poorly soluble salts, which precipitates at reactor walls, in pipes and
heating devices, resulting in membranes fouling, losses in heating
efficiency, shortened life for processing plants and excessive use of
detergents in washing machines. On the other hand, traditional ion
exchangers should be regularly regenerated with caustic and acid
regenerants, with a consequent release of large amounts of salt into the
environment. Hardness needs a new and durable solution on a global
scale.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2781718
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Room 4.44
Start date project: Jan 2010
Expected end date: Jan 2014
Key words:
Thermosensitive hydrogels;
Ion-exchange; Softening;
Sustainability
Cooperation with other institutes:
Afira Water Technologies, AKZONobel Chemicals
125
Individual projects
Hale Ozgun
Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor for Aqua Cleaning and Energy Recovery
- Effect of Upflow Velocity on the Effluent Membrane Fouling Potential
in Membrane Coupled Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors
Research objectives
Results suggest that when applying a high sludge bed
The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of
upflow velocity in a UASB coupled membrane system,
upflow velocity applied to an upflow anaerobic sludge
there will be an increased load of small particles to the
blanket (UASB) reactor used for the treatment of municipal
membrane. Effluent characterization results coincide
wastewater. In addition to this general objective, the
with the filterability and reversibility tests. The increased
specific aim is to identify the optimum upflow velocity
effluent particle size seen at the lower upflow velocity was
that will result in an effluent with good filterability values
associated with a better filterability (Ozgun et al., 2013).
for the case of membrane coupled UASB systems. Upflow
Overall the results of this study clearly indicate that
velocities of 1.2 m/h, 0.6 m/h and 1.2 m/h were applied
selection of an appropriate upflow velocity plays a major
in three successive stages over a total operation period of
role in controlling the fouling potential, which is one of the
116 days. Filterability tests were carried out during each
most important challenges for stable operational process
stage in order to assess the effect of upflow velocity on
performance of membrane coupled UASB reactors.
subsequent membrane performance.
Project outline
Scientific relevance
The effect of upflow velocity on the effluent quality
Introduction
was assessed not only on biological based parameters
Research on anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs),
such as organic matter removal but also on physical
including membrane coupled UASB reactors, has received
characteristics. Possible relationships between physical
considerable interest recently, leading to several studies
characteristics and filterability of the effluent were
investigating their potential for the treatment of municipal
determined. The information obtained from this study
wastewaters (Kataoka et al., 1992; An et al., 2009; Wu et
is valuable for optimizing the hydraulic conditions in
al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2011; Calderon et al., 2011). For
membrane coupled UASB systems in order to achieve a
membrane coupled UASB systems the efficiency of solids
stable effluent quality and to minimize membrane fouling
entrapment determines the amount and properties of the
potential.
solids leaving the UASB with the effluent. In this context,
upflow velocity in membrane coupled UASB reactors
Social relevance
would seem to be the critical variable determining
The technology is very sustainable due to extreme low
the reactor efficiency and effluent fouling propensity
energy consumption and biogas (methane) production.
(Mahmoud et al., 2003; Ozgun et al., 2013). Since upflow
The project foresees an optimization towards a net
velocity has a significant impact on the stable operation
energy production. Moreover, globally there is a fresh
of UASB reactors, an optimum upflow velocity should be
water shortage. The re-use of water will reduce the need
applied in UASB reactors enabling the distribution of gas
for scarce fresh ground water significantly and lead to
pockets gathered in the sludge bed and providing a good
less pressure on the water systems. With ultrafiltration
contact between substrate and biomass.
and nano-filtration, the effluent becomes 100% biological
reliable so it can be re-used for instance for irrigation
Approach
purposes. Using a nano-filtarion will even improve the
The experiments were performed using a laboratory scale
effluent quality further, also removing viruses.
UASB reactor with an effective volume of 7 L (Figure 1).
Results
Upflow velocity is an important variable which affects
the effluent characteristics of a UASB, especially the
physical characteristics and particle size distribution.
126
Hale Ozgun
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Figure 1: AnMBR for Aqua Cleaning and Energy Recovery (A-Racer)
Literature
▪▪
An, Y.Y., Yang, F.L., Bucciali, B., Wong, F.S., 2009. Municipal wastewater
treatment using a UASB coupled with cross-flow membrane filtration.
J. Environ. Eng. 135, 86-91.
▪▪
Calderon, K., Rodelas, B., Cabirol, N., Gonzales-Lopez, J., Noyola, A.,
2011. Analysis of microbial communities developed on the fouling layers
of a membrane-coupled anaerobic bioreactor applied to wastewater
treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 102, 4618-4627.
▪▪
Kataoka, N., Tokiwa, Y., Tanaka, Y., Fujiki, K., Taroda, H., and Takeda,
K., 1992. Examination of bacterial characteristics of anaerobic
membrane bioreactors in three pilot-scale plants for treating lowstrength wastewater by application of the colony-forming-curve
analysis method. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 2751-2757.
▪▪
Mahmoud, N., Zeeman, G., Gijzen, H., Lettinga, G., 2003. Solids removal
in upflow anaerobic reactors, a review. Bioresour. Technol. 90, 1-9.
▪▪
Ozgun, H., Dereli, R. K., Ersahin, M. E., Kinaci, C., Spanjers, H., van
Lier, J. B. 2013. A Review of Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors for
Municipal Wastewater Treatment: Integration Options, Limitations and
Expectations. Sep. Purif. Technol. 118, 89-104.
▪▪
Tel.: +31 15 2789086
E-mail: [email protected] /
[email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Room 5.62
Start date project: Nov 2010
Expected end date: Nov 2014
Key words:
Anaerobic membrane bioreactor,
municipal wastewater, water
reuse
Cooperation with other institutes:
Pentair, Saxion, Water Board
Regge and Dinkel
Ozgun, H., Ersahin, M. E., Tao, Y., Spanjers, H., van Lier, J. B., 2013.
Effect of Upflow Velocity on the Effluent Membrane Fouling Potential
in Membrane Coupled Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors.
Bioresour. Technol. 147, 285-292.
▪▪
Wu, B., An, Y., Li, Y., Wong, F.S., 2009. Effect of adsorption/coagulation
on membrane fouling in microfiltration process post-treating anaerobic
digestion effluent, Desalination 242, 183-192.
▪▪
Zhang, X., Wang, Z., Wu, Z., Lu, F., Tong, J., Zang, L., 2010. Formation
of dynamic membrane in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor for
municipal wastewater treatment. Chem. Eng. J. 165, 175-183.
127
Individual projects
Marjolein Peters
DIPool: Chlorine and UV cell disinfection determination
with flow cell cytometry and plate count
Research objectives
how fast cells could repair themselves. The samples were
Within the DIPool project the overall goal is to develop
analyzed with FCM, cell count based on live/dead DNA
a chemical disinfectant free swimming pool. The
staining (Fig. 1) and HPC on LLA plates (Fig. 2).
project consists of different sub-projects to study the
contamination of swimming pools by users, the risks
of chorine free swimming pools, prevention of biofilm
growth and the development of a water treatment
system. In the (sub)study described here a comparison is
made between disinfection of indicator organisms and a
more realistic anthropogenic shower population, in order
to determine effective indicator tools for swimming pool
hygiene. Different techniques like flow cell cytometry
(FCM) and heterotrophic plate count (HPC) were used
to determine the number of viable cells after disinfection
with hypochlorite and UV-light.
Figure 1: Flow cell cytometry: Live/dead staining. Total cell
count based on fluoresence of all DNA with SyberGreen
(SG). Indication of intact (living) cells based on the
difference between total cells and broken cells which are
determined with PropiumIodide (PI) fluoresence.
Project outline
Introduction
In the Netherlands, free available chlorine concentrations
in swimming pools are limited between 0.5-1.5 mg/L,
which is based on a 4-log removal of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa within 30 seconds. However, in practice
another indicator organism (Escherichia coli) is used to
validate the swimming pool water quality based on HPC.
HPC is time consuming, since colonies have to grow
overnight, in comparison to new techniques like FCM.
Approach
Lab experiments were performed with the indicator
organisms
Pseudomonas
fluorescens
(P17)
and
Figure 2: Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) of the
anthropogenic population on LLA plates
Escherichia coli (WR1). For a more realistic population
an anthropogenic shower population was used, assuming
Results
the release of similar microorganisms during a 1 minute
Preliminary research shows that there is a difference in
shower compared to a jump in a swimming pool. Non-
viable cells determined with HPC and FCM after chlorine
chlorinated shower water of 10 different persons was
treatment. Samples measured with HPC are clearly
collected and concentrated till a cell concentration of 107
showing disinfection since the cell concentration is
cells/mL.
lowered according to the chlorine doses. In contradiction
All three populations were centrifuged and resuspended
to measuring with HPC, FCM does not show this
in a PBS buffer at a pH of 7.3. Next, they were exposed to
disinfection. The cell concentration of E.coli and P17
free chlorine (0.5 – 1.0 – 1.5 – 3.0 mg/L) for two contact
stays the same (~100%). Also the anthropogenic
times (0.5 – 6.0 min). Afterwards the samples were
population does not show disinfection for most samples
dechlorinated with sodiumthiosulfate. Disinfection with
(stable around 200%). However, the dots corresponding
UV-light was done in a range of 5-60 mJ/cm. All samples
to a high free chlorine concentration of 5.0 mg/L show
were measured after disinfection for 3 hours to determine
disinfection with FCM.
128
Marjolein Peters
Scientific relevance
It is important to define useful and simple techniques to indicate the
biological pollution swimming pool water. Furthermore, it is important to
know which method is most suitable for different applications. Finally, it
is already known that some microorganisms can repair themselves after
UV-light disinfection. In this research also the repair mechanisms after
chlorine disinfection were investigated.
Social relevance
Normally chemical disinfection is used in swimming pools to ensure
microbiologic safe swimming pool water. However, the use of a chemical
disinfectant, like chlorine, produces also disinfection by-products (DBPs)
which are bad for human health. Therefore it is important to lower
the formation of DBPs. One way to do that is by lowering the chlorine
concentration and/or use another disinfectant such as UV-light.
For chlorine free water, it is important to know whether the used
indicator organisms indeed act like an indicator, to be able to judge the
swimming water quality on relevant parameters in order to guarantee
the biological safety of this pool water.
Literature
▪▪
M.G.A. Keuten, M.C.F.M. Peters, H.A.M. Daanen, M.K. de Kreuk, L.C.
Rietveld, J.C. van Dijk. Quantification of continual anthropogenic
pollutants released in swimming pools. Submitted to Water
Research
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering and
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Tel.: +31 15 2787894
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2628 CN Delft
Julianalaan 67
2628 BC Delft
Start date project:
End date project:
Jul 2011
Jul 2015
Key words:
Pool water treatment,
alternative disinfection, microbial
populations, chlorine
Cooperation with other institutes:
Department of Environmental
Biotechnology of DUT/TNW
Hellebrekers Technieken
Van Remmen UV techniek
AkzoNobel
Coram International
Sportfondsen Nederland
Funding:
Agentschap NL
EFRO-GO
129
Individual projects
Ana Poças
Origin and development of discolouration loose deposits in
distribution systems: insights and practical aspects
Research objectives
Results
The aim of the thesis is to study the origins and
The low velocity methodology that was developed,
development processes underlying the occurrence of tap
allowed for representative sampling of LD at sufficient
water discolouration and loose deposits in drinking water
amounts for further characterisation. This included
distribution systems. Accordingly, the research main
collected discharged waters from low (< 10 NTU) to
objectives include:
high (> 20 NTU) turbidity levels. With respect to LD
▪▪
to
develop
a
methodology
for
representative
physical chemical characterisation, total iron and volatile
sampling in distribution networks;
solids were identified as main LD components (up to
▪▪
to know loose deposits’ composition and behaviour;
65% in dry weight), with minor contributions of other
▪▪
to investigate possible relations between loose
inorganic components (Al, Mn and Ca < 5%). The organic
deposits and bacteria;
components, accounting for the systematic presence of
to study the build up and formation mechanisms of
exopolymeric substances (EPS), were found to be key
loose deposits.
role in LD occurrence in DWDS. Overall, the relevance of
▪▪
water as important LD constituent (ca. 85%), together
Project outline
with the microscopic observations and EPS contents,
Introduction
suggested a hydrogel floc nature for LD.
Loose deposits (LD) may develop and accumulate in
The test rig experimental results in which LD were found
drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) and lead
to have similarities in characteristics and behaviour to
to tap water discolouration incidents, due to velocity
those collected from the network, suggested LD may
changes or increases. Generally identified as cast iron
build up as aggregates, rather than in even-layers, at
corrosion derivatives, LD maintenance and control
least under laminar flows and at close to constant flow
strategies are in many cases restricted to cast-iron pipe
velocities.
replacement. However, as LD have multiple origins they
are likely to occur in every DWDS, irrespectively of pipe
Scientific relevance
material or the water characteristics. Better knowledge
Not only organoleptic changes may be associated to
and interpretation of discolouration LD occurrence in
discolouration LD, but also e.g., the microbial degradation
DWDS, including LD physical chemical characteristics
of drinking water. Understanding that LD may behave
and behaviour, are required to get to really effective
as hydrated flocs rather than particles and accumulate
countermeasures.
as aggregates, opens new possibilities for effective
countermeasures c.q. substantiate earlier measures
Approach
as the self cleaning networks. Further studies for LD
The study involves the sampling of LD from hydrants
occurrence interpretation in DWDS are still required
in Lisbon DWDS during routine pipe discharges.
e.g.to better understand the seemingly erratic occurence.
The method is based on large volume sampling and
extended concentration times, for representative LD
Social relevance
collection and physical chemical characterisation, as
Water companies are keen on providing drinking water
well as microbiological analyses and investigation on LD
with quality levels complying with regulations, as well as in
behaviour. Concurrently, on lab-scale, pilot-scale studies
guaranteeing the consumers’ confidence and satisfaction.
are used to study build up and formation mechanisms
Tap water discolouration events are a problem that water
of LD, along with their physical chemical characterization
utilities may face on a daily basis.Better understanding of
and behaviour.
LD accumulation and consequences of LD re-suspension is
necessary, along with better knowledge of the processes
underlying discolouration and LD occurrence in DWDS to
formulate more effective measures to prevent customers
130
Ana Poças
being exposed to these water quality incidents.
Literature
▪▪
Poças, A., Miranda, A., Paiva, J., Benoliel, M.J., Vreeburg, J. and
Menaia, J., 2013. Hydrogel floc nature and biogenic constituents of
drinking water discolouration deposits. Water Science & Technology:
Water Supply 13 (6), 1486-1494.
▪▪
Poças, A., Rebola, N., Cordeiro, B., Rodrigues, S., Benoliel, M.J.,
Vreeburg, J. and Menaia, J., 2013. Methodology for sampling
drinking water discolouration loose deposits at low velocities. Water
Science & Technology: Water Supply 13 (4), 1116-1122.
▪▪
Poças, A., Napier, V., Neto, C., Ferreira, E., Benoliel, M.J., Vreeburg,
J. and Menaia, J., 2013. Harbouring and transport of bacteria by
discoloured water loose deposits. 2nd Water Research Conference,
Water Research, Singapore Expo, Singapura, 20-23 Janeiro 2013,
poster.
▪▪
Poças, A., Vreeburg, J., Rebola, N., Cordeiro, B., Rodrigues, S.,
Benoliel, M.J. and Menaia, J., 2012. Deposição de sedimentos nas
redes de distribuição de água para consume humano: o problema
e as soluções. Encontro Nacional de Saneamento Básico, APESB,
Évora, Portugal, 10-12 Outubro 2012, 11 p.
▪▪
Poças, A., Monteiro, L., Rebola, N., Cordeiro, B., Paiva, J., Benoliel,
M.J., Rodrigues, S., Vreeburg, J. and Menaia, J., 2012. Método para
amostragem representativa de sedimentos de redes de distribuição,
Congresso da Água, APRH, Porto, Portugal, 6-8 Fevereiro, 8 p.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Department of Watermanagement
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +351 917401035
e-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Av. Brasil nº101, 1700-066
Lisbon, Portugal
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2628 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Apr 2009
End date project:
Apr 2014
Key words:
Discolouration, loose deposits,
drinking water quality, distribution
systems
Cooperation with other institutes:
Laboratório Nacional de
Engenharia Civil (LNEC), Empresa
Portuguesa das Águas Livres
(EPAL)
131
Individual projects
Johan Post
Serviceability of lateral sewer connections and gully pots
Research objectives
The second phase aims to quantify the contribution
This research aims to identify relevant failure mechanisms
of failure mechanisms (e.g. roots, fat/grease etc.) by
for lateral (house) sewer connections as well as gully
interrogating failure databases. For gully pots a new
pots and to ascertain the interaction between these
data collection method is proposed where during repairs,
mechanisms and the state of the main sewer system.
information on the actual cause of failure is collected in a
Knowledge on this topic can aid to improve current sewer
more comprehensive way. By interrogating the database
management strategies in order to maximise the level of
of a commercial drainage maintenance database,
service provided.
information on the occurrence of blockages in privately
owned lateral house connections is obtained.
Project outline
Introduction
A statistical approach is applied in the third phase in order
The performance of an urban drainage system is assessed
to ascertain relationships between system factors and the
based on the ability of the system to deliver a certain
occurrence of failure mechanisms. This will provide insight
service. This vital service encompasses, among others, the
in effect of management strategies and fundamental
drainage of wastewater and excess stormwater in order
design choices on the level of service provided.
to prevent public health issues and flooding. In order to
maintain the desired level of service at the lowest costs,
First results
maintenance and rehabilitation strategies developed by
Based on interviews and a literature review it is found
local water authorities should aim to focus work on assets
that although components comprising the front end of
that have a significant impact on the overall operational
the sewer system are subject to many of the same failure
condition of the system (Fenner 2000). Currently, only
mechanisms as main sewers, they are more prone to
the condition of components of the main sewer system
failure. This indicates the relevance of these objects with
are taken into account in this process.
respect to the serviceability of the system.
Previous research has shown that the contribution of
An initial analysis of the commercial drainage database
lateral connections and gully pots transporting runoff
supports this statement by showing that the amount
to the main sewer system on the serviceability of sewer
of blockages in the lateral house connections (124
systems is significant (Ten Veldhuis and Clemens 2011,
blockages / 100 km main sewer / year) is several orders
Caradot et al. 2011). Yet, knowledge on how the current
of magnitude greater than the blockage rate reported for
condition of lateral house sewers affects the overall
main sewers (0.14 – 0.80 / 100 km sewer / year) by Ten
level of service provided remains scarce. Moreover, it is
Veldhuis et al. (2009).
unclear how the probability of failure of lateral (house)
connections and gully pots is related to the state of the
main sewer system.
Approach
This research is divided in three phases. The first phase
is exploratory and entails the identification of relevant
failure mechanisms for the front end of the sewer system
and possible factors influencing the occurrence of these
failure mechanisms. The main sources of information are
semi-structured interviews with employees from the field
and a review of scientific literature.
Figure 1: influence of subsidence on the number of
blockages in lateral house connections
132
Johan Post
Figure 1 shows the results of combining data on blockages in lateral house
connections and settlement rates for the municipality of Rotterdam. The
total amount of settlement is calculated by multiplying the age of a
building with the settlement rate derived from satellite based Synthetic
Aperture Radar (SAR) measurements. This method does, however,
implicitly assume a constant settlement rate for the whole period. It is
suspected that the increase in the blockage rate in the lower regions
may be influenced by the standard of workmanship at the construction
of the buildings. A steady increase in the blockage rate is seen in the
upper regions of the horizontal bar chart. This indicates that subsidence
does influence the blockage rate of lateral house sewers.
Scientific and social relevance
With respect to the performance of the sewer system, the front end is
generally assumed to perform as designed. This does not only mean that
there is a gap in scientific knowledge, but also suggest that most studies
concerned with the serviceability of sewer systems will overestimate the
actual level of service provided. Moreover, by improving management
strategies, the same level of service can be provided with a lower
budget.
Literature
▪▪
Fenner, R.A. (2000) Approaches to sewer maintenance: a review.
Urban Water 2(4), 343-356.
▪▪
Ten Veldhuis, J.A.E. and Clemens, F.H.L.R. (2011) The efficiency
of asset management strategies to reduce urban flood risk. Water
Science & Technology 64(6), 1317-1324.
▪▪
Caradot, N., Granger, D., Chapgier, J., Cherqui, F. and Chocat, B.
(2011) Urban flood risk assessment using sewer flooding databases.
Water science and technology 64(4), 832-840.
▪▪
Ten Veldhuis, J.A.E., Clemens, F.H.L.R. and van Gelder, P.H.A.J.M.
(2009) Fault tree analysis for urban flooding. Water science and
technology: a journal of the International Association on Water
Pollution Research 59(8), 1621-1629.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2781462
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Nov 2012
Expected end date: Nov 2016
Key words:
Sewer asset management,
serviceability, lateral connections,
gully pots
Cooperation with other institutes:
ARCADIS, Deltares, Gemeente
Almere, Gemeente Breda,
Gemeente ’s-Gravenhage,
Gemeente Utrecht,
Gemeentewerken Rotterdam,
GMB Rioleringstechnieken,
Grontmij, KWR Watercycle
Research Institute,
RoyalHaskoningDHV, Stichting
RIONED, STOWA, Tauw,
Vandervalk+degroot, Waternet,
Waterschap De Dommel,
Waterschap Vallei en Eem en
Witteveen+Bos
133
Individual projects
Wouter van Riel
Decision-Making in Sewer Asset Management
Research objectives
sewer replacement? Decision-making in reality is a group
This research aims at describing the actual decision-
process, and therefore, it is needed to include interaction
making processes and information use in sewer asset
between individuals, as well as changes in information
management, in order to analyse the effects of variations
quantity and quality. To do so, serious gaming is applied.
in information quantity and quality on decision-making.
The study contributes to understanding the influence of
Results
information in decision-making in complex sociotechnical
The results show that sewer system managers use a
systems. As such, it provides a basis for a framework for
wide range of information sources (see figure 1.) before
information provision in sewer asset management.
initiating a replacement decision, and that intuitive
reasoning plays an important role in these decisions Yet,
Project outline
conditions for intuition to be skilled are not always met,
Introduction
causing a high chance for intuitions to be incorrect (Van
Sewer systems are vital urban infrastructures aiming at
Riel et al., Submitted).
protecting public health and preventing urban flooding.
Appropriate
sewer
asset
management
is
required
to balance serviceability and costs for rehabilitation
and replacement. Yet, sewer asset management is
complicated, because it is embedded in a complex
sociotechnical system. In practise, this complexity is
expressed by multiple considerations and dilemmas
sewer system managers face, including insufficient data
and making compromises. This causes decision-making
to be partially based on intuition and lacking explicit
argumentation, hampering decision transparency and
reproducibility. As such, it is unclear on what information
decisions are based and to what extent decisions are
influenced by intuition.
Approach
Figure 1. Indicated information sources as decision
argumentation with f ≥ 5
This research approaches sewer asset management
Scientific and social relevance
from a different perspective (actor oriented) than the
This research contributes to understand the role of
traditional systems perspective. The first one and a half
information in decision-making in complex sociotechnical
year focused on analysis of information use and intuition
systems. Decision-making in such systems is mostly
in the decision-making process for sewer replacement.
based on interaction and negotiation between actors (De
More than twenty-five interviews were conducted to
Bruijn & Herder, 2009). As such, the role of information
analyse the decision process in general and the decision
seems limited from this actor perspective. From a systems
argumentation of 170 sewer replacement projects in the
perspective however, information has a more prominent
Netherlands. A next step was to assess the perceived
role.
relative importance of these information sources. For
Is current sewer asset management in need for
example, are camera inspection images more important
improvement? An increased understanding of decision-
than pipe age? A digital survey based on paired
making results in increased insight into argumentation of
comparisons was set up for this purpose to study the
spending money on sewer works. So far, no research has
reasoning of Dutch sewer system managers. A third thing
been carried out to investigate what information is used
to know is, how does an organisation make a choice for
for choices and how this influences decision-making. This
134
Wouter van Riel
allows for making conclusions about what information, and what quality
of information, is relevant to collect and what is not.
Literature
▪▪
De Bruijn, H., & Herder, P.M. (2009). System and actor perspectives
on sociotechnical systems. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and
Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans, 39(5), 981-992. doi:
10.1109/tsmca.2009.2025452
▪▪
Van Riel, W., Langeveld, J., Herder, P., & Clemens, F. (Submitted).
Intuition and information in decision making for sewer asset
management. Urban Water Journal.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2781462
E-mail: [email protected]
www.urbandrainage.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Room 4.64
Start date project: Nov 2011
Expected end date: Nov 2015
Key words:
Sewer asset management,
information use, decision-making
Cooperation with other institutes:
ARCADIS, Deltares, Gemeente
Almere, Gemeente Breda,
Gemeente ’s-Gravenhage,
Gemeentewerken Rotterdam,
Gemeente Utrecht, GMB
Rioleringstechniek, Grontmij,
KWR Watercycle Research
Institute, Platform Water Vallei
en Eem, Royal HaskoningDHV,
Stichting RIONED, STOWA, Tauw,
vandervalk+degroot, Waterboard
De Dommel, Waternet and
Witteveen+Bos
135
Individual projects
Petra Ross
Optimization of Drinking Water Treatment Processes using
models and on-line monitoring tools
Research objectives
UV/Vis-spectra measurements to AOC measurements.
The research objective is to develop and combine existing
The development of new models combined with the
models for a water treatment platform, which enables
use of online monitoring tools will be addressed in this
users to virtually construct a water treatment plant and
part, whereas the description of testing protocol and
to monitor and optimise existing water treatment plants.
the calibration and validation will be executed in future
research. When ozonation is followed by biological
Project outline
filtration, part of the AOC formed during ozonation is
Introduction
biodegraded by the biomass present in the biological
To achieve the objective following topics are addressed:
filters. The AOC is consumed and transferred into
▪▪
a inventory of models and water quality parameters
biomass, resulting in an increase in pressure drop over
▪▪
incorporation of online monitoring tools
the filters, until the filters need to be backwashed. The
▪▪
development of new models
amount of produced biomass in the filters can be directly
▪▪
description of a testing protocol
linked to the amount of AOC present in the water. The
▪▪
calibration and validation of the individual models
clogging of biological activated carbon filters is modelled.
and treatment trains
In order to study clogging due to the development of
biomass, different ozone dosages were applied, on pilot
Approach
scale, resulting in different AOC concentrations. The
An inventory of models and water quality parameters
pressure drop was measured at several heights in the
was carried out from October until December 2006.
filter bed, see Figure 1.
Existing water quality models written in MATLAB®
Simulink were converted to c-code after which they were
Results
implemented in SimEau, European Water Treatment
The pressure build-up only took place in the top layer of
Simulator developed within the European 6th framework
the filter bed due to stratification of the filter material.
project Techneau (www.techneau.org).The development
The results of a model prediction for pressure drop and
of online monitoring tools was done from January until
the actual measured pressure drop for one of the filter
December 2007. Biostability was determined through
runs is presented in Figure 2.
an on-line estimation of assimilable organic carbon
(AOC). This was conducted by correlating differential
Figure 1: Experimental set-up of pilot plant with sampling points
136
The presence of biomass causes the formation of a cake
Petra Ross
Figure 2: Model prediction filter run
layer and accounts for the majority of the pressure build up in the
BAC filter. The model is used to predict the filter run time between
backwashing, for both cold as warm temperature, and can be used to
set backwash intervals more accurately.
Scientific relevance
To be able to develop a model, understanding of the processes involved
during the treatment process is necessary. Additionally the combination
of joint unit processes also gives insight in the interaction between the
different processes. On-line monitoring tools can be used to calibrate
and validate the models and is a tool for direct optimization of the
treatment processes.
Social relevance
Direct notice of changes in the raw water quality can result in direct
action and optimization of the operation of the drinking water treatment
plant. Combined with the existence of a water treatment simulator
comprised of models of different treatment processes this will lead to
an improved operation of the drinking water treatment plant and will
result in a better water quality benefiting public safety.
Literature
▪▪
Ross, PS, Helm, AWC van der, Broeke, J van den, Aa, LTJ van der &
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2781585
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Oct 2006
Expected end date: 2014
Key words:
Drinking water treatment,
Modelling
Cooperation with other institutes:
WRc
Riga Technical University
Eawag
Rietveld, LC (2008). Effect of raw water quality on performance of
ozone and biofiltration based on modelling and on-line monitoring.
In Proceedings of WISA Conference. Sun City, South Africa
▪▪
Ross, PS, Broeke J van den &Rietveld L.C. (2008). Drinking water
treatment: On-line estimation of biological stability using UVspectrography. In: Proceedings of UV-Workshop, Vienna, Austria.
▪▪
Broeke, J van den, Ross, PS, Helm, AWC van der, Baars, ET, &
Rietveld, LC (2008). Use of on-line UV/Vis-spectrometry in the
measurement of dissolved ozone and AOC concentration in drinking
water treatment. Water Science and Technology, 57(8), pp 11691175.
137
Individual projects
Helena Sales Ortells
Health Impact of New Urban Water Concepts
Research objectives
The objective of this research is to evaluate the
microbiological safety of a series of water systems in the
urban environment by developing a Quantitative Microbial
Risk Assessment (QMRA) based method.
Project outline
Introduction
Global change brings the need for developing new
concepts for dealing with water problems (e.g. water
scarcity during dry periods or flooding during extreme
rain events). Rainwater storages in the city, or the reuse
of treated sewage water are becoming more common
ways of dealing with those problems. These waters
can contain pathogens to which users, neighbours or
workers are exposed. The health risks derived from these
exposures need to be assessed.
Approach
Figure 1: Concentration of Campylobacter spp in one of the
WGM locations after dry and wet rain events. Dry and wet
events are defined as those in which less than and more than
1mm of rain has been registered within the 48h previous
to the sampling event, respectively. The boxplot shows the
median, interquartile range, minimum and maximum values.
Circles are considered outliers. p-value is 0.007
A selection of study locations is done based on exposure
A study on the health effects of exposure to rain water
and suspicion of pathogens presence. Water samples are
was conducted in a wadi located in the Watergraafsmeer
gathered and analysed for quantification of pathogens
and a water plaza in Rotterdam (figure 2). L. pneumophila
and indicators of faecal contamination. QMRA models are
and Campylobacter spp have been found at various
built to assess the health risks at each location.
concentrations. Results are being analysed at the moment.
Results
The first case study, screening level assessment of the
risk of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) related to aeration of
drinking water, is concluded. A probability of disease of
10-6 was estimated for a groundwater treatment plant
located 1km downwind from an infected barnyard,
concluding that the risk of developing Q fever through
drinking water is very low.
Figure 2: The wadi after a rain event (left) and the water
plaza during the rain simulation event (right)
A screening level risk assessment on several water
locations in the Watergraafsmeer polder (Amsterdam)
The health risks derived from the use of reclaimed water
was conducted, in order to select a number of locations for
for several purposes in Catalonia, Spain, are also being
a field study. Fecal indicator E. coli, and the pathogens L.
assessed. This project is conducted in collaboration with
pneumophila, cyanobacteria, Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter
the Department of Microbiology of the University of
and adenovirus were quantified during the field study.
Barcelona. Models are under construction for assessing
Faecal indicators and pathogens were found in some
the disease risks for different scenarios, including
locations at levels that would imply health risks for the
ingestion of crops contaminated with adenoviruses and
exposed population. Significant correlations were found
noroviruses, or inhalation of L. pneumophila contained in
between E. coli, Campylobacter spp concentrations, and
aerosols generated from spray irrigation of golf courses. .
several weather parameters in some of the locations
(figure 1).
138
Helena Sales Ortells
Scientific Relevance
The aim of the project is to study new water systems that have not
been investigated previously following a QMRA approach. Information
about the presence of microbes in these water systems and about the
exposure of the population to them will be released. This knowledge
will enable the expansion of new ways of using water or new water
systems.
Social Relevance
The presence of microbial hazards in water poses a risk for human
health. Water companies and civil engineers can use the results of the
study to modify the efficiency of their water treatment processes or the
design of urban water systems when it is required.
Literature
▪▪
Sales-Ortells, H. and Medema, G. (2012) Screening-level risk
assessment of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) transmission via aeration
of drinking water. Environmental Science & Technology, 46 (7):
4125-4133.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
KWR Watercycle Research Institute
Tel.: +31 30 6069649
E-mail: helena.sales.ortells@
kwrwater.nl
[email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 1072
3430 BB Nieuwegein
Visiting address:
Groningenhaven7
3430 BB Nieuwegein
Start date project: Nov 2009
Expected end date: Nov 2013
Key words:
Health impact, QMRA, Urban
water
Cooperation with other institutes:
KWR Watercycle Research Institute
139
Individual projects
Luis Dario Sanchez
Upflow gravel filtration for multiple uses
Research objectives
To improve the understanding of upflow gravel filtration
(UGF), a component of multi-stage filtration technology
(MSF), and explore other potential applications of this
technology to contribute to a better response to water
quality problems.
Project outline
Introduction
Water quality and quantity from surface sources are
changing due to the deterioration of watersheds caused
Figure 1. Multi stage filtration with coagulation and
flocculation in upflow gravel filters
(1-5: monitoring points of water quality)
by deforestation, erosion, and the discharge of untreated
Results
wastewater (e.g., in Colombia only 3.1% of the total
CF-UGF units improved the performance of MSF
volume of wastewater produced is treated (CGR, 2009)).
considerably, when operated with turbidity levels above
The two most serious problems concern the peaks in
30 NTU. It strongly reduced the load of particulate
turbidity and E-coli concentrations that particularly affect
material before the water entered in the SSF and avoided
water supply systems in rural areas in the Andean region.
short filter runs. The removal efficiency of turbidity in the
Considering that MSF is a promising and reliable water
CF-UGF was between 85 and 96%, whereas the average
treatment option for small communities, in this research
efficiency without coagulant dosing was 46%. Effluent
the operational and design aspects of coagulation and
turbidity, during coagulant dosing, was 98% of time less
flocculation in upflow gravel filters (CF-UGF) in line with
than10 NTU (Figure 2) and also improved the removal
MSF was studied.
efficiency of microorganisms (Figure 3). No reduction in
the microbial activity of the SSF and no obstruction of the
Approach
SSF bed were observed. The most important advantage
The study was developed in Cali, Colombia, in a full
was the flexibility to operate with and without coagulant.
scale treatment plant (Figure 1) that consists of:
dynamic roughing filtration (DRF), to protect from
peaks of suspended solids and turbidity; a rapid mixing
chamber (RMC), where the coagulants are dosed; CFUGF where the processes of coagulation, flocculation,
sedimentation and filtration occur; UGF to remove total
suspended solids; and finally slow sand filtration (SSF)
for microorganism removal. Raw water was monitored for
the following parameters: turbidity, true colour, E- coli,
total coliforms, heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and pH.
In addtions, the head loss (hf), the coagulant dose and
the filter cleaning procedure were monitored.
140
Figure 2. Frequency of turbidity levels (operation with
coagulant)
Luis Dario Sanchez
TC: Total coliforms; EC: Eschirichia coli; HPC: heterotrophic play
count bacteria.
1- without coagulant; 2- with coagulant
Figure 3 Microbiological behaviour (UGF: Vf 1.0 m h-1, SSF: Vf 0.3
m h-1)
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Scientific relevance
Tel.: +31 15 2783347
E-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
UGF was introduced in Brazil during the 1960s, and Colombia during the
1970s. Pilot and full scale studies were developed in Colombia, during
the 1980s and 1990s, and also the use of CF-UGF in the laboratory and
on pilot scale was explored (Sanchez et al, 2006). Nowadays, the use of
CF-UGF with MSF has a few full-scale applications. This research shows,
after extensive monitoring, that CF-UGF indeed has potential to improve
the performance of MSF conserving biological processes.
Social relevance
UGF and CF-UGF require material that are often readily available, can
be easily administrated, and maintained and operated by local operators
at reasonable cost. Therefor they are useful for rural communities in
developing countries. The cost per m3 produced is about US$0.05, for a
per capita investment of US$18, this may contribute to improved access
to sustainable and safe drinking water.
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Aug 2010
Expected end date: Aug 2014
Key words:
Upflow gravel filtration, water
quality, multi stage filtration
Cooperation with other institutes:
Universidad del Valle-Instituto
Cinara, Cali-Colombia
Literature
▪▪
CGR, Contraloría General de la República: Estado de los Recursos
Naturales y del Ambiente, República de Colombia, 180 pp., 2009.
▪▪
Dorea, C.C., and Clarke, B.A.: Impact of chemical pretreatment
in Slow Sand Filtration, in: proceeding of Recent progress in slow
sand and alternative biofiltration processes. IWA publishing, 215223, 2006.
▪▪
Sánchez, L.D., Sánchez, A., Galvis, G., and Latorre, J.: Multi-Stage
Filtration. Thematic overview paper 15. IRC International Water
and Sanitation Centre. 64 pp., 2006.
141
Individual projects
Doeke Schippers
Intelligent water production
Research objectives
The final step is to implement the different soft sensors in
The objective of this PhD study is to integrate different
de process automation of Vitens.
models (white, gray and data driven) to control the water
quality of groundwater treatments. Main goal is to find
Results
‘the holy grail’ for online sensors of aeration and filtration.
The basic result for the SLIMM box is a real-time insight
in the different steps of the treatment (i.e. extraction,
Project outline
aeration, filtration, deacidification and softening). Next to
Introduction
this also soft sensors have been developed for methane
In water treatment the water quality, that is produced
removal, energy consumption and plate fouling of
by a given water treatment plant, is usually not analyzed
the plate aeration step, a soft sensor for iron removal
before the water is consumed by the public. This results
in the filtration step and carbon dioxide removal in the
in plant design and operation with inherent very high
deacidification step. At this time these soft sensors can
safety margins. And therefore leads to high investment
only be used at the production plant of Oldeholtpade.
and operational costs. By introduction of different water
quality models it is possible to prevent the risk of water
Scientific relevance
quality problems at customers and to reduce the total
Previous research has shown that it is quite difficult to
costs of water production.
model the filtration step. In order the control the water
quality of a groundwater treatment plant it is very
Approach
At
production
important to find a solution for the numerous quality
location
Oldeholtpade
(Vitens)
an
problems at the tap. A further insight in the filtration is
investigation has been executed to develop a new
of utmost importance for implementation of model-based
approach. The so called SLIMM (acronym for Self
control.
Learning Integrated Model based Management) box
extracts all the existing data from the plant and combines
Social relevance
this with data-driven and white box models to develop
At this time customers are drinking water from the tap
soft sensors for the entire plant. This has resulted in soft
before the results of different analyses are known. With
sensors for aeration. Next to that the combination of the
the introduction of model-based control drinking water
water analyses results and the process information has
companies can prevent water quality problems in the
led to more insight for the process operators. The results
distribution area and at the tap. Next to that the present
are mainly applicable for the location Oldeholtpade.
water treatment facilities are built and operated with a
As first step in the further research a functionality for the
very conservative framework. With model-based control it
extraction of groundwater will be designed to predict the
is possible to reduce the operational and capital cost. Also
final quality of the raw water entering the treatment.
the environmental impact of drinking water production
The following step is to improve the soft sensor for
can be reduced.
aeration (plate aeration). This results in a soft sensor
which can be used at all ground water location with plate
Literature
aeration. The research will further focus on other aeration
▪▪
Van der Helm, A.W.C., Integrated modeling of
systems which are used in ground water treatment.
ozonation
The investigation at Oldeholtpade has shown that
treatment, TU Delft (2007)
filtration is difficult to model. The SLIMM project showed
▪▪
optimization
of
drinking
water
Van Schagen, K.M., Model-based Control of DrinkingWater Treatment Plants, TU Delft (2009)
that at that time only data-driven models were applicable.
During this research the goal is to design a white box
for
▪▪
Van de Ven, W.J.C. et al, Application of model-based
model for filtration which is applicable for all groundwater
management
treatment systems.
Oldeholtpade – a feasibility study, IWA Montreal
(2010)
142
for
groundwater
treatment
plant
Doeke Schipppers
Foto SLIMM-box
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Mob: +31 6 51612329
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Jun 2013
Expected end date: Jun 2018
Key words:
Model-based control, white box
model, soft sensors, drinking
water
Cooperation with other institutes:
Vitens
143
Individual projects
Roslinda Seswoya
Enhanced Energy Recovery from Digesting Excess
Activated Sludge
Research objectives
Municipal
wastewater
treatment
study Dara Ghashimi in this annual report).
plants
(WWTPs)
Different pre-treatment methods (sludge disintegration)
generate sludge as a by-product of the physical, chemical
are used to improve the hydrolysis rate. These methods
and biological processes used during treatment. This
claim to disrupt cell walls, resulting in lysis of sludge
sludge contains a large portion of organic waste readily
cells. Several treatment methods also convert slowly
available for anaerobic digestion, yielding methane rich
degradable, particulate organic material into low molecular
biogas for renewable energy production. Hydrolysis is
weight, readily biodegradable compounds, thus bypassing
indicated as the rate-limiting step in this process and
the rate-limiting hydrolysis stage. Described methods
thus the optimization of the anaerobic digestion process
include physical, chemical, mechanical and biological
strongly depends on the increase in hydrolysis efficiency.
pre-treatment. Researchers have evaluated the effect
A promising method to improve hydrolysis is pre-
of pre-treatment based on VS reduction and increase in
treatment, in which sludge disintegration before entering
the biogas production. However, still uncertainties exist
the digester is achieved. The objectives of this study
in judging the efficiency of pre-treatment with anaerobic
are to unravel anaerobic digestibility of waste sludge
digestion subsequently and optimisation should be
and in particular examine the anaerobic digestibility of
possible when the processes are better understood.
Extracellular Polymers (EPS), and the effect of current
pre-treatment methods on all fractions of waste sludge.
Approach
The research aims to give insight in pre-treatment
The composition of easy, slowly and hardly biodegradable
efficiencies, beyond organic matter solubilisation as
organic matter of the primary and secondary sludge from
described in literature.
different WWTPs will be characterized before and after
digestion at lab scale and full scale digesters. Several
Project outline
pre-treatment experimental conditions will be applied,
Introduction
and the anaerobic digestibility of pre-treated excess
The major drawbacks of anaerobic digestion are its long
activated sludge will be examined under controlled
retention times (typical 20–30 days) and low overall
lab conditions. The assessment including the biogas
degradation efficiency for organic matter, due to the
production and the removal efficiency of easy, slowly
inability of the anaerobic micro-organism to degrade
and hardly biodegradable organic matter. The relevant
certain organic matter components efficiently. Organics
aspects of interest such as biomass growth/changes and
reduction from waste sludge through digestion is limited
conversion/inhibition/toxicity will be addressed too.
to about 50% (Appels et al., 2011). Currently, anaerobic
digestion of sewage sludge is mainly applied for waste
Results
activated sludge (secondary sludge) or combination of
The first stage of this study was to examine the
primary and secondary sludge. Primary sludge consists
characteristics of sewage sludge. The results showed that
pre-dominantly of readily settleable solids comprising
the VFA, soluble polysaccharides, soluble protein, COD
fibres and less degradable cellulosic material (Pilli et
soluble, and COD total were higher in primary sludge
al.,2011), whereas, secondary sludge (WAS) contains
samples than secondary sludge samples obtained from
mostly microbial cells associated biomass (Pilli et al., 2011).
Harnaschpolder. Furthermore, preliminary experiments
Bacterial cells are protected by a semi-rigid structure (Yi,
on anaerobic digested sludge characteristics from
Han, and Zhuo, 2013). Lignin, and lignin intertwined
thermophilic and mesophilic full scale reactors were
hemicellulotic and cellulotic structures, are found to be
studied. It was shown that thermophilic and mesophilic
hardly biodegradable by the anaerobic micro-organisms,
digestion
resulting in very long retention times and a low digestion
production at the rate of 0.5 mMol biogas/hr. The bio
output (Appels et al., 2011). Current research shows that
methane potential (BMP) or nett accumulated biogas was
the toilet paper fraction is readily biodegradable (See
63.6 mMol and 62.8 mMol under anaerobic digestion at
144
showed
similar
performance
in
biogas
Roslinda Seswoya
550C and 370C at 50 days (1198 hours).
Scientific relevance
The research will give insight in the limited pre-treatment efficiencies,
and organics conversion in anaerobic digestion of waste sludge, more
beyond the solid and the organic matter solubilisation as described in
literature.
Social relevance
The Dutch wastewater authorities have committed to a yearly 2 percent
reduction in energy usage, until 2030. In the other hand, being a
location where energy is not only needed but also produced, WWTPs
offer good chances to balance the energy expenditure and become selfsustaining through implementation of new and improvised technology.
Therefore, this research may contribute to rebrand and reformulate
Dutch wastewater treatment plant as energy –factory.
Literature
▪▪
Appels, Lise, Joost Lauwers, Jan Degrève, Lieve Helsen, Bart
Lievens, Kris Willems, Jan Van Impe, and Raf Dewil. 2011.
“Anaerobic digestion in global bio-energy production: Potential and
research challenges.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
15(9): 4295–4301.
▪▪
Pilli, Sridhar, Puspendu Bhunia, Song Yan, R J LeBlanc, R D Tyagi,
and R Y Surampalli. 2011. “Ultrasonic pretreatment of sludge: a
review.” Ultrasonics sonochemistry 18(1): 1–18.
▪▪
Yi, Hui, Yun Han, and Yang Zhuo. 2013. “Effect of Combined
Pretreatment of Waste Activated Sludge for Anaerobic Digestion
Process.” Procedia Environmental Sciences 18: 716–721.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Mob: +31 6 87227497
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Jan 2013
Expected end date: Jan 2017
Key words:
Waste sludge, organic matter,
pretreatment, full scale
Cooperation with other institutes:
Ministry of Higher Education,
Malaysia
145
Individual projects
Ran Shang
Innovative ceramic ultrafiltration for water reuse: P
rejection by CTUF for RO pretreatment
Research objectives
Results
1. Ceramic UF and MF for the reuse purpose (investigate
1. The phosphate rejection by a negatively charged
▪▪
▪▪
in the membrane irreversible fouling)
membrane can be achieved by charge repulsion
Hydraulic irreversible fouling on low pressure ceramic
between the trivalent phosphate ion and the
membranes (MF/UF)
membrane surface [1]. Many studies confirmed that
Role of cations on the hydraulic irreversible fouling of
membranes of various surface charge will exhibit
the low pressure membranes
similar surface charge values as the foulants when the
2. Reuse water for industry with optimized Ceramic
membranes were completely covered by adsorbed
Tight UF processes
foulants. Therefore, the zeta potential values of
▪▪
Case study of RO plants for industry
foulants were adopted as the representatives of the
▪▪
Optimize CTUF processes as RO pretreatment
qualitative surface charge of the completely fouled
membranes (Fig. 1).
Project outline
Introduction
Reverse osmosis (RO) is increasingly used in desalination
and water reuse installations. However, a crucial issue of
these installations is bio-fouling, which leads to ascending
operational costs and shortening membrane lifetime.
Phosphate limitation is one of the methods to prevent
biofouling on RO. The enhanced phosphate rejection
by CTUF to achieve P limitation is being investigated.
Our previous study[1] showed 39%-86% of dissolved
phosphate can be rejected by a negatively charged TiO2
tight UF membrane with molecular weight cut-off (MWCO)
of 3 kDa. Thus, the tight UF membrane can potentially be
deployed for RO pre-treatment in order to constrain the
Figure 1 Zeta potential of organic solutions as foulants at pH 7
biofouling and scaling in RO. The aim of this study was to
investigate the impact of organic matter (including NOM
and EfOM), cations and complex of effluent water on the
P rejection by the tight ceramic UF membrane.
Approach
1. CTUF (3 kDa) ceramic membrane (TAMI) was applied
for tests.
2. Filtration tests were carried out with 2 m/s crossflow
and flux of 50 L/(m2.h).
3. The P rejection experiments were carried out under
different fouling conditions to understand the
membrane fouling caused by EfOM (and cations) on
P rejection.
Figure 2 Effect of feed solutes on phosphate rejection by the
3 kDa ceramic UF
2. The 3 kDa UF membrane was able to rejected
43.1±0.5% of phosphate from phosphate-spiked DI
water. However, with the NOM or EfOM in feed water,
phosphate rejection increased to 52.5±3.6% and
67.7±0.8%, respectively (Fig. 2).
146
Ran Shang
Scientific and social relevance
Combined phosphate limitation (0.3 μg P/l [2]) and organic matter
limitation (0.5 mg TOC/l) for biomass accumulation are conceivably
achieved by coagulation-TCUF, in order to prevent RO from bio-fouling.
The in-line coagulation can already reduce the phosphate level from
7-115 to 0.2-2.8 μg P/l [3]. Combination of coagulation and CTUF is
likely to reduce P concentration below the phosphate limitation value,
and thus the RO biofouling problem is plausibly released.
Literature
▪▪
Shang, R., et al., Tight ceramic UF membrane as RO pre-treatment:
The role of electrostatic interactions on phosphate rejection. Water
Research, 2014. 48(1): p. 498-507.
▪▪
Vrouwenvelder, J.S., et al., Phosphate limitation to control biofouling.
Water Research, 2010. 44(11): p. 3454-3466.
▪▪
Jacobson, J.D., et al., Phosphate limitation in reverse osmosis: An
option to control biofouling? Desalination and Water Treatment,
2009. 5(1-3): p. 198-206.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2783539
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: 2009
Expected end date: 2013
Key words:
Ceramic tight UF; RO
pretreatment; water reuse
147
Individual projects
Matthieu Spekkers
Modelling rainfall-related damage to residential buildings
Research objectives
through roofs and pluvial flood water entering buildings
This project aims to identify and investigate factors that
at ground floor. The aim was to investigate whether the
influence probability and size of rainfall-related damage
probability of rainfall-related damage were associated
to residential buildings, by analysing large insurance
with maximum rainfall intensities. Rainfall data were used
claim databases.
based on a network of 33 automatic rain gauges operated
by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI).
Project outline
A logistic regression model was used to link probabilities
Introduction
of rainfall-related claims to maximum rainfall intensities.
A key aspect of flood risk management is the analysis of
flood damage data and the development of flood damage
In
prediction models. Little research focused on small-scale
approaches were used to analyse the same insurance
urban floods caused by rainfall overloading urban drainage
databases as the first study, using a much wider range
systems, while there is a need for reliable damage models
of explanatory data. Decision trees are fundamental
for this flood type among insurers and flood management
tools in data-mining that help to explore structures of
authorities. The objective of such models are to predict
large and complex data sets. The response data being
damage of single elements (e.g. buildings) or spatially
modelled are average claim size and claim ratio, per
aggregated units (e.g. neighbourhoods), based on a set
neighbourhood per day. The set of predictors include
of explanatory variables.
rainfall-related variables from weather radar images (e.g.
a
second
(unpublished)
study,
decision
tree
maximum and mean rainfall intensity, rainfall volume, see
Approach
also Spekkers et al., 2013b), topographic variables (e.g.
In a first study (Spekkers et al., 2013a), insurance
steepness, relative position) from a digital terrain model,
databases containing 20 years of rainfall-related claims
building-related variables (e.g. age, floor area) and
for the whole country of the Netherlands, provided by
socioeconomic indicators of households (e.g. household
the Dutch Association of Insurers, were analysed. Claims
income, education). Analyses were made separately for
were related to residential building and building content
average claim size and claim ratio, using regression trees
damage caused by heavy rainfall, e.g. rainwater intrusion
and Poisson trees respectively.
Districts with high number of rainfall-related claims (dots and crosses) and event rainfall volume [mm] (Spekkers et al., 2013b)
148
Matthieu Spekkers
Results
The results of the first study (Spekkers et al., 2013a) show that high
claim numbers related to building and building content damages
were significantly related to maximum rainfall intensity. The variance
explained by rainfall intensity, approximated by a pseudo-R2 statistic,
was at most 34% for property damage and at most 30% for content
damage, depending on the time window over which rainfall data was
aggregated. When directly comparing predicted and observed values,
the model was able to predict 5–17% more cases correctly compared
to a random prediction. No important differences were found between
property and content damage data. A considerable fraction of the
variance is left unexplained, which emphasizes the need to study other
explanatory variables. Results of the second study will be presented
in another paper, showing to what extent investigated explanatory
variables contribute to explaining variations in average claim size and
claim ratio.
Scientific and social relevance
Damage data and models can be used to validate and develop extreme
rainfall services (e.g. when to issue an alert?), to support decisionmaking activities (e.g. which preventive measures contribute to damage
reduction and to what extent?), to make quick assessments of damages
after an event (e.g. which regions are affected the most and should
therefore be given priority?), to improve emergency responses (e.g.
when and where to close roads?) and to estimate future damages
under various climate scenarios. This study is part of the EU Seventh
Framework Programme project ‘Smart Resilience Technology, Systems
and Tools’ (SMARTeST, 2013).
Literature
▪▪
Spekkers, M., Kok, M., Clemens, F., & Ten Veldhuis, J. (2013a). A
statistical analysis of insurance damage claims related to rainfall
extremes. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17(3), 913–922.
doi:10.5194/hess-17-913-2013
▪▪
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2788578
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Mar 2010
Expected end date: Jun 2014
Key words:
Pluvial flooding, heavy rainfall,
statistical analysis, insurance
damage data
Cooperation with other institutes:
City of Rotterdam
Spekkers, M., Kok, M., Clemens, F., & Ten Veldhuis, J. (2013b). A
spatial analysis of rainfall damage data using C-band weather radar
images. In International Conference of Flood Resilience. Exeter, UK.
▪▪
SMARTeST (2013). http://www.floodresilience.eu/. Website of the
EU Seventh Framework Programme ‘Smart Resilience Technology,
Systems and Tools’, 2010-2013.
149
Individual projects
Nikola Stanić
Quality of Information Used in Sewer Asset Management
Research objectives
of insufficient quality of visual inspection data. As a
This research project aims at defining the information
consequence, decisions on sewer management are based
needs, quantifying the uncertainties of information and
on partial knowledge due to scarcity of information on the
improving the quality of this information in order to achieve
functioning and conditions of urban drainage systems.
the desired efficiency gains for urban drainage systems.
Approach
Project outline
It is difficult to achieve a well-established relation
Introduction
between required asset management efforts and the
Throughout history urban drainage systems have evolved
level of service provided, due to sewer systems processes
and today they are viewed as a vital component of a
and structure complexity (Ashley & Hopkinson, 2002).
sustainable urban systems. Sewer systems are capital
Information on the physical status and the serviceability
intensive infrastructure systems, that have to last for
by themselves are not sufficient for identifying the trend
decades. However, with time drainage systems deteriorate
towards failure. The understanding of the changes in
due to aging, overloading, misuse and mismanagement
processes/status is essential for achieving effective sewer
(Butler and Davies 2004). As many sewer systems have
asset management. Through an increased understanding
been constructed between 1950s and 1970s, the societal
of sewer failure mechanisms this can be achieved. In
costs of managing the sewerage systems increased
order to identify the failure mechanisms involved, the
strongly over the past years. For instance, Oosterom and
HAZard and OPerability (HAZOP) approach was applied.
Hermans (2005) shows that the replacement value of
The HAZOP analysis allows identification of failure
the sewerage system in the Netherlands is around € 58
mechanisms, as well as identifying sources of information
billion. Estimate that today’s average annual sewerage tax
to detect and quantify the identified failure mechanisms.
per household in the Netherlands is € 125, which covers
Furthermore, the understanding of uncertainty of
87% of costs. In order to protect these investments,
inspection data is relevant for future decision making and
ensure delivery of sewerage service and an extended
model development. Uncertainties related to application
serviceability of the infrastructure, such systems have
of inspection techniques (e.g. CCTV inspection, drill core
to be properly operated and maintained together with
analysis) in today’s practice could be decreased.
adequate rehabilitation ((Delleur et al. 1998; Marsalek
Results
and Schilling 1998).
The HAZOP technique proved to be applicable to analyse
Sewer asset management aims at providing optimum
the information need for sewer asset management. For
decision on the provision for maintenance, on-going
instance, collapse of the structural elements can be
operation and on the provision of the large investments,
caused by material deterioration (decrease of strength)
associated with sewer rehabilitation and replacement
and/or by overloading the structure (increase of load).
(Nederlands
Currently,
The physical mechanisms that lead to pipe breakage are
decisions (e.g. rehabilitation, maintenance) mostly are
numerous/complex and not completely understood. The
made based on the information on the sewer physical
structural behaviour of buried concrete pipes is fairly well
status and on the information on serviceability only. For
understood, except for how material deterioration affects
instance, the primary sources of information used in
structural behaviour and performance. Consequently,
decision making are pipe age, closed-circuit television
information on the structural behaviour (structural
(CCTV) inspections along with monitored hydraulic
condition and the wall roughness) of deteriorated
performance. The information obtained from CCTV
sewer pipes will contribute to better understanding of
is limited due to the fact that only defects from within
the changes in status which is essential for achieving
the sewer are taken into account. Furthermore, recent
the desired efficiency gains for urban drainage systems.
research of Dirksen et al. (2011) concluded that more
Therefore, it is necessary to define a new method that will be
information is needed for proper decision making because
able to collect this information.
150
Normalisatie-instituut
2008).
Nikola Stanić
Laser scanning offers a new and challenging perspective for measuring
sewer pipe structural characteristics, such as interior shape and related
to this the remaining wall thickness and hydraulic properties, such as wall
roughness. The advantage of laser profilers is speed. In order to be able to
measure hydraulic roughness, a much higher resolution laser is required.
One of the drawbacks of a high resolution laser is that it is very time
consuming and results in a tremendous amount of data. The combination
of the two methods, i.e. to use the laser profiler to identify representative
patches which should be measured with the high resolution camera, is an
option to combine the strengths of both laser scanning methods.
A forgotten issue in earlier applications of these laser profilers, is the
necessity to know exactly the camera position and orientation, for which
the laser profile has to be corrected. The position and orientation of
the laser sheet and the camera will vary the obtained image has to be
corrected for these variations. Figure 1 shows the measuring set-up
applied that is able to obtain accuracy larger than the 95%.
Scientific relevance
One of the main challenges of asset management is to be able to define
a sufficient level of information. This study will contribute the further
research in the area of data acquisition and data management. Generally
it will help defining the information needed for proper serviceability.
Social relevance
Sewerage and urban drainage systems are important infrastructures in
terms of preventing urban flooding, and mitigating possible health hazards.
Proper serviceability of the asset can be achieved with an effective
management on the long-term, which will minimize adverse effects on
human health and environment and will also be more cost effective.
Literature
▪▪
▪▪
Butler, D., and Davies, J. W. (2004). Urban drainage, London: Spon Press.
Delleur, J.W., Reyna, S., and Vanegas, J. (1998). “Sewerage rehabilitation”,
in J. Marsalek, C. Maksimovic, E. Zeman, and R. Price, (eds.),
Hydroinformatics Tools for Planning, Design, Operation and Rehabilitation
of Sewer Systems. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic pp. 415-450.
▪▪
Dirksen, J., Clemens, F., Korving, H., Cherqui, F., Le Gauffre, P., Ertl,
T., Plihal, H., Müller, K., and Snaterse, C. (2011). “The consistency
of visual sewer inspection data” Structure and Infrastructure Eng.
▪▪
Marsalek, J., and Schilling, W. (1998). “Operation of sewer systems”, in J.
Marsalek, C. Maksimovic, E. Zeman, and R. Price, (eds.), Hydroinformatics
Tools for Planning, Design, Operation and Rehabilitation of Sewer
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2784026
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: May 2011
Expected end date: May 2015
Key words:
Asset management, information
needs, information quality, sewers
& drains
Cooperation with other institutes:
ARCADIS, Deltares, Gemeente
Almere, Gemeente Breda,
Gemeente ’s-Gravenhage,
Gemeentewerken Rotterdam,
Gemeente Utrecht, GMB
Rioleringstechniek, Grontmij,
KWR Watercycle Research
Institute, Platform Water Vallei
en Eem, Royal HaskoningDHV,
Stichting RIONED, STOWA, Tauw,
vandervalk+degroot, Waterboard
De Dommel, Waternet and
Witteveen+Bos
Systems. Dordrecht Kluwer Academic pp. 393-414.
▪▪
▪▪
Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut.(2008). NEN-EN 752: Buitenriolering.
Oosterom, G.E., Hermans, R.H.J.J. (2005). The Sewerage Atlas.
Summary RIONED, the Netherlands.
151
Individual projects
Maja Taucer-Kapteijn
Growth of Enterococus moraviensis on plantmaterial
Research objectives
contamination and enable to find possible defects on
1. Source tracking of E. moraviensis in dune recharge
boreholes and recharge mains.
area.
2. Potential growth of E. moraviensis on sediment,
biofilm and plantmaterial.
Approach
Besides focusing on faecal sources research focused also
on possible environmental growth of E. moraviensis.
Project outline
Total of 20 faecal samples (goose, gull, fox, rabbit, cow,
Introduction
sheep, goat) and grasses we tested on the presence
Research focused on Enterococcus moraviensis and its
of E. moraviensis. The results showed its presence in
role as a faecal indicator for determining the sanitary
grasses but not in the faecal samples. These findings and
quality of water. Microbial indicators are used to predict
previously described survival of enterococci in natural
the presence of potential risk associated with pathogenic
environments (Muruleedhara et al., 2012) encouraged
microorganisms.
the investigation on potential growth of this species
Because of the high costs of identification systems, the
in sediments and biofilm found in mains transporting
information on the diversity of the Enterococcus species
recharged water. Since sediments accumulate relatively
isolated from water is scarce. With introduction of the
fast in the pipes for recharged water (after dune filtration)
MALDI-TOF MS technique in the water laboratories
we presumed that they may play a role in nutrition of
the information on species became available. Because
micro-organisms when passing by. Growth experiments
of high incidence of enterococci in recharged water,
using E. moraviensis were conducted using sediments,
monitoring was done on enterococci species in one of the
biofilm and plant material as nutrition source for this
infiltration areas in The Netherlands (not published). In
species.
376 large volume sampling (100L) 63 samples contained
enterococci. Noteworthy, Enterococcus moraviensis was
Results
the most often identified (63%) species and occurs also
Addition of five different amounts (15 mg, 45 mg, 225
in the absence of other faecal indicators.
mg, 450 mg and 900 mg) of sediment to recharged
E. moraviensis is a relatively new species among the
water and incubation at three different temperatures
enterococci, isolated from surface water and described
(15˚C, 20˚C and 25 ˚C) did not have any effect on the
by Švec et al. in 2001. This species was earlier isolated
growth of E. moraviensis. Although in all cases only decay
from water samples in the Netherlands, but could not be
of E. moraviensis was observed, there was a significant
identified using biochemical identification test Rapid 32ID
difference in decay rate at the three temperatures.
Strep (Taucer-Kapteijn et al., 2013). Until now, there are
To answer the question if this species is able to colonise
no reports on faecal sources of E. moraviensis. However,
biofilms in recharge mains and grow there, firstly the
in water microbiology the source of Enterococcus spp.
colonisation abilities were tested and secondly the
is expected to be faecal, some studies suggested the
possible growth of E. moraviensis in biofilms. The
presence or regrowth of enterococci in environment in
results showed, that E. moraviensis was able to attach
the absence of faecal contamination. Thus presence in
to biofilm in relatively short time (30 minutes), but was
environmental samples without evidence of faeces may
not able to grow in the biofilm. Additionally, some growth
be the result of long survival of faecal species or perhaps
experiments were carried out on solid media containing
environmental growth of enterococci species.
extracts from plants as well as broths with these extracts.
Sufficient information on these questions is not available.
The results showed that, the plant extract (dune grasses)
Because removal of micro-organisms by dune recharge
does play a role in the nutrition of E. moraviensis promote
has been shown as effective (Schijven et al., 1998;
growth of this species (Fig. 1).
Schijven et al., 1999), the presence of enterococci in
recharged water is unlikely. Tracing the animal reservoir
of E. moraviensis, might help to find the spot of faecal
152
Maja Taucer-Kapteijn
Figure 1: Growth of E. moraviensis at 15˚C and different concentrations
sterilized plant extract
Scientific relevance
However the primary source of E. moraviensis is still not known, this
study has shown the growth of E. moraviensis at 15˚C on plant extract,
which means that this species does not meet all the conditions of being
a faecal indicator used for determining the sanitary quality of water.
Social relevance
Detection of E. moraviensis does not necessarily imply that the
infiltration system has been compromised by a pollution event. Since
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Mob: +31 6 22897416
E-mail: m.taucer-kapteijn@
tudelft.nl
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
species might be an important target of the future research.
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Literature
Start date project: Jan 2012
Expected end date: Jan 2016
it is not clear if E. moraviensis is present in the faeces of humans and
warm-blooded animals, the information on the primary source of this
▪▪
Svec, P., and I. Sedlacek. 1999. Occurrence of Enterococcus spp. in
waters. Folia Microbiol. 44:3-10.
▪▪
Schijven, J. F., Hoogenboezem W., Nobel P. J., Medema G. J. and
Stakelbeek A. 1998. Reduction of FRNA-bacteriophages and faecal
indicator bacteria by dune infiltration and estimation of sticking
efficiencies. Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 38, No. 12, pp.127-131.
▪▪
Key words:
The role and source tracking of
enterococci als feacal indicator in
dune recharge area
Cooperation with other institutes:
Het Waterlaboratorium
Schijven, J. F., W. Hoogenboezem, S. Majid Hassanizadeh and Jos
H. Peters. 1999. Modeling removal of bacteriofages MS2and PRD1
by dune recharge at Castricum, Netherlands. Water Resources
Research, Vol.35, No.4, p. 1101-1111.
▪▪
Muruleedhara N. Byappanahalli, Meredith B. Nevers, Asja Korajkic,
Zachery R. Staley and Valerie J. Harwood. 2012. Enterococci in the
Environment. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2012, 76(4):685.
▪▪
Taucer-Kapteijn, M., G. Medema and Wim Hoogenboezem. 2013.
Comparison between Rapid ID 32 Strep System, Matrix Assisted
Laser Desorption Ionisation–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and
16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for the species identification
of Enterococcus spp. isolated from water. Water Science and
Technology: Water Supply.13.5
153
Individual projects
Steef de Valk
Enhanced Enzymatic Anaerobic Fermentation of Organic
Residues (EnzyFOR)
Research objectives
Approach
Aquatic sludge degrading worms offer great opportunities
Due to unavailability of the aquatic worm Aulophorus
to investigate the way nature efficiently hydrolyses
furcatus, Tubefix tubefix is being studied in this research
complex organic matter. The aim of this research is to
project. A lab scale worm reactor is operated at the
explain the , in other studies observed, increase of total
waste water treatment plant Harnaschpolder, Delft, The
sludge biodegradability, observed in worm predated
Netherlands. The full scale worm process, described
excess activated sludge. This research will give insight
by J.Tamis et al. (2011) will be validated at lab scale.
into ways to mimic the biological activity of these
Furthermore, worm predated sludge will be compared
worms for large scale processes in order to increase the
to untreated sludge, both processed under the same
valorisation of waste streams by increased conversion of
conditions. Also a distinction between the hydrolytic
complex organic substrates.
activity of the aquatic worms and the intestinal microbial
flora is researched in order to make sound conclusions
Project outline
on who is responsible for the increased hydrolytic
Introduction
activity observed in the worm process. In a later stage
The activated sludge process is the most used process
conditions of the worm track will be mimicked to enhance
to remove organic carbon and other pollutants from
the hydrolysis step of excess sludge digestion or VFA
waste water. The organic fraction of waste water is
production
aerobically respired and partly converted into biomass.
The surplus biomass is a by-product of this process and is
Results
called excess activated sludge. The main constituents of
The first step in this project was to characterize the
activated sludge are biomass, organic matter and water.
worm process. The presence of aquatic sludge degrading
In general, this sludge stream is partly converted in
worms clearly had an effect on the rate of biomass
biogas and partly processed e.g. incinerated. The major
conversion. This rate increased almost 300% compared
problem, associated with activated sludge technology, is
to the aerobic endogenous sludge decay rate. The
the cost for processing and disposal of the large amounts
amount of degradation is in the same order of magnitude
of excess sludge.
as is reported by other authors using aquatic worms for
sludge reduction (T.L.G. Hendrickx et al,. 2009; J.Lou et
The major fraction of excess activated sludge consists
al,. 2011; J.Tamis et al 2011; Y.Tian et al,. 2012). The
of complex organic matter, which could be utilized if
effects of worm activity on the characteristics of sludge
transformed into VFA precursors for use in (bio)-chemical
was also monitored. The reported release of inorganic
industrial processes or biogas. Hereby increasing the
nutrients namely nitrate and phosphate was confirmed
valorisation of sludge and reducing the amount of sludge
as well and the TSS reduction was accompanied by a
associated with further processing and disposal costs.
shift in particle size in the 2 – 50 µm range. There was
a large increase in the 2 – 5 µm particles accompanied
It has been shown that the aquatic worm Aulophorus
by decreasing sizes in the 5 – 50 µm range. The shift in
furcatus increases the biodegradability of excess sludge
particle size becomes also apparent in the sludge volume
significantly, in terms of process time and methane
index. This index dropped almost 50% during a 3 day
potential, compared to other sludge reduction methods
batch. This drop can be attributed to the compact shape
currently available (Tamis et al., 2011). Worms feed on
of the worm faeces. However it was seen visually that
complex bio matter present in sludge by hydrolysing the
the turbidity increased significantly after 30 minutes of
polymeric substances (e.g. biomass and possible other
settling compared to the blank. This turbidity increase
polymeric substances) and convert these into VFA and
could be caused by the shift in particles size towards the
simple sugars. However the mechanisms in the intestines
2 – 5 µm range who settles less fast due the lower weight
of the worms are unknown.
of the particles.
154
Steef de Valk
Figure 1: Aspects of worm predation. Batch experiment with (Worms) and without
(Blank) worms. Activated sludge as substrate, 12g/l Worms, DO> 5 mg/l, pH 7. 1: Total
Suspended Solids reduction. 2: Inorganic nutrient release. 3: Sludge Volume Index. 4:
The difference in particle size between blank and worms over the course of 2 days.
Scientific relevance
This project will give insight into the hydrolysis of complex organic
molecules. Developing a cost effective process for the degradation of
complex organics into VFA or biogas is in the scope of this research.
Social relevance
In order to achieve a sustainable bio-based society, we should be
able to transfer complex organic waste into useable products, as VFA.
Furthermore, disposal of excess sludge of wastewater treatment is costly.
This project aims on enhancing product formation from excess sludge by
increasing its biodegradability by hydrolysing complex organic matter.
Therefore, disposal of the waste sludge will decrease and production of
useful components of waste, as VFA or biogas, will increase.
Literature
▪▪
Hendrickx, T. L. G., Temmink, H., Elissen, H. J. H., & Buisman, C.
J. N. (2009). Aquatic worms eating waste sludge in a continuous
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2785457
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Jan 2012
Expected end date: Jan 2016
Key words:
Hydrolysis; Sludge reduction;
Aquatic Oligochaetes; Worms
Cooperation with other institutes:
Delfluent Services BV, DSM, Royal
Cosun, STOWA, STW, Tauw,
Wageningen UR
system. Bioresource technology, 100(20), 4642–8
▪▪
Lou, J., Sun, P., Guo, M., Wu, G., & Song, Y. (2011). Simultaneous
sludge reduction and nutrient removal (SSRNR) with interaction
between Tubificidae and microorganisms: a full-scale study.
Bioresource technology, 102(24), 11132–6.
▪▪
Tamis, J., Van Schouwenburg, G., Kleerebezem, R., & Van
Loosdrecht, M. C. M. (2011). A full scale worm reactor for efficient
sludge reduction by predation in a wastewater treatment plant.
Water research, 45(18), 5916–24.
▪▪
Tian, Y., Lu, Y., & Li, Z. (2012). Performance analysis of a combined
system of membrane bioreactor and worm reactor: wastewater
treatment, sludge reduction and membrane fouling. Bioresource
technology, 121, 176–82.
155
Individual projects
Feifei Wang
Hybrid Advanced Oxidation and Artificial Recharge to
Remove the Organic Micropollutants from Drinking Water
Research objectives
in 2006 and started research to extend the treatment with
The objective of the research is to find a robust
an advanced processes, situated at the pre-treatment
combination of AOP (Advanced Oxidation Process) and
location in Bergambacht, to limit or remove OMPs.
AR (Artificial Recharge), to remove the OMPs (Organic
Micropollutants) from drinking water for drinking water
Many AOP processes, such as UV/H2O2, H2O2/O3, UV/
companies using river water as raw water source and
O3, UV/H2O2/O3 and UV/TiO2, exit. In order to prevent
applying AR in the treatment scheme.
the formation of bromate from bromide (since bromate
is a suspected carcinogenic), the Company Dunea is
The following sub-objectives are as follows:
mainly interested in AOPs without the use of ozone such
1. To establish the optimal combination of H2O2 dose,
as UV/H2O2 which avoid bromate formation. However,
O3 dose and some kind of UV lamp for the best
experiments with a test installation in 2009 and 2010
conversion of OMPs.
showed that the bromate formation could be reduced
2. Research on Artificial Recharge to quench bromate,
if the ozone dosage was limited and enough hydrogen
the by-products of AOPs, and excessive hydrogen
peroxide was dosed before the ozone introduction.
peroxide.
Compared with UV-AOP, the formation of hydroxyl radicals
3. To find out the optimal and most robust combination
of AOP and AR.
by peroxone (AOP with O3/H2O2) is much more efficient.
Besides, artificial recharge may enable bromate(BrO3-)removal from ozonated and infiltrated water biologically.
Project outline
So, the scientific hypothesis of the research is: the AOPs
Introduction
with UV/ O3/H2O2 can reduce effectively the concentration
In recent years, pesticides, pharmaceutically active
of OMPs, and then artificial recharge can reduce the by-
compounds, endocrine disrupting compounds, X-ray
product, bromated (BrO3-), and quench the excessive
contrast media and personal care products have been
H2O2. End 2012 Dunea will decide whether they will
found at ng/L to low μg/L concentrations in surface
implement AOP preceding AR.
waters throughout the world. Large quantities of OMPs
are used in western society.
Approach
To establish the optimal combination of AOP and AR, a
The treatment of the drinking water companies using
large number of experiments will be carried out to find
river water and applying AR has gradually been extended
the highest efficient and lowest cost combination and
to a multiple barrier treatment consisting of several serial
a suitable model will be applied to predict the effect
purification processes. The treatment can be divided in
of the most robust system, consisting of AOP and AR.
pre-treatment, artificial recharge and recovery (ARR) and
Depending on the decision of Dunea whether or not to
post-treatment Figure 1 shows the treatment scheme of
implement AOP preceding AR, also AR as single process
drinking water company Dunea. The current treatment is
will be studied for its robustness to remove OMPs. With
not adequate, so Dunea acknowledged the future threats
and without preceding AOP, the vital parameters (such as
T, PH, redox and contact time) for the artificial recharge
will be determined to remove the by-product and quench
the excessive H2O2 effectively, the capacity to remove
bromate, and the capacity to remove OMP. Finally, a
simple model will be used to predict the effect of the
combined AOP-AR process.
Figure 1: Drawing of treatment scheme Dunea
156
Feifei Wang
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Figure 2: The Research Route
Tel.: +31 15 2786588
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Scientific relevance
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
The combination of AOP and AR looks very promising for a treatment
of both processes.
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Social relevance
Start date project: Nov 2012
Expected end date: Nov 2016
for OMP removal and by-products removal. The scientific question is to
find out the optimal process condition to make benefit of the strength
Now the measured concentrations of OMPs in the drinking water are
low and the effect on human health for a single compound in the low
concentrations at present is judged negligible, but it is still a potential
threat to the human health in a long run. The hybrid of AOPs and AR will
be the best optimal to efficiently reduce the OMPs from drinking water
based the lowest cost.
Key words:
Drinking water, OMPs, AOPs,
Artificial Recharge
Cooperation with other institutes:
Dunea
Literature
▪▪
A. H. Knol. Peroxone process in drinking water treatment: conversion
of organic micropollutants with limited bromated formation,
the ultimate challenge in the Netherlands. Delft University of
Technology, NL, 2011.
▪▪
J. Collins, C. Cotton and M. MacPhee. Advanced treatment for
impaired water supplies: when advanced oxidation systems are the
best option. Water Practice and Technology, 2011, 6(4).
▪▪
K. Lekkerkerker, J. Schelideler, S. K. Maeng, A. Ried, J. Q. J. C.
Verberk, A. H. Knol, G. Amy and J. C. van Dijk. Advanced oxidation
and artificial recharge: a synergistic hybrid system for removal
of organic micropollutants. Water Science and Technology-Water
supply, 2009 (9): 643-651.
157
Individual projects
Mostafa Zahmatkesh
Development of fungal bioreactors to degrade recalcitrant
compounds in wastewater
Research objectives
White rot fungi (WRF) constitute a physiological group
The objective of this project is to design a suitable
comprising mostly of basidiomycetous, and to a lesser
bioreactor setup to cultivate White rot fungi in order to
extent, litter-decomposing fungi. WRF are the most
degrade Humics and/or lignin in wastewater and sludge.
abundant wood degraders in nature, which possess
the unique ability of efficiently degrading lignin to CO2
Project outline
[3], [4]. Thanks to WRF non-specific enzymes, they can
Introduction
degrade lignin and other recalcitrant compounds with
Lignocellulose is an abundant biomass that provides an
molecular structure similar to lignin, like azo dyes, poly
alternative source for the production of renewable fuels
aromatic hydrocarbons, some aromatic pharmaceuticals,
and chemicals. The depolymerization of the carbohydrate
and humics [5], [6].
polymers in lignocellulosic biomass is hindered by
lignin, which is recalcitrant to chemical and biological
degradation due to its complex chemical structure and
linkage heterogeneity. Lignin acts as a barrier to any
solutions or enzymes and prevents penetration of most
enzymes and chemicals to the interior lignocellulose
structure [1].
Fig II. White rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus (Photo by Fred
Stevens)
This focus of this project is on lignin and humics. By
degrading lignin, the cellulose content of the biomass will
be accessible, and can be consumed by anaerobic bacteria
to produce methane. On the other hand, degradation of
humics would be a substantial help to reduce the hardlybiodegradable COD of the wastewater.
Approach
The main issue to use WRF in Bioreactor scale under
Fig I. Enhanced-color confocal microscopy image of a
cross section of an Arabidopsis stem; Blue section is lignin
(Science magazine, Sep. 2013)
non-sterile condition is the bacterial contamination of
Humic
much faster than WRF, so they compete for nutrition,
substances
are
natural
non-living
organic
the medium, which limits the fungal growth and also
the enzymatic activity of the WRF. The bacteria grow
substances that are ubiquitous in the environment, both
subsequently limit the fungal growth and its activity.
aquatic and terrestrial. In nature, humic substances
The suitable bioreactor to treat lignin or humics with WRF
(mainly humic acids and humin) are extremely resistant
would be able to make the fungi the dominant microbial
to biodegradation. Their half-decay time (t1/2) can
community inside the reactor and limit the bacterial
amount to thousands of years [2]. Thus, their presence
growth. Also, this fungal bioreactor should stabilize the
in the wastewater usually would be considered as non-
enzyme activity for a long time, especially for continuous
biodegradable COD.
mode applications.
158
Mostafa Zahmatkesh
Scientific relevance
The bioligninolysis is a breakthrough technology for industrial
wastewater treatment, biofuel production, agriculture and animal food
industry. Within this project real industrial effluent and wastes are going
to be used, which is rare in previous studies.
This technology will increase the value of lignin-rich sludge to be used
in digester, also reduces the hardly-degradable COD of the wastewater.
Additionally, by treating aromatics biopolymers like Humics, the potential
risk of remaining these materials in wastewater without degrading or
partial degrading to aromatic and toxic compounds are handled.
Social relevance
Cleaner industrial effluent will help to protect our environment.
Also, increasing the efficiency of fuel production from sludge, would
contribute to fuel price as well as having a safe and green environment.
Literature
1. A. M. Abdel-Hamid, J. O. Solbiati, and I. K. O. Cann, “Insights into
lignin degradation and its potential industrial applications.,” Adv.
Appl. Microbiol., vol. 82, pp. 1–28, Jan. 2013.
2. J. . Hedges, G. Eglinton, P. . Hatcher, D. . Kirchman, C. Arnosti, S.
Derenne, R. . Evershed, I. Kögel-Knabner, J. . de Leeuw, R. Littke,
W. Michaelis, and J. Rullkötter, “The molecularly-uncharacterized
component of nonliving organic matter in natural environments,”
Org. Geochem., vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 945–958, Oct. 2000.
3. A. Hataka, “biodegradation of lignin,” in in Lignin, Humic Substances
and Coal, Martin Hofrichter and A. Steinbüchel, Eds. Weinheim,
Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005, pp. 129–179.
4. T. T. More, S. Yan, R. D. Tyagi, and R. Y. Surampalli, “Potential use
of filamentous fungi for wastewater sludge treatment.,” Bioresour.
Technol., vol. 101, no. 20, pp. 7700–7691, Jun. 2010.
5. M. J. Mendonça Maciel, A. Castro e Silva, and H. C. Telles Ribeiro,
“Industrial and biotechnological applications of ligninolytic enzymes
of the basidiomycota: a review,” Electron. J. Biotechnol., vol. 13, no.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2786588
Email: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: May 2012
Expected end date: May 2016
Key words:
Fungi, Lignin, Biodegradation,
wastewater treatment, Bioreactor,
Humics
Cooperation with other institutes:
Wageningen university, DSM
Vion
6, pp. 1–13, Nov. 2010.
6. M. Tišma, B. Zelić, and Đ. Vasić-rački, “White-rot fungi in phenols ,
dyes and other xenobiotics treatment – a brief review,” vol. 2, pp.
34–47, 2010.
159
Individual projects
Xuedong Zhang
Bioenergy production and bio-community dynamics in
digesters treating salty sludge
Research objectives
Approach
This research aims to investigate and apply anaerobic
digestion to treat salty sludge from marine Recirculation
Aquaculture Systems (RAS). Saline digester system are
being researched to minimize emissions from RAS, to
recover bioenergy and nutrients from the sludge, and to
further intensify the sustainability of RAS.
Research outline
Introduction
Marine RAS are considered a sustainable production
method to meet the future demand for fish and
seafood. They are assessed as being economically and
Fig. 1 Marine Recirculation Aquaculture System and
Research Topics
ecologically viable, highly sustainable and bio-secure
in terms of disease and escapee prevention. Bio-solids
Results
streams from marine RAS, containing high contents of
Saline digester operated at an organic loading rate (OLR)
nutrients as well as salts, however, are often discharged
of 4.4 kg COD/(m3∙day ) showed a stable performance,
without any proper treatment. The overall cooperative
in terms of COD removal efficiency, methane production,
project aims to develop an approach for cost-effective
and low effluent VFA content. The SMY was distinctly
waste management, minimizing emissions from marine
enhanced, reaching 0.203 CH4/g CODadded. The
RAS. The research at TU Delft focuses on the anaerobic
improved performance could be attributed to the use
digestion of saline wastes from marine RAS, recovery of
of high-salinity-acclimatized inoculum and the stepwise
energy, and recovery of nutrients.
increase in OLR. Surprisingly, pyrosequencing results
Literature results show that during treatment of saline
showed dominance of ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA)
wastes only low specific methane yields (SMY), of only
in the archaeal community in salty sludge from brackish
0.140-0.154 L CH4/g CODadded, are obtained. In
RAS, possibly indicating its important role in nitrogen
addition, digester performances are very unstable. Likely,
conversion in the RAS, which needs further investigation.
the use of improper (or non-adapted) seed material is
Moreover, the results demonstrate that adjustment of
causing the observed malfunctioning. Our results show
OLR influences the dynamics of bacterial and archaeal
that proper acclimatised inoculum and a stepwise increase
populations
in OLR led to a substantially enhanced performance of
subpopulations, the relative abundance of Bacillus sp. and
the digester and in an increased SMY. Studies on bacterial
Bacteroides sp. declined, accompanied by the enrichment
and archaeal subpopulations revealed bio-community
of Clostridium sp. and Trigonala sp. over time. From our
dynamics caused by the applied fecal feedstock and
results we deduce that Trigonala sp. was derived from
the stepwise increase in organic load to the digesters.
the substrate and its functionality in the digester needs to
Thus far, population dynamics in saline digesters treating
be further elucidated. The most abundant methanogen is
brackish/marine RAS wastes are hardly studied. Results
Methanosarcina sp. in both the inoculum and the samples
give clues for the most optimal operational strategy.
of the digester. Proliferation of Methanosarcina sp. can
in
the
digester.
Within
the
bacterial
be ascribed to its metabolic versatility, probably a feature
of crucial importance for high salinity environments.
Apparently, other frequently observed methanogens
were outcompeted. In addition, our results show that the
similarity between inoculum and digestate, with respect
to bacterial and archaeal populations at the genus level,
160
Xuedong Zhang
declines at the initial stage. With time, an increased diversity of bacterial
and archaeal subpopulations is observed.
Fig. 2 Phylum level distribution of bacterial (left) and archaeal (right)
community in inoculum, substrate and digestates of digester
Scientific relevance
Treatment of salty wastes via biological methods is an increasing
challenge. Under high salinity conditions, much lower metabolic
rates are generally observed. Our work greatly contributes to the
basic understanding of anaerobic conversion processes under saline
conditions and generates tools for enhanced operation of saline waste
and wastewater treatment systems.
Social relevance
Natural marine fish and seafood reserves are rapidly decreasing,
pressurizing marine fishery. The project aims to establish an
environmental sound marine RAS with minimized emissions. The latter
is an absolute prerequisite to satisfy the need for the increasing world
demand on fish and seafood.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
Tel.: +31 15 2785457
E-mail: [email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Nov 2009
Expected end date: Nov 2013
Key words:
Anaerobic digestion, brackish
aquaculture recirculation systems,
bacterial and archaeal population
Cooperation with other institutes:
Van Antwerpen Milieutechniek,
GrovisCo, Wageningen IMARES,
Aquaculture and Fisheries (AFI) of
Wageningen University
161
Individual projects
Ljiljana Zlatanovic
Water quality and temperature distribution in a sprinklered
and non-sprinklered domestic drinking water system
Research objectives
a sampling procedure for the temperature measurement.
The objectives of this research are as follows.
Thus, the realistic temperature profiles within the home
1. To determine the linkage, if any, between factors
plumbing can be greatly missed.
(such as drinking water temperature, stagnation
Last but not least, over the decades, there has been a
time, nutrient level and pipe aging) and occurrence
growing interest in residential sprinkler systems worldwide.
of opportunistic pathogens in drinking water in the
Even though the sprinkles have been widely used and for
domestic drinking water systems (DDWSs).
more than a century, their application in Europe is mostly
2. To experimentally validate, and if necessary calibrate
restricted to industrial purposes. The technical problem of
the domestic drinking water temperature (DDWT)
wide spreading of domestic fire sprinkler systems was up
model.
to recent required water flow and injection pressure, 50 to
3. To investigate the effects of plumbing extension for
80 l/min and 0.7 to 1.6 bar, respectively. Latest innovations
sprinkler accommodation on psysico-chemical and
in the sprinkler design have yielded a fire sprinkler head,
biological drinking water parameters.
which is efficient under low flow and pressure ranges (30 l/
min and 0.5 bar, respectively) which are normally found at
Project outline
the most distant location in a Dutch household. Therefore,
Introduction
there are no technical barriers, in terms of required flow
Domestic drinking water system (DDWS) is the portion of
and pressure, to integrate sprinkler systems into a home’s
a drinking water distribution system that includes plumbing
cold water plumbing. However, system integration into
between the service line and consumers’ tap and, thus
plumbing will influence drinking water system’s layout such
represents the final link in a drinking water supply chain.
as piping diameters, total pipe length and thus might affect
In 2006. growth of opportunistic pathogens in DDWSs was
drinking water quality at the consumers’ tap.
recognized as a high priority research area by National
Research Council, since the ability of pathogens to amplify
Approach
is greatly favoured by increase in water temperature, low
Two
residual disinfectant concentrations, available nutrients and
(sprinklered and non-sprinklered) are currently being
long water stagnation time in DDWSs. In the Netherlands,
under construction in the water laboratory located in the
drinking water is distributed without a persistent residual
building of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, TU Delft. In
but prevention of microbial regrowth in drinking water
order to simulate a realistic drinking water consumption
distribution systems is done by production of biologically
at the household level, the test rigs will comprise 11
stable water and use of biostable materials. In spite of
solenoid valves (tap points) per system, which will be
very low concentrations of biodegradable organic carbon
configured to run automatically according to the one year
in distributed drinking water, a recent study revealed that
demand patterns generated by SIMDEUM (SIMulation
opportunistic pathogens were more frequently found in
of water Demand, an End Use Model) model. Systems
DDWSs than in samples from the distribution mains in The
will simultaneously run under the same demand patterns
Netherlands.
generated by SIMDEUM model. The drinking water
Furthermore, Dutch legislation recommends a maximum
temperature will be continuously monitored, while the
threshold value of 25°C for the temperature at the
sampling campaigns for chemical and microbiological
consumers’ tap. In 2006, nearly 10% of tap water
water quality assessment will be carried out on a monthly
samples had temperatures in the range of 20 - 25°C in
basis.
The Netherlands, which means that, in the near future,
water temperatures at the consumers’ tap may exceed
the prescribed Dutch temperature guideline. However,
typical distribution system monitoring protocols stipulate
thoroughly flushing domestic drinking water systems, before
162
full
scale
domestic
drinking
water
systems
Ljiljana Zlatanovic
Expected results
This research should:
▪▪
shed light on the relationship between prevalence of opportunistic
pathogens in DDWSs and parameters such as material aging,
drinking water temperature and nutrient concentration in stagnant
drinking water;
▪▪
yield a validated DDWT model;
▪▪
give an insight in the consequences of sprinkler integration into
home plumbing on drinking water quality at the consumers’ tap.
Literature
▪▪
Blokker EJM. Stochastic water demand modelling for a better
understanding of hydraulics in water distribution networks PhD.
Watermanagement,Sanitary Engineering Section, Delft University of
Technology, Delft, 2010.
▪▪
Cotruvo JA. Approaches for providing potable water in small systems.
National Rural Water Association, 2002.
▪▪
Lautenschlager K, Boon N, Wang Y, Egli T, Hammes F, Overnight
stagnation of drinking water in household taps induces microbial
growth and changes in community composition, Water Research,
2010;44: 4868-77.
▪▪
Moerman A. Drinking water temperature modeling in domestic
systems. Sanitary Engineering Section, Delft University of Technology,
Delft, 2013.
▪▪
Snyder JK, Impacts of fire flow on distribution:System water quality
design and operation, AWWARF, 2003.
▪▪
Völker S, Schreiber C, Kistemann T, Drinking water quality in
household supply infrastructure—A survey of the current situation in
Germany, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health,
2010;213: 204-09.
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Water Management Department
Sanitary Engineering Section
E-mail:[email protected]
www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Postal address:
P.O. BOX 5048
2600 GA Delft
Visiting address:
Stevinweg 1
2611 CN Delft
Building of Civil Engineering
Start date project: Dec 2011
Expected end date: Dec 2015
Key words:
Water quality, premise plumbing,
fire sprinkler systems
Cooperation with other institutes:
Bam techniek, Brandeweer
Haaglanden, VSH, Dunea,
Waternet, PWN and Vitens
163
Education
164
Annual report 2013
Education
165
Education
Study Trip Dispuut Water Management
MDE Balkan countries 2013
After months of preparation, it finally happened! From
In the latter institute, the basic hydrology knowledge that
the 7th till the 16th of July, the Multiple Day Excursion of
some of us learned last year was put into practice. Of
the Dispuut Watermanagement went to as many as four
course a visit to Belgrade could not be completed without
(!) countries in ten days. Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
a trip on the Danube and Sava River. Also the evenings
Montenegro and Croatia were visited. The tour started
were far from boring. If you want to know why, ask one of
at Eindhoven Airport where all the 25 participants got
the participants! It has something to do with those same
the flight to Belgrade, most of them not knowing what
famous rivers…
would come. One thing was certain, they have agreed to
a multifaceted adventure! Because of this diversity, I will
The next destination of our trip was Sarajevo. Culturally
not be able to explain everything of this tour in detail, but
seen totally different from Belgrade. Also the landscape
I’ll do my best to mention some highlights.
was very different. The boring environment of Belgrade’s
surroundings has been replaced by beautiful karstic
As can be deduced from previous section, the first city
landscapes and two big rivers from Belgrade were
we visited was Belgrade, the capital of Serbia and former
replaced by a reddish small stream called Miljacka. For
Yugoslavia. This city at the confluence point of the
us, Sarajevo was characterized by a tour along all facets
Danube and the Sava river offered us of course the second
of the urban water cycle. This was already experienced
longest river of Europe, but also a number of company
during sanitary stops the first night. There is no water
visits and institutes. The first institute was the Jaroslav
pressure in the nights because of the leakage sensitive
Černi institute, for the development of Water Resources
distribution network. However, next morning we had
in the Serbian water sector. We got a presentation
water pressure again so we went all washed and brushed
about the status of Water Management in Serbia and
to our next appointment: the Sava River Watershed
international cooperation in the field of water and several
Agency. After a small talk, many urban water cycle related
laboratories were visited. The hydraulic laboratory with
projects were visited guided by Amila Ibrulj, a former MSc
very detailed physical scale models of Serbian dams and
student from UNESCO-IHE in Delft. First we went to the
rivers was shown and we also visited their chemical- and
WWTP Butile in the western part of Sarajevo. This WWTP
biological laboratories. One thing I can remember from
was built in 1984 in combination with the main collectors
these laboratories is that I haven’t seen most of their
in the city. A quick look in the history books learns us
advanced equipment ever in my life. That’s also the
that the Winter Olympic Games were held in Sarajevo
reason that I can’t explain what all that equipment was
that same year, however it’s still unknown to me if there
meant for. After all, my preconceptions about laboratories
is a relation between the two events. We arrived on an
in Southeast Europe were hereby already disproved. After
overgrown location and a perfect background for a horror
this, more institutes were visited like the Directorate for
movie. In 1992, the WWTP fell into disuse because of the
Inland Waterways and the Republic Hydrometeorological
Yugoslav wars.
Service of Serbia.
166
Study Trip Dispuut Water Management
Essential elements were plundered and there was no
what was quite a nice concept over here. A guided early
money available to maintain the WWTP anymore. Nothing
morning hike learned us more about this interesting
really happened for 21 years, so this was the first time for
environment. After this adventure, we went down to
many people in our group to have a look in an empty
our final destination Croatia, were we could rest so far
WWTP where all major elements are still recognizable.
possible and visit the two cities Dubrovnik and Split in
From the sludge digester, we had a good overview of
the last two days we had before we flew back to Schiphol
the plant. Further we visited the laboratory on the same
again. To conclude this story: it was an interesting study
complex, which is still in use, where for the second time
tour with the combination of nice projects and a lot of
in a week my preconceptions about Southeast Europe
fun! I want to thank Bas Heijman and Thom Bogaard for
were disproved. We also saw the outflow point of the
joining us and I am now already looking forward to next
‘effluent’ in the Miljacka River. The only thing I can say is
year’s study tour, the Grote Verre Reis to a more distant
that I prefer to live upstream of this point.
corner of the world. Keep up to date on:
www.dispuutwatermanagement.nl.
After this dirty part of the urban water cycle (I wonder if
I may call it a real cycle after what we’ve seen), we went
to the drinking water source of Sarajevo: the Bosna River
spring where clear but very cold water is seeping out of
the mountains. A small installation treats the water to
an acceptable quality here. What I can remember is that
there were pressure filters with a coagulant and after that
only a chlorination step to improve the reliability of the
water with regard to pathogens. Because it was around
30 °C outside, the comfortable temperature of 8 °C in the
plant was highly appreciated by our group. After this visit,
the HEIS institute was on the program with for the third
time a nice laboratory visit this week. The morning after
this, we went further down to Montenegro.
In Montenegro, there was nothing like a laboratory but
only rivers and beautiful environments. The best way
to explore this was by raft through the second deepest
canyon in the world. A group picture shows a piece
of the amazing view we had on our overnight stay in
what we called doghouses (they were not much bigger),
167
Education
Intership projects
Mark van Eekeren Reisfonds
Uit respect voor de bijdrage die Marc van Eekeren aan
Het
de watersector heeft geleverd en geïnspireerd door zijn
mogelijkheid om binnen de Bachelor studie een reis
reisfonds
biedt
de
Bachelor
studenten
de
passie voor het vak en zijn drive om de Nederlandse
gesubsidieerd te krijgen, welke onderdeel vormt van een
water sector internationaal te verbreden en te laten
water gerelateerde ervaring (stage/afstudeeropdracht/
inspireren, is een fonds opgericht om Bachelor studenten
bijwonen van een congres/studiereis). Met het fonds
te motiveren en te ondersteunen om internationaal
is op beperkte schaal geëxperimenteerd (€ 2.500 per
ervaring op te doen binnen de watersector: het Marc van
jaar) en de resultaten zijn erg positief. Het voorstel is
Eekeren Reisfonds.
om het Marc van Eekeren Reisfonds de komende jaren
te versterken en te integreren in een campagne van een
De TU Delft stelt voor om het Marc van Eekeren Reisfonds
aantal jaar om daarmee een extra middel te hebben
in te gaan zetten als belangrijk strategisch middel om
om Bachelor studenten te binden en te werven voor de
talentvolle Bachelor studenten aan de sector te binden.
Masters opleiding.
[email protected]
Niels van Linden & Niels Harent: Monte do Casarão
Monte do Casarão is een landgoed in het zuiden van
waterzuivering te maken. Momenteel wordt de aanbouw
Portugal, wat geleid wordt door de Nederlandse familie
van de zuivering gerealiseerd.
Riemslag. Het is een zelfvoorzienend gebied met
eigen watervoorziening, afvalwater behandeling en
energievoorziening. De kwaliteit van het water laat te
wensen over: het heeft een slechte smaak en veroorzaakt
veel kalkaanslag. Deze kalkaanslag wordt veroorzaakt
door een hoge hardheid in het water, welke als variabele
aangepakt zal worden Verder is er onderzocht of het
mogelijk is Monte do Casarão meer zelfvoorzienend te
maken, door zelf drinkwater te produceren. Met een
omgekeerd osmose systeem is dit het geval, ook is
dit rendabel. Hiervoor zijn bachelor studenten Civiele
Techniek Niels van Linden en Niels Harent in juli 2013
voor hun bachelor project naar Portugal vertrokken. Na
drie weken onderzoek op de mooie en vooral rustgevende
locatie, en het uitwerken voor de resultaten in Nederland
[email protected]
is het gelukt een compleet ontwerp voor een geschikte
[email protected]
Abel Heinsbroek: Drinking water in Vilankulos, Mozambique
Vilankulos is a small coastal town in the Vilanculos
EMA, the drinking water company of Vilankulos, is facing
district of the Inhambane province of Mozambique with
many problems in their water distribution systems and
an estimated population of 24 thousand inhabitants. It’s
treatment plant. Bad management of resources, irregular
situated 750 kilometers north-east of the Mozambican
maintenance and a lack of knowledge and manpower
capitol, Maputo. The water supply for the city centre of
affect the water supply, resulting in an intermittent water
Vilankulos is done by a piped distribution network fed
supply to the town centre of questionable quality.
by several groundwater wells located several kilometers
outside the city.
168
Intership projects
With the help of students from the local university I
set out to investigate the quality of the delivered water
and to investigate an alternative, low-tech, treatment
system to replace the current, broken-down, installation.
I discovered that the produced water contained high
amounts of iron and almost no calcium, resulting in
aggressive, brown coloured and foul-smelling water to
be delivered to the customers. As a low-tech alternative
for the current treatment system I investigated roughing
filters and built a small pilot plant using local materials.
The pilot plant managed to remove over 75 percent of the
iron in the water, bringing the iron content to well below
Mozambican standards and indicating that roughing
[email protected]
filters may be a suitable and relatively simple technique
to implement in Vilankulos.
Luuk Knijnenburg: Xiamen, China
Deze zomer heb ik de geweldige mogelijkheid gekregen
de mensen daar ontzettend vriendelijk en werd ik overal
van Luuk Rietveld om mijn Bachelor Eindwerk te doen
mee op sleeptouw genomen. In de weekenden heb ik een
in China. Luuk Rietveld was dit jaar in contact gekomen
aantal mooie uitstapjes kunnen maken en doordeweeks
met the Institute of Urban Environment (IUE) of Chinese
werd ik ’s avonds vaak mee uit genomen om de meest
Academy of Sciences en kreeg na wat mailcontact te
bizarre dingen te eten. Ik heb er mooie herinneringen aan
horen dat het mogelijk was voor mij om daar aan een
over gehouden en heb nog steeds regelmatig contact met
opdracht te werken.
de mensen van de universiteit daar. Ik ben dankbaar voor
In de aanloop naar mijn vertrek toe had ik veel contact
de begeleiding die ik heb gekregen en voor de inspanning
met de betreffende professor in China om mijn project
die voor mij is geleverd.
op te starten. Eenmaal in China aangekomen werd ik
geweldig ontvangen. Ik kreeg een eigen kamer op de
campus en begon de eerste dag gelijk aan het project.
Het contact met mijn begeleider daar in China verliep goed,
ondanks het feit dat er soms een kleine taalbarrière was.
Ik kwam er al gauw achter dat de mensen in China lange
dagen maken. Dit zorgde er voor dat ikzelf doordeweeks
ook van 9 tot 6 in het lab te vinden was om in de korte
tijd die ik had zoveel mogelijk data te verzamelen. Door
de tijdsdruk had ik een extra proefopstelling laten maken.
Bij het aansluiten van deze opstelling kwam ik, door wat
initieel een fout was, tot een ontdekking, wat uiteindelijk
mijn onderzoek voor een groot deel heeft beïnvloed.
Het was een toffe ervaring om in de praktijk tot nieuwe
inzichten te komen waarmee het hele project een nieuwe
draai kreeg.
Natuurlijk was het een hele ervaring op zich om vijf weken
in China aan een opdracht te werken. De cultuur is daar
compleet anders. Alles in de stad is in het Chinees, wat
[email protected]
het uitdagend maakt om je weg te vinden. Gelukkig waren
169
Education
Completed MSc theses 2013
Anthonie Hogendoorn: Enhanced digestion and alginatelike-exopolysaccharides extraction from Nereda sludge
Introduction
to omit the risk of ALE breakdown during digestion.
Nereda/aerobic granular sludge is a very promising
various bacteria in flocs, the different processes can
ALE extraction optimization and
protein content
be integrated within a sludge granule. This has several
Extraction of ALE yielded 220 mg VS/gr VS sludge. The
benefits, both on economical and environmental level.
alkali dosage could be lowered from 7.5 to 3.0 mmol/gr
technology for wastewater treatment. Instead of growing
VS sludge without affecting the amount of ALE extracted.
The secret of this aerobic granular sludge is attributed
Higher temperature and pH applied and duration of alkali
to the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) excreted
extraction showed to be increase the ALE yield.
by the bacteria. By applying proper process conditions,
A significant amount of protein was detected in the ALE
the bacteria produce a higher amount of EPS and these
(20-40%), depending on the protein detection method
substances posses different properties compared to EPS
and ALE extraction method.
produced by flocculent sludge. The EPS from granular
sludge displays properties similar to alginate. Alginate
Student: Anthonie Hogendoorn
is a polymer normally harvested from brown seaweed
Graduation committee:
and known for its gelling behaviour in the presence of
•
Prof. Dr. Ir. J.B. van Lier
divalent cations. ALE extraction and commercialization
•
Dr. Ir. M.K. de Kreuk
from Nereda sludge can significantly reduce sludge
•
Prof. Dr. Ir. M.C.M. van Loosdrecht
treatment costs. In this thesis-work the ALE-extraction
•
Ir. E. Koornneef
and anaerobic digestion process is optimized. Also the
interactions between both processes are investigated and
For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering
the protein content of the ALE is researched.
section (+31 (0)15-2783347).
Anaerobic digestibility
The anaerobic biodegradability of Nereda sludge is
relatively high. Around 42% of the VS is destructed in a
conventional digestion system (CSTR, HRT = 20 days).
The relative increase as a result of thermal pre-treatment
or the up-flow digestion system is limited (48% - 43%
resp.). The high biodegradability is attributed to the
young age of the sludge. The Nereda tanks allow for
extraction of fluffy/young sludge, whereas older granules
are kept inside.
Interactions between ALE extraction
and anaerobic digestion
Alginate seemed to be slowly biodegradable in the
calcium-bound form. Sodium alginate was quickly
degraded. When the standard method of ALE extraction
is applied, the anaerobic biodegradability is reduced
due to heating (80 0C, 30 min). An optimized extraction
procedure has to be developed to maintain a high ALEyield whereas the biodegradability is enhanced. It is
advised to apply ALE-extraction prior to digestion, mainly
170
Completed MSc theses 2013
Frank de Groot: Influence of variation in the natural water
quality matrix on advanced oxidation processes
Experimental research concerning
degradation of organic micropollutants
Conclusions
Based on the results of the experiments, it can be
concluded that hydrogen carbonate and natural organic
Introduction
matter (NOM) are the most important parameters that
Since the last few decades organic micropollutants
influence the OMP degradation capacity of AOP. These
(OMPs) have been regularly detected in Dutch surface
two parameters are responsible for a variation of 15%
waters at very low concentrations of ng/L to several µg/L.
to 25% in the OMP degradation efficiency. Variation
Moreover, as surface water is the source for drinking
of other parameters (nitrate, bromide, acidity and
water in the western part of the Netherlands, OMPs have
temperature) count for a fluctuation of about 5% in
occasionally been detected in drinking water. Although
the OMP degradation efficiency. The AOP-mechanism
OMPs have probably been present in surface waters
has been simulated with a chemical kinetics model, in
for many years, they have recently become an issue
which the most important water quality parameters are
for drinking water production as result of the increased
included. Although the model has to be further improved,
awareness for the chemical quality of drinking water
the model will be able to simulated and predict the OMP-
and due to improved analytical methods and measuring
degradation sufficiently.
techniques. As result, OMPs nowadays can be detected at
extremely low concentrations. Although OMPs in drinking
Student: F.H.M. de Groot
water at concentrations of ng/L to µg/L do not result in a
Committee:
direct health threat OMPs are undesired in drinking water
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. J.P. van der Hoek (TU Delft)
and as current drinking water treatment is inadequate
▪▪
Dr. Ir. D. van Halem (TU Delft)
for a sufficient removal of these pollutants, they are of
▪▪
Ir. A.H. Knol (Dunea)
concern for drinking water companies.
▪▪
Prof Dr. Ir. T. Olsthoorn (TU Delft)
Research
For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering
The Dutch drinking water company Dunea Duin en Water
section (+31 (0)15-2783347).
is doing research with advanced oxidation processes (AOP)
for an enhanced degradation of OMPs in combination
with subsequent removal by dune soil passage. In
previous pilot plant research, Dunea has proven that
AOP, based on serial O3/H2O2 - UV/H2O2 treatment, is
able to degrade OMPs to a convenient level. However, the
degradation efficiency of OMP fluctuates due to variations
in the water quality matrix. In this master thesis research
the influence of (variation) in the water quality matrix on
AOP has been examined, by means of a literature study
and experimental research with a pilot plant installation.
The experiments have been conducted with rapid sand
filtrate (RSF) from the full-scale pre-treatment plant of
Dune in Bergambacht. For various experiments, in which
the water quality matrix of RSF has been kept either
unaffected or individual water quality parameters have
been manually changed, the influence on the degradation
of OMPs and bromate formation has been examined.
171
Education
Completed MSc theses 2013
Gea Terhorst: Change of drinking water quality in a
distribution network
The effects of transport and starting up
a new treatment plant
The total particle volume measured in the water entering
the network of drinking water treatment plant Kolff is
dominated by peaks caused by pumping back drinking
Introduction
water from the water tower in Zaltbommel to the
Over the past few decades much research has been done
distribution network of Kolff. By pumping back water,
into the quality of drinking water during the purification
water with a significantly higher iron and manganese
process. However, drinking water quality must meet
concentration and turbidity enters the distribution
certain legal requirements when the water is delivered to
network compared to the water that is pumped into the
the consumer. During transport from the drinking water
network directly from the treatment plant.
treatment plant to the consumer the drinking water
quality can change as a result of physical, chemical and
In the distribution network the total particle volume is
biological processes in the distribution network.
dominated by the variation in drinking water consumption.
Due to the increased water consumption less sediment
Research
settles in the network and more sediment resuspends.
To understand the change of drinking water quality
As a result of this the amount of suspended solids, ATP
along the distribution network the outgoing clear water
(Adenosine Triphosphate) and TCC (Total Cell Count) in
at the treatment plant and the water coming out of
the drinking water is increased.
the consumers tap are compared. Also, the changes in
water quality due to the startup of a new drinking water
Conclusions
treatment plant are studied. Research has been done
It can be concluded that the start-up of the new drinking
in the distribution network of drinking water treatment
water treatment plant did not cause significant changes
plant Kolff. Measurements have been done using particle
in the drinking water quality, neither in the water that
counters, MuPFiS (multiple particle filtration system) and
leaves the treatment plant nor in the water at consumer
by taking water samples at drinking water treatment
sites. However, a change in water quality was measured
plant Kolff and at different locations in the network.
due to the increased water use, due to the frequency of
pumping water back from Zaltbommel and due to the lack
of maintenance at the old treatment plant.
Student: G.G. Terhorst
Committee:
Results
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. W.G.J. van der Meer
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ing. J.S. Vrouwenvelder
▪▪
Ir. A. Grefte
▪▪
Dr. Ir. J.H.G. Vreeburg
▪▪
Dr. Ir. J.Q.J.C. Verberk
▪▪
Ir. G.A. van Houwelingen and G.L. Bakker
The aeration system of the old treatment plant was not
cleaned in time and the filter material was not replaced in
For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering
time. As a result, the quality of the drinking water leaving
section (+31 (0)15-2783347).
the treatment plant deteriorated after June 2010. After
the start-up of the new treatment plant in April 2011,
the water quality has been restored to the level before
June 2010.
172
Completed MSc theses 2013
Jos Dusseldorp: Effect of pre-treatment with Reverse
Osmosis on the biological stability in a drinking water
treatment plant
Introduction
At drinking water treatment plant ZS Lekkerkerk of
drinking water company Oasen N.V. anaerobic river bank
filtrate is extracted and treated by two steps of filtration,
granular activated carbon (GAC) and UV-disinfection prior
to distribution. As part of a large scale project a pilot
installation Reverse Osmosis (RO) is constructed at ZS
Lekkerkerk to soften water to the desired level and to
take into account future salination caused by salt water
intrusion from the sea.
Fig 1: Total cell counts in drinking water treatment scheme
Problem definition
Growth
of
(pathogenic)
micro-organisms
in
the
▪▪
distribution network can lead to health risks and customer
vessels very low (<0.5 pg/cm2.d) for both flows.
complaints as it affects taste, color and odor of tap
water. As drinking water in the Netherlands is distributed
Biofilm formation rate (BFR) after GAC pressure
Effect of pre-treatment RO resulted in a lower BFR.
▪▪
(Bio)fouling potential of water pre-treated with RO
without disinfectants it is required that produced water at
is lower observed by the feed channel pressure drop
production locations is of a high level of biological stability
measured after post-filtration with a Membrane
that does not support bacterial regrowth.
Fouling Simulator (MFS). This is confirmed by ATP
and TCC accumulation on membranes and spacers
Research
from MFS units.
This research focuses on the question in what order
pre-treatment RO influences the biological stability of
Conclusions
drinking water in a drinking water treatment plant. Also
Positive effect of pre-treatment RO on biological stability
the effect of individual treatment steps is investigated.
in drinking water treatment plant is recognized by most
In the current situation one of eight filter sets is fed with
measuring methods used. Water is biological unstable
50% RO and 50% original extracted raw water from
after pre-filters due to high bacterial activity. After post-
Tiendweg (TW) intake source. To investigate the effect
filtration and further in treatment scheme biological
of RO this filter set is compared with a filter set that is
stability is of a very high level for both flows investigated.
fed with 100% TW. An experimental set-up, consisting
GAC treatment step does show a positive influence on the
of GAC pressure vessels, is constructed to include GAC
biological stability of drinking water.
treatment step.
Student: J. Dusseldorp
Results
Committee:
▪▪
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in water samples
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. W.G.J. van der Meer
after pre-filtration are 10 to over 200 ng/l due to
▪▪
Dr. Ir. J.S. Vrouwenvelder
microbiological activity caused by the biological
▪▪
Dr. Ir. J.H.G. Vreeburg (KWR)
removal of ammonium, iron and manganese in pre-
▪▪
Ir. M.C. Lut (Oasen N.V.)
filters. Water samples after post-filtration and GAC
treatment step observe ATP values below 10 ng/l and
For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering
no effect of pre-treatment RO is recognized. Total cell
section (+31 (0)15-2783347)
counts are presented in Figure 1.
173
Education
Completed MSc theses 2013
Thei Ruijters: Notification Registration Procedures in case of
flooding; Research and efficiency improvement
Introduction
Also it shows, that the information originate from the
For several years it is known that as a consequence of
messages usually is used for instant solution solving, and
climate change rain patterns will change in the future.
not long-term solutions solving (input into management
Winters are becoming wetter and summers are becoming
plans, etc.).
drier. Especially in summer period extreme rainfall will
more often occur. Extreme rainfall may lead to ‘ water in
The channels desk and internet offer the highest data
the street ‘ and ‘flooding ‘.
quality. When all notifications (100%) are registered by
the channel desk this results in the highest efficiency,
When flooding takes place, there is the possibility that
followed by the channel internet. Since it is not realistic
victims report this to the administrators and/or owners of
that all contacts take place through the channel desk,
the public space (province, local municipalities and water
because many municipalities will reduce the contact by
boards) or civil society organizations. It is also possible
desk in the future, the use of the e-form will become
that flooding results in people submitting insurance
more and more important.
claims.
Conclusions and recommendations
Problem definition
Data
registered
in
registration
Damage claims, arising from a bad or slow handling,
systems
is
often
can be prevented if a proper registration system is used
incomplete or unusable. The registered data from three
(System), the registration procedure is well organized
municipalities has been studied and is used to investigate
(procedure) and the user of the information uses the data
the manner in which the current registration methods can
properly (man).
be improved, so that the data collected (building blocks)
better contribute to a more efficient management of the
The risk of damage claims is high as the efficiency of
sewer system.
the registration process is low or the information of the
registration system is used not correct or incomplete.
Research
According to the registration procedure a better organized
The efficiency of the report registration procedure is
notifications system will lead to faster settlement and a
determined by the data quality of the building blocks, the
decrease of follow-up reports or damage claims.
registration system and the person who evaluates and
uses the registered information.
A practice situation, in which the data quality parameters
of the channel internet is at least equivalent to the current
Results
parameters of the channel desk and an increased use of
A notifier can pass the message on through a number
the internet channel, is preferred in future.
of channels. The channels are the “inputs” that make
it possible to reach the public authority. The following
Student: T.H.P. Ruijters, C1289632
(main) channels are differentiated:
Committee:
1. Channel telephony
▪▪
Dr. Ir. F.H.L.R. Clemens
2. Channel internet (e-form)
▪▪
Ir. M.H. Spekkers
3. Channel email
4. Channel mail
For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering
5. Channel desk
section (+31 (0)15-2783347)
Most notifications are given by telephone. It is also
revealed that relevant building blocks, such as phone
number and e-mail addresses often lack the data system.
174
Completed MSc theses 2013
Andreas Moerman: Drinking water temperature modeling in
domestic systems
Introduction
Results
▪▪
Residence time does have much more influence on
Domestic drinking water systems are the final stage
the microbial growth than temperature. Since the
of the transport process to supply potable water to
residence time is determined by the demand pattern
the customers tap. Though the drinking water quality
the latter can be point out as the major driver for
is influenced by passing the domestic drinking water
system it is not clear to which extent the temperature
water quality in domestic drinking water systems.
▪▪
The residence times in domestic drinking water
contributes to this influence. According to the drinking
systems are too short to cause serious problems,
water act the drinking water temperature should be lower
except when parts of the network are not flushed
than 25°C. However, any scientific basis for this threshold
properly. Therefore places of unwanted heating (so-
was not found in the literature. Nor could it be obtained
called hotspots) seem to have minor influence on the
from interviews with experts. Past research on domestic
drinking water systems was performed on temperature
water quality.
▪▪
Water is heated while it flows from the inflow
related subjects only (e.g. microbial growth). Existing
point (water meter) to the tap where the demand
temperature models do not incorporate the water
occurs. The exact temperature in the drinking water
dynamics which are induced by the demands at the tap
distribution system before the water meter can
locations. During this master thesis research a model
therefore not exactly be measured at the tap. This
was developed to calculate the temperature in domestic
has consequences for the measuring protocol which
drinking water systems. Afterwards several scenarios
is used by the dutch drinking water companies; the
were calculated to obtain insight in the relation between
so-called RDT sampling.
temperature, residence time and microbial growth. This
thesis research was performed during an internship at
Conclusions and recommendations
KWR Watercycle Research Institute.
Though EPANET MSX is developed to deal with chemical
decay or bacterial growth it can also be used to model
Problem definition
the temperature in domestic drinking water systems. The
There is a lack of knowledge on the relation between
next step will be to measure temperature in relation to
residence time, temperatures and bacterial growth in
demand in real. This master thesis research can be used
domestic drinking water systems on the one hand, and
as a guide while performing such a research.
the dynamics of consumer demand patterns on the other.
Existing models do not incorporate the highly dynamic
Student: A. Moerman
flows induced by the consumer demands.
Committee:
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. J.P. van der Hoek
Research
▪▪
Dr. Ir. J.H.G. Vreeburg
To obtain insight in the temperature of drinking water in
▪▪
Dr. Ir. E.J.M Blokker (KWR Watercycle Research Institute)
domestic drinking water systems a literature study was
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. T.N. Olsthoorn
performed on domestic drinking water systems and the
drinking water temperature was modeled. Three existing
For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering
models were used to perform the calculations: SIMDEUM
section (+31 (0)15-2783347)
to create demand patterns, EPANET to calculate the
hydraulics and EPANET MSX to embed the heat transfer
model which was developed during this research. Simple
growth models were used to model microbial growth as a
function of temperature.
175
Education
Completed MSc theses 2013
Judith van Tol: Organic micro pollutants: Assessment on
optimum treatment strategies in the water cycle
Introduction and problem definition
Results
Since several decades organic micro pollutants (OMPs)
The MCA results in a highest score for the strategy
have been detected in natural waters. Although appearing
‘legislation and policy’ (improvement of governmental
in very low concentrations (ng/L-µg/L), the presence of
regulations regarding the emission of OMPs into the
these compounds is a major reason for concern. Due to
water cycle). However, this strategy only holds when
their persistent character the OMPs remain longer in the
incorporating other measures to reduce the emission
water cycle and can be transported over a longer distance
of OMPs into the water cycle (implementing stricter
than other pollutants. Current treatment facilities are not
regulations results in the need for solution at the use or
designed to remove OMPs, which causes them to end
emission of OMPS, WWTP or DWTP). From the results
up in the environment and even in drinking water. The
it can be seen that not all concentrations are decreased
problems on OMPs are concentrated on the long-term
to below the limits. The future scenarios regarding the
effects on the safety of drinking water. In order to find
emission of OMPs and the discharge of river water are not
a solution to this problem this project focusses on the
influencing the (non-) exceedance of the limits.
following question:
What is the most sustainable, applicable and cost-
Conclusion and recommendations
efficient strategy to reduce concentrations of selected
It is concluded that ‘legislation and policy’ is the most
micro pollutants in surface water and drinking water in
sustainable, applicable and cost-efficient strategy to
the Netherlands?
reduce concentrations of selected compounds in surface
water and drinking water in the Netherlands. Comparing
Research
the two case studies with each other it can be concluded
A literature study is performed on European and
that in a groundwater driven system the influence of
Dutch legislation, future trends regarding the emission
OMPs seems to be less acute than in a surface water
of OMPs and climate change, and the behaviour of
system. However, in the groundwater system the effects
target compounds in the water cycle. Two future
of the presence of OMPs will be noticeable after a longer
scenarios regarding emission of OMPs, river discharge
period, which makes this system more unpredictable and
and precipitation are selected (stagnant and extreme
it takes more time till measures are resulting in a decrease
scenario). Eleven target compounds are selected,
in concentration. Regarding the current situation of
which are carbamazepine, metformin, sulfamathoxazole
emission of OMPs into the water cycle it is recommended
(pharmaceuticals),
agent),
to take measures as soon as possible, where the whole
MTBE
catchment of a river should be included (also foreign
(industrial chemical), AMPA, bentazone, glyphosate and
countries). The different groups of pharmaceuticals need
N,N-DMS (pesticides). Different strategies with different
different types of measures and thus implementation of
approaches within the water cycle are composed, of which
more than one strategy is recommended.
acesulfame-K,
iopromide(X-ray
caffeine
(domestic
contrast
tracers),
source strategies (use), mitigation strategies (emission)
and end-of-pipe strategies (drinking water) and scored by
Student: Judith van Tol
a Multi Criteria Analysis. The best strategy is tested on two
Committee:
case studies to see the influence on the concentrations.
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. J.P. van der Hoek
This is done by composed water and mass balances. The
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld
future scenarios are also taken into account. Whether
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. T.N. Olsthoorn
the strategy is effective is determined based on limits of
▪▪
Ir. A. Fischer
concentrations of OMPs. Finally, a comparison between
▪▪
Dr. Ir. A.F. van Nieuwenhuijzen
the two case studies (groundwater and surface water
▪▪
Ir. R.T. van der Velde
system) is made. The scope of the project is on drinking
water extraction areas in the Netherlands.
176
Completed MSc theses 2013
Marc Schetters: Grinded Dutch calcite as seeding material
in the pellet softening process
Introduction
calcite scenario, in terms of water quality parameters
Calcium carbonate pellets are produced as a by-product in
(total hardness, turbidity, pH, NaOH dosage), were
the softening process. In The Netherlands, these pellets
comparable from the garnet scenario.The results of the
are applied as a raw material in several industrial and
modeling in Stimela showed comparable results with the
agricultural processes. The sand grain inside the pellet
pilot plan experiments
hinders the application in some high potential market
The LCA concerning the Weesperkarspel plant and its pre-
segments such as paper and glass.
treatment showed a score of 215,250 EcoPoints (Barrios
Earlier work showed that it is technologically possible
et al., 2008). The scenario of grinded calcite seeding
and in some cases economically feasible to replace sand
material results in a decrease of about 3824 EcoPoints,
grains with commercially available calcite grains obtained
1.8 %, due to reduced transportation of garnet. Usage of
from limestone (e.g. in Italy or Germany). ). In order to
grinded pellets in Dutch industries (compared to imported
further increase sustainability by reduction of transport, it
calcite) results in a total decrease of 10.640 EcoPoints,
might be possible to grind and sieve the pellets and reuse
5%, mainly caused by the reduced transportation.
this grinded Dutch calcite as seeding material for pellet
The business case showed that costs of the seeding
softening process.
material will be lower due to the reuse of the grinded
The goal of this research was to determine the possibilities
pellets as seeding material. The worst-case scenario
of the use of grinded Dutch calcite as an alternative for
showed a possible cost reduction of € 38.000.
the use of garnet sand as seeding material in the pellet
The FMECA showed that for the full-scale implementation
softening process.
the hygiene of the seeding material is a critical factor.
Material and methods
Student: Marc Schetters
A comparison between grinded calcite and garnet
Committee:
sand is made based on the five key performance
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. J.P. van der Hoek MBA (TU Delft)
indicators (K.P.I.’s): quality, quantity, costs, reliability
▪▪
Ing. E. Baars (Waternet)
and sustainability. Pilot scale tests were conducted at
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld (TU Delft)
Weesperkarspel (Waternet) during the winter period. The
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. T.H. Olsthoorn (TU Delft)
produced calcite pellets were dried, grinded and sieved
calcite as seeding material (0.5 mm) by grinding and
For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering
sieving the Dutch calcite pellets (1 mm). The produced
section (+31 (0)15-2783347)
calcite grains were applied as seeding material in a
fluidized bed softening reactor ( = 30 cm; height = 6 m;
velocity = 60-80 m/h). Both scenarios were evaluated on
the criteria costs, water quality, quantity and operations &
maintenance. The effect on sustainability was based on a
life cycle analysis (LCA) performed in Simapro. An FMECA
was carried out to identify possible risks a failures for the
full scale implementation.
Results and conclusions
The grinding and sieving experiment showed that an
overall yield of 40 % of grinded calcite pellets with a
diameter of 0.4 – 0.6 mm, could be reached. The pilot
pellet softening experiments showed that the softening
performance of the Italian calcite and the grinded Dutch
177
Education
Completed MSc theses 2013
Marleen Heidekamp: Mild desalination of cooling tower
blowdown water with electrodialysis and membrane
capacitive deionization: a comparative study
Introduction and problem definition
on the membranes in the first couple of experiments.
The world is facing a water shortage and beside water
Current efficiencies were observed to be 80% or higher.
reuse in the urban water cycle, is efficient water
Two stacks were tested in MCDI with different membrane
management in the industry becoming more of interest.
types. Due to the high salt concentrations, low flows
Dow Chemical Company in Terneuzen wants to reduce its
were needed to reach the required desalination rate of
water consumption and is exploring different options for
the feed water by the maximum supply of 20A. Due to
the reuse of water. One of their largest waste streams is
this limitation, the water recovery requirement was not
cooling tower blow down (CTBD). This is a concentrated,
met. The membranes were not significantly affected by
salty (3.6mS/cm) water stream which remains after the
scaling, and both membrane types showed similar ion
evaporative cooling process in cooling towers.
removal rates. Current efficiencies were observed to be
Electrodialysis
(ED)
and
(membrane)
capacitive
around 60% for anions and cations, which is remarkably
deionization ((M)CDI) are both desalination technologies
low and probably due to the impurity of water samples.
which separate dissolved ions from water based on an
Main difference between the two technologies for the
electrical potential difference. In electrodialysis, ions are
treatment of CTBD water, lays in the energy consumption.
transported through ion permeable membranes under
The results showed that the energy requirement of MCDI
the influence of an electrical potential gradient, creating
for the treatment of CTBD water is 5 times higher that
a concentrated and a diluted stream. In membrane
desalination with ED. Electrodialysis can desalinate
capacitive deionization, ions are collected in carbon
CTBD water for 0.4kWh/m3, compared to MCDI which
electrodes, which have ion-selective membranes placed in
requires 2.1kWh/m3. When salt concentrations decrease,
front, over which a potential difference is created. Polarity
energy requirement for MCDI becomes less and for the
of the system can be reversed intermittently to release
desalination of 10mmol NaCl, the technologies become
the ions and restore the capacity of the electrodes.
equal in energy consumption.
Research
Conclusions and recommendations
For this thesis, comparative study has been carried out
Main conclusion of the thesis was that electrodialysis is
between ED and MCDI for the treatment of cooling
a more convenient technology for the desalination of
tower blow down. Main objective was a qualitative and
cooling tower blowdown water compared to membrane
objective comparison between the two technologies
capacitive deionization. This difference lays mainly in the
based on energy requirements, current efficiencies and
energy consumption of both technologies. The study did
membrane performance. The two main starting point
not show any significant results on operational problems
of the experiment were: 1) desalination of similar feed
like membrane fouling and scaling. Besides, experiments
water, down to a conductivity of 1mS/cm, 2) a water
conducted in this thesis were all short term; therefore
recovery of 66% should be achieved.
nothing can be said about the longer term operation of
Limiting current densities (LCD) were determined for
a system. Recommendations for further research include
different water types in an ED batch setup.
the advice is to run longer test to gain more insight on
the longer run performance of the membranes and the
Results
formation of bio-fouling.
The LCD showed to be of great influence on desalination
of CTBD with ED and is mainly determined by Na+, Cl-,
Student: Marleen Heidekamp
Ca2+ and SO42- concentrations. The LCD increases linear
Committee:
with increasing salt concentration and flow rate. Main
Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld, Dr. Ir. S.G.J. Heijman, Prof. Dr. Ir.
outcome of the experiments was that the ion removal was
A.R.D. Verliefde (TU Delft/UGhent), Prof. Dr. G.J. Witkamp,
constant while there was some, probably organic, fouling
Ing. W.B.P. van den Broek (Evides Industriewater)
178
Completed MSc theses 2013
Rafael Romero: A PV Powered BWRO Desalination
Installation with energy Recovery and Hydro-Pneumatic
Energy Storage
Introduction
Results
With the ever-increasing awareness regarding fossil
The results showed that hydro-pneumatic energy storage
fuel depletion and the global fresh water scarcity,
is a viable and feasible solution for continuous operation
developing innovative renewable powered desalination
of small-scale renewable powered RO desalination
solutions has claimed its spot amongst the top future
systems. Unfortunately the installed system did not have
development goals. Reverse Osmosis (RO) has proven to
the required storage capacity for 24/7 water production.
be one of the key technologies, showing great potential
However with the acquired experience and knowledge,
in combination with renewable energy sources. However,
the system behavior is now better understood and can be
due to the intermittent nature of renewables and the
more easily predicted.
continuous operational requirements of RO membranes,
the development of cheap, reliable and environmentally
Conclusions and recommendations
benign energy storage solutions is required. This research
▪▪
Hydro-pneumatic energy storage is a viable and
was performed in cooperation between the TU Delft, PAM
feasible option for energy storage in small-scale
Jaya and the Intitute Teknologi Bandung.
renewable driven RO desalination, showing both a
competitive specific energy content and price per unit
Research
The scope of this project was to implement and test the
of water produced.
▪▪
designed pilot plant, after completion of a comprehensive
knowledge obtained, the systems behavior is now
literature research and detailed sizing & estimation
trajectory. The pilot plant equipped with PV modules, a
The achieved permeate flux was too low. With the
better understood and can be more easily predicted.
▪▪
Further
experiments/simulations
should
be
solar pump & controller, an energy recovery device, RO
performed to determine the exact effect of the initial
membrane and hydro-pneumatic energy storage was
pressure inside the vessel on the permeate flux and
implemented and evaluated in North Jakarta, Indonesia.
find the optimum operational conditions between
The main focus of this project was the implementation
storage capacity and permeate flux.
and evaluation of the hydro-pneumatic energy storage
vessel.
Student: R.G.C. Romero
Committee:
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld
▪▪
Dr. Ir. S.G.J. Heijman
▪▪
Prof. Dr. F.M. Mulder
▪▪
Dr. Ir. Rusnandi Garsadi, MSc.
For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering
section (+31 (0)15-2783347)
179
Education
Completed MSc theses 2013
Udo Ouwerkerk: Investigation of the regeneration process
of the softeners at DWP-Botlek
Introduction
Results
DWP Botlek is a demiwater plant of Evides Industriewater
Only
at the site of Huntsman and produces demi water of
regeneration, because water from Brittannië harbour
surface water from the Brielse Meer. The production
contains a high magnesium concentration (30 mmol/l).
process is divided into pre-treatment, softening and
Also exchange of magnesium and calcium was noticed
desalination. Softening is done with ion exchange
during regeneration, so water from the Brittannië harbour
softeners and are the main focus of my thesis.
is not suitable as regenerant.
a
fraction
of
hardness
is
removed
during
RO concentrate with 10% NaCl is a suitable alternative for
Problem definition
the current regenerant. RO concentrate contains 0.25%
For regeneration of the softeners a solution of sodium
NaCl, resulting in a small reduction of the amount of salt.
chloride (10 wt%) is used and spent regenerant is
A larger effect is created when concentrate is used as a
discharged to the Brittannië harbour. For each regeneration
source for the regenerant and as flush water. Production
new regenerant is produced. As a consequence of
of softened water can be reduced, resulting in longer
this, salt needs to be bought and transported to the
runtime of the softeners and less regenerations.
location. Salt is not expensive, but in the current culture
of sustainability it is not desirable that more resources
Conclusions
are used than necessary. Also it is not desirable that raw
With concentrate as a regenerant not all of the concentrate
materials that still can be used or reused are discarded.
is used, a part is discharged into the harbour. A design is
made to reduce that amount, a part of the concentrate
Research
is still used as flush water, and the remaining part is
My research focussed on use of other regenerants for
transported to another RO unit. According to simulation
regeneration of the softeners. Two alternative regenerants
with ROSA it is possible to reduce the amount of water
were investigated: water from the Brittannië harbour
that is discharged to the harbour. A part of the remaining
and concentrate from the RO. Alternative regenerants
concentrate can be used for production of regenerant.
were investigated in a small scale experimental setup
Less water, 85.7% (7,200 m3/day) is discharged into the
with three different columns. Column 1 was regenerated
harbour, and less softened water is produced compared
with softened water with 10 wt% NaCl added to it as a
to the current situation. In total 63.4% (37,500 kg/
reference. Both columns 2 and 3 were regenerated with
day) is saved on salt. Another benefit is that 12% (220
alternative regenerants.
m3/h) more demi water is produced, resulting in more
marketable demi water.
Student: U.P. Ouwerkerk
Committee:
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rieveld
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. A.R.D. Verliefde
▪▪
Dr. Ir. S.G.J. Heijman
▪▪
Dr. Ir. H.J.M. Kramer (TU Delft Process and Energy)
▪▪
Ir. M.A. Pot (Evides Industriewater)
For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering
section (+31 (0)15-2783347)
180
Completed MSc theses 2013
Wu Kai: Measurement of organic halogens in boiler
feedwater
Introduction
also in power plant conditions. The recovery of bromide
Materials of steam water cycles can suffer from corrosion
and chloride in most methods could reach 95% while
induced by halide anions in feedwater. Organic halogen
aliphatic fluorine could only reach at most 70%.
compounds in feedwater can be degraded and release
halide anions under high temperature and pressure.
Conclusions and recommendations
Therefore it is necessary to be able to measure the
It can be concluded that MP/H2O2 is the most effective
organic halogen concentration.
method for degradation of organic halogen compounds
since it requires less time for the reaction to be completed,
Problem definition
but wet chemical oxidation also showed high recoveries
Existing measurements including Adsorbable Organic
for all halide anions. The advantage of wet chemical
Halogens and Gas Chromatography are either not
oxidation is simple equipment and universality. The
convenient, affordable, accurate or reproducible enough
method with the lowest degradation rate and recovery
at these very low concentrations, meaning a new method
is UV/TiO2.
should be developed. In this research the option of
destroying the organic compounds to release the halide
Student: Wu Kai
anions and measure them with ion chromatography was
Committee:
studied. The question is, which is the best way to destroy
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld
the organic compounds and release the halides anions.
▪▪
Dr. Ir. S.G.J. Heijman
▪▪
Ir. D.H. Moed
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. T.N. Olsthoorn
Research
Six organic halogen model compounds were tested:
aliphatic and aromatic fluorine, chlorine and bromine
For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering
containing compounds. Two main methods were studied:
section (+31 (0)15-2783347)
UV/vacuum UV (VUV) photolysis and wet chemical
oxidation with K2S2O8. There are three phases in the
research:
▪▪
Study different UV lamps and oxidants on the target
compounds and find the optimal combinations.
▪▪
Try different dosages of K2S2O8 and find an optimum.
▪▪
Test halide release of target compounds in power
plant conditions.
In the experiments, three kinds of lamps were applied:
VUV, low pressure (LP) lamp and medium pressure (MP)
lamp. H2O2 and TiO2 were used as a catalyst. Last but
not least, wet chemical oxidation was tested, with varying
dosages of K2S2O8. The experiments were executed with
both single compounds and mixed compounds.
Results
The results show that the organic fluorine is the hardest
to degrade while organic bromine is the easiest.
Aromatic compounds are easier to degrade than aliphatic
compounds. This happens not only in AOP process, but
181
Education
Completed MSc theses 2013
Bas Rietman: Clean Operator; cleaning spiral wound
membrane modules wioth a two phase solution
Introduction
in these modules. With Clean Operator a CIP cannot be
Even when feed water of spiral wound membranes is
omitted. The CIP frequency however can be decreased
extensively pre-treated some membrane fouling will
significantly. In this research the efficiency of 12 applied
still occur. Not all types of membrane fouling can be
CIP events was more or less the same. No difference
removed completely with the regular chemical cleaning;
between counter/co-current application and the amount
especially biofouling and particulate fouling. As a result
of CO2 dissolved is observed. A higher water velocity
the frequency of the chemical cleaning will increase over
seems to be beneficial. No permanent reduction of EC
time and finally the membranes will need to be replaced
retention was observed, only a temporary reduction (1%
earlier than planned.
during 1 day), mainly due to HCO3 formation.
Problem definition
Conclusions and recommendations
Until now, no fast and effective cleaning method was
Biofouled spiral wound membranes, that are serially
available to remove biofouling. The application of Clean
housed in horizontal mounted pressure vessels, can be
Operator consists of feeding a water flow, which is
effectively cleaned with a CO2/water flush in five minutes.
saturated with carbon dioxide, to the serial and horizontal
The CIP frequency can be decreased significantly which
placed membrane modules. When this solutions flows
will extend the lifetime of the membranes and reduce the
through these (fouled) membranes, the pressure will
CO2 footprint. As a result it might be possible to downsize
gradually decrease due to hydraulic resistance. Because
the extensively pre-treatment of the feed water.
of this, a gradual nucleation of CO2 gas bubbles occurs
just as it occurs when opening a champagne bottle. This
Student: B.M. Rietman
is why Clean Operator is also called ‘the champagne
Committee:
flush”.
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. W.G.J. van der Meer
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ing. J.S. Vrouwenvelder
Research
▪▪
Dr. Ir. S.G.J. Heijman
The main objectives of this research are;
▪▪
Dr. Ir. A.J.B. Kemperman
1. During a period of three and a half months the
▪▪
Ir. L.P. Wessels
application of Clean Operator is compared with a
▪▪
Ir. A. Reigersman
commonly used chemical cleaning (CIP) procedure.
2. To investigate the influence of variables on Clean
For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering
Operator
section (+31 (0)15-2783347)
The following variables were investigated: counter/cocurrent flush, water velocity through the feed spacer,
amount of CO2 dissolved.
3. The effect of Clean Operator on the membrane
integrity is monitored through on line measuring of the
Electrical Conductivity.
Results
Clean Operator is able to efficiently remove and
control biofouling and particulate fouling from spiral
wound membrane modules within 5 minutes. Fouling
released from the lead module, which is most fouled,
is transported through the downstream placed modules
without leaving significant quantities of the fouling behind
182
Completed MSc theses 2013
Joeri Legierse: Development of an innovative wastewater
reuse plant for the RINEW project
Increasingly, harbour activities in the harbour of Rotterdam
SHARON®-Anammox® processes are applied to recover
are moving west towards the Northsea (Maasvlakte I &
phosphate and ammonium from the wastewater. With the
II). This impoverishes harbour areas close to Rotterdam
separate collection scenarios, the black water is treated
like the Stadshavens area. The municipality of Rotterdam
similarly to the reject water treatment in the combined
is trying to revitalize these areas by transforming them
collection scenarios.
into sustainable living and working communities. Evides
N.V. is participating in this by developing an innovative
After
wastewater reuse plant which will reuse the wastewater
consumption, demi-water production and demi-water
from the Stadshavens area by treating it to demi-water
quality, it was chosen to apply separate collection of
standards, while also recovering nutrients and energy. The
wastewater, using CNF as a primary treatment step.
objective of my research is to develop several sustainable
The CNF process was tested on lab scale to review its
and innovative treatment scenarios for the wastewater
performance when treating either raw wastewater or grey
reuse plant, test relevant innovative technologies on lab
wastewater. Results indicated a better permeate quality
scale and present a conceptual design of the wastewater
and reject composition when treating grey water, but
reuse plant.
more fouling was observed, compared to raw wastewater.
comparing
the
scenarios
based
on
energy
However, it is estimated this is controllable by applying
Conventional wastewater treatment plants treat the
regular backwashing and chemical cleaning. The research
wastewater under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
shows that membrane processes can be used as a viable
Especially the aeration needed for aerobic treatment has
replacement for the aerobic processes which are used
a high energy consumption. With the development of
in conventional wastewater treatment plants. By using
new treatment techniques like ceramic nanofiltration and
membrane processes, less energy is consumed, while still
forward osmosis it is now possible to replace the aerobic
achieving reliable effluents and reuse products.
treatment used in conventional wastewater treatment
plants by these technologies. This saves energy and gives
Student: J. Legierse
a smaller installation footprint (no settling phases are
Committee:
necessary). Four scenarios were developed, two using
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld
combined collection of wastewater, while the other two
▪▪
Dr. Ir. S.G.J. Heijman
have a separate collection of grey water (from washing)
▪▪
Dr. Ir. H.S. Vrouwenvelder
and black water (from toilets). One of the combined
▪▪
Ir. J.W. Mulder (Evides Industriewater
collection scenarios and one of the separate collection
scenarios uses ceramic nanofiltration (CNF) as a first
For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering
treatment step, while the other two use forward osmosis
section (+31 (0)15-2783347)
(FO) as a first treatment step. After the first treatment
step, the water quality is sufficient to produce demiwater by using the reverse osmosis process (RO). In the
separate collection scenarios, the grey water is treated
similarly to the wastewater treated in the combined
collection scenarios.
Nutrients and energy are recovered from the reject water
of the CNF and FO processes by applying anaerobic
digestion. This process produces sludge and biogas from
the biological material in the wastewater. After this step,
magnesium ammonium phosphate precipitation and
183
Education
Completed MSc theses 2013
Lefki Loverdou: Effect of acidogenic biomass on sludge
filterability
Introduction
Results
Anaerobic wastewater treatment is energy favorable
1) Fully acidified substrate, will cause the development
procedure because since useful energy in the form
of a purely methanogenic bacterial population in the
of biogass is produced from the conversion of the
reactor. This methanogenic sludge showed indeed a
organic substances. Anaerobic membrane reactors is
higher particle size than the other reactors, and better
a new innovative anaerobic technology, that is has
filterability.
the advantage over other anaerobic methods, that is
2) The single stage methanogenesis reactor that
producing very clean effluent and also can treat high
contained non acidified whey and therefore acidogenic
strength wastewater because it achieves almost complete
populations were also present showed lower filterabilities
sludge retention therefore high treatment efficiencies.
than the 2-stage rectors (pre-acidification tank combined
with pure-methanogenic reactor).
Problem definition
3) The increase of Food to Mass ratio (F/M) resulted in
The biggest drawback that this technology is presenting, is
an accumulation of soluble proteins in the Reactors. This
that the efficiency of the whole procedure is immediately
accumulation led to an impairment of sludge filterability
related with the achieved membrane fluxes. These fluxes
and this effect was much more intense compared to the
are strongly affected by the characteristics of the sludge.
presence of acidogenic biomass.
The influent of the reactors (the kind of substrate that is
used) is affecting intensively the sludge characteristics, and
Conclusions and recommendations
the therefore, the cake layer (formed on the membrane
It was observed that indeed the acidogenic biomass will
surface) and subsequently the attainable fluxes and the
affect the sludge characteristics with a negative manner.
system’s efficiency and cost. One of the parameters that
Therefore, it can be proposed that a two step reactor
is expected to affect the filterability characteristics of the
that will be composed of a pre-acidification tank followed
sludge is the microbial population. Different microbial
by a methanogenic membrane reactor, can increase the
species are expected to have different properties
filterability of the sludge, increase the fluxes, and maybe
(e.g excreted concentration of extracellular polymeric
decrease the operational cost. A further research proposal
substances, and soluble microbial products). Particularly,
will be to examine, with the same wastewater applied
acidogenic microorganisms are expected to decrease the
here, the effect of the different acidification degree on an
filterability of the sludge due to their smaller particle sizes.
AnMBR to check the real effect on the membrane surface.
Research
Student: L.V. Loverdou
In order to be able to verify that the presence of acidogens
Committee:
is indeed affecting the sludge filterability characteristics, 4
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. J.B. van Lier
lab-scale batch reactors were installed. The sludge of these
▪▪
Dr. Ir. R. Kleerebezem
reactors was checked on a weekly basis (both biological
▪▪
Dr. Ir. F. Van der Zee (Biothane)
characteristics analysis and filterability parameters)
▪▪
Ir. R.K. Dereli
For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering
section (+31 (0)15-2783347)
184
Completed MSc theses 2013
Ravina Rukmina Binol: One size does not fit all;
implementing technical and social assessments of
sanitation reforms in rural Indonesia
Introduction
the screening stage were 1) pour flushed toilet –
The deadline for the Millennium Development Goal (MDG)
communal septic tank – subsurface constructed wetland;
No. 7, to halve the world’s population without access to
2) pour flush toilet – communal septic tank – upflow filter;
improved sanitation is fast approaching. Regardless,
and 3) pour flush toilet – biogas digester.
countries,
experts
After sanitation options were assessed based on a
and health organizations worldwide are continuously
probability evaluation on their performances for the
cooperating together to stay on track with the MDG
criteria of exposure to health hazard, accessibility,
with the objective of improving the health of the world’s
reliability and sustainability, the sanitation option that
population and to achieve environmental preservation. In
performed the best was option 1.
government
agents,
sanitation
order to provide sanitation facilities, many different types
of decision-making frameworks have been developed
Results from the social assessments showed that
to guide decision makers in selecting the most optimal
receptivity of a technology is greatly influenced on its
sanitation facility that could function under local conditions.
fulfilment on the demands of the users. Factors found
Tools focus on the technical feasibility, while other assess
to be of dominant requirements include: maintainability,
the systems based on the incurred cost as well as the
affordability, water accessibility and convenience. By
willingness to pay of the user. Models that recognize the
combining the findings from both the technical and social
sensitivity of the social-cultural influence of the users have
assessment, this research proposes an open toilet design
also been created. Though, difficulties may come when
that have been tailored to the practices of the local users,
communities ought to be assessed and expressing findings
resembling the open field defecation that they are used
or social phenomenon in quantified values.
to. This design aims to attain acceptability from the users,
to motivate optimal usage of the facility and achieve
Problem definition
health and environmental improvement in the project
In light of progressive development in the sanitation
area.
world, this research aimed to participate in implementing
a socio-tech assessment on sanitation options in Banten,
Conclusions and recommendations
Indonesia. It has been abundantly seen that sanitation
The phases of sanitation projects should be altered and
options implemented in the past stopped functioning
non-conventional designs need to be made for sanitation
within a period after its construction. Poor operation
facilities that mimic current habits of the locals. In
and maintenance, lack of managerial oversight and
addition, the temporal nature of the design should allow
unavailable funds are some of the issues that trigger the
users to have a trial period, whereby a favorable (or
abandonment of these monumental sites.
unfavorable) attitude will be formed towards the design.
Those who feel that it fits their criteria could decide to
Research
continue adopting the toilet.
The technical functionality of different sanitation options
were assessed by adopting the decision making tool
Student: Ravina Binol
developed by Malekpour (2012). Furthermore, social
Committee:
assessments using qualitative analysis were conducted
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. J.B. van Lier
using three different case studies to investigate the current
▪▪
Dr. Ir. Merle de Kreuk
practices of the communities and to identify their needs
▪▪
Dr. Ir. J.F.M. Molenbroek
and requirements with the available sanitation options.
▪▪
Ir. Enna Klaversma (Waternet)
Results
For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering
The three different sanitation systems that have passed
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185
Education
Completed MSc theses 2013
Jianmei Hu: Anaerobic digestion of sludge from brackish
RAS: CSTR performance, analysis of methane potential and
phosphatse, struvite crystallization
Introduction
18% and 5% by addition of PAS at 2.4gAl3+/L and FeCl3
The marine/ brackish recirculating aquaculture system
at 6.0gFe3+/L, respectively. (3) Addition of 0.5mM or
(RAS) is a sustainable and environment-friendly cultivating
1mM trehalose enhanced acid PA in saline sludge during
system to meet the increasing demand of aquatic
the digesting period of 0.25h-72h. A high level of shear
animal protein for the human consumption. However,
stress from biogas recirculation could stimulate both acid
the increasing amount of aquaculture waste becomes
and alkaline PA during the digesting period of 0.25h-12h.
problematic for further application and demands much
(4) The optimum conditions in synthetic brackish
research attention on it. To solve this problem, a project
solution for harvesting more struvite with large sizes and
“emission minimization of marine/brackish aquaculture
obtaining a higher P-removal efficiency were that Mg/P
recirculation systems“ was proposed, which aims to
molar ratio approached to 1, and pH was maintained at
minimize the emission of brackish RAS and improve bio-
8, and temperature was kept at 25 or 35°C. However, the
energy yield as well as recovery phosphorus in the form
conclusion referring to Mg/P was not applicable to the
of struvite. The current thesis working is a part of this
filtrate from R2, and more research would be required to
whole project.
verify the application of other conclusions to the filtrate
of digestate.
Problem definition
The problems involved here could be divided into four
Student: J.Hu
main parts : (1) How will CSTRs perform at different
Committee:
organic loading rates (OLR) and under different mixing
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. J.B. van Lier
regimes; (2) Whether and how will addition of inorganic
▪▪
Dr. Ir. H.L.F.M. Spanjers
coagulants/compatible solutes affect methane potential
▪▪
Dr. Ir. R. Kleerebezem
of saline sludge; (3) Whether and how will compatible
▪▪
Ir. X. Zhang
solutes and shear forces from biogas recirculation affect
phosphatase activity (PA); (4) How will particle size
For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering
of struvite distribute at different Mg/P molar ratios, at
section (+31 (0)15-2783347)
different temperatures, or at different pH levels.
Research
To solve problems described above, three similar CSTRs
were setup in lab-scale and operated for almost one
year. Reactor performances were monitored by weekly
analysing of essential parameters, including TSS, VSS,
tCOD, sCOD, TN, TP, etc. Some batch or jar tests were
also carried out during experiments.
Conclusions and recommendations
(1) The steady state was obtained in all three CSTRs
with inoculum adapted to high salinity already. A
higher OLR could cause an increase in specific CH4
yield. The impeller-stirring enhanced the specific CH4
yield compared with biogas recirculation. (2) Methane
potential of saline sludge was improved 5% at the
presence of 0.5g/L trehalose, whereas it was inhibited
186
Completed MSc theses 2013
Weiwei Song: Modeling of micro-pollutants removal by a
PAC-MF system
Nowadays, a large number of organic micro-pollutants
important influencing factor, and the charge effect also
are presented in drinking water sources, some methods
had some influence.
should be developed to remove them effectively.
Activated carbon (AC) adsorption is one of the most cost-
From the modeling part a breakthrough line could
effective ways for micro-pollutants removal. In the real
be obtained. However the breakthrough line did not
situation, the operation of continuously dosed PAC before
match the breakthrough line from the experiment. Only
membrane filtration is widely applied in drinking water
after changing the k2 value according to the empirical
treatment while the operation of PAC pre-coated on the
equation, the breakthrough line gave a better match.
membrane is a new approach. This research, therefore,
For the adjustment of the modeling, parameters such
aims at evaluating the micro-pollutants removal efficiency
as inflow flux, bed height, Freundlich constant K were
by the pre-coated PAC-MF system. The mechanism
the most important parameter, influencing the PAC
of micro-pollutants removal is analyzed. In addition,
breakthrough line.
some Stimela simulations have been done to model
the breakthrough line with a limited number of known
Finally it was concluded that the more hydrophilic micro-
parameters.
pollutant (sulfamethoxazole) wasnot effectively removed
by PAC, while for the more hydrophobic micro-pollutant
Water from the Schie canal in Delft was coagulated
(atrazine), there is not much difference between the
with FeCl3 and then filtered through a PAC-MF system.
large and the small PAC particles during longer filtration
Atrazine and sulfamethoxazole were chosen as the target
times. So the larger PAC is recommended to be appliedto
micro-pollutants, because of their different hydrophobic/
remove the hydrophobic micro-pollutants due to the fact
hydrophilic characters. The effluent concentration of
of costs.
the micro-pollutants was monitored every hour during
the operational time. In addition, to better analysis
the mechanism of micro-pollutants removal, the zeta
potential was measured during the whole experiment.
To further prove which process is the most important
process for the micro-pollutant removal in the system,
the micro-pollutants concentration after different step
was also measured. After the membrane experiment,
some modeling was performed for investigate if it can be
applied for practical implications. To obtain the unknown
constants K, n, and k2 value which should be the input to
the modeling, a special batch experiment was designed.
Student: W. Song
The results show that the micro-pollutants removal
Committee:
breakthrough occurred later for smaller PAC particle
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld
size than for the larger PAC particle size, and the
▪▪
Dr. Ir. S.G.J. Heijman
more
(sulfamethoxazole)
▪▪
Ir. Peter Lu
broke through faster than the hydrophobic micro-
▪▪
Dr. Ir. J. Ruud van Ommen (TNW)
hydrophilic
micro-pollutant
pollutant (atrazine). For a certain micro-pollutant,
removed by different sizes of PAC, the k2value and the
For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering
internal area will impact on the PAC breakthrough line.
section (+31 (0)15-2783347)
Fordifferent micro-pollutants removed by a certain PAC,
the hydrophilic/hydrophobic character was the most
187
Education
Completed MSc theses 2013
Luis Seminario Ruiz: Counteracting nitrification problems
in bio-trickling filters at WTP Lekkerkerk through modelling
The origin of this MSc Thesis lies in a persistent nitrification
evaluated. According to that model the performance of
problem in some filters of the Water Treatment Plant
the system can be improved at general level by adapting
Lekkerkerk operated by the Drinking Water Company
the overall load applied on the Tiendweg system to its
OASEN. Nitrification is the microbial conversion of
true capacity which, with the current operation regime, is
ammonia via nitrite to nitrate in two consecutive steps
strongly dependant on the number of primary filters with
by slow growing autotrophic microorganisms. These
poor ammonium removal.
autotrophic microorganisms stick to each other on
the surface of the inert media (filter material grains),
From this study it can be concluded that a dynamic
forming biofilms. The first step, the microbial oxidation
mathematical model can be successfully used as a
of ammonia to nitrite, becomes incomplete over the
diagnostic tool to evaluate the performance and operation
course of the time due to unknown causes. Typically the
of full-scale bio-trickling filters for ammonium removal.
relapse becomes visible three to six months after the
The model can be used for operational decision support
start-up of the filter. These filters remove methane, iron
and, at a later stage, to help a targeted optimization
and manganese as well since these compounds are also
strategy.
present in the anaerobic groundwater.
A mathematical model that describes the biological
oxidation of ammonia in each of these filters has been
developed. The model has provided better insight into
the factors that govern nitrification and has contributed
to increase understanding on the sequence of events
that ultimately result in noncompliance of the company
guideline (0.10 mg NH4+/L in the final mixed filtrate from
all filtration sets).
The model provides relatively good estimates if the filters
are operated within the wide range of flows and influent
Student: Luis Seminario Ruiz
concentrations they usually work at or near to (goodness
Committee:
of fitting R2 between 0.61and 0.86). Nevertheless during
▪▪
Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld
calibration and validation, the measurement data taken
▪▪
Dr. Ir. W.W.J.M. de Vet (OASEN)
from full-scale filters showed unexpected deviations from
▪▪
Ir. P.S. Ross (TU Delft, ARCADIS)
what was expected and from the process model. The
▪▪
Dr. Ir. P.J. van Overloop
model may not provide good results when filters work
at different loading conditions than usual since fails in
For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering
predicting the transient behaviour between consecutive
section (+31 (0)15-2783347)
steady states (R2 = 0.30) and the fluctuations typically
observed in the effluent of primary filters (R2 = 0.44).
This mismatch between process and model is caused
probably by partial misunderstanding of the process and
thus modelling errors.
The individual models representing each filter have been
combined in order to create a model of the entire plant.
With this integrated model operational strategies are
188
MSc theses
MSc thesis projects Sanitary Engineering
Ravina Rukmina Binol
One size does not fit all; implementing technical and social assessments of
2013
sanitation reforms in rural Indonesia
Jos Dusseldorp
Effect of pre-treatment with Reverse Osmosis on the biological stability in a
2013
drinking water treatment plant
Frank de Groot
Influence of variation in the natural water quality matrix on advanced oxidation
2013
processes
Marleen Heidekamp
Mild desalination of cooling tower blowdown water with electrodialysis and
2013
membrane capacitive deionization: a comparative study
Anthonie Hogendoorn
2
Enhanced digestion and alginate-like-exopolysaccharides extraction from Nereda
2013
sludge
Jianmei Hu
Anaerobic digestion of sludge from brackish RAS: CSTR performance, analysis of
2013
methane potential and phosphatse, struvite crystallization
Wu Kai
Measurement of organic halogens in boiler feedwater
2013
Joeri Legierse
Development of an innovative wastewater reuse plant for the RINEW project
2013
Lefki Loverdou
Effect of acidogenic biomass on sludge filterability
2013
Andreas Moerman
Drinking water temperature modeling in domestic systems
2013
Udo Ouwerkerk
Investigation of the regeneration process of the softeners at DWP-Botlek
2013
Bas Rietman
Clean Operator; cleaning spiral wound membrane modules wioth a two phase
2013
solution
Rafael Romero
A PV Powered BWRO Desalination Installation with energy Recovery and Hydro-
2013
Pneumatic Energy Storage
Thei Ruijters
Notification Registration Procedures in case of flooding; Research and efficiency
2013
improvement
Luis Seminario Ruiz
Counteracting nitrification problems in bio-trickling filters at WTP Lekkerkerk
2013
through modelling
Marc Schetters
Grinded Dutch calcite as seeding material in the pellet softening process
2013
Weiwei Song
Modeling of micro-pollutants removal by a PAC-MF system
2013
Gea Terhorst
Change of drinking water quality in a distribution network
2013
Judith van Tol
Organic micro pollutants: Assessment on optimum treatment strategies in the
2013
water cycle
Alida Adams
Financial Sustainability of Rural Water Supplies in Western Kenya
2012
Nikolaas van Balkom
Energy production from fine sieve material for the benefit of the sewer mining
2012
concept
Inge Blommers
Water quality in bathing waters
2012
Wouter Bosch
The underground connects us
2012
189
Education
MSc theses
Wouter de Buck
Struvite crystallization and separation in digested sludge
2012
Fei Cui
Cold CANON: Anammox at low temperature
2012
Reinoud Feenstra & Sid
Renewable driven desalination for decentralized drinking water production
2012
Marieke de Goede
Subsurface water recovery in the water supply duen area of Amsterdam
2012
Ton Knol
Peroxone process in drinking water treatment
2012
Franca Kramer
Removal of organic micro pollutants in batch experiments mimicking riverbank
2012
Vollebregt
filtration
Mingyang Li
Cake layer characteristics in long time ceramic MF filtration for surface water
2012
treatment
Shirin Malek Pour
Judgment under Uncertainty
2012
Wikke Novalia
Evaluation of hazard classification systems of water source, sanitation and hygiene
2012
behavior in determining drinking water safety
Thijs Padmos
Towards a wastewater treatment calculator
2012
Do Phi Bang
Upflow limestone contactor in soft and desalinated water­
2012
Johan Post
Combining Field Observations and Hydrodynamic Models in Urban Drainage
2012
Bram Stegeman
Model calibration as a tool to identify sewer maintenance
2012
Laura Sterna
Pluvial flood damage modelling
2012
Cao Yun
Evaluate two different PAC operations in combination with submerged ceramic MF
2012
membrane in surface water treatment
Zheyi Zeng
Phosphorus removal by ceramic tight ultra-filtration (CTUF) membrane for RO
2012
pre-treatment
Bart Bergmans
Struvite recovery from digested sludge
2011
Carla Generaal
Using eutectic freeze crystallization
2011
Evangelia Gkeredaki
Autonomous photo powered revers osmosis for remote areas
2011
Amir Haidari
High silica concentration in RO-concentrate and magnesium-silica polymers
2011
formation
David Moed
Stand-Alone Applications
2011
Tan Quach
Biofouling and organic micropollutants rejection
2011
Gieljam Schutgens
Discharge capacity reduction in pressurised pipelines: A study on capacity in the
2011
pressurised system of Rotterdam due to gas pockets
Nguyen Tan Thai Hung
Memstill for wastewater effects of surfactants in the feed solutions
2011
Soledad Villaroel Toral
Heavy metal removal by dual media
2011
Feng Xue
The effect of backwashing procedures on filter ripening and effluent quality
2011
Tinguyn Zhou
Removal of organic micro pollutants by coagulation in wastewater treatment
2011
190
MSc theses
Xingcan Cui
The contribution of deposits to the biological activity in the drinking water
2010
distribution network
Ioannis Vidalis
Surface hydrophilic modification of RO membranes by plasma polymerization for
2010
low organic fouling
Cheryl Bertelkamp
1
Performance assessment of different pre-treatment techniques for the advanced
2010
oxiation process
Rick Reijtenbagh
Towards a design for an improved drinking water supply system on Bonaire, St
2010
Eustatius and Saba
Laia Moré Roca
Water reuse: Fundamentals of hardness solubility in water systems
2010
Thijs van Delft
Analysis of microbiological growth in drinking water networks and sediments
2010
Josanne Derks
Performance comparison of LP vs. MP mercury vapour lamps - Degradation of
2010
organic micropollutants via UV/H2O2
Robin Harder
Data validation in environmental sensor network
2010
Tian Zheng
Membrane fouling of Anmbr in hypersaline condition
2010
Marieke Benschop
Influence of temperature on filtration in membrane reactors
2009
Xiaoyu Yuan
Model Validation and New Water Control Strategies in Drinking Water Treatment
2009
Plant Wim Mensink
Harmen van der Laan2
Investigating subsurface iron and arsenic removal: anoxic column experiments to
2009
explore efficiency parameters
Yvonne Mikkers
Regeneration of zeolites used for ammonium removal from anaerobic groundwater
2009
Tonny Schuit
Capacity reduction of pressurized sewerage mains
2009
Evgenia Rabinovitch
Drinking with the wind
2008
Perry van Overveld2
Countering threats to drinking water quality
2008
Floor van den Berg van
Optimising process parameters to achieve advanced chemical phosphorus removal
2008
Arthur Geilvoet
Pre treatment of WWTP effluent for ultrafiltration
2008
Li Gao
Reuse of softening pellet for remineralizing desalinated water
2008
Raheena Doekhie
Low cost water treatment for rural communities in Suriname
2008
Anushka Salmin
Conditioning of aggressive water in Suriname
2008
Anurat Kaeocha
Ion exchange for NOM removal in drinking water treatment
2008
Heleen de Man
On the applicability of discharge measuring techniques in partially filled conduits
2008
Gerdien Sterk
Microbial risk assessment for pluvial urban flooding
2008
Hanning Guo
Drinking water treatment under a high nanofiltration recovery with zero liquid
2007
Saparoea
discharge
Karen Shao
Degradation of 4TBP by AOP
2007
Karin Teunissen
Iron removal at groundwater pumping station
2007
Marianne Kruger van der
Vergelijking van de resultaten van verschillende berekeningsmethoden voor het
2007
Griendt
bepalen van de frequentie van overstortingen voor rioolstelsels en de frequentie en
2
omvang van water-op-straat
191
Education
MSc theses
Jojanneke Dirksen
Probabilistic modeling of sewer deterioration
2006
H.J. Liefting
Validation of water quality data from in-sewer measurements
2006
Doris van Halem
Ceramic filters for developing countries
2006
Petra Ross
Clogging of biological activated carbon filters
2006
Sheng Li
IEX-UF-NF-GAC treatment
2006
Qing Wang
Characterization of sediment
2006
David de Ridder
UV-H2O2 treatment - Research and design
2006
Leo Meijer
Reuse of wastewater for Amsterdam
2006
Sigrid Scherrenberg
Treatment of CSO water
2006
Harm Jansen
Development of indirect potable reuse in impacted areas of the United States
2006
Stefan Geilvoet
Fouling by extracellulair poly saccharides in membrane bioreactors treating
2005
2
municipal wastewater
Sharleen Alberga
OLM/Asset management
2005
Martijn Klootwijk
An erosion meter for sewer sediment, a crticial consideration
2005
Anke Grefte
Test-rig research distribution
2005
Jan-Hendrik Vos
Sediment transport in distribution network
2005
Menno van Leenen
Influence NOM on ozone
2005
Maarten Lut
Laboratory research distribution
2005
Christiaan Kivit
Q21 – distribution
2004
Michiel van der Meulen
Particles in distribution network
2004
Sawan Raktoe1
Backwashing leads to fouling
2004
Danny van der Veldt
Hergebruik van effluent HHRS Delfland
2003
Jeroen Stok
Invloed van influentfluctuaties op de werking van een afvalwaterzuivering
2003
Cathelijne Flamink
Verwijdering van (xeno-)oestrogenen uit afvalwater
2003
Mark Scheres
Verkennend onderzoek naar mogelijkheden ultrafiltratiepermeaat RWZI-influent
2002
voor irrigatiedoeleinden
Guy Heijnen
Capillary NF for horticulture
2002
Martijn Kramer
UV-disinfection Andijk
2002
Angela Puts
Risk analysis Legionella
2002
Michel Bretveld
Ozonation Weesperkarspel
2002
Remco Keijser
Real-time control Loosdrecht plant
2002
Colette de Roo
Airflush of capillary membranes
2002
Pepijn Koenders
Nanofiltration Twentekanaal water
2001
Guy Henckens
On monitoring of turbidity in sewers
2001
Maaike Glastra
MBR in drinking water treatment
2001
S.G. Tan
Modeling WRK-treatment
2001
M. Bouwma
Zuurstofoverdracht bij toepassing van persluchtinjectie in de verzadigde zone
2001
Jamie Reuvers
Interacties in het afvalwatersysteem van Apeldoorn
2001
Yiqun Wang
Membraanvervuiling bij ultrafiltratie van rwzi-effluent
2000
192
MSc theses
Robin das Gupta
Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse einer zusätzlichen detailierten Messkampagne zur
2000
Optimierung der Dentrifikation einer kommunalen Kläranlage
Herman Evenblij
Verkennend onderzoek naar membraanfiltratie van ruw RWZI influent in Bennekom
2000
Roel Derckx
Toepassing van ultrafiltraat als natuurwater
2000
Ingrid Bonnet
Directe filtratie van afvalwaterinfluent - Onderzoek naar een nieuwe methode voor
2000
de primaire behandeling van afvalwater
Eelco Teesink
Pilot-onderzoek naar hergebruik van rwzi-effluent te Kerkrade
2000
Jan Post1
Concentrate treatment with cNF
2000
Anton van Rosmalen
Risk analysis water market
2000
Ignaz Worm3
Air/water backwash UF
2000
Johannis Vijlbrief
Urban water chain company Overijssel
2000
René van der Aa1,2
Nitrification in rapid filters
1999
Jeroen Boel
Microfiltration Philips Nijmegen
1999
Bram Martijn
Ultrafiltration Biesbosch water
1999
Jeroen Krijgsman
Industrial water project Roermond
1999
Laura de la Torre
Ammonium removal from municipal wastewater by ion exchange
1999
Wout Smans
Membraanvervuiling bij ultrafiltratie van rwzi-effluent
1999
Isabelle Wasmus
Productie van een andwer water op basis van vlokkingsfiltratie van effluent
1998
Maarten Rutte
Waterzuivering met helofytensystemen
1998
Robin Bos
UASB post-treatment
1998
Eefje Dekkers
Evaluation of WateRat Software and WaterPinch Technology for refinery water
1998
Gutiérrez
management
Marja Weijs
Ultrafiltratie van RWZI eflluent - Verkennend onderzoek met een pilotplant
1998
Dick van den Heuvel
Verkennend onderzoek naar de droge fysische fractiescheiding van verontreinigde
1998
grond
Alex van de Helm3
Modeling gas transfer systems
1998
Bonne Hylkema
Hybrid membrane filtration Nuland
1998
Siebe van de Zel
Sludge treatment and disposal Gelderland
1998
Joukje Klomp
Anaerobic membrane filtration
1997
Martijn Riemersma
Modeling nanofiltration
1997
Martin de Koning
Electrodialysis Leiduin
1997
Steven Oterdoom
Reservoir Drentsche Aa
1997
Weren de Vet
Riverbank filtration Panheel
1997
Jan-Dik Verdel
Modeling groundwater filtration
1997
Joost Pluim
Pilotonderzoek naar de toepassing van ultrafiltratie op effluent van
1997
rioolwaterzuiveringsinstallaties
Danny Gerritsen
Werking van een deflectieschot in ronde nabezinktanks
1997
William Pangemanan
Nabehandeling van RWZI-effluent m.b.v. membraanfiltratie; ervaringen en
1997
experimenten
193
Education
MSc theses
Jeroen Oosthof
Mogelijkheden tot rductie van de fosfaatemissie door toepassing van
1996
effluentfiltratie
Meike van Ginneken
Wastewater reuse for irrigation in Cali Region, Colombia
1996
Jan-Hendrik Bouman
Bezinkingsproblematiek van een seriegeschakelde airlift-loop reactor
1996
Arjen van Nieuwenhuijzen
Optimalisatie van vlokkingsfiltratie voor RZWI-effluent - Een onderzoek naar de
1996
optimale verhouding van filtratiesnelheid en filterlooptijd
Eelco Trietsch
See weed membrane filtration
1996
Eric Schwencke
Water treatment Achterhoek
1996
Joukje Keuning
Flocculation Brakel
1996
Marije Hendriks
Dynasand filtration WRK III
1996
Francois van Ekkendonk
Industrial water project Philips Nijmegen
1996
Martijn Nijsse
Industrial water project Cerestar
1996
Ernst-Jan Hageman
Membrane filtration backwash water
1996
Piet-Hein Spaans
Dynasand filtration Loenderveenseplas
1996
Maarten Keuten
Optimization treatment swimming pools
1996
Jasper Verberk
Optimization treatment plant WRK I/II
1996
Mark Brieskorn
Design Bergen op Zoom treatment plant
1996
Peter Tienhooven
Expansion Lake water supply Amsterdam
1995
Edgardo Valeriano
Design backwash gutters
1995
Mark Eikens
Drinking water project for the Veluwe
1995
Mireille Beumer
Industrial water project Parenco
1995
Marieke van Winkelen
Industrial water reuse Akzo Amsterdam
1995
Gert-Jan Schoterman
Biesbosch water treatment
1995
Jan Leen van de Vlies
Industrial water South West Netherlands
1995
Bas van Efferen
Large-scale membrane filtration
1995
Patrick Smeets
Virus removal through infiltration
1995
Martijn Bakker
Real-time control of water production
1995
Örjan van Drongelen
Reliability study for Panheel
1995
Hella van de Maarel
Removal of micro-organisms
1995
Ronald van de Berg
Design Aalsterweg treatment plant
1995
David Visscher
Activated carbon filtration Bergambacht
1995
Petra Holzhaus
Riverbank filtration along the Lek
1995
René Knipscheer
Bodemluchtextractie met behulp van verwarmde lucht
1995
Marcus Zutphen
Schoonebeek Schoon
1995
Edwin Lakerveld
Persluchtinjectie in de verzadigde zone
1995
Michel Geven
Inventarisatie en evaluatie van filtratiemethoden voor effluent
1995
Jetske Verkerk
Fosfaatverwijdering uit effluent door vlokkingsfiltratie
1995
Jan Willem Bonekamp
Het gebruik van meetwaarden bij de optimalisatie van de N-verwijdering bij RWZI’s
1995
A.H.M. van Weel
Behandeling van het afvalwater van een chemische industrie
1995
J. Krabbenbos
Opschalingsmogelijkheden van de airliftloopreactor
1995
2
194
MSc theses
Jan Busser
Preciptatieonderzoek op rwzi De Groote Lucht
1994
Saskia Jouwersma
Effluentvijvers als tertiaire zuivering
1994
Patrick van de Wens
Distribution strategy PIM
1994
Roel Bronda
Reuse backwash water WMO
1994
Ellen van Duikeren
Deep infiltration South East Netherlands
1994
Nico Versteeg
Use of surface water for Overijssel
1994
Peter Wessels
Use of Biesbosch water for Gelderland
1993
Jenne van de Velde
Reuse backwash water WMN
1993
Georgina Martinez Ortiz
Industrial water project Veendam
1993
Jan Timmer
Softening with lime
1993
Carel Aeyelts Averink
Modeling of membrane filtration
1993
Saskia Deegmulder
Filtratie van effluent in de praktijk
1993
Kees Meinema
Lamellenbezinkers tussen beluchting en nabezinking
1992
Idsart Dijkstra
Water supply of Vlieland
1992
Robert Willemse
AOC-removal in filters
1992
Gertjan Schers
Flotation: theory and practice
1991
S.E. de Rijk
Indikking van surplusslib door middel van flotatie
1991
Jeroen Rijnhart
Nazorg van afvalstortplaatsen, de zuivering van percolatiewater
1991
R.J.M.L. Koster
De effecten van simultane defosfatering op de nitrificatie
1991
C.J.M. Ruiters
Dynamic modelling of the thickening process of activated sludge in clarifiers
1990
G.R. uit de Bosch
Verbetering van de indikking van anaeroob uitgegist slib door middel van
1990
beluchting of ontgassing
Heleen Sombekke
Behandeling van stedelijk afvalwater in een drie-fasen airliftreactor gevolgd door
1990
fosfaatprecipitatie
G.H. Liem
Karakterisering van de slibontwatering in relatie tot afvalwaterzuiverinigssystemen
1
Gijs Oskam Award for best young researcher
2
Graduation with honours (cum laude)
3
Faculty Award for best graduation
1989
All theses can be downloaded from www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
195
Education
Completed BSc theses 2013
Completed BSc theses nominated for Cees Boeter award
Irene Caltran
Irene investigated how small-scale treatment techniques
for arsenic removal can been implemented at the
individual household. She tested properties of various
materials to determine their adsorption capacity and
implemented the materials in batch experiments and in
kinetic experiments. By doing this, Irene collected a large
amount of experimental data that she presented and
analysed in a very clear and sensible way. In her report
she demonstrates how she can also critically reflect upon
her experimental results. The jury was impressed by the
size and quality of the experimental work and report.
Abel Heinsbroek
Abel travelled to Mozambique for his bachelor project on
improvement of drinking water treatment in the town of
Vilanculos. The existing drinking water treatment plant
was no longer functioning due to a lack of maintenance
and local operational expertise. Abel decided to design a
new treatment plant based on very robust techniques.
He assembled and tested a pilot installation on-site,
using locally available materials. This requires a lot of
improvisation skills, especially given local circumstances.
The jury appreciated his creativity which he intelligently
combined with practical capabilities.
Bas des Tombe
Bas conducted his bachelor project in Vietnam, where
he investigated salinisation problems in groundwater
wells for irrigation water supply. One of the questions he
tried to answer is whether recent installation of a shrimp
factory could be causing salinisation of groundwater
near the wells. Collecting local field data proved to
be a difficult task. Still, Bas managed to get sufficient
insight to make realistic assumptions for implementation
into a numerical model that he used for analysis. This
demonstrates creativity, intelligence and perseverance.
Bas also made the information available through internet,
so additional data can easily be included in the future.
The results of his study will be used by a local company
for further analysis.
196
Completed BSc theses 2013
Overview of all completed BSc theses
NameSubject
Obaid AbrahimiOptimix
Yolanda Bruinsma
Rekenmodel energiebesparing met zwembadafdekking
Luuk Bussmann
Rising bubble technique
Jochem Dekkers
High resolution rainfall radar for urban hydrology
Thomas Deurloo
Flexibele AOP: doseringen afgestemd op variaties in de waterkwaliteit
Koen Geul
Improvement existing artificial recharge scheme of Radauti - Romania
Rick Hagenaars
Bodemvochtbepaling met de Kinect
Floortje Hofland
Reinventing the toilet
Job Hogewoning
De effecten van seizoensgebonden variaties in de waterkwaliteit op de waterzuivering
van Dunea
Thijs Hommes
Veroorzaakt klimaatverandering extremere neerslag?
Chris Hordijk
Hoe groot is de Flow?
Vera Kooten
Optimalisatie pompstation Huisduinen
Fabian Leferink
Reinvent the toilet challenge
Anke Luijben
Neerslag afvoerpatronen in de Ardennen met topografische indices
Amir Nadiri
Biogas machine in het science centre
Farhad Nadri
Biogas machine in het science centre
Brent Pieterse
Seizoenstrends in afbraak van medicijnen in afvalwter
Bart Schilperoort
Using algae to produce biodiesel out of effluent of biogas production
Bernadien Tiehatten
Actuele verdamping bepalen met behulp van wind- wen temperatuurmetingen
Bas des Tombe
ASR/storage tank voor rijstirrigatie, Vietnam
Noortje van Velzen
Veilig drinkwater in ontwikkelingslanden
Froukje Zuidema
Arsenic Removal in Bangladesh - Surface characterization of the adsorbents CIM and GHF
in max. loaded state
197
Education
Online Education
Online education MSc-track Watermanagement
Online education?
online. This might be a regular student or a life-long learner
Studying online offers you the possibility of studying
who wants to expand his/her knowledge in the disciplines
wherever and whenever you want.
that are offered. Registration is possible for the complete
online MSc programme or for one or more Master courses.
In 2007 the first courses about water treatment were offered
This creates the possibility to acquire an MSc within a series
as OpenCourseWare (OCW). An OCW is a free and open
of subsequent years.
digital publication of high quality university-level educational
materials. OCW are free and openly licensed, accessible to
What does an online MSc look like?
anyone, anytime via the internet.
The first year of the MSc track Watermanagement consists
of courses. Most of these courses will be offered online.
Thus, OCW is course material, but not a course with a start
All lectures will be recorded by collegerama and exercises
date and an examination. This is changing! The newest
can be done from home via the internet. This will all be
development is MOOCs. A ‘Massive Open Online Course’
facilitated through Blackboard. Special attention from the
(MOOC) is an online course aiming at large-scale interactive
lecturer or professor will be given to the online-student by
participation and open access via the web. In addition to
e-mail and skype.
traditional course materials such as videos, readings, and
Only for laboratory work and the examination the students
problem sets, MOOCs provide interactive user forums that
have to come to the campus.
help to build a community for the students, professors, and
teaching assistants.
This moment at the campus is important for students to
meet professors and fellow students as well as for arranging
Almost 29.000 students are registered in the MOOC
a thesis subject for the second year of the MSc. The second
CTB3365x Introduction to Water treatment which could be
year consists of project and thesis work, which cannot be
followed from September 16th until November 25th. This
done online, but, as is already the case, can be done at any
is massive! The free course is open to everyone, without
location, suitable for performing MSc thesis work.
prior education or entry examination. So, students don’t
need to pay for attending this course, but they will not get
What will change?
supervision of our lecturers. When they pass the exam, they
We expect that the student population at our MSc track will
get a certificate of attendance, not a diploma. Our MOOC
change in coming years. We expect more life-long learners,
is also a deficit course for external students interested to
who are students with working experiences, bringing added
join our MSc and as such from now onwards much easier
value to the (online) class room. In addition, worldwide,
accessible. The availability of the MOOC CTB3365x means
students now have the opportunity to follow our water
that the lecture series CTB3365 will become much more
management courses and in the meantime giving feedback
interactive. Transfer of textbook information is readily
regarding the situation in other parts of the world. The
accessible, so why to repeat this in the lecture room? The
discussion board will be used more often to connect with
MOOC development is a next step in modernizing education
the online students and to learn from their knowledge and
at TU.
opinion.
To be more of service for the online students, the didactics
MSc diploma?
of the courses will change in the coming years. Lectures will
Students aiming an MSc diploma, and preferable study
be recorded by the professor in the studio and discussed in
online, are also welcome in the MSc track Watermanagement.
the lecture hall or discussion board. Things are changing,
Online MSc education is intended as alternative for
not now, not tomorrow but continuously.
everyone who is considering the on-campus MSc education
offered by TU Delft. This means that everyone who fulfills
the educational requirements for starting our MSc can start
198
Online Education
Have a look at the MOOC CTB3365x Introduction to water
More information & registration
treatment at edX to see how an online course will look
For an overview of all online education at Delft University
like! You can register now: https://www.edx.org/
of Technology, please visit our university wide website on
course/delft-university-technology/ctb3365x/
online
introduction-water-treatment/786
education.
education:
www.tudelft.nl/en/study/online-
More specific information about the Watermanagement
Cost
track concerning the programme, the entry requirements
If you would like to follow the complete Water Management
and on how to register, can also be found on the same
track of the MSc programme in Civil Engineering online, you
website, via the link:
will need to register as a student for that MSc programme.
http://www.citg.tudelft.nl/en/about-faculty/
You will then pay the tuition fee that is applicable to you.
departments/watermanagement/education/msc-
If you would like to follow one or more courses from an MSc
watermanagement/
programme, you can register for the courses you wish to
take. The costs are 200 euros for each ECTS credit. You can
see how many credits each course comprises on the faculty
website. In addition, there is a non-recurrent fee of 500
euros for registration with TU Delft.
Figure 1 Online education at TU Delft
199
Education
Online Education
Figure 2 Online course in Blackboard
Figure 3 Recorded lecture about surface water treatment
Figure 4 old-fashioned?
200
Online Education
Figure 5 Top 10 countries of MOOC students
Figure 6 Prior education of MOOC students
201
Media
202
Annual report 2013
Media
203
Media
Jan Peter van der Hoek ‘Drinkwater duurder dankzij ‘drugs’’
Kennislink - www.kennislink.nl
204
Jan Peter van der Hoek ‘Drinkwater duurder dankzij ‘drugs’’
Kennislink - www.kennislink.nl
205
Media
Jan Peter van der Hoek ‘Drinkwater duurder dankzij ‘drugs’’
Kennislink - www.kennislink.nl
206
Marie-claire ten Veldhuis “Eindelijk stadse wateroverlast
voorspellen”
Kennislink - www.kennislink.nl
207
Media
Marie-claire ten Veldhuis “Eindelijk stadse wateroverlast
voorspellen”
Kennislink - www.kennislink.nl
208
Luuk Rietveld “Hoe helpen we de derde wereld aan schoon
drinkwater”
KIJK - Februari 2013
209
Media
Luuk Rietveld “Hoe helpen we de derde wereld aan schoon
drinkwater”
KIJK - Februari 2013
210
Luuk Rietveld “Hoe helpen we de derde wereld aan schoon
drinkwater”
KIJK - Februari 2013
211
Media
Luuk Rietveld “Hoe helpen we de derde wereld aan schoon
drinkwater”
KIJK - Februari 2013
212
Marie-claire ten Veldhuis “Leven in stad vol water”
AD
213
Media
Jojanneke Dirksen “Zettingen als maatstaf voor vervangen van
rioolstelsel”
Cobouw 128 - 10 juli 2013
214
Marie-claire ten Veldhuis “Gescheiden riool sneller verstopt”
o.a. in DeStem
215
Media
Peter de Moel “De campus in je eigen studeerkamer”
HO Management - Februari 2013
216
Peter de Moel “De campus in je eigen studeerkamer”
HO Management - Februari 2013
217
Media
Peter de Moel “De campus in je eigen studeerkamer”
HO Management - Februari 2013
218
Anke Grefte “Online wetenschap is grote hit”
Leeuwarder Courant - Juli 2013
219
Media
Anke Grefte “ TU enters the world of virtual learning”
TUDelta - Maart 2013
220
Anke Grefte “ TU enters the world of virtual learning”
TUDelta - Maart 2013
221
Media
Gertjan Medema “Kun je met buitenlands kraanwater je tanden
poetsen?”
De Volkskrant - Mei 2013
In Nederland kan kraanwater moeiteloos doorgaan voor het veel duurdere fleswater, maar in veel buitenlanden is een karaf
leidingwater bij de maaltijd een slecht idee. Wie daar uit de kraan drinkt, heeft kans op buikloop. Maar hoe zit dat met
tanden poetsen, of douchen? Kan het kwaad als je dan een paar druppels vies water inslikt?
Vakantiediarree wordt in Europa vaak veroorzaakt door Campylobacter, een bacterie die bij dieren in de darmen huist. In
veel vakantielanden is de waterzuivering niet op orde waardoor uitwerpselen in het water kunnen achterblijven, zegt Gertjan
Medema, hoogleraar waterkwaliteit en gezondheid aan de TU Delft en werkzaam bij KWR Watercycle Research Institute.
Gevolg: op de hotelkamer of de camping komen met het water uit de kraan ook ziekmakende bacteriën mee.
Die waterwinningen raken bijvoorbeeld verontreinigd doordat mest vanaf een maaiveld naar de put stroomt, legt Medema
uit. De zuivering van dat water gebeurt in die landen vervolgens vaak minder gedegen. ‘Er is sprake van veel kleine
waterwinningen waar minder professioneel wordt gewerkt. En het systeem staat in de vakantieperiode extra onder druk
omdat er dan veel water nodig is.’
De belangrijkste ziekteverwekker in Europa is de Campylobacter jejuni. Die bacterie produceert een toxine, een gif dat
diarree veroorzaakt. De C. jejuni heeft de vervelende eigenschap dat er niet veel van nodig zijn om mensen ziek te maken:
een paar honderd exemplaren zijn al voldoende. Een druppel water kan 50 miljoen bacteriën bevatten. Dat zijn vooral
normale waterbewoners, legt Medema uit, die ook in fleswater zitten. Die voelen zich in ons lijf niet thuis en maken ons
dus niet ziek. Maar er kunnen in die ene druppel in principe al genoeg ziekteverwekkers zitten om een paar vervelende
vakantiedagen te veroorzaken. De kans dat we met tanden poetsen of douchen al aan die paar honderd exemplaren komen
is klein, zegt Medema, maar toch raadt hij aan om voorzichtig te zijn.
Dat er van de C. jejuni zo weinig nodig zijn om ons ziek te maken, heeft te maken met het sterke overlevingsmechanisme
van de bacterie. Veel ziekteverwekkers komen niet verder dan de maag waar ze door zuuraanvallen om zeep worden
geholpen. Toen Amerikaanse onderzoekers het zure milieu van maag en darmen nabootsten en daar de bacterie op los
lieten, zagen ze dat de C. jejuni aanpassingstactieken kent die juist door het zuur in gang worden gezet. Hun celmembraan
verandert bijvoorbeeld of ze scheiden een beschermend eiwit uit.
Voor veel vakantiegangers is tanden poetsen met leidingwater om nog een reden geen optie, weet Medema: het water is
minder lekker dan we gewend zijn. Door de Nederlandse zand- en kleibodem bevat het grondwater hier relatief weinig zout
en mineralen in vergelijking met andere landen. In Nederland is vanwege de goede waterzuivering ook geen chloor meer
nodig. En het leidingwater is hier veel minder hard dan elders. Er zitten minder metaalionen in, en ook dat verandert de
smaak van het kraanwater. Daardoor smaakt hier zelfs koffie en thee anders.
222
Jules van Lier “Zuivering op de schop”
WaterForum
223
Media
Jules van Lier “Zuivering op de schop”
WaterForum
224
Jules van Lier “Zuivering op de schop”
WaterForum
225
Media
Jules van Lier “Zuivering op de schop”
WaterForum
226
Jan Peter van der Hoek “Beslissingsmodel voor nieuwe
bedreigingen (drink)water krijgt vorm”
WaterForum
227
Media
Dara Ghasimi & Jurensley Merenciana “Lab of... Anaerobic
digestion”
Delta Nr.7 - December 2013
228
“20 studiebeurzen Topsector Water”
TU Nieuws
229

Welcome to - Van Duuren Districenters

Invitation for workshop presenting final results from

Lau unch o of the “Wat ter Ta alks S Series ”

Choices and Applications of 2D/3D models for supporting harbour

GAME JAM 2014 - Games for Health Europe

11 Luc Devoldere On Being Asked For a War Poem 12

Case Reports Poster Session 08.00 to 08.30

SERVICING PLAN -400

PATIENT-RELATED AND PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH