Annual report section Sanitary Engineering 2013 Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Water Management Section Sanitary Engineering Annual report 2013 Section Sanitary Engineering Editors: Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld Prof. Dr. Ir. J.B. van Lier J.M. Duiverman Table of contents Table of Contents Introduction 2 Research 4 Individual Projects 58 Education 164 Media 202 1 Introduction Introduction Introduction by Professor Jules van Lier For many people, the year 2013 will be remembered as And what did we do in education and research in 2013? the year in which the financial sector lost its last part of In the first weeks of January we hesitantly said yes to a credibility. So let’s give all trust to the academics, and we request from the board to create the first TU Delft MOOC. will certainly support you in doing so...! For our section A MOOC is a massive online open course, which in fact is Sanitary Engineering, the year 2013 was a year of hard an academic lecture series that can be followed for free working with excellent results, both on research and on the internet. With our open course ware experience, education. Though, the start of the year was not easy we were confident that making a MOOC would be just a when just before New-Year’s eve, our colleague Ric van little bit more of the same... Well, it was just a little bit de Water, the coordinator of the Evides Industriewater more than that! With Anke Grefte and Peter de Moel in the program, suddenly passed away. We remember his joyful lead, supported by a number of student assistants, and presence and are still struggling to refill his position. In the TU Delft multi-media service, we were able to launch the meantime we are extending the research work on the course by mid-September. An unbelievable number industrial water treatment and reclamation. of nearly 29.000 students enrolled in our MOOC edition of our bachelor course Introduction to Water Treatment. As every year, various people left, whereas others How to teach such huge number? Making use of “Youtube joined our group. One person should be mentioned, knowledge clips”, complemented with online questioning, who contributed with all her efforts to our prosperity: readings, examination, and forum discussions, we could Mieke! As cornerstone of our section and our yearly bring our message across. The positive feedback of the vakantiecursus, it will be difficult to keep the same level many students was our reward. The next step is to use without her help. We wish Mieke a very pleasant and all the online material in an upgraded on-campus course, above all healthy retirement. But for many, her retirement creating a new episode in modernizing academic teaching. came as a surprise. Indeed, time is flying. Personally, being In addition to the MOOC, also our online Master program already 5 years at TU Delft, I turned half a century this started in September this year. At the moment we have year and in June I was confronted with the fact that I a number of 10 students following our online master was serving the government for 25 years... It seems that courses. A bit further in the report, Anke Grefte explains time indeed lapses with accelerated speed... A pleasant more in depth our online education and the further surprise was the decision of Francois Clemens to proceed possibilities that will be explored. In addition to MOOC his professorship at TU Delft in combination with an and online MSc coordination, Anke finalized her PhD with employment at Deltares. This decision was certainly good a successful defense the last day of November; congrats news for the Urban Drainage program which is executed Anke!! in cooperation with RIONED. With Delft Urban Water we consolidated the Water movie contest and we convened a In resume, although 2013 started off with mixed feelings workshop at the very successfully organized Amsterdam and a bit unsecure, we turned the year into a fantastic International Waterweek. experience. Wishing you all an excellent 2014 in good health! Also memorial was the graduation of our first Chinese PhD students Gang Liu and Jixiang Yang on drinking water and wastewater, respectively, both with support of Chinese Professor Jules van Lier Scholarship Counsel (CSC). We celebrated this fact with Head section Sanitary Engineering a small Sino-Dutch workshop. My visit to Harbin, Beijing, Chair on Waste Water Treament / Shanghai, immediate after the graduation, confirmed Environmental Engineering my impression: China is booming at a rate beyond expectation... We are determined to consolidate our Chinese cooperation! 2 Highlights 2013 Highlights 2013 Three new post-doc staff members joined our group: carbon. Ir. Andreas Moerman won the KNW thesis award Mathieu Lepot (sewerage), Dr. Ir. David de Ridder with his MSc thesis “Drinking water temperature modeling (adsorption of micropollutants), Dr. Ir. Anke Grefte in domestic systems” and Bas des Tombe won the Cees (education and industrial water treatment). Boeter award for his BSc thesis on salinisation problems Seven PhD students successfully defended their PhD thesis in groundwater wells for irrigation water supply. in 2013: Pawel Krzeminsky, Activated sludge filterability and full-scale membrane bioreactor operation; Gang Liu, About five hundred people attended our annual new- Microbiological water quality in drinking water distribution year conference for the Dutch Water Sector, the systems: Integral study of bulk water; suspended solids, “Vakantiecursus” on the 12th of January 2013. Theme of loose deposits, and pipe wall biofilm; Jixiang Yang, the Vakantiecursus this year was: The Watercycle, there Prospects for flux enhancement in anaerobic membrane is something in it. The day was opened by our new dean bioreactors Jojanneke of the Faculty Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Prof. Dr. Dirksen, Monitoring ground settlement to guide sewer Bert Geerken, and attracted several well-known speakers asset and a very interested crowd which debated intensively treating management; saline Amer wastewater; El-Kalliny, Photocatalytic oxidation in drinking water treatment using hypochlorite about the future of the water sector. and titanium dioxide; André Arsénio, Lifetime prediction of PVC push-fit joints; Anke Grefte, Removal of natural We published a large number of scientific articles in organic matter fractions by anion exchange. In total 5 international refereed journals and gave numerous PhD students joined our group: Alexander Hendriks, presentations Astrid Fischer, Marieke de Goede, Doeke Schippers, Peng researchers were for example at the IWA development Wei. conference in Nairobi, the IWA water re-use conference at international conferences. Our in Windhoek and at the International Water Week in 2013 was also a re-orientation with regard to research Amsterdam. Moreover, several of our staff members are funding. With our industrial and institutional partners, we active reviewers and editors for important international approached funds that are channeled via the foundation journals in the field of water research. for applied sciences (STW), funded by the Dutch Scientific Research organization (NWO). In June the joint Water Technology call was launched by the Top consortia for Knowledge & Innovation (TKI) and STW. Four projects were granted: ▪▪ New sanitation systems (Ivo Pothof) ▪▪ Treatment of harsh chemical wastewater in anaerobic membrane bioreactors (Henri Spanjers) ▪▪ Ceramic membranes for direct treatment of municipal sewage (Bas Heijman) ▪▪ Arsenic removal from ground water (Doris van Halem) Dr. Ir. Doris van Halem won the Steven Hoogendijk Award from the ‘Bataafsch Genootschap der Proefondervindelijke Wijsbegeerte’ received for her thesis “Subsurface Iron and Arsenic Removal for drinking water treatment in Bangladesh”. Dr. Ir. David de Ridder won the Waternet Watercylus Innovation Award, because of his PhD research on QSAR modelling of adsorption to activated 3 Research 4 Annual report 2013 Research 5 Research Mission statement Mission statement Section Sanitary Engineering From urban water chain to urban water cycle Sanitary engineering typically takes place within the More than 50% of humanity lives in urban areas, with urban water cycle, which in itself is part of the greater the largest growth in developing countries. Cities and hydrological cycle. Drinking water is obtained from water are closely linked to each other. A well-functioning groundwater or surface water. The water is treated and water network is essential for a city. Everybody has the subsequently transported to the users, i.e., households right to be supplied by clean and riskless drinking water, and industries, by means of an extensive distribution proper sanitary services, safe and reliable collection and network. Hereafter, the used waters, previously called treatment of the used urban waters, and protection wastewaters, are collected, often together with the of surface water and groundwater bodies. Fresh and drainage water, again via an extensive sewerage system. clean water, however, is scarce and for several cities the Subsequently, the collected sewage is conveyed to the limiting factors for economic growth. Smart technologies sewage treatment plant, where the water is relieved from combined with a robust infrastructure give the opportunity unwanted pollutants. After treatment, the purified water to use the scarce fresh water multiple times. In this way is discharged into open surface waters, after which it is a win-win situation is created where the population, again part of the natural hydrologic cycle. industries and (peri-)urban agriculture are less dependent on imported fresh water. Concomitantly, recovery of the Given the worldwide increasing water scarcity and/ urban water-linked resources such as nutrients but also or costs involved in importing fresh waters from large thermal and chemical energy will be addressed by the distances, a growing interest exists in making short- mentioned technologies. cuts in the urban water cycle, creating possibilities for multiple water use or even partly transforming the urban 6 Mission statement water chain into an urban water cycle. As such, water university and partners not only benefit from the scientific is more and more regarded as a valuable commodity, and professional publications and PhD dissertations, but whereas its polluting constituents are more and more also from patents, practical applications, and knowledge recognized Intervening transfer in open course ware lectures via internet. At technologies are being developed for upgrading water present, about 60 students carry out their PhD research qualities and concomitantly recovering contaminants as and yearly about 20 students finalise their MSc in Sanitary resources turning negatively valued urban streams into Engineering. as recoverable resources. positively valued assets. Traditional conveyance systems for sewage and urban drainage are critically evaluated Education and made fit for the modern urban water cycle approach, In addition to the research, education is the most anticipating on current societal demands and possible important activity of the section Sanitary Engineering. climate changes. Forecasted increase in flood events Apart from two introduction courses in the BSc, specialised will put additional demands on adequate urban drainage courses are given in the MSc-track Water Management. designs. Obviously, reliability, cost-effectiveness, and The philosophy of the section is that these courses must resource efficiency are keywords in present research in be, as much as possible, available for everyone. Therefore sanitary engineering and water treatment technologies. both on-campus and on-line education is provided. The In order to take all benefits from the used urban waters, on-campus education is focussed on the learning-by- profound knowledge is required on physical-chemical doing, involving students, where possible, with practical and biological treatment technologies needed to upgrade assignments (activated learning).In addition, students these waters to agreed standards for subsequent use or are stimulated to have an internship abroad, in order to discharge. broaden their horizon. On-line education is divided into three different categories: (i) Open Course Ware is freely The mission of the research program at the section of available and consists of recorded lectures (collegerama) Sanitary Engineering of TU Delft is to achieve practical and written material; (ii) the on-line master’s programme breakthroughs in these niches by a coordinated approach also makes use of the recorded lectures to stimulate in close cooperation with the Dutch water sector and distant learning, but the content is exactly the same the international scientific community. By working as for on-campus students; (iii) Massive Open On-line together within a well-developed network with the stake Course (MOOC) “Introduction to Water Treatment” is holders from science and industry, we aim to cover the freely available and is especially made to address large complete innovation cycle, from the initial brain wave, groups. The section Sanitary Engineering is front runner through research planning, funding and execution, to in on-line education and the mentioned MOOC was the implementation in practice and possibly valorization and first one of TU Delft. commercialisation. Ambition in research and education Research themes and approach Dutch drinking water is characterized by a very high Research and education of the Sanitary Engineering quality, owing to the high technical standards in Dutch Section is of high societal relevance and technical water companies, resulting in continuous supply of excellence. It serves the current needs of the Dutch safe drinking water at an acceptable price. No chlorine Water sector and outlines present developments and is used during drinking water production, which is future strategies in close cooperation with the sector. In made possible by applying a multiple barrier treatment addition, international developments and our increasing system, producing biologically stable water. Moreover, the participation in the international Water arena increasingly drinking water is soft, has a pleasant taste and colour include research projects of global concern. Our and pipeline leakages are virtually zero. As a result of philosophy results in a balanced combination of societal this, the trust in the drinking water quality is high. The and industrial pull and scientific push. We strongly Dutch drink water from the tap and they do not feel believe that this is in the best interest of our MSc and the need for using bottled water or point-of-use filters. PhD students serving both science and industry. Delft Continuation of the high quality standards in the water 7 Research Mission statement sector requires research on presence and fate of priority introduction of new treatment technologies, interactions pollutants, biological growth (e.g. Legionella) and water between sewerage and separation of rain water from quality deterioration in the distribution system. the sewer system. In addition, the water boards are emphasizing the potentials of recovery of resources, such Municipalities are responsible for collecting and transporting used waters and managing the rainwater as nutrients, bio-plastics, cellulose fibres, and energy from sewage streams. and groundwater in urban areas. In the near future they are faced with several challenges, e.g. climate change, To be able to address the research needs of the water (de-)urbanisation, increased pollution, costs, energy, sector, our MSc and PhD research is clustered in 5 and resource effectiveness, implementation of sensor thematic research themes: networks for process control. These challenges are to 1. “Emerging technologies for drinking water and waste be faced in the light of a more intense cooperation with water treatment” includes solutions for emerging other stakeholders, ultimately leading to an increasing threats, need for knowledge of the involved processes and sound treatment. increasing standards, and optimized engineering solutions. 2. “Modeling, sensoring and automation” deals with Water boards, ultimately responsible for the upgrading 3. “Optimal design and operation of piped networks” of the used urban waters, are challenged by increasingly investigates the water quality and hydraulic aspects operational efficiency improvement. stringent effluent criteria and societal concerns on priority pollutants and hygienic quality of the produced effluents. Moreover, foreseen shortcuts in the water chain, creating urban water cycles, require effluent qualities meeting the in distribution and drainage systems. 4. “Water and Health” focuses on the relations between technical interventions and related health risks. 5. “Sustainable solutions for drinking water and demands of the subsequent user, that are often much sanitation” focuses on improving drinking water more stringent than the emission standards. This logically supply and sanitation in developing countries. results in improved operation of sewage treatment plants, Each of the staff members has its own specialisation to develop research in one or more of the above mentioned research themes. These specialisations include (anaerobic) membrane bioreactors, (ceramic) membrane filtration, metallic surfaces in water, characterisation of natural organic matter, soft sensors in water treatment, monitoring in sewer systems, emerging pathogens and technology selection in relation to water quality. Our research agenda includes a mixture of desk-top research, laboratory experiments, pilot-plant experiments and full-scale field research. Computer modelling is very important as it enables us to understand the complex reality and limit the number of experiments to achieve an optimal result. Where laboratory experiments test our initial hypothesis under defined conditions, pilot plant and field research includes the specific water quality and reactor operational aspects that cannot be simulated in the lab. Moreover, full-scale investigations at treatment plants and piped/sewerage networks are required in order to study the effects of large scale hydraulics. As such, our research can be characterised as a mixture of 8 Mission statement water quality, process technology, hydraulics and applied Frequent external visitors are invited to participate in mathematics. A thorough understanding of physical, meetings and colloquia. chemical and biological processes is required to improve Our international network includes a vast number of the water matrix to the required level. This, combined foreign universities, such as in Duisburg, Leuven, Gent, with a thorough insight in hydraulic aspects, such as Sheffield, New South Wales, Bradford, Johannesburg, turbulence, mixing, and uneven flow patterns, will ensure Boulder, Waterloo, Trondheim, Dresden, Poitiers, Rennes, the feasibility of the technology in large scale settings. Toulouse, Zürich, Valencia, Santiago de Compostela, Based on our experience, these mixtures of scales Singapore, Harbin, Beijing, Shanghai, and Xiamen. and sciences provide a total view on sound sanitary Research projects are performed in cooperation with engineering that stimulates new ideas and approaches. Agentschap NL, NWO, Commercial partners, TTIWetsus The professors in our group have a down-to-earth and the European Union. Special agreements for approach and practice ‘management by participation’. research collaboration are made with Waternet, Dunea, They stimulate discussions between PhD students, Oasen, Evides, HWL, Vewin and Rioned. Next to papers staff members and experts from science and industry. and reports, our research is communicated through a Moreover, they frequently participate in national and newsletter. In addition, many ideas are disseminated at international meetings on the research agenda for the our annual ‘Vakantiecursus’ which is acknowledged as the water sector, such as the International Water Association leading Dutch conference on Sanitary Engineering being and KNW, providing additional stimuli to the research. annually first, just after New Years’ eve. The processes of improvement and innovation function primarily through the interaction with the experts from science and industry. Professor Jules van Lier Professor Luuk Rietveld Head section Sanitary Engineering Professor Innovation and Professor of Environmental Integration of the Urban Water Engineering and Wastewater Cycle Treatment 9 Research Mission statement Theme 1: Emerging technologies for water treatment Theme leaders: Bas Heijman & Jules van Lier In recent years it has become clear that the pollution of the effectiveness of different treatment technologies and water sources has become so widespread that traces of treatment combinations in removing these emerging compounds such as endocrine disputers, polar pesticides substances is investigated. Also a modeling approach and pharmaceuticals can even be found in Dutch drinking is developed to predict the removal of new emerging water. Only a few of these emerging substances are substances and to assess the plant performance towards known and measured in our drinking water. To face these organic micro pollutants. new substances application of advanced water treatment Due to the increasing need for protection of water is required. Moreover, due to the scientific progress we resources, the growing environmental awareness, as laid have come to understand that also microbiological threats down in the European Water Framework Directive (WFD), still cannot be ignored, the most relevant being Legionalla and the public inclination to sustainability, the pressure and Cryptosporidium. Fortunately, in recent years we have on water recycling, and the need for improvement of also seen major breakthroughs in new technologies such effluent quality of waste water treatment plants (WWTP) as membrane filtration and disinfection/oxidation with are increased over the past years. Therefore, there is a ozone/UV/H2O2. These technologies can be used both on need for upgrading the WWTPs. This can be done by the drinking water as well as on the waste water side and advanced or tertiary treatment of effluent of conventional an integrated approach has to be developed. Our research WWTP’s by filtration and ultrafiltration; the development in this theme deals with the further development of these of alternatives for conventional treatment processes e.g. technologies and in particular the determination of the the membrane bioreactor either aerobic or anaerobic; practical feasibility including such aspects as efficiency, and the modification of the conventional treatment to costs and operational aspects. In several PhD projects optimize the efficiency. Research projects Decision Support System for controlling emerging substances in the water cycle Astrid Fischer Hybrid Advanced Oxidation and Artificial Recharge to Remove the Organic Micropollutants from Drinking Water Feifei Wang Increasing the utilization of organic waste and low value feeds with the help of lignin degrading fungi Mostafa Zahmatkesh Optimization of submerged ceramic micro-membrane filtration with coagulation pretreatment condition for surface water treatment Biological Advance Oxidation Processes toward Micropollutant removal DIPOOL Advanced UV-based technology for pool water treatment Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor Technology for the Treatment of Industrial Effluents Application of Dynamic Membranes in Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor Systems A newly designed demineralization technology based on thermosensitive hydrogels Emerging substances: Towards an absolute barrier Microbiological safe swimming pools without chlorine Peter Lu Marco Casola Maarten Keuten Recep Kaan Dereli Mustafa Evren Ersahin Samuele Olivero Cheryl Bertelkamp Marjolein Peters Cost-Effective Municipal Wastewater Treatment by Coupling of UASB and ANAMMOX Reactors Hydrodynamic determination of RO membranes using the PIV method BioXtreme treatment of industrial wastewater 10 Javier A. Sánchez Guillén Amir Haidari Julian Muñoz Sierra Mission statement Theme 2: Reuse and recovery of water, energy and used compounds Theme leaders: Jules van Lier & Luuk Rietveld Wastewater treatment is needed to full-fill the Water the black (faeces), yellow (urine), grey (bathing and Framework Directive. However, more and more attention kitchen) and white (rain) streams are (partly) separated. is paid to the fact that waste water is also a potential The yellow stream can e.g. be used for the production of resource of city water and/or industrial water. Crucial fertilizer. Phosphate recovery is becoming an important is treatment at specification at acceptable costs with issue since this compound is getting scarce and prices the aim of resource recovery at various levels, such as are rising dramatically. Finally, the water of the effluent of energy, fertilizing agents such as phosphates and of a waste water treatment plant is a resource for industry course water. In the Netherlands specific programmes and agriculture. In the Netherlands, 80% of the fresh are developed to increase the energy production at waste water use is industrial and when domestic waste water water treatment plants by for example the production effluent is used for industrial application less pressure is of green gas (from sludge) that can be injected in the laid on the precious water sources. existing natural gas distribution system. This could even be applied to black water in a decentralized system where Research projects Enhanced biogas production from waste sludge Roslinda Seswoya Organic carbon in demineralized boiler feedwater David Moed Flux enhancement in anaerobic membrane bioreactor with focus on saline conditions Jixiang Yang Enhanced Enzymatic Anaerobic Fermentation of Organic Residues (EnzyFOR) Steef de Valk Anaerobic digestion (AD) of fine sieve concentrated sewage waste Dara Ghasimi Emission Minimalization of Marine Aquaculture Recirculation Systems Removal of residual pollutants for reclamation of treated wastewater (Delft Blue Water) Estimation of water temperature in sewer systems OPTIMIX Forward Osmosis in Sewer Mining Xuedong Zhang Diana Brandão Jorge Elias Maxil Guido Kooijman Kerusha Lutchmiah Treatment of Domestic Sewage by Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor Technology – Anaerobic MBR for Aqua Cleaning and Energy Recovery Innovative ceramic ultrafiltration for water reuse: fouling on MF/UF and RO Hale Ozgun Ran Shang Distinguishing competitive effects from characterized background EFOM isolates on adsorption of trace organic contaminants by typical activated carbons Advanced Oxidation-Electrochemical solutions for water and wastewater treatment Jingyi Hu Yasmina Bennani 11 Research Mission statement Theme 3: Modeling, sensoring and automation Theme leaders: Luuk Rietveld & Henri Spanjers Water treatment plants consist of numerous treatment Focus of this theme is on an optimised process and processes in series and in parallel. The operation of the flow control by mass balance based modeling and by present-day infrastructure is done by operators who more sophisticated computational fluid dynamics. Also mainly focus on providing the required flow at all times. stochastic data models are used to assess the efficiency It is obvious that it is possible to achieve better results at of treatment processes. We also aim to achieve the lower costs and with less impact on the environment by concept of a ‘virtual treatment plant’, that is a model of utilising available options such as buffer tanks, equal flow the plant that can function as a simulator to assist the distribution over process units, flow control and process operator in finding the optimal settings. control. By using computer models it is now also possible to control the water quality leaving the treatment plant while delivering the required flow and quality. Research projects Modelling of biological granular activated carbon filtration René van der Aa Optimization of Drinking Water Treatment Processes using models and on-line monitoring tools (Techneau) Model-based control in the urban water cycle Petra Ross Annelies Aarts Removal of pharmaceuticals by organic coagulants/flocculants in primary settling of wastewater treatment plant Behavior and removal of natural organic matter (NOM) in treatment processes Mohomad Mohd Amin Anke Grefte Novel monitoring and process control system for efficient production of VFA and biogas in anaerobic digestion plant Broadening and renewal of the Dutch drinking water benchmark 12 Xuedong Zhang Marieke de Goede Mission statement Theme 4: Distribution and discharge networks Theme leaders: Marie-claire ten Veldhuis, Francois Clemens & Jeroen Langeveld Water infrastructures are a vital support of urban societal The focus of this research theme is on monitoring, development: they supply clean drinking water and detection evacuate polluted wastewaters to protect public health infrastructures by a combination of experimental research and they drain stormwaters to prevent flood damage and probabilistic methods in support of quantitative risk and economic and societal disruption. Quality of service analysis. We use urban labs to collect experimental data provided by water infrastructures is under threat as from real-life conditions and use datamining techniques ageing processes degrade structural and hydraulic linking multiple data sources to predict failures in support conditions. Leakages, blockage, pipe blockage, water of risk analysis and prevention. Our aim is to provide quality deterioration are but a few of the detrimental society with effective techniques and strategies to use effects ageing processes can generate. ageing water infrastructures while maintaining optimal and prediction of failures in water functionality. Developing better understanding of ageing processes is a prerequisite to be able to predict and prevent harmful effects. Early detection and warning is another essential strategy to cope with failures and to increase understanding of failure conditions. Research projects Strategic assetmanagement in the water cycle Failure prediction and management of lateral connections in sewer systems High resolution rainfall data to protect cities against floods Modeling of water supply systems for optimal control and respons to anomalies Decision making and organization of sewer asset management Effective Sewer Asset Management Settlement as a driver for sewer rehabilitation Biological water quality in distribution networks Lifetime prediction of PVC push-fit joints Modelling of pluvial flood damage Rian Kloosterman Johan Post Guenda Bruni Martijn Bakker Wouter van Riel Nikola Stanić Jojanneke Dirksen Gang Liu André Arsénio Matthieu Spekkers 13 Research Mission statement Theme 5: Sustainable solutions for developing countries Theme leaders: Jules van Lier, Bas Heijman & Doris van Halem Safe drinking water is at present not available for every utilization of renewable energy. Appropriate sanitation, human being on earth. The current knowledge on in balance with the prevailing socio-economic conditions low-cost drinking water treatment is often insufficient to is of crucial importance for (partly) meeting the agreed provide safe water in remote and underdeveloped areas. MDG-7. Sustainability in terms of cost-effectiveness, Either solutions do not fit within the targeted environment technical plain and recovery of resources are the main or a scientific approach is not at hand. drivers for novel developments. Energy recovery via Research to develop and improve treatment systems for anaerobic conversion processes may generate direct the poor is the main objective of the work done within benefits on household levels meanwhile basic sanitary this new research theme. The (upcoming) projects in requirements are established. A similar approach will be this theme aim at critically evaluating existing treatment followed in addressing sanitation at community level and/ options innovative or city section level, where block sanitation or satellite technologies. The current research focuses on low- sewers are connected to technical plain systems which cost ceramic filtration, subsurface arsenic removal, and focus on recovery of resources. and the development of new Research projects Upflow gravel filtration for multiple uses Luis Dario Sanchez Torres Transport and attenuation of organic compounds and turbidity peaks in subsurface porous media during aquifer passage Juan Pablo Gutierrez Safe drinking water in Bangladesh: feasibility and sustainability of hand-pump subsurface arsenic removal in diverse settings 14 Sandra Borges Freitas Mission statement Theme 6: Water & Health Theme leader: Gertjan Medema Safe water is essential to our society. Water systems These provide new niches for pathogens and new routes should protect society against the spread of infectious of exposure to pathogens. diseases. New pathogens emerge (like SARS, new (avian) influenza viruses). They emphasize the vulnerability The research focus in this theme is: of our densely populated society to infectious diseases ▪▪ Quantitative health impact assessment of water and highlight the importance of knowledge about systems, with an emphasis on risks caused by the pathogens, their possible pathways and effective pathogenic microbes. The results will help to make management. In our densely populated country, the informed risk management decisions in the water burden on the environment with pathogenic microorganisms is high and the possibilities for exposure sector. ▪▪ to these pathogens are also many. The conventional prevent transmission of pathogens through the water exposure through drinking water is well under control, but other water uses (such as bathing) are not. Moreover, we are inventing new concepts for dealing with water Effective (treatment) technologies or strategies to route. ▪▪ Research is a close collaboration with KWR Watercycle Research Institute and the water sector. in our society (wastewater reuse, water in cities, etc.). Research projects Health impact of new urban water concepts Helena Sales Ortells Mechanisms of loose deposits´ microbiota effects on the quality of chlorinated distribution systems water New methods for microbial water quality testing Ana Poças Maja Taucer-Kapteijn 15 Research Delft Urban Water “Well Water Waste Wealth” wins Delft Urban Water movie contest Gautum Vishwanath from Bangalore is the winner of the The four nominees of the Delft Urban Water movie contest Delft Urban Water Movie Contest, for his movie entitled were officially presented during the Delft Urban Water ‘Well Water Waste Wealth’. In this short film we descend a seminar on 11 June. Nominees were selected out of no water well and hear what happens as we use it or pollute less than 24 submissions from all over the world. The 2nd it. Water problems in India’s cities are many, but Mr prize of the contest, the IPad, went to “City=Catchment Vishnwanath shows inventive solutions to close the urban Area” by David Ginting and Ravina Binol. The jury liked cycles of water, nutrients and food. the clear and convincing story-line and was impressed by the creative and speedy sketch-wise presentation According to the jury, he “presents out-of-the-box supporting the movie’s message. solutions that show how big problems can be answered by small and pragmatic actions”. Furthermore: “The jury The Delft Urban Water movie contest is a yearly event was impressed by the movie’s quality and the way it organised by the partners of Delft Urban Water. More combines creativity with a wide range of inventive and information is on www.delfturbanwater.nl. practical solutions. “Well, it used to talk to you” and we hope Mr Vishwanath’s solutions will continue to do so for years to come. 16 DWES Drinking Water Engineering and Science (DWES) The worlds’ first open access journal on drinking water actively and successfully approaching potential authors to treatment and distribution: Drinking Water Engineering engage them in DWES, via their network and at scientific & Science (DWES) continues to attract more research conferences. This lead to two special issues in 2013; on papers (7 in 2011, 11 in 2012 and 15 in 2013). It desalination and on the Young Water Professionals. is increasingly becoming the journal of choice for researchers in water treatment and distribution research Some changes took place in the editorial board: prof. worldwide, with authors from Netherlands, UK, Belgium, Luuk Rietveld took over the role of editor-in-chief position Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Norway, Latvia, form prof. Gertjan Medema and Cheryl Bertelkamp Finland, Portugal, USA, Canada, Colombia, Australia, MSc and dr. Anke Grefte stepped in to strengthen the Japan, China, Pakistan, Korea, India, Thailand, Ethiopia, executive editors after Jasper Verberk stepped down from Namibia and South Africa. this position. DWES is an international peer reviewed journal with a very open setup. The comments of the reviewers are Please visit the DWES website www.drinking-water- published online and also other researchers are invited engineering-and-science.net, join the discussion and to post their review comments. Also the authors reply to submit your research paper to DWES! the comments is posted, so there is an open discussion on the science in the DWES Discussion. The accepted Luuk Rietveld & Gary Amy papers are published open access, meaning that they can Editors-in-chief be seen and downloaded for free. The editorial board is 17 Research Research grants 2013 GSFA High-rate VFA production from industrial waste using the granular sludge process variables like the temperature and the pH. Experiments will be conducted with model substrates, mixtures of substrates, and industrial wastewaters like those encountered in agroindustry. The project will need The GFSA project was awarded March 2013, within the to clarify the fermentation product spectrum and STW Partnershipprogram: “Partnership Paques – The corresponding microbial community structure as a VFA Platform”. The project grants two PhD candidates, function of the operational variables. Specific objectives in one at Sanitary Engineering and one at Environmental this area are the formation of unwanted side products like Biotechnology (AS) at the TU Delft. molecular hydrogen and methane, and the possibility to direct the process towards lactate, propionate or butyrate Partial pre-acidification of organic substrates in industrial that are preferred products in subsequent VFA processing wastewater as pretreatment step for anaerobic digestion step. Experiments will be combined with thermodynamics typically is conducted in large mixed tanks. Primary aim of based quantitative computational process models that this pretreatment step is equilibration of the wastewater will be capable of identifying key regulators in the composition and concentration. Partial pre-acidification process and will describe the development in time of in a side process has a positive impact on subsequent the process and the microbial community structure. In methanation of the organic acids produced. particular the identification of the environmental drivers For alternative processes for VFA processing, like of the different fermentation profiles possible is a major polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production, direct recovery challenge in the field of microbial ecology and related of VFA, or reductive carbon chain length elongation, the process development. VFA production step needs to fulfill other objectives. (i) the extent of substrate acidification needs to be maximized, (ii) the VFA composition should be controlled, (iii) production of methane containing biogas should be avoided, (iv) biomass concentrations in the bioreactor effluent should be minimized, and (v) compact bioreactors will need to be developed in order minimize the footprint and investment costs. This project aims for development of the Granular Sludge process for volatile Fatty Acid production (GSFA) that can achieve these objectives. Granular sludge technology is successfully applied for both aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment, but the application potential for pre-acidification of wastewater is a largely unexplored research topic. The project aims for elucidating typical process engineering related aspects of the process like the impact of the solid retention time, and operational Project partners: Funded by: Project coordinator: Period: 18 Paques, Delft University of Technology (Sanitary Engineering (CiTG) and Environmental Biotechnology (AS)) STW Partnershipprogram: “Partnership Paques – The VFA Platform” Merle de Kreuk 2013-2017 Research grants 2013 AQUAdemia This project will encourage structured, result-driven cooperation ventures between universities and companies, bridging the gap between the two sectors in the area of water-related industries, research centres and HEIs (higher education institutions). The aim is to ensure the continuous and sustainable transfer of information and the application of this information for each actor and the constant improvement of the integrated water system management, which is considered one of the key themes of the century we live. The idea is to establish a system that: ▪▪ brings together stakeholders from academy and industry to work together in a stable partnership with a defined complete competence system design ▪▪ realises individualised trainings of students/future employees according to the real industry needs and using the existing educational offer of HEIs ▪▪ connects internships and mobility of students with these trainings and concrete project ideas which resulted out of the declared needs of industrial partners AQUAdemia will significantly improve the Business and Academy relationship in a concrete area of knowledge, which is relevant enough (water) to attract future alliance members from all kinds of organisations worldwide. AQUAdemia joins forces to design innovative, sustainable ways of increasing human capital in one of the crucial sectors for the future environmental and economic development. The expected impact is strengthening the role of HEIs as engines of innovation and increasing the employability, creativity and innovative potential of graduates, professors and company staff. Project partners: University of Girona, WUSMED, Aqualogy, Spain, TU Graz, Austria, IWTH, Germany, Delft University of Technology, Waterboard De Dommel (the Netherlands) Funded by: EU Life Long Learning Programme Project coordinator: Jeroen Langeveld Period: 2013-2015 19 Research Research grants 2013 OPTI-VFA Novel monitoring and process control system for efficient production of VFA and biogas in anaerobic digestion plant disintegration product during AD process will be utilized as energy in a closed process. The total budget of the two-year OPTI-VFA project is More profitable biogas production by optimization of EUR 1.15 million of which TUDelft together with the anaerobic waste digestion. Dutch company Maris Projects share approximately 24%. TUDelft will carry out the research on the crucial Section Sanitary Engineering of TUDelft has started a parameters for process monitoring and control and will new European project, coordinated by VTT Technological supervise the pilot test. Maris Projects will make available Research Centre of Finland (VTT), which focuses on practical expertise and will facilitate the pilot plant. studying anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic waste and developing its control. AD process can be optimized to produce either biogas or volatile fatty acids that are even more valuable products than biogas. The produced volatile fatty acids can be converted further to raw materials with which it’s possible to produce oil-replacing biobased products, such as bioplastics. During the anaerobic digestion process, which contains four main steps, the organic matter is degraded by bacteria to biogas in the absence of oxygen. Controlling the digestion process is one of the most important ways of making the biogas production process more efficient. A prototype for process monitoring and controlling system will be developed during the OPTI-VFA project. This system enables more efficient control of both volatile fatty acids and biogas production. It also improves the profitability, efficiency and reliability of the process. Anaerobic digestion of biowaste also promotes the green society, due to the fact that AD process has many positive environmental impacts. After digestion, waste has considerably less odour problems, reduced acidity as well as reduced pathogen and pesticides content. Fossil fuels can be compensated by biogas and thus the amount of emissions can be decreased. Also the methane emissions will be decreased, when the methane produced as a Project partners: Funded by: Project coordinator: Period: 20 Attero (the Netherlands), Optomeasures (France), Rikola (Finland), MTT Multantiv (Finland), MSI (Spain), Maris Projects (the Netherlands), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (Finland), TUDelft (the Netherlands) and CEIT (Spain) European Union Henri Spanjers 2013-2015 Research grants 2013 4 STW fundings Sanitary Engineering The section Sanitary Engineering (Department Water Management) received no less than 4 research fundings from the STW-TKI Water Technology call. Remarkable is the fact that half of the fundings are paid for by the Industry. The research topics are: ▪▪ New sanitation systems ▪▪ Treatment of harsh chemical wastewater in anaerobic membrane bioreactors ▪▪ Ceramic membranes for direct treatment of municipal sewage ▪▪ Arsenic removal from ground water More information on each of the projects can be found on: www.gezondheidstechniek.tudelft.nl Project partners: Funded by: Project coordinators: Evides Industriewater, Logisticon, Paques BV, RIVM, Pidpa, Hatenboer-Water, Royal HaskoningDHV, Vitens Water Supply, Brabant Water, Deltares, Waternet, Stowa, RIONED, Waterschap Zuiderzeeland, Xylem STW and project partners Ivo Pothof/Francois Clemens, Henri Spanjers, Bas Heijman, Doris van Halem 21 Research Current research grants Project name Project partners Funded by TU-Project coordinator Period AHPD - Autogenerative high- WUR Agentschap NL – EOS- Jules van Lier 2008-2012 pressure digestion Bareau LET program Ambrein - Anaerobic membrane Norit Agentschap NL – Jules van Lier 2008-2012 bioreactor for industrial Saxion Innowator program wastewater Ghent University AMBR tool developments for Biothane-Veolia Biothane-Veolia Jules van Lier 2010-2014 A-Racer - Anaerobic MBR for Pentair (Norit) Agentschap NL – Jules van Lier 2011-2014 Aquacleaning and energy Saxion Innowator program AsRem – Arsenic removal from Vitens Agentschap NL – Doris van Halem 2009-2012 drinking water Royal Haskoning Innowator program EU Life Long Learning Jeroen 2013-2015 Programme Langeveld Aqua4All Bas Heijman 2006-2012 Agentschap NL – Bas Heijman 2009-2012 NWO – Veni program Arne Verliefde 2009-2013 Evides Industriewater Innovation program Henri Spanjers 2009-2013 Rossmark Water Framework Veolia Water Services Directive full-scale applications recovery Unesco-IHE Subotics PUC Obrovac municipality Aquademia University of Girona, WUSMED, Aqualogy, Spain, TU Graz, Austria, IWTH, Germany, TU Delft, Waterboard De Dommel (the Netherlands) Ceramic filter pots Waterlab Noord Het Waterlaboratorium KWR Watercycle Research Institute Coldsoft – Thermoreversible ion Akzo Nobel exchange resins Afira Countering the threat of Innowator program pharmaceuticals to our drinking water Delft Blue Water Hoogheemraadschap Delfland 22 Current research grants Project name Project partners Funded by TU-Project coordinator Period DiDit Grontmij Agentschap NL – Luuk Rietveld 2010-2012 Brightwork Innowator program Luuk Rietveld 2009-2012 Luuk Rietveld 2009-2012 Water Board Hoogheemraadschap Holland Noorderkwartier Water Board Waterschappen Limburg DiPool Hellebrekers Technieken Agentschap NL – van Remmen UV techniek Innowator program Akzo Nobel Coram International Sportfondsen Nederland DisConTO Vitens Agentschap NL – PWN Innowator program Brabant Water Dunea DHV RiVM Ureason DSM Hydrolysates DSM DSM Merle de Kreuk 2012-2013 Dynafil - Dynamic filtration of KWR Agentschap Jules van Lier 2011-2014 A-stage activated sludge in Logisticon NL – Efficiente aeration tank and anaerobic STOWA vergistingsketen digester WS Brabantse Delta Luuk Rietveld 2010-2013 Henri Spanjers 2009-2013 Waternet Bert Daamen EFRO Swimming pools Hellebrekers Technieken EFRO East van Remmen UV techniek Netherlands Akzo Nobel Coram International Sportfondsen Nederland Emares - Emission WUR-Imares Agentschap NL – minimalisation of marine van Antwerpen Innowator program aquaculture recirculation Milieutechniek systems Seafarm BV GroVisCo 23 Research Current research grants Project name Project partners Funded by TU-Project coordinator Period Enzyfor - Enzymatically DSM STW – W2R program Jules van Lier 2011-2015 enhanced digestion for COSUN enhanced treatment of Tauw Arne Verliefde 2010-2013 secondary sludge STOWA Estab Norit PT/X-Flow Agentschap NL – Rossmark Innowator program EPAS Kompetenz Zentrum Wasser Vitens Oasen Berliner Wasserbetriebe VWM KWR E4Water Dechema EU (FP7 Program) Luuk Rietveld 2012-2014 FilterXpert DHV Agentschap NL – Luuk Rietveld 2009-2012 Waternet Innowator program Henri Spanjers 2012-2016 Merle de Kreuk 2013-2017 Gerjan Medema 2010-2013 Luuk Rietveld 2010-2013 Vitens Oasen Water Board Vallei en Eem Thales Fungi - Increasing the utilization of organic waste and Wageningen University and STW - Waste to Research Center Resource Paques, TU Delft STW low value feeds with the help of lignin degrading fungi GFSA Partnershipprogram: “Partnership Paques – The VFA Platform” Health impact of new urban water concept KWR Watercycle KWR Watercycle Research Institute RIVM Research Institute Innovation program Utrecht University Grontmij Lightning PoolwaterTreatment and Agentschap NL – Stichting Gorinchemse Innowator program Sportaccommodaties 24 Current research grants Project name Project partners Funded by TU-Project coordinator Period I-Can Logisticon Agentschap Bas Heijman 2010-2013 CoMeTas NL – Innowator Evides program Luuk Rietveld 2010-2013 Project partners Jules van Lier 2009-2012 European Union Henri Spanjers 2013-2015 KRW Merle de Kreuk 2010-2012 KRW Luuk Rietveld 2010-2012 Bas Heijman 2010-1013 Marie-claire ten 2011-2015 Vitens Integrated Filter Technology Visser & Smit Hanab BV Agentschap Grontmij Nederland BV NL – Innowator Delft University of Technology program Waterschap Veluwe MBR2+ Witteveen en Bos Water Board Hollandse Delta Evides Industriewater OPTI-VFA Attero (The Netherlands) Optomeasures (France) Rikola (Finland) MTT Multantiv (Finland) MSI (Spain) Maris Projects (The Netherlands) VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (Finland) CEIT (Spain) TU Delft Optimix – Removal of Witteveen en Bos pharmaceuticals in primary Water Board Hollandse Delta settling by flocculation. Evides Industriewater Priomf – Removal of Water Board Rijnland pharmaceuticals in waste Waternet water treatment plant effluent Norit Puro Logisticon Agentschap Haitjema NL – Innowator Waternet program RIVM Oasen RainGain TU Delft Provincie Zuid-Holland Interreg IVB NWE Veldhuis 25 Research Current research grants Project name Project partners Funded by TU-Project coordinator Period Luuk Rietveld 2012 2008-2012 Gemeentewerken Rotterdam KU Leuven Aquafin BV Imperial College London MetOffice ENPC/ParisTech Local Government Flood Forum Val de Marne County Seine-St Denis County MetéoFrance Veolia Seminar on removal of NWO & Tongji University NWO emerging micro-pollutants (shanghai) (Netherlands from the urban water cycle foundation for Scientific Research) Settlement analysis for the Waternet Waternet Jeroen Set-up of the FIPAG Academy IHE-Delft (lead) Nuffic/NICHE Luuk Rietveld 2012-2016 for Professional Development TU Delft in Water and Sanitation IRC Water and Sanitation KWR Agentschap NL - Luuk Rietveld 2011-2014 HTI Innowator sewer system of Amsterdam Langeveld Centre UNESCO-HydroEX Rand Water Eduardo Mondlane University Sewermining Triqua Waternet Shell ZLD research formulation Shell Shell Henri Spanjers 2012 SLIMM - Automated model Vitens Agentschap Luuk Rietveld 2009-2012 based management of drinking Logisticon NL – Innowator water treatment Perceptive Engineering program DHV 26 Current research grants Project name Project partners Funded by TU-Project coordinator Period SMARTeST – Resilience Leadpartner: BRE EU 7th Marie-claire ten 2010-2013 Framework Veldhuis Interreg IVB NWE Jan Peter van technology, systems and tools TAPES - Transnational Delft University of Technology Action Program on Emerging Waternet Substances Waterschap De Dommel 2013-2016 der Hoek KWR DVGW Erftverband VMW University of Edinburgh FHNW VITO Van Gogh grant INSA de Lyon French-Dutch Jeroen Academy Langeveld VEWIN - Improving and VEWIN VEWIN Jan Peter van broadening of the Dutch faculty TBM (Association of der Hoek drinking water benchmark Dutch drinking water Dutch Water companies Companies) Virus control - Enhanced Unilever (UK & Hindustan) TTI elimination of viruses in Berson UV Watertechnologie household water treatment WLN processes Wetsus 2013-2014 2013-2016 Gertjan Medema 2012-2015 Bas Heijman 2010-2013 Doris van Halem 2010-2014 RIVM TUDelft Water institute Indonesia (Wii) Institut Teknologi Bandung Agentschap NL – Directorat General of Human EVD program Settlements Perpamsi BPPSPAM Stichting Wateropleidingen WOTRO Subsurface arsenic Free University Amsterdam NWO – Wotro removal Wageningen University program Dhaka University Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology 27 Research Academic staff Head section Sanitary Engineering Professor Environmental Engineering /Wastewater Treatment Room 4.57 [email protected] +31 15 27 81 615 Prof. Dr. Ir. J.B. van Lier [email protected] +31 15 27 84 732 Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld Professor Sewerage Room 4.65 Professor Water and Health Room 4.63 [email protected] +31 15 27 85 450 [email protected] +31 15 27 89 128 Prof. Dr. Ir. F.H.L.R. Clemens Professor Drinking Water Engineering Room 4.49 [email protected] +31 15 27 85 227 Prof. Dr. Ir. J.P. van der Hoek Prof. Dr. G.J. Medema Professor Innovative Water Purification Processes Room 4.49 [email protected] +31 15 27 85 227 Prof. Dr. Ir. W.G.J. van der Meer Assistant professor Drinking Water Room 4.48 Assistant professor Wastewater Treatment Room 4.61 [email protected] +31 15 27 85 838 [email protected] +31 15 27 85 274 Dr. Ir. A.R.D. Verliefde Associate professor Wastewater Room 4.63 H.L.F.M. [email protected] +31 15 27 89 128 Dr. Ir. H.L.F.M. Spanjers Dr. Ir. M.K. de Kreuk Assistant professor Drinking Water Room 4.51 [email protected] +31 15 27 84 282 Dr. Ir. S.G.J. Heijman Assistant professor Sewerage Room 4.65 Associate professor Sewerage Room 4.68 [email protected] +31 15 27 84 734 [email protected] +31 6 22 40 95 65 Dr. Ir. J.A.E. ten Veldhuis 28 Professor Urban Water Cycle Engineering Room 4.53 Dr. Ir. J. Langeveld Academic staff Assistant professor Drinking Water Room 4.48 Postdoc Room 4.48 [email protected] +31 15 27 86 588 [email protected] +31 15 27 87 490 Dr. Ir. D. van Halem Dr. Ir. A. Grefte Researcher Wastewater Transport Room 4.68 Postdoc Room 4.51 [email protected] +31 15 27 84 734 [email protected] +31 15 27 82 231 Dr. Ir. I.W.M. Pothof Dr. Ir. D.J. de Ridder Lab Manager Room S3 0.03 Lab Technician Room S3 0.03 [email protected] +31 15 27 84 946 [email protected] +31 15 27 84 947 Ir. P. Andeweg Ir. A.D. Schuit Postdoc Room 4.68 Departmental Secretary Room 4.78 / 5.44 [email protected] +31 15 27 8? ?? [email protected] +31 6 20 10 23 68 Ir. M. Lepot Ir. P.Y. Jorritsma Education consultant Room 4.54 [email protected] Ir. P.J. de Moel 29 Research Strategic programs Sewerage and urban drainage research program The Dutch urban drainage sector will be facing a number is doing research in the munipality of Utrecht on the relation of significant challenges in the next decade. The sector between the condition of the sewer system in terms of root has to deal with new issues such as climate change and intrusion and sediment beds and hydraulic performance. priority pollutants, whilst at the same time there is a societal pressure on cutting cost levels, reducing CO2 emissions and Theme 3. Dynamics of sewer systems nutrient recovery. In addition, there is an increasing lack of Continuous monitoring of hydraulics and wastewater quality highly qualified personnel. This urged the sector to decide to is applied at a number of locations in the Netherlands. These support the sewerage chair at Delft University of Technology, data open an enormous opportunity to study the dynamics of with the following objectives: sewer systems itself and in relation with wwtps and receiving ▪▪ an increase of the number of MSc students; ▪▪ an increase of the number of PhD students; ▪▪ fundamental research answering the waters and to enhance the knowledge on in sewer processes. Ir. Petra van Daal-Rombouts works on this topic, using the observed challenges. extensive database of Waterboard De Dommel and closely cooperating with the Waterboard. Research program Theme 4. Sustainable urban water cycle The research program will comprise 4 themes, therewith Theme 4 focuses on research on new concepts for the urban covering the main challenges of the sewerage and urban water cycle enabling energy recovery and reuse of materials. drainage sector. The main issues to be dealt with are the conveyance of separated flows (black water, yellow water, grey water) and Theme 1 Asset management the lack of a sound methodology to objectively compare In the Netherlands, each year € 600 million is spend on sanitation concepts. A STW proposal is being written in order asset management or, more specifically, on sewer renovation to be able to employ two PhD students on this topic. and rehabilitation. Recent research has demonstrated visual sewer inspections to be associated with significant uncertainty Organization and limited reproducibility. As these inspections are the main The research program is funded by partners from the Dutch source of information used in sewer rehabilitation projects, urban drainage sector. Each contributor to the research these annual investments lack a profound basis. The program participates in this Program Committee. The Program research within this theme focuses on alternative sources Committee advises the sewerage chair on the composition of of information (or ways of working) in order to organize the research program. In addition, the members have the the asset management in such a way that sewer system privilege to actively participate in the supervisory committees performance (serviceability) will be maintained at the desired of the research projects within the program and to provide level. Nikola Stanic M.Sc and ir. Wouter van Riel are working case studies. together on this topic. The partners of the research program are: Theme 2. Operation and maintenance ARCADIS, DHV, Gemeente Almere, Gemeente Breda, Operation and maintenance in sewer systems is driven by Gemeente ’s-Gravenhage, Gemeentewerken Rotterdam, local criteria, e.g. gully pots are typically cleaned once a Gemeente Utrecht, GMB Rioleringstechnieken, Grontmij, year, irrespective of the type of sewer system (combined or KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Royal Haskoning, storm sewer) and irrespective of the impact on sewer system Stichting RIONED, STOWA, Tauw , Vandervalk & De Groot, performance. The research projects within this theme will Waterboard De Dommel, Platform Water Vallei & Eem, provide knowledge on the relation between the operation Waternet en Witteveen+Bos. and maintenance strategy applied and overall system performance. The main focus will be on the front end of Dr.ir. J.G. Langeveld (Jeroen) sewerage, being house connections and gully pots. This topic Directeur Kennisprogramma Urban Drainage is dealt with by ir. Johan Post. In addition, Marco van Bijnen Associated professor Sewerage and Urban Drainage 30 Strategic programs TU Delft cooperation Vitens in the field of drinking water research On 14 January 2011, the Faculty of Civil Engineering and The cooperation agreement coincided with the appointing Geosciences (CEG) signed a contract in the field of water of two new part-time professors at the Drinking water research. chair. Prof. dr. ir. Jan Peter van der Hoek MBA, director of Waternet, the Amsterdam water company’s strategic A cooperation was entered into with drinking water centre and Prof. dr. ir. Walter van der Meer lead the company Vitens in the field of drinking water research drinking water research together with Prof. Dr. Ir. Luuk and a new chair of Innovative Water Technology was Rietveld. set up at the Faculty’s Water Management department. Vitens provides an annual, 200 k€ financial contribution and TU Delft sees to staffing and facilities. The two parties signed the agreements in Delft during the 63rd Vakantiecursus [Summer Holiday Course], the Dutch water industry’s annual networking symposium, by Dean Prof. ir. Louis de Quelerij, director of Stichting RIONED Hugo Gastkemper and chairman of the board of directors ir. Rik van Terwisga of Vitens. Vitens is the Netherlands largest drinking water company and provides the provinces of Friesland, Overijssel, Flevoland, Gelderland and Utrecht and a number of municipalities in the provinces of Noord-Holland and Drenthe with drinking water. Both parties are of the opinion that knowledge development for ‘Innovative water technology’ in the drinking water supply chain is an essential precondition for retaining the high quality of drinking water both nationally and internationally. The research focuses on integral, sustainable approaches to the sub-fields of sources, purification and distribution. 31 Research Strategic programs Evides IW and TU Delft: Update on cooperation on “Innovations in the Industrial Waterloop” Evides IW for application in the industry to compile know-how to Next to drinking water, Evides water company is one of optimize the industrial water loop and reduce its water the largest suppliers of water & water services to the footprint. industry in the Netherlands. Evides Industry Water (EIW) is acting as a full-service water partner to the industry, The cooperation aims to establish a permanent base providing a utility portfolio compiling: industrial water with substantial expertise and know-how of the industrial treatment (process and demineralised water), waste water utility within the Delft University. In time this should water treatment and integrated treatment (water reuse). be aggregated into a professorship at the Delft University In addition EIW designs, finances and operates their in the field of knowledge of Industrial water treatment custom-made water treatment plants. EIW is operating and utilities. The enhancement of structural knowledge water plants for all major (petro)chemical multinational about the improvement of existing and development companies and makes use of both proven technology as of new technologies will add to the attractiveness of well as innovative new process designs. the water technology sector for young, well-educated professionals. Water Reuse One of the mayor targets of EIW is to establish water The cooperation will support MSc and PhD research reuse and recycling. Closing the water loop has a positive projects to develop technologies & solutions with superior effect on the environment, as it reduces the industrial performance in relation to (i) reduced energy footprint, use of precious water resources, like: groundwater and (ii) maximized sustainable production of re-usable water drinking water. Effluent water coming from the waste and brine (concentrates) conversion (iii) operational water treatment plants is a potential feedstock and stability over substantial periods of time at lowest suited to apply as a source for the production of process operational expenses. water. EIW has excellent experiences with the recycling of wastewater for the production of process water in the At present 2 PhD students are working in the framework Netherlands, for example on the Dow Chemical Terneuzen of this cooperation. David Moed is investigating the site (reusing both industrial as well as municipal effluent impact of low-level impurities on the corrosiveness of to serve as process & demin water). The coming years boiler make-up water, in which impurities are linked the water cycle of the site and its Terneuzen surroundings to natural organic matter compounds. Julian Munoz will even be further closed. This development is currently is researching the potentials for bio-treatment under supported by a new research project, the EU FP7 extreme conditions, characterised by refractory/toxic E4Water project: 2012-2015: towards a paradigm shift compounds, high salinity, high temperature, etc. In in the chemical industry to create a breakthrough in addition to the PhD students, several MSc students are industrial water treatment by enhanced reuse, recycling performing their thesis research in the framework of and valorization of complex wastewater. For this case and this cooperation. Joeri Legierse is working on closed other examples, see: www.evides.nl (domestic) water systems in the ‘Stadshavens’ project of Evides researching the potentials of ceramic membranes, TUD-EIW Cooperation whereas Marleen Heinekamp works on mild desalinisation On May 24th-2011 TUDelft CiTG and Evides signed an using electro dialysis and capacitive de-ionisation to exclusive long-term cooperation aiming at a research prepare cooling water from blow down water and other program focused on the industrial water utility. The sources. Mark Schetters researched the flocculation of research program is focusing on fundamental and activated sludge treating chemical wastewaters under applied research into the water production, waste saline conditions. water treatment, reuse & zero discharge technologies 32 Strategic programs Of course also the work of Diana Brandao can be listed reuse plant for the production of greenhouse and surface under this cooperative framework. Diana is researching water. For this case and reuse studies, see: www. the potential for upgrading Harnaschpolder effluent to delftbluewater.nl high-quality surface water, combatting salt water intrusion in the Westland area. The latter research is part of the Shell “Delft Blue Water” pilot project focusing on water reuse, Shell is a new partner in our industrial water (reuse) and in the long run, full scale effluent water reuse from programme with interest to optimise the Zero Liquid the Harnaschpolder waste water treatment plant. The Discharge (ZLD) technology and finding solutions for main activity of “Delft Blue Water” is conducting research Produce Water in oil extraction wells. PhD candidate Basak on demonstration scale which focuses on the production Savun drafted literature research reports in current ZLD of two different water qualities: high quality ground water technologies with focus on high quality salt production. & surface water and high quality greenhouse water. If the Fei Fei Cui is currently following up Basak’s work who, for research and the business case studies are successful, personal reasons, switched her career. the next step will be the realization of a full scale water Dunewater in the 21th century – Strategic cooperation Dunea Duin en Water – TUD in the field of drinking water research On 9 October 2013 Dunea drinking water company and the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences signed a 4-year contract for strategic cooperation in the field of of chlorine, on microbiological contamination. ▪▪ Preliminary research into the extension of the lifetime of the transport system “Afgedamde Maas”. drinking water research. In fact it is a continuation of the previous contract. The cooperation covers the period Dunea will contribute € 50,000 per year to support these 2013-2017 and focuses on four specific subjects: researches. ▪▪ ▪▪ ▪▪ The effect of advanced oxidation processes on managed aquifer recharge during the removal of Dunea Duin en Water produces and distributes drinking organic micro pollutants from drinking water. water for over 1.2 million customers in the province Zuid- Research into the effect of dune infiltration on the Holland. The dunes near Scheveningen, Katwijk and arsenic concentration, and research into methods Monster are the centre of Dunea’s treatment process, to reduce the increase during dune infiltration and which enable the production of safe and reliable drinking methods into removal of arsenic from drinking water. water. Surface water from the Afgedamde Maas is Research into the effect of flushing the drinking Dunea’s main water source. After pretreatment this water water distribution system, with and without the use is transported to the dune area and infiltrated. 33 Research Strategic programs Waternet and TU Delft investigate innovation in water cycle On May 27 2008 ir. Roelof Kruize, CEO of Waternet, has been assigned to perform these tasks by waterboard and prof.ir. Louis de Quelerij, dean of the faculty of Amstel, Gooi en Vecht and the city of Amsterdam. With Civil Engineering and Geosciences of TU Delft signed a Waternet’s ambition to shape the innovation in the water strategic collaboration contract. The collaboration focuses cycle and the expertise of TU Delft in the sectors of the on research in innovation in the water cycle, particularly water cycle, this collaboration is a logical next step. on the sectors drinking water, waste water and water systems. The duration of the collaboration was, in first instance, four years and still continues. The collaboration consists Waternet is the first water cycle company in the of MSc work of TU Delft students at Waternet, PhD Netherlands. Waternet takes care of the entire water cycle: research of employees of TU Delft and Waternet, post from drinking water, sewerage and treatment of waste doc research by employees of TU Delft at Waternet, water to discharge of waste water effluent into surface employees of Waternet doing their MSc (in part time) at water. Furthermore, maintenance of ditches, lakes and TU Delft and the use of the pilot installation at Leiduin as ponds, advice during high ground water levels and dike a “water cycle laboratory”. supervision are part of the tasks of Waternet. Waternet Strategic research collaboration HWL TU Delft cooperates closely with Het Waterlaboratorium Enduring relationship (an partnership Het Waterlaboratorium invests 50,000 euro’s in this agreement was signed on Thursday 11 March 2010 by partnership annually. TU Delft and Het Waterlaboratorium Marcel Tielemans, the director of Het Waterlaboratorium, were already partners, but on a smaller scale. Both parties and Prof. Louis de Quelerij, Dean of the Faculty of continue this successful cooperation on a systematic Civil Engineering and GeoSciences at TU Delft. Het basis. institute for water research). A Waterlaboratorium makes funding available totalling 50,000 euro’s for innovative research into the detection Het Waterlaboratorium and removal of organic micro-pollutants in the urban Het Waterlaboratorium specialises in high-quality advice water cycle. and research relating to water. The laboratory’s expertise is available for all those who want to achieve perfect Innovative research water quality. Its customers are companies that supply Cooperation brings benefits for both parties. Het drinking water, but also include hospitals and health Waterlaboratorium institutions, the off-shore sector, municipal government, benefits from easier access to knowledge and research at the university, while TU Delft gains access to the expertise of Het Waterlaboratorium in the field of detecting and identifying organic micropollutants. Research themes include the presence and behaviour of priority substances and emerging substances within the urban water cycle, the behaviour and selective removal of natural organic material, and the quality of water in distribution networks. This research is carried out both by staff at Het Waterlaboratorium and by students, PhD researchers and postdoc researchers. 34 businesses and sports institutions. Strategic programs Collaboration Oasen Water company and TU Delft Oasen water company and TU Delft collaborate in Oasen water company and TU Delft were already working research on drinking water engineering. Ir. Alexander together, on drinking water research for some years. Vos de Wael, CEO of Oasen water company, and Prof.ir. With this strategic collaboration both organisations aim Hans van Dijk, professor in Drinking Water Engineering to have a more structured research relationship. The at TU Delft, signed a collaboration agreement on June collaboration has advantages for both organisations. 30, 2008. Oasen water company has more access to knowledge and research at the university. TU Delft has the possibility Oasen Water company produces drinking water for to execute applied research on pilot locations close to 750,000 customers and 7,200 companies in the eastern Delft. Both organisations intend to do innovative research part of the province of South-Holland. The supply area on different aspects of the drinking water process. The has an surface area of 1,115 km2. The head office of research is carried out by employees of Oasen water Oasen water company is located in Gouda. company, PhD students and post docs from TU Delft. 35 Research Awards Cees Boeter Prize 2013 The Cees Boeter Prize is awarded every year by the Bas des Tombe Department of Water management of the Faculty Civil Bas conducted his bachelor project in Vietnam, where Engineering and Geosciences for the best BSc thesis work he investigated salinisation problems in groundwater of that year. The prize consist of €250,=, which can be wells for irrigation water supply. One of the questions he spent freely. Criteria for assessment of the thesis work tried to answer is whether recent installation of a shrimp include theoretical background and quality, originality, factory could be causing salinisation of groundwater applicability of the results and level of writing and near the wells. Collecting local field data proved to presentation. be a difficult task. Still, Bas managed to get sufficient insight to make realistic assumptions for implementation Cees Boeter is an ex-employee of the laboratory of Water into a numerical model that he used for analysis. This management and hands over the prize personally. In the demonstrates creativity, intelligence and perseverance. year 2012-2013 the three nominees for the Cees Boeter Bas also made the information available through internet, prize were: so additional data can easily be included in the future. The results of his study will be used by a local company Irene Caltran for further analysis. Irene investigated how small-scale treatment techniques for arsenic removal can been implemented at the The jury was once more impressed by the quality of the individual household. She tested properties of various this year’s bachelor thesis work. The investigative and materials to determine their adsorption capacity and entrepreneurial skills of students chosing to go abroad implemented the materials in batch experiments and in for a bachelor project was much appreciated by the jury. kinetic experiments. By doing this, Irene collected a large The combination experimental field work and theoretical amount of experimental data that she presented and analysis has was an important factor in the evaluation. analysed in a very clear and sensible way. In her report The jury finally decided to grant the CeesBoeterprijs she demonstrates how she can also critically reflect upon 2013 to Bas des Tombe for his research into salinization her experimental results. The jury was impressed by the problems in Vietnam. size and quality of the experimental work and report. Abel Heinsbroek Abel travelled to Mozambique for his bachelor project on improvement of drinking water treatment in the town of Vilanculos. The existing drinking water treatment plant was no longer functioning due to a lack of maintenance and local operational expertise. Abel decided to design a new treatment plant based on very robust techniques. He assembled and tested a pilot installation on-site, using locally available materials. This requires a lot of improvisation skills, especially given local circumstances. The jury appreciated his creativity which he intelligently combined with practical capabilities. 36 Awards Steven Hoogendijk award voor Doris van Halem Zaterdag 21 september 2013 heeft Doris van Halem de Steven Hoogendijk Steven Hoogendijk Award van het Bataafsch Genootschap Steven Hoogendijk was een Rotterdamse horloge- en der Proefondervindelijke Wijsbegeerte ontvangen voor instrumentmaker en natuurkundige. Hij richtte in 1769 haar proefschrift Subsurface Iron and Arsenic Removal het Bataafsch Genootschap op, dat de natuurkundige for drinking water treatment in Bangladesh. en medische wetenschap in de Rotterdamse regio Het genootschap heeft haar deze award toegekend wil bevorderen. De stichting reikt iedere twee jaar de vanwege de uitzonderlijke kwaliteit van het door haar Steven Hoogendijk Prijzen uit aan de beste promovendi verrichte onderzoek. In haar onderzoek combineerde ze van enerzijds de TU Delft (Techniek) en anderzijds de veldonderzoek in Bangladesh met experimenteel werk Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (medisch-biologisch). in het Waterlab van de Faculteit Civiele Techniek en Geowetenschap. De jury was met name onder de indruk Meer informatie van haar grondige aanpak naar dit maatschappelijk www.bataafschgenootschap.nl/s/bataafsch/about.html relevante onderwerp. De uitreiking vond plaats tijdens de 117e Algemene Vergadering van genootschap in de sociëteit van de KR&ZV De Maas te Rotterdam. Van Halem ontving haar eervolle toekenning, bestaande uit een zilveren vergulde erepenning, een certificaat en een geldbedrag van 2000 euro, uit handen van juryvoorzitter Prof. dr. P.M. Sarro. KNW Thesis award 2013 Winner KNW Thesis Award 2013: Andreas Moerman The winner receives an amount of money, a charter, and free membership of KNW for one year. A summary of the thesis will be published in the journal H2O. During the autumn congress 2013 of KNW (Royal Dutch Waternetwork) on 29 November in Rotterdam, the KNW thesis awards for young scientist were granted by the chair of the jury, Jelle Roorda (Evides). The KNW thesis awards are established to stimulate students to write the best thesis on water. This year Andreas Moerman of TU Delft, section Sanitary Engineering, won the MSc thesis award with his thesis “Drinking water temperature modeling in domestic systems”. In the thesis the drinking water temperature within the domestic infrastructure is determined by modeling, with a special focus on the effect of temperature and residence on microbial regrowth. 37 Research Awards Waternet Watercyclus Innovatie Prijs 2013 TU Delft and Waternet have installed the Waternet Water Cycle Innovation award to stimulate research in the field of the Urban Water Cycle. The award is given once in the two years during the “Vakantiecursus” at TU Delft. Waternet funds the award that consists of an amount of € 10,000,=, to be spend on study trips and further academic development of the winner. Candidates must have finished their PhD thesis in the field of the Urban Water Cycle successfully at TU Delft or UNESCO-IHE in former two years. The Waternet Water Cycle Innovation award 2013 was given to David de Ridder for his research “Adsorption of organic micro-pollutants onto activated carbon and zeolites”. David de Ridder succeeded to renew the research in activated carbon by developing an innovative (QSAR) modelling approach. This is mainly of importance for the prediction of the removal of pharmaceuticals, which can be used in the entire urban water cycle. In addition to drinking water supply, activated carbon is more and more used in wastewater treatment to protect the environment and the potential drinking water sources. The research led to many publications in highly ranked peer-reviewed journals, a remarkable number for a PhD student. David de Ridder is currently working as a Postdoc at TU Delft and is working on project proposals to further develop the adsorption onto new materials, such as zeolites. The award will stimulate him to continue his unique research and develop himself in the academic world. 38 Research exchange Thabo Nkambule Thabo was to work as a guest researcher with Dr. Bas Heijman and born on the 4th of August TI Nkambule Prof. Luuk Rietveld on a research project for ten months 1983 in Mbabane, Swaziland. (till December 2013). This research involves developing He obtained his Bachelor of a rapid method of characterizing natural organic matter Science degree with majors (NOM) based on size and polarity, as well as modelling in mathematics and chemistry of organic pollutants removal from water using Stimela from the University of Swaziland modeling. in 2005. In 2007, he enrolled for a master’s degree in Chemistry with the University I have enjoyed my stay at the TU Delft, especially of Johannesburg (UJ), South Africa, and graduated Cum the section of Sanitary Engineering. The warmth and laude in 2009. In that same year, he enrolled for a doctor hospitality of everyone, from the staff to the students and of Philosophy (PhD) degree in chemistry at the same my office and laboratory colleagues has been very good. university (UJ) which he graduated for in October 2012. I have learnt a lot, both from an academic perspective as In October 2012, Thabo was then employed by the well as a social aspect during my stay in Delft. University of Johannesburg as a lecturer and research fellow. In March 2013, Dr. Nkambule joined the TU Delft Lei Chen I got my PhD degree in Civil During one year at TU Delft, I will cooperate with Dr. Engineering Zhejiang Peter Jules to work on the project of “Smart sensor University, China, in 2005. I networks with energy harvesting for real time monitoring worked in the Department of in urban water infrastructure.” The investigation of Civil Engineering at Zhejiang energy harvesting technology and management, sensor University in research and development, modeling and optimization of China later and became an water distribution network(WDN) will be carried out in Associate Professor in 2008. this project. The problem of modeling and optimization of Invited by Prof. Luuk Rietveld, I WDN will be solved by our group. from of Technology started studying at TU Delft in October 2013. Yann Petit I was born in 1993 at Fougères, I have really enjoy my stay in Netherlands and at the a town from the west of France. TU Delft. It was very instructive on many domains and I I have done an internship of 3 found the people I have worked with very nice. months in 2013 at TU Delft in order to complete my DUT (a two years technical degree) of Chemistry from the university of Rennes 1. I was working at the Sanitary Engineering section of Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences on the biofilm growth study in swimming pool conditions under the supervision of Marjolein Peters. My internship was taking part of the DIPool Project that aim to design a chemical free swimming pool. Now I am doing a engineering master on electrochemistry at the INP phelma in Grenoble. 39 Research Research exchange Auréliane Labourdette My Auréliane My three-month internship was for a start-up company, Labourdette and I am 21 years name is named Elemental Water Makers (currently in the Yes!Delft old. I come from Paris, France, incubator) which has developed an innovative solution where I study at the engineering that enables a constant reverse osmosis process, while school École des Ponts ParisTech. only using renewable energy! My supervisor was Sid I was at the TU Delft in 2013 for Vollebregt and my project was about estimating the cost a scientific research internship. of such an innovative solution depending on the capacity I was working within the faculty and the project location. of Civil engineering, Sanitary engineering section. Tiago Batista Ramalho My Batista environment. I assisted the PhD researcher Dara Ghasimi Ramalho, I am from Brazil name who was my daily supervisor. I was also being supervised and I am a bachelor student by Professor Jules van Lier. TU Delft’s laboratories are in sanitary and environmental equipped and organized. I am a beginning student and engineering. I did an internship the experience at this university make me more conscious at Engineering about the importance of research to society. The staff are section of the Faculty of Civil from several countries and possibility that people around Engineering and Geosciences. the world can contribute to the knowledge construction The internship at TU Delft was a great opportunity to at this institution. the is Tiago Sanitary understand how to do good research and work in a nice Other exchange students Gabriel Martinez Edo Monica Rodrigues Subject: Research the performance and stalling Subject: Characterization of dissolved organic properties of an Energy Recovery Device, nitrogen (DON) for wastewater reuse key component in an innovative renewable Period: Apr-Sep 2013 driven desalination technology Period: Jun-Sep 2013 Vincent Lorfeuve Subject: Characterization of dissolved organic Guilain Haentjes nitrogen (DON) for wastewater reuse Subject: Thermosensitive Hydrogel for Water Period: Jun-Sep 2013 Softening: Feasibility of Column Process Period: Apr-Jul 2013 Joaquin Osorio Subject: Biofilm research under non-chlorinated swimming pool conditions Period: Jul-Sep 2013 Maria Bialo Subject: Rainfall variability impact on urban hydrology Period: Jun-Aug 2013 40 Publications Dissertations Dirksen, J (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013, juli 05). Monitoring ground settlement to guide sewer asset management. TUD Technische Universiteit Delft (175 pag.) (s.l.: s.n.) (ISBN 9789461084743). Prom./coprom.: Prof.ir. FHLR Clemens & Dr.ir. JG Langeveld. El-Kalliny, ASM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013, september 25). Photocatalytic oxidation in drinking water treatment using hypochlorite and titanium dioxide. TUD Technische Universiteit Delft (131 pag.) (s.l.: s.n.) (ISBN 978-946186-214-3). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir. LC Rietveld. Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013, november 29). Removal of natural organic matter fractions by anion exchange. TUD Technische Universiteit Delft (116 pag.) (Delft: A. Grefte) (ISBN 9789461862396). Prom./coprom.: Dr.ir. LC Rietveld. Krzeminski, PK (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013, januari 22). Activated sludge filterability and full-scale membrane bioreactor operation. TUD Technische Universiteit Delft (252 pag.) (Zutphen: Wohrmann Print Service) (ISBN 9789461860927). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir. JB van Lier & Prof.ir. JHJM van der Graaf. Liu, G (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013, april 23). Microbiological water quality in drinking water distribution systems: Integral study of bulk water; suspended solids, loose deposits, and pipe wall biofilm. TUD Technische Universiteit Delft (197 pag.) (Zutphen: s.n.) (ISBN 978-94-6186-145-0). Prom./coprom.: Prof.ir. JC van Dijk & G Medema. Marques Arsenio, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013, november 27). Lifetime prediction of PVC push-fit joints. TUD Technische Universiteit Delft (141 pag.) (Enschede: Gildeprint) (ISBN 978-94-6186-217-4). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir. LC Rietveld & Dr.ir. JHG Vreeburg. Yang, J (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013, april 23). Prospects for flux enhancement in anaerobic membrane bioreactors treating saline wastewater. TUD Technische Universiteit Delft (144 pag.) (Zutphen: s.n.) (ISBN 978-94-6186141-2). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir. JB van Lier & Dr.ir. HLFM Spanjers. Article - letter to the editor Abel, CDT (extern), Sharma, SK (extern), Bucpapaj, E (extern) & Kennedy, MD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Impact of hydraulic loading rate and media type on removal of bulk organic matter and nitrogen from primary effluent in a laboratory-scale soil aquifer treatment system. Water Science and Technology, 68(1), 217-226. Bakker, M (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Vreeburg, JHG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Palmen, LJ (extern), Sperber, V (extern), Bakker, G (extern) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Better water quality and higher energy efficiency by using model predictive flow control at water supply systems. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology. Aqua, 62(1), 1-13. Bakker, M (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Vreeburg, JHG (extern), Schagen, KM van (extern) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WMSE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). A fully adaptive forecasting model for short-term drinking water demand. Environmental Modelling & Software, 48(October), 141-151. 41 Research Publications Bergmans, BJC (extern), Veltman, AM (extern), Loosdrecht, MCM van (extern), Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Struvite formation for enhanced dewaterability of digested wastewater sludge. Environmental Technology, 2013, 1-7. Bertelkamp C., Reungoat J., Cornelissen E.R., Singhal N., Reynisson J., Cabo A.J., van der Hoek J.P., Verliefde A.R.D. Sorption and biodegradation of organic micropollutants during river bank filtration: A laboratory column study. Water Research (2013), doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.086 Blandin, G (extern), Verliefde, ARD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Tang, CY (extern) (2013). Validation of assisted forward osmosis (AFO) process: Impact of hydraulic pressure. Journal of Membrane Science, 447(november), 1-11. Blokker, EJM (extern), Pieterse-Quirijns, EJ (extern), Vreeburg, JHG (extern) & Dijk, JC van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Closure to “Simulating nonresidential water demand with a stochastic end-use model”. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 139(3), 347-348. Borges Freitas, SC (CiTG-WM Water Management), Halem, D van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Rahman, MM (CiTGWM-WRS Water Resources), Verberk, JQJC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Badruzzaman, ABM (extern) & Meer, WGJ van der (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Hand-pump subsurface arsenic removal: The effect of groundwater conditions and intermittent operation. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 2013, 1-8. Dereli, RK (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Zee, FP van der (extern), Heffernan, B (extern), Grelot, A (extern) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Effect of sludge retention time on the biological performance of anaerobic membrane bioreactors treating corn-to-ethanol thin stillage with high fog content. Water Research, ?(?), ?-?. D’Haese, A (extern), Clech, P le (extern), Nevel, S van (extern), Verbeken, K (extern), Cornelissen, ER (extern), Khan, SJ (extern) & Verliefde, ARD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Trace organic solutes in closed-loop forward osmosis applications: Influence of membrane fouling and modeling of solute build-up. Water Research, 47(14), 5232-5244. Dirksen, J (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Zettingen als maatstaf voor vervangen van rioolstelsel: door Ivo Knubben. Cobouw: vakdagblad voor de bouwwereld, 2013(juli), 1-1. Dirksen, J (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Baars, EJ (extern), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Quality and use of sewer invert measurements. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2013, 1-11. Dirksen, J (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Korving, H. (extern), Cherqui, F. (extern), Le Gauffre, P (extern), Ertl, T. (extern), Plihal, H. (extern), Muller, K (extern) & Snaterse, CTM (extern) (2013). The consistency of visual sewer inspection data. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 9(3), 214-228. Dirksen, J (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Korving, H. (extern), Cherqui, F. (extern), Le Gauffre, P (extern), Ertl, T. (extern), Plihal, H. (extern), Müller, K (extern) & Snaterse, CTM (extern) (2013). Structure and infrastructure engineering: Maintenance, management, life-cycle design and performance. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 9(3), 214-228. Ersahin, ME (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Ozgun, H (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Effect of support material properties on dynamic membrane filtration performance. Separation Science and Technology (Philadelphia), 48, 2263-2269. 42 Publications Ersahin, ME (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Ozgun, H (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Tao, Y (CiTG-WMSE Sanitary Engineering) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Applicability of dynamic membrane technology in anaerobic membrane bioreactors. Water Research, 2013(?), ?-?. Gobbo, C (sect Organic Mat & Interf (ChemE/OMI)), Beurroies, I (extern), Ridder, DJ de (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Eelkema, R (sect Advanced Soft Matter (ChemE/ASM)), Marrink, SJ (extern), Feyter, S de (extern), Esch, JH van (sect Advanced Soft Matter (ChemE/ASM)) & Vries, AH de (extern) (2013). MARTINI model for physisorption of organic molecules on graphite. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Part C: Nanomaterials and Interfaces, 117(30), 15623-15631. Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). TU Delft gaat online: De TU Delft biedt online cursussen en masteropleidingen aan : door Mischa Brendel. Technisch Weekblad, 2013(juli), 1-1. Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Dignum, M (extern), Cornelissen, ER (extern) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Natural organic matter removal by ion exchange at different positions in the drinking water treatment lane. Drinking Water Engineering and Science, 6(1), 1-10. Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Dignum, M (extern), Cornelissen, ER (extern) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Natural organic matter removal by ion exchange at different positions in the drinking water treatment lane. Drinking Water Engineering and Science, 6(1), 1-10. Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Ross, PS (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Dignum, M (extern), Cornelissen, ER (extern) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). The influence of the removal of specific nom compounds by anion exchange on ozone demand, disinfection capacity, and bromate formation. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 35(4), 283-294. Harder, RC (extern), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Bronscheiding in bestaande infrastructuur: kansen en uitdagingen. WT-Afvalwater, 13(2), 75-84. Helm, AWC van der (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Schagen, KM van (extern) (2012). Het beste idee en de mooiste IT-toepassingen in de watersector. Neerslag, 47(6), 37-39. Hoek, JP van der (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Alphen, J van (extern), Kaas, R (extern) & Oost, R van der (extern) (2013). Geneesmiddelen in de watercyclus. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 157(4), 433-438. Hoek J.P. van der, Hartog P., Jacobs E. Coping with climate change in Amsterdam – a watercycle perspective. Journal of Water and Climate Change (2013), doi: 10.2166/wcc.2013.060 Hoek J.P. van der, Bertelkamp C., Verliefde A.R.D., Singhal N. Drinking water treatment technologies in Europe: state of the art – challenges – research needs. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA (2013), doi: 10.2166/ aqua.2013.007 Hoorman, R (extern), Kooij, K (extern) & Pothof, IWM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2010). Wateropleidingen doet niet aan droge stof. Riolering, 2010(Februari), 44-45. Jorsaraei, A (extern), Gougol, M (extern) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). A cost effective method for decentralized sewage treatment. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, ?(?), ?-?. 43 Research Publications Kassab, GH (extern), Koetse, MM (extern), Klapwijk, A (extern), Fayyad, M (extern) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Integrating methanogenesis and denitrification processes in egsb reactors treating domestic sewage for adjusting effluent nitrogen levels. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. Klaversma, E (extern), Helm, AWC van der (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Kappelhof, JWNM (extern) (2013). The use of life cycle assessment for evaluating the sustainability of the Amsterdam water cycle. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 4(2), 103-109. Kooij, K (extern) & Pothof, IWM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2009). Stand van zaken rond gasophopingen in afvalwaterpersleidingen. H2O: tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, 49(21), 19-21. Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Interview met Jeroen G. Langeveld (associate profesessor aan de TU Delft en directeur van het kennisprogramma Urban drainage). WT-Afvalwater, 1(13), 3-8. Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Benedetti, L (extern), Klein, JJM de (extern), Nopens, I (extern), Amerlinck, Y (extern), Nieuwenhuijzen, A van (extern), Flameling, T (extern), Zanten, O van (extern) & Weijers, S (extern) (2013). Impact-based integrated real-time control for improvement of the Dommel River water quality. Urban Water Journal, 10(5), 312-329. Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Schilperoort, RPS (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Weijers, SR (extern) (2013). Climate change and urban wastewater infrastructure: there is more to explore. Journal of Hydrology, 476(January), 112-119. Lekkerker-Teunissen, K (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), knol, AH (extern), Derks, JG (extern), Heringa, MB (extern), Houtman, CJ (extern), Hofman-Caris, CHM (extern), Beerendonk, EF (extern), Reus, A (extern), Verberk, JQJC (CiTG-WMSE Sanitary Engineering) & Dijk, JC van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Pilot plant results with three different types of uv lamps for advanced oxidation. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 35(1), 38-48. Lettema, S (extern), Vliet, B van (extern) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2014). Sanitation policy and spatial planning in urban East Africa: Diverging sanitation spaces and actor arrangements in Kampala and Kisumu. Cities: the international journal of urban policy and planning, 36(february), 1-9. Li, S (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Heijman, SGJ (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Verberk, JQJC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Amy, GL (extern) & Dijk, JC van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Practical experience of backwashing with SWRO permeate for UF fouling control. Desalination and Water Treatment: science and engineering, 51(1-3), 432-436. Li, W. (extern), Krantz, WB (extern), Cornelissen, ER (extern), Post, JW (extern), Verliefde, ARD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Tang, CY (extern) (2013). A novel hybrid process of reverse electrodialysis and reverse osmosis for low energy seawater desalination and brine management. Applied Energy, 104(April), 592-602. Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Zuivering op de schop : Interview door Adriaan van Hooijdonk. WaterForum Magazine, 9(2), 36-39. Lindeboom, R.E.F. (extern), Ding, L (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Weijma, J (extern), Plugge, CM (extern) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Starch hydrolysis in autogenerative high pressure digestion: Gelatinisation and saccharification as rate limiting steps. Bioresource Technology, ?(?), ?-?. Lindeboom, R.E.F. (extern), Ferrer, I (extern), Weijma, J (extern) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). 44 Publications Effect of substrate and cation requirement on anaerobic volatile fatty acid conversion rates at elevated biogas pressure. Bioresource Technology, 150(December), 60-66. Lindeboom, R.E.F. (extern), Ferrer, I (extern), Weijma, J (extern) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Silicate minerals for CO2 scavenging from biogas in autogenerative high pressure digestion. Water Research, 2013(47), 3742-3751. Liu, G (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Ling, FQ (extern), Magic-Knezev, A (extern), Liu, WT (extern), Verberk, JQJC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Dijk, JC van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Quantification and identification of particle-associated bacteria in unchlorinated drinking water from three treatment plants by cultivationindependent methods. Water Research, 47(10), 3523-3533. Liu, G (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Lut, MC (extern), Verberk, JQJC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Dijk, JC van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). A comparison of additional treatment processes to limit particle accumulation and microbial growth during drinking water distribution. Water Research, 47(8), 2719-2728. Liu, G (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Mark, EJ van der (extern), Verberk, JQJC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Dijk, JC van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Flow cytometry total cell counts: A field study assessing microbiological water quality and growth in unchlorinated drinking water dstribution systems. BioMed Research International, 2013(Article ID 595872), 1-10. Liu, G (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Verberk, JQJC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Dijk, JC van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Bacteriology of drinking water distribution systems: An integral and multidimensional review. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 97(21), 9265-9276. Lutchmiah, K (extern), Roest, K (extern), Harmsen, DJH (extern), Post, JW (extern), Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Cornelissen, ER (extern) (2013). Zwitterions as alternative draw solutions in forward osmosis for application in wastewater reclamation. Journal of Membrane Science, ?(?), ?-?. Ma, C (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Wang, L (CiTG-WM-WRS Water Resources), Li, S (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Heijman, SGJ (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Su, XB (extern) (2013). Practical experience of backwashing with ro permeate for uf fouling control treating surface water at low temperatures. Separation and Purification Technology, 119(November), 136-142. Ma, C (extern), Yu, S (extern), Shi, W (extern), Heijman, SGJ (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Rietveld, LC (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Effect of different temperatures on performance and membrane fouling in high concentration PAC¿MBR system treating micro-polluted surface water. Bioresource Technology, 141(August), 19-24. Ma, C (extern), Zuo, X (extern), Shi, W (extern), Yu, S (extern), Han, S (extern), Heijman, SGJ (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Adsorption of 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin from water onto thermally modified attapulgite. Desalination and Water Treatment: science and engineering, 2013, 1-8. Malekpour, S (extern), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Letema, S (extern), Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Judgment under uncertainty: a probabilistic evaluation framework for decision-making about sanitation systems in low-income countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 118(March), 106-114. 45 Research Publications Marques Arsenio, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Pieterse, I (extern), Vreeburg, JHG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Bont, R de (extern) (2013). Failure mechanisms and condition assessment of PVC push-fit joints in drinking water networks. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology. Aqua, 62(2), 78-85. Marques Arsenio, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Pieterse, I (extern), Vreeburg, JHG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Bont, R de (extern) (2013). Failure mechanisms and condition assessment of PVC push-fit joints in drinking water networks. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology. Aqua, 62(2), 78-85. Meer, W van de (extern), Driessen, J (extern) & Moel, PJ de (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2012). Modellering waterchemie in drinkwater. H2O: tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, 45(21), 9-9. Moel, PJ de (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Touw, E (CiTG - Faculty Civil Engineering and Geosciences) (2013). De campus in je eigen studeerkamer. Hoger Onderwijs Management, 2013(Februari), 24-27. Mons, MN (extern), Heringa, MB (extern), Genderen, J van (extern), Puijker, LM (extern), Brand, W (extern), Leeuwen, CJ van (extern), Stoks, P (extern), Van Der Hoek, JP (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Kooij, D van der (extern) (2013). Use of the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) approach for deriving target values for drinking water contaminants. Water Research, 47(4), 1666-1678. Mutikanga, HE (extern), Sharma, SK (extern) & Vairavamoorthy, K (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Methods and tools for managing losses in water distribution systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 139(2), 166-174. Ozgun, H (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Dereli, RK (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Ersahin, ME (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Kinaci, C (extern), Spanjers, H (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). A review of anaerobic membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment: Integration options, limitations and expectations. Separation and Purification Technology, 118, 89-104. Ozgun, H (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Ersahin, ME (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Erdem, S (extern), Atay, B (extern), Kose, B (extern), Kaya, R (extern), Altinbas, M (extern), Sayili, S (extern), Hoshan, P (extern), Atay, D (extern), Eren, E (extern), Kinaci, C (extern) & Koyuncu, I (extern) (2013). Effects of the pre-treatment alternatives on the treatment of oil-gas field produced water by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 88(8), 1576-1583. Ozgun, H (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Ersahin, ME (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Erdem, S (extern), Atay, B (extern), Sayili, S (extern), Eren, E (extern), Hoshan, P (extern), Atay, D (extern), Altinbas, M (extern), Kinaci, C (extern) & Koyuncu, I (extern) (2013). Comparative evaluation for characterization of produced water generated from oil, gas, and oil-gas production fields. CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water (Print): a journal of sustainability and environmental safety, 2013. Ozgun, H (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Ersahin, ME (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Tao, Y (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Spanjers, HLFM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Effect of upflow velocity on the effluent membrane fouling potential in membrane coupled upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. Bioresource Technology, 147(november), 285-292. 46 Publications Pieterse-Quirijns, I (extern), Blokker, EJM (extern), Blom, EC van der (extern) & Vreeburg, JHG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Non-residential water demand model validated with extensive measurements and surveys. Drinking Water Engineering and Science, 6(2), 99-114. Post, JAB (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Toepassen van data-assimilatie voor de kalibratie van tijdreeksen voor hydrodynamische rioleringsmodellen. WT-Afvalwater, 13(2), 64-74. Pothof, IWM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2008). Gasbellen in persleiding brengen capaciteit in gevaar. Land + Water: vakblad voor civiel- en milieutechniek, 2008(1/2), 40-41. Pothof, IWM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Meten, monitoring gegevensbeheerspaart kosten en milieu. Riolering, feb(19), 20-22. Pothof, IWM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Kooij, K (extern), Schuit, AD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2009). Gasbellen in leiding: Beter voorkomen dan genezen. Land + Water: vakblad voor civiel- en milieutechniek, 2009(6/7), 30-31. Pothof, IWM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Schuit, AD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). The influence of surface tension on air-water flows. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering (Reston), 1(139), 1-8. Ridder, DJ de (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Verliefde, ARD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Schoutteten, K (extern), Linden, B van der (unit Afdelingsbureau O&O-groep (ChemE)), Heijman, SGJ (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Beurroies, I (extern), Denoyel, R (extern), Amy, GL (extern) & Dijk, JC van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Relation between interfacial energy and adsorption of organic micropollutants onto activated carbon. Carbon, 53(March), 153-160. Rook, J (extern), Hillegers, S (extern) & Van Der Hoek, JP (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Visie van Waternet op de drinkwatervoorziening 2020-2050. H2O: tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, 1-7. Rook, J (extern), Hillegers, S (extern) & Van Der Hoek, JP (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Waar haalt Amsterdam na 2020 drinkwater vandaan? H2O: tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, 2013(7-8), 40-41. Ross, PS (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Hammes, F (extern), Dignum, M (extern), Magic-Knezev, A (extern), Hambsch, B (extern) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). A comparative study of three different assimilable organic carbon (aoc) methods: Results of a round-robin test. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 13(4), 1024-1033. Shang, R (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Verliefde, ARD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Hu, J (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Zeng, Z (extern), Lu, J (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Kemperman, AJB (extern), Deng, H (extern), Nijmeijer, K (extern), Heijman, SGJ (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Tight ceramic uf membrane as ro pre-treatment: The role of electrostatic interactions on phosphate rejection. Water Research, 2013. Spekkers, MH (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Kok, M (CiTG-HE-HYE Hydraulic Engineering), Clemens, FHLR (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). A statistical analysis of insurance damage claims related to rainfall extremes. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17, 913-922. 47 Research Publications Stanic, N (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Haan, C (extern), Tirion, M (extern), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Comparison of core sampling and visual inspection for assessment of sewer pipe condition. Water Science and Technology, 67(11), 2458-2466. Stanic, N (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Haan, CJ de (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Tirion, M (extern), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Een vergelijking van boorkerennanalyse en visuele inspectie ter beoordeling van de cinditie van rioolbuizen. Afvalwaterwetenschap, 1(13), 9-18. Stanic, N (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). HAZard and OPerability (HAZOP) analysis for identification of information requirements for sewer asset management. Structure & Infrastructure Engineering (online), 2013, 1-12. Steen, AJ van der (extern), Dirksen, J (CiTG-WM-WRS Water Resources) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Visual sewer inspection: Detail of coding system versus data quality? Structure and Infrastructure Engineering (online), 2013, 1-9. Stegeman, S (extern), Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Bijnen, JA van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Korving, H. (extern) & Meijer, DW (extern) (2013). Hydraulische vingerafdruk als indicator voor de noodzaak van onderhoudsmaatregelen aan riolering. WT-Afvalwater, 13(2), 121-130. Szanto, GL (extern), Oosterveer, P (extern), Scheinberg, A (extern) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Composting and anaerobic digestion methods in east africa municipalities. Waste Management. Tao, Y (extern), Gao, DW (extern), Wang, HY (extern), Kreuk, MK de (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Ren, NQ (extern) (2013). Ecological characteristics of seeding sludge triggering a prompt start-up of anammox. Bioresource Technology, 133(April), 475-481. Taucer, M (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Medema, G (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Hoogenboezem, W (extern) (2013). Comparison between rapid ID 32 strep system, matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry and 16s rRna gene sequence analysis for the species identification of enterococcus spp. isolated from water. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 13(5), 1383-1389. TeixeiraD’AguiarNortonBrandao, D (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Scherrenberg, SM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Reclamation of used urban waters for irrigation purposes : A review of treatment technologies. Journal of Environmental Management, 122(June), 85-98. Uddin, SM (extern), Ronteltap, M (extern) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Assessment of urine diverting dehydrating toilets as a flood-resilient and affordable sanitation technology in the context of Bangladesh. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 3(2), 87-95. Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Riemsdijk, MB van (EWI-INSY-II Interactive Intelligence) (2013). High resolution weather data for urban hydrological modelling and impact assessment, ICT requirements and future challenges. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 15, 1-1. Vet, WWJM de (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)), Knibbe, WJ (extern), Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Loosdrecht, MCM van (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)) (2013). Biological active groundwater filters: exploiting natural diversity. Water Science and Technology, 13(1), 29-35. 48 Publications Villacorte, LO (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Ekowati, Y (extern), Winters, H (extern), Amy, GL (extern), Schippers, JC (extern) & Kennedy, MD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Characterisation of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) produced during algal bloom: a membrane treatment perspective. Desalination and Water Treatment: science and engineering, 51(4-6), 1021-1033. Wols, BA (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Hofman-Caris, CHM (extern), Harmsen, DJH (extern) & Beerendonk, EF (extern) (2013). Degradation of 40 selected pharmaceuticals by UV/H2O2. Water Research, 47(15), 5876-5888. Worm, GIM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Kelderman, JP (extern), Lapikas, T (extern), Helm, AWC van der (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Schagen, KM van (extern) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). The use of process simulation models in virtual commissioning of process automation software in drinking water treatment plants. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 13(5), 1331-1339. Worm, GIM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Wuister, JJG (extern), Schagen, KM van (extern) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WMSE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Evaluation of control strategies for drinking water treatment plants using a process model. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology. Aqua, 62(4), 234-244. Yang, J (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Spanjers, HLFM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Jeison, D (extern) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Impact of Na+ on biological wastewater treatment and the potential of anaerobic membrane bioreactors: A review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 43(24), 2722-2746. Zanten, O van (extern), Klein, J de (extern), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Nieuwenhuijzen, A van (extern) (2013). Alternatief toetsingskader ontvangend oppervlaktewater voor zuurstofdips en ammoniumpieken. WTAfvalwater, 13(3), 152-159. Zhang, X (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Ferreira, RB (extern), Spanjers, H (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Phosphatase activity and specific methanogenic activity in an anaerobic reactor treating sludge from a brackish recirculation aquaculture system. Water Science and Technology, 68(2), 387-393. Zhang, X (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Spanjers, HLFM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Lier, JB van (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Potentials and limitations of biomethane and phosphorus recovery from sludges of brackish/marine aquaculture recirculation systems: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 131(December), 4454. Zhou, H (extern), Fang, F (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Li, Z. (extern), Guo, JS (extern), Koning, J de (CiTG-WMSE Sanitary Engineering) & Graaf, JHJM van der (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Spatiotemporal variations in euphotic depth and their correlation with influencing factors in a tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Water and Environment Journal, 2012(?), 1-9. Proceedings Bakker, M (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Monitoring van het distributienet om afwijkingen te detecteren. In JB van Lier & SGJ Heijman (Eds.), De watercyclus; daar zit wat in! (pp. 43-48). Delft: Technische Universiteit Delft (ISBN 9789461861030). 49 Research Publications Bakker, M (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Duist, H (extern), Schagen, K van (extern), Vreeburg, JHG (extern) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Improving the performance of water demand forecasting models by using weather input. In s.n. (Ed.), International conference on computing and control for the water industry (pp. 1-10). s.l.: s.n.. Bakker, M (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Jung, D (extern), Vreeburg, JHG (extern), Roer, M van der (extern), Lansey, K (extern) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Detecting pipe bursts using heuristic and CUSUM methods. In s.n. (Ed.), International conference on computing and control for the water industry (pp. 1-8). s.l.: s.n.. Bakker, M (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Rajewicz, T (extern), Kien, H (extern), Vreeburg, JHG (extern) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Advanced control of a water supply system: A case study. In s.n. (Ed.), Australia’s international water conference and exhibition (pp. 1-8). s.l.: s.n.. Bakker, M (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Rajewicz, T (extern), Kien, H (extern), Vreeburg, JHG (extern) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Reducing energy consumption and leakage by active pressure control in a water supply system. In s.n. (Ed.), International conferences of economics and asset management (pp. 1-8). London: IWA. Bakker, M (CiTG-WM-WRS Water Resources), Lapikas, T (extern), Tangena, BH (extern) & Vreeburg, JHG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2012). Monitoring water supply systems for anomaly detection and response. In den M Blanken (Ed.), New developments in IT & water conference (pp. 1-9). Amsterdam: IWA. Bertelkamp, C (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Schoutteten, K (extern), Singhal, N (extern), Hoek, JP van der (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Verliefde, ARD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Sorption and degradation of chloridazon and the formation of its metabolites under different redox conditions in a river bank filtration pilot. In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 3rd IWA BeNeLux young water professionals regional conference (pp. 1-11). s.l.: s.n.. Bijnen, JA van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Impact of sewer condition on urban flooding: necessity of maintenance based on hydraulic monitoring. In JB van Lier & SGJ Heijman (Eds.), De watercyclus; daar zit wat in! (pp. 127131). Delft: Technische Universiteit Delft (ISBN 9789461861030). Borges Freitas, SC (CiTG-WM Water Management), Halem, D van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Meer, WGJ van der (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Subsurface iron removal and hand-pump adsorptive arsenic removal in rural Bangladesh. In s.n. (Ed.), Young water professionals regional conference (pp. 1-9). s.l.: IWA. Borges Freitas, SC (CiTG-WM Water Management), Rahman, MM (CiTG-WM-WRS Water Resources), Halem, D van (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Verberk, JQJC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Badruzzaman, ABM (extern) & Meer, WGJ van der (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2012). The efficiency of Subsurface Arsenic Removal under low phosphate conditions. In Changwon (Ed.), World water congress and exhibition (pp. 1-11). Busan: IWA. Bruni, G (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Reinoso Rondinel, RR (CITG-GRS-ARS Atmospheric Remote Sensing), Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Russchenberg, HWJ (CITG-GRS-ARS Atmospheric Remote Sensing) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). The use of X-band polarimetric radar to assess the impact of different temporal and spatial resolution on a drainage system in Rotterdam urban area. In s.n. (Ed.), International precipitation conference (pp. 1-1). s.l.: s.n.. 50 Publications Bruni, G (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Impact of rainfall and model resolution on sewer hydrodynamics. In s.n. (Ed.), International conference on sewer processes and networks (pp. 1-8). s.l.: IWA. Dereli, RK (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Performances of anaerobic membrane bioreactors treating thin stillage from bioethanol plants at different sludge retention times. In JB van Lier & SGJ Heijman (Eds.), De watercyclus; daar zit wat in! (pp. 117-120). Delft: Technische Universiteit Delft (ISBN 9789461861030). Dirksen, J (CiTG-WM-WRS Water Resources), Baars, EJ (extern), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). The impact of fat, oil, and grease deposits on the performance of sanitary sewers. In s.n. (Ed.), International conference on sewer processes and networks (pp. 1-8). s.l.: IWA. Dirksen, J (CiTG-WM-WRS Water Resources), Steen, A van der (extern), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Quality of visual sewer inspection data: The need for a new coding system?! In s.n. (Ed.), IWA leading edge strategic asset management conference (pp. 1-10). London: IWA. Hofman, J.A.M.H. (extern), Elias Maxil, JA (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Wols, BA (extern), Blokker, EJM (extern) & Van Der Hoek, JP (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2012). Heat recovery from sewage: an important factor to create an energy neutral water cycle. In Changwon (Ed.), World water congress and exhibition (pp. 1-4). Busan: IWA. Marques Arsenio, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Vreeburg, JHG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Bouma, F (extern) & Dijk, JC van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2012). Destructive laboratory tests with PVC push-fit joints. In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th water distribution systems analysis conference, WDSA 2012 (pp. 1-5). s.l.: Engineers Australia (ISBN 9781922107589). Marques Arsenio, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Vreeburg, JHG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Wielinga, MPC (extern) & Dijk, JC van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2012). Continous assessment of a drinking water PVC pipe. In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th water distribution systems analysis conference, WDSA 2012 (pp. 1-5). s.l.: Engineers Australia (ISBN 9781922107589). Pothof, IWM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Kuipers, H (extern), Reitsma, G (extern) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WMSE Sanitary Engineering) (2010). Interface drag on plugs in downward sloping pipes. In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th international conference of Multiphase Flows (ICMF 2010) (pp. 1-6). s.l.: s.n.. Pothof, IWM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Schuit, AD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2010). Influence of surface tension on downward air-water transport. In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th international conference of Multiphase Flows (ICMF 2010) (pp. 1-6). s.l.: s.n.. Pothof, IWM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Tukker, M (extern), Kooij, K (extern) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2011). Guidelines on capacity reducing gas pockets in wastewater mains. In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of computing and control for the water industry 2011 (CCWI) (pp. 1-6). s.l.: s.n.. Rombouts, PMM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Requirements for quality of monitoring data for water quality based RTC. In s.n. (Ed.), International conference on sewer processes and networks (pp. 1-8). s.l.: IWA. 51 Research Publications Rombouts, PMM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Schilperoort, R (extern), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). CSO pollution analysis based on conductivity and turbidity measurements and implications for application of RTC. In s.n. (Ed.), International conference Novatech; Planning and technologies for sustainable urban water management (pp. 1-10). s.l.: s.n.. Sanchez Guillen, JA (extern), Yimman, Y (extern), Lopez Vazquez, CM (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)), Brdanovic, D (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Effects of organic carbon source, COD/N ratio and temperature on anammox organisms. In WEF/IWA Nutrient Removal and Recovery 2013: Trends in Resource Recovery and Use, Vancouver, Canada, 28-31 July 2013 (pp. 12p.). WEF/IWA. Spekkers, MH (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Kok, M (extern), Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). A spatial analysis of rainfall damage data using c-band weather radar images. In D Butler, A Chen, S Djordjevic & M Hammond (Eds.), International conference on Flood Resilience (ICFR): Experiences in Asia and Europe (pp. 1-8). Exeter: Centre of Water Systems (ISBN 978-0-95-39140-9-8). Spekkers, MH (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Zhou, Q (extern), Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K (extern), Clemens, FHLR (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Correlations between reinfall data and insurance damage data related to sewer flooding for the case of Aarhus, Denmark. In D Butler, A Chen, S Djordjevic & M Hammond (Eds.), International conference on Flood Resilience (ICFR): Experiences in Asia and Europe (pp. 1-7). Exeter: Centre of Water Systems (ISBN 978-0-95-39140-9-8). Stanic, N (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Schoot, WPJ van der (extern), Kuijer, B (extern), Langeveld, JG (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Potential of laser scanning for assessing structural condition and physical roughness of concrete sewer pipes. In s.n. (Ed.), The 7th international conference on sewer processes & networks (pp. 1-8). s.l.: s.n.. Book - monography - editorial book Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Snaterse, CTM (extern) (2012). Handleiding rioolreiniging : aanbesteding, uitvoering en verrekening. Ede: Stichting Rioned (ISBN 9789073645318). Book chapter Lutchmiah, K (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2012). South Africa. In MA Pierce (Ed.), Encyclopedia of energy (pp. 1-2). Ipswich: Salem Press (ISBN 978-1-58765-849-5). Book editors Heijman, SGJ (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (Ed.). (2013). De watercyclus; daar zit wat in! Delft: TU Delft (ISBN 9789461861030). Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (Ed.). (2013). De watercyclus; daar zit wat in! Delft: TU Delft (ISBN 9789461861030). 52 Publications Journal editors - refereeschap Bertelkamp, C (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Verliefde, ARD (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Worm, GIM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (Eds.). (2013). Drinking Water Engineering and Science, 2013. Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (Ed.). (2013). The Scientific World Journal, 2013. Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (Ed.). (2013). Water Science and Technology, 2013. Pothof, IWM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (Ed.). (2013). Urban Water Journal, 10. Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (Ed.). (2013). Drinking Water Engineering and Science, 2013. Reports Luijtelaar, H. (extern), Meulen, J van der (extern) & Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Inventarisatie regenwateroverlast in de bebouwde omgeving 2013. Rionedreeks 17. Bennekom: Modern (ISBN 978-90-73645-38-7). Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2012). Annual report 2012. Delft: TU Delft (ISBN 9789461861023). Contribution daily or weekly newspaper Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (10-06-2012). Online college volgen begon in de VS. Het wordt nu ook in Nederland groot. NRC Next, pp. 4-5. Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (13-07-2013). Online wetenschap is grote hit. Artikel Irene Overduin. Leeuwarder Courant, pp. 1-1. Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (27-03-2013). TU enters the world of virtual learning. Artikel :Damini Purkayastha. TU Delta (web only), pp. 1-1. Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (11-06-2013). Universiteiten van Leiden, Delft en A’dam experimenten met online colleges om bekendheid te vergroten: Door Bart Funnekotter. NRC Handelsblad, pp. 8-9. Grefte, A (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (03-06-2013). Waarom geven universiteiten geld uit aan online onderwijs dat ze vervolgens gratis op internet zetten, terwijl het risico is dat ze minder studenten trekken?: Interview: Desiree Hoving. TUDelta, 45(18), pp. 20-22. Medema, G (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (06-05-2013). Kun je met buitenlands kraanwater je tanden poetsen? De Volkskrant, pp. 17-17. Meer, WGJ van der (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (17-09-2013). Over drie jaar puur water voor 12.000 huishoudens. Artikel Arjen Schreuder. NRC Handelsblad, pp. 1-1. 53 Research Publications Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (03-01-2013). Hoe helpen we de derde wereld aan schoon drinkwater? Kijk (2), pp. 71-74. Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (27-03-2013). Delft urban water movie contest. Artikel: Heather Montague. TU Delfta (web only), pp. 1-1. Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (11-03-2013). Gescheiden riool sneller verstopt. Artikel: Lillian Dominicus. BN De Stem, pp. 1-1. Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (11-03-2013). Gescheiden riool sneller verstopt. Artikel: Lillian Dominicus. De Stentor, pp. 1-1. Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (11-03-2013). Gescheiden riool sneller verstopt. Artikel: Lillian Dominicus. Brabants Dagblad, pp. 1-1. Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (11-03-2013). Gescheiden riool sneller verstopt. Artikel: Lillian Dominicus. Provinciale Zeeuwse Courant, pp. 1-1. Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (11-03-2013). Gescheiden riool sneller verstopt. Artikel: Lillian Dominicus. Eindhovens Dagblad, pp. 1-1. Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (11-03-2013). Gescheiden riool sneller verstopt: Artikel: Lillian Dominicus. De Gelderlander, pp. 1-1. Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (14-03-2013). Leven in stad vol water. AD Delft, pp. 2-2. Inaugural Speeches Meer, WGJ van der (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Het drinkwaterbedrijf van de toekomst?. Intreerede (2013, februari 15). Delft: TU Delft. Lectures Peters, MCFM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Keuten, MGA (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Kreuk, MK de (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Loosdrecht, MCM van (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)) & Rietveld, LC (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013, april 09). Minimum chlorine concentration to ensure disinfection. Rome, Italy, 5th International conference swimming pool and spa (ICSPS). Pronk, M (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)), Bassin, JP (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)), Kreuk, MK de (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Kleerebezem, R (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)) & Loosdrecht, MCM van (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)) (,). Effects of salinity on aerobic granular sludge. onbekend, Lecture + abstract 9th International Conference on Biofilm Reactors, Paris, France, 28-31 May 2013. 54 Publications Munoz Sierra, JD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Picioreanu, C (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)) & Loosdrecht, MCM van (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)) (,). Modeling phototrophic biofilms in a plug flow reactor. onbekend, Lecture + abstract 9th International Conference on Biofilm Reactors, Paris, France, 28-31 May 2013. Other results Dirksen, J (CiTG-WM-WRS Water Resources), Steen, A van der (extern), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Quality of visual sewer inspection data: The need for a new coding system?! 5th IWA leading edge strategic asset management conference, Sydney, Australia: London (2013, september 10 - 2013, september 12). Ham, M van (OTB-RES-SVW Urban Renewal and Housing), Kempen, R van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Bolt, G (extern) (2013). Neighbourhood decline and regeneration in times of crisis: new perspectives, new challenges. Organiser of special session at the ENHR conference: Tarragona (2013, juni 19 - 2013, juni 22). Keuten, MGA (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Zweten onder water. Optreden uitzending programma ScienceFlash: s.l. (2013, april 12 - 2013, april 12). Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Vrouwelijke hormonen in drinkwater. BNR nieuws radio: (2013, april 23 - 2013, april 23). Lutchmiah, K (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Cornelissen, ER (extern), Harmsen, DJH (extern), Wols, B (extern), Verliefde, ARD (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) & Post, JW (extern) (2012). Pressure assisted osmosis (PAO) to enhance forward osmosis (FO) performance. NMG/BMG Membrane symposium: Nieuwegein (2012, juni 07). Meer, WGJ van der (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Het drinkwaterbedrijf van de toekomst? Intreerede hoogleraar Innovative Water Tehnologies 55:50 min.: . (2015, februari 15). Peters, MCFM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Keuten, MGA (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Daanen, extern (extern), Kreuk, MK de (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Loosdrecht, MCM van (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)) & Dijk, H (extern) (2013). Quantification of continual anthropogenic pollutant release in swimming pools. 3rd IWA Benelux young water professional regional conference: Esch sur Alzette (2013, oktober 02 - 2013, oktober 04). Peters, MCFM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Keuten, MGA (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Kreuk, MK de (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Loosdrecht, MCM van (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)) & Rietveld, LC (CiTGWM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Chlorine cell disinfection determination with flow cell cytometry and plate count. 3rd IWA Benelux young water professional regional conference: Esch sur Alzette (2013, oktober 02 - 2013, oktober 04). Peters, MCFM (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Keuten, MGA (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Loosdrecht, MCM van (sect Environmental Biotechnology (BT/EBT)) & Rietveld, LC (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Chlorine inactivation of mixed population versus indicator microorganism. 5th International conference swimming pool and spa (ICSPS): Rome, Italy (2013, april 09 - 2013, april 12). 55 Research Publications Riel, WAP van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Langeveld, JG (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering), Herder, P (extern) & Clemens, FHLR (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Decision argumentation of sewer replacement projects. Leading edge strategic asset management (LESAM): Sydney, Australie (2013, september 10 - 2013, september 12). Van Der Hoek, JP (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Drinkwater duurder dankzij “drugs”; Door Annemieke van Roekel. Van Der Hoek, JP (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Nederlands drinkwater bevat meer geneesmiddelen dan nodig. Van Der Hoek, JP (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Normen voor medicijnen in richtlijn prioritaire stoffen. Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Eindelijk stadse wateroverlast voorspellen. Veldhuis, JAE ten (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Twaalf emmertjes water halen. Optreden tijdens tv uitzending Editie NL: s.l. (2013, oktober 14 - 2013, oktober 14). Awards Halem, D van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (2013). Steven Hoogendijk Award. Relevant positions Lier, JB van (CiTG-WM-SE Sanitary Engineering) (periode: 2013 t/m 2013). Member international advisory committee IWA Journal of water, sanitation and hygiene for development Functie bij: International Water Association IWA. List date: 6 December 2013 More publications to come, for a full list of our publications check the website: http://repository.tudelft.nl/ 56 Publications 57 Individual Projects 58 Annual report 2013 Individual Projects 59 Individual projects Annelies Aarts Uncertainty of dynamic deep beth filtration models applied to full scale tertiary treatment Research objectives Approach The project aims to evaluate the validity of deep bed A mathematical model for the ABWF was developed. Data filtration models applied to full scale tertiary treatment. from the SCADA of the WWTP in Harderwijk (obtained Methods to identify and quantify the sources of over a year) was used to validate the model. The uncertainty will also be proposed herein. validation was repeated with 100 randomly selected sets of model parameters. Project outline Introduction A Bayesian Network (BN) was developed with the Deep bed filtration is a complex process of pollutants state variables, the model parameters and the model removal while head losses build up. Studies on the residuals (Figure 3). Bayesian Networks (BN) are a mathematical description of the process have resulted type of probabilistic network. Each node in the graph in numerous filtration models (Jegatheesan, 2005). The represents a variable while the arcs between the nodes operation of deep bed filters at wastewater treatment represent the conditional dependence (rank correlation) plants (WWTP) is often based on empirical control between the variables. The variables are presented as a rules, which poorly take into account the dynamics conditional distribution function. The BN allows to study of the process. It is expected that the efficiency and the dependency between the model residuals, the model performance of deep bed filters could be improved by parameters and the state variables. using model based control. Results The Automatic Backwash Filter (ABWF) (Figure 1) applied The calculation of the solids removal by the model to tertiary treatment at the WWTP of Harderwijk was corresponds well with the measurements although the fit selected as a full scale case study. The ABWF consists of strongly depends on the value of the model parameters. a set of dual-media filters which are all operated with the The state variables didn’t seem to be correlated with same head loss. Each filter is individually backwashed, the model residuals for solids removal. This would mean hence each filter is in a different stage of clogging. The that the chosen model structure well describes the solids filtration velocity through each filter will also be different, removal process happening in the ABWF. and if the influent flow and the head loss remains constant, the velocity will decrease as more suspended The model results for the total filtration flow (not shown) solids settle in the filter medium. were less straightforward. Preliminary results showed few dependence with the model parameters while the state Figure 1: Schematic representation of the Automatic backwash filter 60 Annelies Aarts variables showed higher dependences. This would show that the model structure is not well representing the full scale dynamics of the filtration flow. This part of the study is currently in progress. Figure 2: example of the calibration and validation of solids removal Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 27 81 585 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Figure 3: Bayesian Network to predict model residuals Scientific relevance Mathematical models contain fundamental knowledge about the filtration process and its dynamics. The behavior of the filtration process at full scale plants is however not entirely known. The influence of the variations on the filtration process or from modelling point of view, on the variation and uncertainty of model parameters, output and structure has known little focus in research. Social relevance In the context of the Water Framework Directive, this project aims to Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Jan 2011 Expected end date: Jun 2014 Key words: Deep bed filtration, error analysis, full scale modelling, wastewater Cooperation with other institutes: Visser & Smit Hanab BV, Grontmij Nederland BV, Waterschap Veluwe improve the WWTP effluent quality discharged to receiving waters. In the context of efficiency, this project aims to an efficient use of water, chemicals and energy during the operation of the ABWF. Literature ▪▪ Jegatheesan V. and Vigneswaran S. 2005. Deep Bed Filtration: Mathematical Models and Observations. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 35(6), 515–569. ▪▪ Cowell, R.G., Dawid, P., Lauritzen, S.L. and Spiegelhalter, D.J. 1999. Building and Using Probabilistic Networks. In: Probabilistic Networks and Expert Systems - Information Science and Statistics, Springer New York, pp. 25-41. 61 Individual projects André Arsénio Lifetime prediction of PVC push-fit joints Research objectives lead to the creation of the inspection prioritization map Develop a lifetime prediction tool to predict the failure of presented in Figure 2. This work has been extensively PVC push-fit joints. discussed in Arsénio et al. (2013a). Project outline Introduction For this work a four-step approach for network management was developed. Approach Four step approach for condition assessment A lifetime prediction procedure has been developed (Figure 1). Figure 2. Inspection prioritization map. In this map the inspection priority increases from green (low) until red (high). Pipes and joints installed in high priority areas should be inspected more often as they are more prone to failure Non-destructive assessment Figure 1. Lifetime prediction procedure for push-fit PVC joints The inspection of joints relies on the sizing of the gap between the two pipes at different locations inside the 1. Select the best pipe for inspection. This can either be joint to determine the 3D alignment of the pipes. The accomplished by employing practical knowledge - areas alignment is a surrogate measurement for the joint’s where the pipe-fitters are aware that the failure rate is condition. The inspection methods is presented in Arsénio greater than average - or be a data-driven; et al. (2013b) and validated in Arsénio et al.(2013c). 2. Inspect the pipes using the most appropriate inspection tool; Index for Joint Condition 3. With the information aggregated during the inspection, The Index for Joint Condition (IJC) was one of the most either: significant developments of this work (Figure 3). This a. If the condition of the asset is below a previously b. Otherwise, predict the remaining graphical framework allows comparing the condition of several pipes and deciding which one is in worst defined threshold, repair/replace; lifetime, condition. Ultimately this will aid network managers in indicated as t, of the asset exploiting an optimizing pipe replacement programs. This work has appropriate model; and been extensively covered in Arsénio et al.(2013d) 4. Finally, schedule a new inspection after a period, t’, shorter than t. The actual condition of the asset at t’ can be exploited to re-calibrate the model used in step 3b. Each one of the three first steps will now be presented. Inspection prioritization map A correlation between registered main failures and ground movement data was researched. The work demonstrated that an increase in ground movement leads to an increase in failure rate. Therefore, pipes and joints installed in failure prone areas should be inspected more often. This 62 Figure 3. Index for Joint condition. Joints (black dots) inside the gray areas are considered at risk André Arsénio Scientific relevance The scientific output of the present work was threefold. First, deliver information on failure mechanisms of PVC push-fit joints. Second, study the use of an NDE technique for the assessment of joints. Finally, cast some light on how to predict the remaining lifetime of joints. Social relevance The four step approach for network management is an important tool to aid network managers in their day-to-day life. Not only the procedure selects the best pipes and joints to be inspected, it also presents the inspection method and provides the means to analyze the inspection results. Both scientific and social aspects of this work are thoroughly discussed in Arsénio (2013). Literature ▪▪ Arsénio, A.M. (2013). Lifetime prediction of PVC push-fit joints. TU Delft (Delft). ▪▪ Arsénio, A.M., Dheenathayalan, P., Hanssen, R., Vreeburg, J.H.G. & Rietveld, L. (2013a). Pipe failure prediction in drinking water systems using satellite observations (submitted). Structure and Infrastructure Engineering. ▪▪ Arsénio, A.M., Pieterse-Quirijns, I., Vreeburg, J.H.G., de Bont, R. & Rietveld, L. (2013b). Failure mechanisms and condition assessment of PVC push-fit joints in drinking water networks. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA. 62 (2). p.p. 78. ▪▪ Arsénio, A.M., Vreeburg, J. & Rietveld, L. (2013c). Quantitative nondestructive evaluation of push-fit joints. Urban Water Journal. p.pp. 1–11. ▪▪ Arsénio, A.M., Vreeburg, J.H.G. & Rietveld, L. (2013d). Index of joint condition for PVC push-fit joints (submitted). Water Science & Technology: Water Supply. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 27 87 894 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Mar 2009 Expected end date: Nov 2013 Key words: Asset management, CCTV, condition assessment, in-line inspection, joints, lifetime prediction, PVC, ultrasound Cooperation with other institutes: Wetsus - Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, KWR – Watercycle Research Institute 63 Individual projects Lina Bachert Virus inactivation mechanisms by metals alone and in combination with other disinfectants Research objectives Approach and results The major goal of this research study is to determine In this research study, the model virus MS2 is treated with the inactivation mechanisms of the model virus MS2 UV light, silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) ions using different with antimicrobial metals and ultraviolet (UV) light to UV fluences, contact times and concentrations. characterize which step in the model virus life cycle is After disinfection treatment the samples are subjected affected. Understanding these mechanisms allow to to molecular assays designed to study the effect on design effective inactivation strategies. the infectivity, different structural components and steps of the virus cycle of MS2. To monitor the loss of Project outline infectivity of MS2 after the disinfection treatment and Introduction to determine disinfection kinetics, infectivity assays are Diarrhea-related illnesses are the second most common conducted. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase cause of child deaths worldwide [1]. Approximately 88 chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a molecular technique that % of these diseases are linked to poor hygiene and detects damages quantitatively in the genome induced inadequate access to drinking water and sanitation by the treatment processes. Different primers along the facilities in less developed countries. Enteric viruses, virus genome reveal the type and site of damage. An which are major agents of diarrheal illnesses, are enzymatic treatment prior to qRT-PCR is operationalized persistent in the aquatic environment for long periods and in order to investigate whether the treatment processes not readily removed by water treatment processes [2]. affect the capsid integrity. A binding assay based on To address this health risk, technologies for household qRT-PCR is performed to determine whether the ability water treatment and safe storage (HWTSS) systems may of the virus to bind to the host cell is impaired by the improve and protect drinking water quality from enteric disinfection experiments. pathogens and contribute to the reduction of diarrheal In the first phase of the study, MS2 was inactivated in disease transmission. UV irradiation treatment and also time- and concentration-dependent Cu experiments. antimicrobial metals have found their way into a number The results showed that not only the binding function of disinfection applications in HWTSS systems but there is and viral genome are affected by the Cu treatment but still a need to elucidate the virus inactivation mechanisms also another unknown inactivation mechanism leads to to assess alternative and low cost technologies and to inactivation of MS2. design effective inactivation strategies [3]. Figure 2: Concentration- and time-dependent Cu inactivation experiments of MS2 The next phase characterization of of the virus research involves the inactivation kinetics and mechanisms of Ag at different concentrations and contact Figure 1: Impact of disinfectants on virus function and structural integrity times. The photochemical action of UV light on MS2 at different UV fluences will be investigated in a benchscale collimated beam apparatus equipped with two low- 64 Lina Bachert pressure high-output (LPHO) UV lamps. After the impact of individual disinfectants is characterized, the synergistic effects will be studied. Scientific relevance The separate and synergistic effect of UV light and heavy metals such as Ag on viruses has been already investigated [4-6]. However, none of these research studies has been focusing on the elucidation of virus inactivation mechanisms by these disinfectants. It is still unclear which essential virus functions such as host binding, genome injection and replication are affected by these treatment methods, where exactly damage occurs and to which extent. Social relevance Effective technologies for household water treatment and safe storage (HWTSS) systems improve and protect water quality from fecal contamination and contribute to the reduction of diarrheal disease transmission. The WHO estimates that 47% of diarrheal diseases can be prevented by using HWTSS systems for the production of safe and clean drinking water [7]. Literature 1. Diarrhoea: why children are still dying and what can be done. 2009, The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)/World Health Organization (WHO): Geneva, Switzerland. 2. de Roda Husman, A.M., et al., Long-term inactivation study of three enteroviruses in artificial surface and groundwaters, using PCR and cell culture. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2009. 75(4): p. 1050-7. 3. Sobsey, M.D., Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply, W.H. Organization, Editor. 2002: Geneva. 4. Butkus, M.A., et al., Use of aqueous silver to enhance inactivation of coliphage MS-2 by UV disinfection. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2004. 70(5): p. 2848-2853. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 58 2843193 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Jan 2012 Expected end date: Jan 2016 Key words: virus inactivation, damage mechanisms, metals, UV light Cooperation with other institutes: Wetsus in Leeuwarden, RIVM in Bilthoven 5. Butkus, M.A., M. Talbot, and M.P. Labare, Feasibility of the silverUV process for drinking water disinfection. Water Research, 2005. 39(20): p. 4925-4932. 6. Kim, J.Y., et al., Enhanced inactivation of E. coli and MS-2 phage by silver ions combined with UV-A and visible light irradiation. Water Research, 2008. 42(1-2): p. 356-362. 7. Prüss-Üstün, A., et al., Safer Water, Better Health. Costs, benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health. 2008, World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland. 65 Individual projects Martijn Bakker Water demand forecasting for optimal control and detection of pipe bursts Research objectives Control and monitoring of water supply systems is often based on instantaneous measurements of flows and pressures. This research is done to explore the possibilities to improve control and monitoring when using forecasts rather than instantaneous values. Project outline Introduction Production and distribution flows in water supply systems are often directly controlled by the level in the clear water reservoir. This operation results in many flow changes, and the daily peak demands are not completely leveled off in the clear water reservoir. The consequence of this operation is suboptimal water quality and higher energy consumption. In the daily operation of water distribution networks, pipe bursts occur quite frequently. Bursts lead to water losses, interruption of supply, and damage to streets and houses due to the uncontrolled water flow. To Figure 1. Difference between level based control (top graph) en control based on forecast (bottom graph) minimize the negative consequences of pipe bursts, an early detection is necessary. We developed a heuristic burst detection method, which continuously compares forecasted and measured values Approach of water demands and pressures. The forecasts of the We developed a water demand forecasting model that water demand were generated by the adaptive water uses measured water demands and calendar data as demand forecasting model, and the forecasts of the single input in order to generate the forecasts. This model pressures were generated by a dynamic pressure drop – adaptively learns characteristics of the water demand in demand relation estimator. The method was tested on a the area, and uses these characteristics for forecasting dataset of five years of water flow and pressure data in future demands. We tested the performance of this three supply areas in the Western part of the Netherlands model on datasets of five years of water demand data in which 41 larger burst events were reported. in six different areas, varying from very small (village) to big (city). The water demand forecasting model is currently used for the control of a number of water supply systems in the Netherlands. We examined the differences between control based on the forecasting model, and the conventional (level based) control. Therefore we compared data of water quality and energy consumption and costs of five selected water supply systems, which were operated conventionally during one week and operated based of forecasts and during another week. 66 Martijn Bakker Figure 2. Water demand forecast (bottom left page graph) and pressure forecast (top graph) to detect bursts Results The performance of the forecasting model can be expressed by the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). For the 24-hours forecasts this varied between 1.44-5.12%, and for the 15-minutes time step forecasts between 3.35-10.44% (Bakker et al., 2013b). The benefits of applying control based on forecasts are that the turbidity values are 12-28% lower, and particle volume values 12-42% lower (Bakker et al., 2013a). The overall energy consumption of water supply systems is 1.0-5.3% lower, and the overall energy costs are 1.7-7.4% lower. The burst detection method was able to detect 80% of the reported larger bursts, while on average generating 6 false alarms annually (Bakker et al., 2012). Scientific relevance The approach of applying adaptive and heuristic methods, rather than abstract advanced mathematical techniques for forecasting, control, and anomaly detection is new, and additional to the field. Social relevance Reducing the energy consumption and footprint of water companies is very relevant. And the leakages and pipe bursts are one of the main challenges for water companies around the world. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Mob: +31 6 54245131 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Apr 2011 Expected end date: Jun 2014 Key words: Demand prediction, Anomaly detection, Optimal control Cooperation with other institutes: RIVM, Vitens, Dunea, PWN, Brabant Water, Royal HaskoningDHV, Ureason Literature ▪▪ Bakker, M., Vreeburg, J.H.G., Rietveld, L.C., and Van De Roer, M. (2012). “Reducing customer minutes lost by anomaly detection?”, Proceedings 14th Water Distribution Systems Analysis Conference 2012, WDSA 2012, Adelaide, SA. ▪▪ Bakker, M., Vreeburg, J.H.G., Palmen, L.J., Sperber, V., Bakker, G., and Rietveld, L.C. (2013a). “Better water quality and higher energy efficiency by using model predictive flow control at water supply systems”. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology AQUA. 62 (1): 1-13. ▪▪ Bakker, M., Vreeburg, J.H.G., van Schagen, K.M., and Rietveld, L.C. (2013b). “A fully adaptive forecasting model for short-term drinking water demand”. Environmental Modelling and Software. 48: 141-151. 67 Individual projects Yasmina Bennani UV solar light active titanium dioxide photocatalysts Research objectives Results The recombination of photogenerated charge carriers is a major limitation for photocatalytic efficiency. In order to decrease the recombination limitation of photogenerated charge carriers and to enhance the quantum efficiency of the immobilised photocatalyst, two approaches were adopted in this study. First, the optimisation of anatase to rutile ratio and secondly the application of bias to the TiO film. 2 Project outline Introduction Fujishima and Honda (1972) demonstrated the Figure 1. Photocurrent density after thirty min of UV solar irradiation of different AR ratio potential of titanium dioxide (TiO2) semiconductor materials to split water into hydrogen and oxygen in a photo-electrochemical cell. Their work triggered the development of semiconductor photocatalysis for a wide range of environmental and energy applications. Approach Photocatalytic plates were manufactured and obtained by Magneto special anodes B.V. (Schiedam, The Netherlands) and prepared according to the paintthermal decomposition method. Films were additionally modified, by changing the anatase to rutile ratio. The effect of annealing treatment in temperature range Figure 2. Degradation of phenol with photolysis (∆), PC (◊) and PEC (□) at 1V for the TiO2 sample (AR ratio 82/18) from 500-750 ̊C on prepared photoactive TiO2/Ti films was studied. Besides, the roughness, the adhesion, ▪▪ Modification of thermal-paint decomposition and scanning electron microscopic images of TiO2 films synthesized films by annealing treatment in the were investigated to achieve optimise photoactive range of 500–600°C, showed that the anatase film. Furthermore, the comparison between the PC phase appeared to be dominant, while at higher degradation of phenol using PC process and using PEC temperatures (650-750°C) the rutile phase became process was investigated. present in higher percentages. ▪▪ The deposited films were well-coated and the mechanical strength and durability of annealed TiO2 films was high, presenting a significant advantage of the use of this TiO2 films in practice. ▪▪ It was found that the AR ratio (82/18) was optimal for both PC and PEC process. The overall oxidation efficiency of the PEC process was better than the PC process, by the enhancement ratio PEC/PC of 2.8. ▪▪ The improved photocatalytic activity is derived from the synergetic effect between modified TiO2/Ti electrode and applied bias. 68 Yasmina Bennani Scientific relevance This study could provide new insights on the effect of AR ratio on the PC and PEC oxidation. This technology for preparation of a photocatalyst was integrated with PEC process in order to achieve the highest photocatalytic efficiency in the presence of the UV solar light. Social relevance Conventional TiO2 has been extensively studied for water treatment and air purification and it is well known to be an effective system to treat several hazardous compounds in contaminated water and air. Some focus is given nowadays to solar light active TiO2-based photocatalysis and its application towards remediation of regulated and emerging contaminants of concern. Literature ▪▪ M. Pelaez, N. T. Nolan, S. C. Pillai, M. K. Seery, P. Falaras, A. G. Kontos, P. S.M. Dunlope, J. W.J. Hamilton, J. A. Byrne, K. O’Shea, M. H. Entezari, D. D. Dionysiou, A review on the visible light active titanium dioxide photocatalysts for environmental applications, Applied Catalysis, 2012 Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2783539 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Oct 2011 Expected end date: Oct 2015 Key words: TiO2, recombination, photo(electro)catalysis 69 Individual projects Cheryl Bertelkamp Emerging Substances: Towards an Absolute Barrier Research objectives The overall objective is to investigate the possibility of creating an absolute barrier for OMPs with a new treatment concept consisting of river bank filtration (RBF) followed by membrane filtration (MF) and granular activated carbon (GAC). A second objective is to develop a QSAR model for OMP removal during RBF. A QSAR model can predict the OMP removal based on the physico-chemical properties of OMPs. Figure 1 – Schematic overview one RBF pilot installation Project outline Introduction To distinguish sorption from biodegradation, breakthrough RBF is a natural treatment process that can remove a curves were modelled for all OMPs in the three installations. wide range of OMPs, however, some compounds such By subtracting OMP removal in RBF installation 3 from RBF as carbamazepine show very persistent behavior. To installation two, insight was obtained in OMP removal determine whether RBF is an effective barrier for OMPs and under iron/manganese reducing conditions. By subtracting to set the first steps towards the development of a QSAR OMP removal removal in RBF installation 2 from 1, insight model, insight is required in the transformation behavior of was obtained in OMP removal under nitrate reducing OMPs during RBF under different redox conditions. conditions. A set of 50 different OMPs was dosed with a wide range of solute physico-chemical properties (size, Approach hydrophobicity and charge), to assess the influence of A RBF pilot system that consists of 3 separate RBF pilot solute properties on OMP sorption and biodegradation installations was started up in April 2013. One RBF behavior. installation represents oxic soil passage, the second one sub anoxic (nitrate reducing) soil passage and the third Prelimenary Results one deep anoxic (iron/manganese) reducing soil passage Despite the fact that the majority of OMPs were removed to (see Table 1). below their detection limit under iron/manganese reducing conditions, some compounds (clofibric acid, dimethoate, Table 1 – Experimental conditions lincomycin, mebendazole, MTBE, sotalol and triclopyr) showed less removal (50 - 80%). A few compounds RBF installation Redox condition Number of columns Residence time [days] (atrazine, bentazon, carbamazepine, dichloormethaan, 1 Oxic 2 4 showed even more persistent behavior (removal <40%), 2 NO3 reduction 10 20 see Figure 2. 3 Fe/Mn reduction 22 45 diglyme, hydrochlorothiazide, simazine, and TPPO) A schematic overview of one installation is presented in Figure 1. The three RBF pilot installations were filled with oxic and anoxic soil drillings from RBF site Engelse Werk of drinking water company Vitens. Figure 2 – OMP removal in RBF installation three for the more recalcitrant OMPs 70 Cheryl Bertelkamp This indicates that these OMPs are mobile during soil passage and possibly not removed in case sufficient residence time is not provided. Thus, to prevent these compounds from ending up in the drinking water, they should be removed with MF and/or GAC. Several studies indicated high removal (90-99%) of clofibric acid, MTBE, atrazine, bentazon, carbamazepine, diglyme, sotalol, hydrochlorothiazide, and dimethoate with nano filtration (NF) and/or reverse osmosis (RO) membranes [6, 7, 8], while Yang et al. (2011) reported good removal (95-99%) of lincomcyin with GAC. Therefore it is expected that RBF in combination with MF and GAC can provide an absolute barrier for OMPs. Scientific relevance The combination of RBF, MF and GAC as absolute barrier for OMPs is new and not yet investigated. In addition, the developed QSAR model can predict which OMPs are removed by certain pre-treatment techniques and which are not. This will provide a reliable and relatively cheap indicator for the OMPs removal ability of current and new treatment plants. Social relevance Since OMPs do not belong in drinking water and more awareness of these compounds is created amongst the public, an absolute barrier for these OMPs would maintain the consumers trust in the Dutch drinking water. Literature ▪▪ Bertelkamp, C., Reungoat, J., Cornelissen, E.R., Singhal, N., Reynisson, J., Cabo, A.J., van der Hoek, J.P., Verliefde, A.R.D. (2013) Sorption and biodegradation of organic micropollutants during river bank filtration: A laboratory column study, Water Research, in press ▪▪ Van der Hoek, J.P., Bertelkamp, C., Verliefde, A.R.D., Singhal, N.S. (2013) Drinking water treatment technologies in Europe: state of the art – challenges- research needs, Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology – AQUA, in press ▪▪ Bertelkamp, C., Schoutteten, K., Singhal, N., van der Hoek, J.P., Verliefde, A.R.D. (2013) Sorption and degradation of chloridazon and the formation of its metabolites under different redox conditions Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2787894 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Room 4.52 Start date project: Nov 2010 Expected end date: Nov 2014 Key words: Organic micro pollutants, nanofiltration, river bank filtration, granular activated carbon Cooperation with other institutes: KWR, Pentair, Oasen, Vitens, Veolia Water, Epas, De Watergroep, KompetenzZentrum Wasser Berlin, Berliner Wasserbetriebe in a river bank filtration pilot, Proceedings of the 3rd IWA BeNeLux Young Water Professionals Regional Conference (pp. 1-11). 71 Individual projects Sandra Borges Freitas Safe drinking water in Bangladesh: feasibility, sustainability and applicability of subsurface iron removal (SIR) linked to a handpump adsorptive arsenic removal filter (AAR) in diverse settings Research objectives Determine the small-scale feasibility and applicability of SIR and linked with an arsenic adsorptive treatment at the surface. The aim is to identify the dominant process and operational parameters responsible for the robust and appropriate design, operation and implementation of SIR/ AAR at community and household level. Project outline Introduction Subsurface iron removal (SIR) has been used for many decades (von Oesten 1900; Van Beek 1985; Mettler 2002) Figure 1. Schematic presentation: (a) injection/ oxidation; (b) abstraction/ adsorption; (c) Combined SIR/HAR and consists of injection of aerated water (Figure 1a - column experiments and field studies in rural Bangladesh. oxidation) followed by abstraction of anoxic water (Figure The experimental work is designed to increase our 1b - adsorption). Due to the periodic injection of aerated understanding of arsenite (As(III)) behavior on adsorption water adsorbed Fe(II) oxidizes to Fe(III) which attaches media during intermittent operation, as observed during itself to the sand grains and forms new adsorption sites Subsurface Iron Removal. Intermittent operation consists for Fe(II) and trace elements such as arsenic (van Halem of shifting anaerobic and oxic conditions, where iron et al. 2010; Borges Freitas et al. 2013). Subsurface Iron oxidation and associated reactions play a dominant role in Removal is proven to be very efficient, however, arsenic As(III) immobilization. The research focuses on Granular removal could only be partially achieved (van Halem et Ferric Hydroxide (GFH) and Composite Iron Matrix (CIM; al., 2010; Borges Freitas et al. 2013). The aim is to benefit a low-cost zero-valent iron). from the Subsurface Iron Removal (SIR), the existing tube well and hand-pump infrastructure to combine with Results a targeted adsorption of arsenic integrated at hand-pump 1. (i) Subsurface Iron Removal is effective in all groundwater level (HAR) - Figure 1c. conditions and can be successfully applied in rural areas. (ii) SAR technology was hypothesized to have potential, Approach but proved not be be very efficient and WHO standard The effective subsurface iron removal does promote guideline for arsenic in drinking water was never achieved the co-removal of arsenic with a significant retention in (Borges Freitas et al, 2013). the subsurface (<50ppb) (Borges Freitas et al. 2013). 2. Different adsorptive media were investigated and surface However, the WHO arsenic standard for drinking water characterization and batch experiments were performed. is 10ppb. This research is focus on laboratory batch and (i) Effective adsorption of As(III) onto CIM and GFH under Figure 2. Freündlich adsorption isotherm curves and parameters for arsenic adsorption onto GFH and CIM in: (a, b) synthetic, and (c) natural groundwater conditions 72 Sandra Borges Freitas synthetic groundwater conditions – Figure 2(a); (ii) GFH and CIM showed to be very effective in natural groundwater conditions. Even though CIM (ZVI) appears to have regenerative properties in the presence of Fe(II) – Figure 2(b). 3. Design configurations of SIR/HAR fitting both social and geochemical needs are under study – Figure 1(c). Although some of the general pathways for the removal of arsenic are known, lengthening GFH lifetime in combination with SIR is not fully understood. The As(III) removal pathways onto ZVI (CIM) needs further investigation given its catalytic and regeneration properties. More detailed identification of formed solids and proper mass balances could improve the assessment of the filters sustainability and environmental impact and would help in the development of a consistent model for As removal based filter system. Scientific relevance Arsenic in drinking water is a critical issue, deserving a scientific approach and an all-inclusive, proven solution, so process parameters that determine the sustainable removal efficiency of iron and arsenic in SIR/AAR will be investigated. As(III) removal pathways on ZVI (as CIM) is still a knowledge gap. Iron oxidation and associated reactions, such as catalytic activation of reactive intermediates (e.g. ROS), play a dominant role in As(III) immobilization. A new approach is the lengthening GFH lifetime in combination with SIR. Therefore, understanding the Fe/As behaviour on adsorption media is needed in different anaerobic/oxic conditions as observed during intermittent operation as during SIR. Social relevance The mass poisoning by arsenic contamination illustrates the severe consequences of chronic arsenic consumption through drinking water, and this should not be neglected. Contaminated groundwater is the main source of water for the rural populations. These communities urgently require a simple and affordable technology to remove arsenic from groundwater for both drinking and irrigation purposes. This integrated research approach is a necessity for optimizing the developmental impact, and to provide safe drinking water to millions. SIR/HAR potentially means a complementary solution, especially for the poorest. Literature ▪▪ Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2785457 Mob: +31 6 83597560 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl www.subsurfacearsenicremoval.org Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Room 4.41 Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Oct 2010 Expected end date: Oct 2014 Key words: Iron, arsenic, removal, groundwater, adsorption, zerovalent iron Cooperation with other institutes: Brabant Water UNICEF Bangladesh DPHE Bangladesh Dhaka University BUET University VU Amsterdam Wageningen University Borges Freitas S. C., van Halem D., Rahman M. M., Verberk J. Q. J. C., Badruzzaman A. B. M. and van der Meer W. G. J. (2013). Hand-pump Subsurface Arsenic Removal: the effect of groundwater conditions and intermittent operation. Water Science & Technology: Water Supply In Press, Uncorrected Proof© IWA Publishing 2013 73 Individual projects Diana Brandão Removal of residual pollutants for reclamation of treated wastewater (Delft Blue Water) Research objectives and inoculated with selenastrum capricornutum, standard The main objectives of the research are to understand test organism for algal growth studies, and all essential the importance of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in nutrients excluding nitrate. Fig 1 shows chlorophyll-a treated wastewater and the mechanisms responsible development during 14 days of algae incubation. Results for its production or consume in secondary effluents, as indicate that algae grow in the absence of NO3. Similar well as to identify effective removal mechanisms for DON observations have been done by Liu (2012a). Further compounds. results will show if the algal growing occuurs with DON uptake and therefore if DON is bioavailable. Project outline Introduction Tertiary treatment of the HNP WWTP effluent through a The need for understanding the occurrence and removal of static bed bioreactor (SBBR) filtration showed increase of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is an issue of increasing DON concentration. Figure 2 shows typical concentrations importance for the reclamation of treated wastewater. of feed water and filtrate between two backwashes. Effluent DON may serve as disinfection by-product precursors during wastewater disinfection and may also contribute to eutrophication of receiving surface waters (Mantas, 2006). In order to use the treated effluent of the Harnaschpolder (HNP) wastewater treatment plant as a source for fresh water supply, the total nitrogen (TN) discharge should not exceed 2.2 mg/L, according to the Dutch maximum tolerable values (MTR). The current tertiary treatment at HNP performs full denitrification, but the presence of organic nitrogen that frequently exceeds 1 mg/L hampers final N concentrations reaching the required limit. However, it is still not well undestood if the referred limit should be expressed as total Nitrogen, Figure 1: Chlorophyll-a during incubation of algae in effluent without NO3 since is not clear if the organic fraction of TN is a potential threat for receiving waters. In case that organic nitrogen Literature has shown that the first hours after a backwash, is a potential cause for eutrophication, it is necessary to when the biomass is growing fast and consuming more investigate processes capable of removing this group of polymeric substances than producing them, result in DON compounds. On the other hand, if DON does not present removal (Liu, 2012b). In the present case, production of a threat for the final receiving system, this Nitrogen DON is observed for the whole filtration run. Further batch fraction should be excluded from the regulations. tests will be carried out to understand what mechanisms are behind the production of DON during denitrification. Approach Bioavailability tests were carried out to evaluate if the DON from HNP WWTP effluent is a potential cause for eutrophication. The variation of DON concentration was evaluated along with filtration runtime in a static bed bioreactor (SBBR) filter performing simultaneous nutrient removal. Results Effluent of the HNP WWTP was submitted to NO3 removal 74 Figure 2: DON concentration between 2 backwashes (total runtime of 10 h) Diana Brandão Scientific relevance Gaining knowledge into removal / production mechanisms of DON will allow to define optimal operation conditions to minimize DON in tertiary filters, as well as additional treatment processes suitable for DON removal. Social relevance If it is shown that the organic fraction of total nitrogen is not bioavailable, extra treatment costs for reuse of water as surface water are avoidable. If it is shown that such fraction is bioavailable, its minimization in the final effluent will make possible to satisfy stricter environmental limits. Besides, a safe reuse will be guaranteed for systems requiring desinfection. Literature ▪▪ Liu, H. Z., J. Jeong, et al. (2012a). “Algal Uptake of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Dissolved Organic Nitrogen in Effluent from Biological Nutrient Removal Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems.” Environmental Science & Technology 46(2): 713-721. ▪▪ Liu, B., L. Gu, et al. (2012b). “Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) profile during backwashing cycle of drinking water biofiltration.” Science of the Total Environment 414: 508-514. ▪▪ Pehlivanoglu-Mantas, E. & D. L. Sedlak (2006) Wastewater-derived dissolved organic nitrogen: Analytical methods, characterization, and effects - A review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 261-285. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2781585 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Room 4.59 Start date project: Oct 2009 Expected end date: Oct 2013 Key words: Reclamation, wastewater reuse, urban effluent, dissolved organic nitrogen Cooperation with other institutes: EVIDES Industriewater; VEOLIA water; waterboard Delfland 75 Individual projects Guendalina Bruni High resolution rainfall data to protect cities against floods Research objectives This project aims to use high resolution rainfall data from radar to enhance urban pluvial flood prediction and water management within cities. Project outline Introduction Cities’ vulnerability to extreme rainfall is increasing due to urbanization, increase of imperviousness, implementation of complex network of infrastructures, and alteration of Figure 1- Centrum district, Rotterdam, NL precipitation patterns as an effect of climate change. More severe and more frequent storms are expected, Results having a strong impact in urban catchments, which will A convective storm event has been selected to test the become more prone to floods. Because of the short spatial resolution on Centrm district (Fig.3). Figure 5 duration and rapid variation in intensity especially of shows outputs in in-sewer water depths at four locations, summer storms, there is a strong need of both spatial under four different rainfall resolutions in input, i.e. 100 and temporal high resolution rainfall measurements. m, 500m, 1000m, and 2000m. Moreover, urban hydrological modelling requires high resolution rainfall data to be able to simulate fast runoff processes and related short response times. This can be provided by X-band radars. Within the RainGain project, new generation X-band radar will be used to improve hydrological modeling. This will lead to a better description and quantification of pluvial floods in urban areas. Approach The research is focused on the adaptation of radar product for hydrological applications, and afterwards on the simulation of urban flooding down to the street level. For this purpose three sewer districts of Rotterdam have been selected: Spaanse polder, Kralingen and Centrum (Fig.1). The districts will be modelled by a hydrodynamic Figure 2-Rainstorm in September 2011 detected by IDRA: maximum intensity (mm/h) and total volume (mm) over the Centrum catchment sewer model (Sobek) coupled with an overland flow Results show the catchment is sensitive to changes in spatial module: most likely the 3Di distributed modelling of resolution: maximum differences in water depths are found runoff and overland flow will be applied to one or more at most convective storm cell locations and at upstream case study areas. The results will be used to improve flood nodes, where the smoothing effect of resolution coarsening protection, such as warning systems and optimization of is strongest and the storage capacity is lower, respectively. storage capacity and pumping management in the city Rainfall variability and rainfall peaks decrease with the of Rotterdam. spatial resolution (Fig. 3a). Differences in maximum While waiting the installation of the radar in Rotterdam, water depth are higher at locations within the center of data from IDRA, the X-band doppler polarimetric radar the storm, up to 20 cm (Fig. 5a), while are not significant installed at the Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric at the outlet of the catchment. Coarsening the spatial Research (CESAR), have been used to investigate the resolution from 500m to 1000m has the strongest impact sensitivity of the hydrodynamic models to rainfall spatial in results: 1000m resolution could be considered critical and temporal resolution. for this catchment. 76 Guendalina Bruni Figure 3- Results of in-sewer water depth at four different locations (a to d) and under four different rainfall resolution in input: 100m, 500m, 1000m and 2000m Scientific relevance Current techniques for rainfall observation are unable to measure and predict rainfall at sufficiently detailed spatial and temporal scales to match the fast hydrological processes and high spatial variety in urban areas. Consequently, there is an imminent need to implement new techniques that can accurately measure and predict rainfall and resulting pluvial flooding in urban areas. Social relevance The availability of fine-scale rainfall and flood data will enable urban water authorities to adequately cope with peak rainfall and will help to prevent the severe pluvial flood damage that in the past decades has been associated with these events. Rainfall radars are the only measuring devices that provide space-time estimates of rainfall that can be used for this purpose. This technique has only recently been developed to become sufficiently detailed to be applicable to the scale of urban areas. This innovative technique will be brought to implementation in water management practice. Literature ▪▪ Berne, A., Delrieu, G, Creutin, J., and Obed, C. (2004). Temporal and spatial resolution of rainfall measurements required for urban Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2788578 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Feb 2012 Expected end date: Feb 2015 Key words: Pluvial flood, X band radar rainfall, drainage system modelling Cooperation with other institutes: Imperial College (UK), Ecole des Ponts ParisTech (FR), KU Leuven (BE) hydrology. Journal of Hydrology, 299, 166-179. ▪▪ G. Bruni, J.A.E. ten Veldhuis, T. Otto, and H. Leijnse. Rainfall resolution from weather radars and their application in urban drainage modelling. Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 14, EGU2012-3317, 2012. EGU General Assembly 2012. ▪▪ Emmanuel, I., Leblois, E., Andrieu, H, and Flahaut, B. (2011). Variabilité spatio-temporelle des précipitations aux échelles de l’hydrologie urbaine. La Houille Blanche, 4, 31-36. ▪▪ Leijnse, H., Uijlenhoet, R., vd Beek, C.Z., Overeem, A., Otto, T. , Unal, C.M.H., Dufournet, Y., Russchenberg, H.W.J., Figueras i Ventura, J., Klein Baltink, H., and Holleman, I. (2010). Precipitation measurement at CESAR, the Netherlands. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 11, 6, 13221329. 77 Individual projects Marco Casola Biological Advance Oxidation Processes toward Micropollutant removal Research objectives Approach ▪▪ Explore the Aspecific oxidative capacity of different Groups of bacteria known to possess aspecific Groups of bacterial groups. bacteria known to possess aspecific oxidative enzymes Engineer the proper bacterial community on Activated were explored: Carbon Filters. Ammonia oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) and Methane oxidizing Follow Biological Activated Carbon pilot plant in Bacteria (MOB), we want to understand their potential Leiden. on the removal of micropollutants. Study the effect of ▪▪ ▪▪ biofilm growth on BAC, subsequent manage the growth Project outline of AOB and MOB communities on Activated carbon filters Introduction The installed at Leiden north Waste Water treatment plant. Occurrence in drinking water sources of Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP) is Results an emerging environmental issue. The development of Pharmaceutical are still under analysis, strategies to remove these compounds from wastewater the qPCR Analysis of 16s total bacterial DNA show the and drinking water provides a new challenge in different growth on the different carbons: the non-porous environmental biotechnology. have the highest amount of bacteria, followed by the Microorganisms from environmental sources like activated sludge, water infiltration systems, or biofilms reference carbon, the pasteurized column instead show a 10x less bacteria present. on membranes play a key role in the degradation of the majority of the pollutants. Hence an improved understanding is required of the relationship of the microbial community composition and the bacterial degradation potential. Table 1: BAC (lab exp.) Different pore size distribution, different amount of biomass attaching on the carbon, without any selection for AOB or MOB conditions C1 C2 C3 C4 Abs+BioD BioD Abs+BioD Abs (pasteurized) Figure 1: Values are copies number/ml wet carbon standard carbon Non porous carbon Microporus carbon standard carbon Results tap water tap water tap water tap water current analysis it seems that certain compounds are 25 PhAC 25 PhAC 25 PhAC 25 PhAC better removed by AOB (Fenazon, Sulphamethoxazole, Hypothesis synergic effect Expected higher removal latest breakthrough Hypothesis just absorption expected removal efficiency average. breakthrough faster the C1 Hypothesis maximize abs. expected high removal (higher absorption surface) breakthrough fast then C1 Hypothesis minimize Abs expected low removal. Breakthrough fastest (no abs.) sotalol, 78 The Pharmaceuticals are still under analysis, from the Lyncomicin, ifosfamide), MOB(Lidocaine, Metoprolol, Cyclofosfamide, trimethoprim) this results still need a confirmation. Marco Casola Table 2: BAC Pilot conditions AOB MOB REF Past. Abs+AOB Abs+Methanotrophs Abs Abs+Bio standard carbon pre-incubation with AOB and NH4 standard carbon pre-incubation with methanotrophs and CH4+CH3OH standard carbon Abiotic weekly pasteurization. 25 PhAC 25 PhAC 25 PhAC 25 PhAC Hypothesis Expected higher removal capacity breakthrough After REF and Past. Population analysis Hypothesis just Expected higher removal capacity breakthrough After REF and Past. Population analysis Hypothesis Standard control Hypothesis Fastest breakthrough The qPCR population analysis on the columns confirm the selection for AOB and MOB Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Faculty of Applied Sciences Department Biotechnology Environmental Biotechnology Section Tel.: +31 15 89175 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Figure 2: Values are copies number/ml wet carbon Scientific relevance Bacteria play a key role in the removal of organic pollutants, it’s needed a deeper understanding of their behavior in complex communities, in order to be able to manage this community to perform effective Aspecific Biological oxidations in synergy with absorption systems. Social relevance The application of biological oxidation processes in synergy with other methods to remove pharmaceuticals seems to be the most sustainable Visiting address: Julianalaan 67 2628BC Delft Building 5 Room 0.009 Start date project: Nov 2008 Expected end date: Jan 2013 Key words: BiologicalAOP, AOB, MOB, micropollutants, microbial population analysis, biological activated carbon Cooperation with other institutes: Waternet, Norit, HWL, Rjinland and economical way to remove micropollutants from water systems 79 Individual projects Petra van Daal-Rombouts Quality based Real Time Control in wastewater systems Research objectives between locations, see figure 2. A more detailed analysis The main research question of this project is: “Under which reveals that applying quality measurements in RTC needs conditions can real time control (RTC) based on the quality of careful consideration: whether or not discharged volumes the receiving water be used in wastewater systems?” are taken into account leads to very different conclusions. Further research focusses on uncertainties, both in the quality This question is divided into two sub questions: measurements and in the discharge volume calculations. 1. Is there added value in applying RTC based on increasingly demanding strategies and implementation levels? Scientific relevance Previous research performed by Langeveld (2004) and 2. Can the added value be demonstrated in practice? Schilperoort (2011) has shown there are possibilities to decrease the impact of a sewer system and WWTP on the Project outline surface water. One very likely means is using RTC. Previous Introduction research on RTC in wastewater systems covers e.g. volume A wastewater system consists of different subsystems: a based RTC, optimization techniques and theoretical research. sewer system, a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and There is a lack of research on quality based RTC, large case receiving water. These subsystems interact with one another studies, comparison between theory and practice, and studies through water quantity and water quality. However, the on the total wastewater system. The research presented here influence of the quality of the receiving water on the sewer aims at filling these gaps and making the knowledge available system or the WWTP is very limited and indirect. Improvement for practice. of the quality of the receiving water could be achieved through the application of RTC in the wastewater system: using Social relevance information from downstream locations to adjust the operation Social relevance is at the very basis of this project. The of upstream systems. proposed RTC is taking the receiving water into account in the operation of the sewer systems and WWTP. This should result Approach in a decrease of the impact of the sewer system and WWTP on As the research questions imply, the project consists the receiving water, therefore improving its quality, and thus of both theoretical and practical elements. The theory leading to a higher ecological/recreational value. focuses on determining the added value of applying RTC in wastewater systems based on quality and impact, Literature for which models and measurements from a case study ▪▪ (Weijers (2012)) will be used. The practical element consists of making an effort to demonstrate the added Langeveld, J. G. (2004). Interactions within wastewater systems. Analysis. TU Delft. ▪▪ value in real life by implementing the RTC in the case Schilperoort, R. (2011). Monitoring as a tool for the assessment of wastewater quality dynamics. TU study and monitoring the effects. Delft. ▪▪ Van Daal-Rombouts, P., Schilperoort, R., Langeveld, Results J., Clemens, F., (2013). CSO pollution analysis The RTC under investigation has a need for information on based on conductivity and turbidity measurements the water quality at different locations in the wastewater and implications for application of RTC. Proc. of system. This information comes from quantity and quality measurements. In the sewer system of Eindhoven level, and conductivity and turbidity (as surrogate NOVATECH 2013, 23-27 June 2013, Lyon, France ▪▪ Weijers S.R., De Jonge J., Van Zanten O., Benedetti quality L., Langeveld J.G., 2012. KALLISTO : cost effective measurements) have been performed at different combined and integrated optimization of the urban wastewater sewer overflow (CSO) locations. In figure 1 an example of the system Eindhoven. Water Practice and Technology, behavior of these parameters is shown. The measurements 7(2). show distinct differences in the quality of the discharged water 80 Petra van Daal-Rombouts Figure 1. Example of behavior of conductivity, turbidity and level measurements during a CSO event Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Mob: +31 6 50909369 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Figure 2. Clear differences in mean conductivity (left) and turbidity (right) values can be found between CSO locations in one sewer system Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Jan 2012 Expected end date: Dec 2015 Key words: Wastewater system, real time control, water quality, monitoring, integrated modelling, optimisation, conceptual models Cooperation with other institutes: Witteveen+Bos, Waterboard De Dommel, INSA de Lyon, Deltares 81 Individual projects Kaan Dereli Effect of Sludge Retention Time on the Biological Performance of Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors Treating Corn-to-ethanol Thin Stillage with High Lipid Content Research objectives wastewaters (Rinzema et al., 1993; Hwu et al., 1998). The high suspended solids and lipid content of corn-to- Although granular sludge was found to be more resistant ethanol thin stillage makes it a promising and challenging to LCFA inhibition than flocculent sludge due to its lower substrate for conventional high rate anaerobic treatment. specific surface area (Hwu et al., 1996), Hwu et al. (1998) Although the effects of lipids on anaerobic treatment reported that the sludge flotation threshold concentration and especially granular sludge bed systems are well was even lower than the inhibition concentration. Hence, documented in literature, their impact on the performance efficient biomass retention is required for the success of of AnMBR systems has not been investigated so far. The high rate granular sludge bed reactors for the treatment of aim of this study is to investigate the influence of SRT on lipid rich wastewaters. Anaerobic membrane bioreactors LCFA degradation and removal mechanisms in AnMBRs. (AnMBRs) have drawn an ever growing scientific interest The effects of high lipid concentration in corn-to-ethanol since 2006 (Dereli et al., 2012). In AnMBRs, biomass stillage on the biological performance of AnMBRs is retained in the reactor, independent from its settling operated at different SRTs are presented. Moreover, the properties, with the aid of membranes. Thus, AnMBRs importance of LCFA precipitation with divalent cations and can provide a possible alternative for the treatment of adsorption on the sludge for LCFA removal and inhibition lipid rich wastewaters where biomass aggregation cannot was evaluated. be ensured and sludge flotation/washout is inevitable. Project outline Approach Introduction In this project the biological performances of lab-scale Although lipids are potentially ideal substrates for AnMBRs (10 L) for the treatment of corn to ethanol thin anaerobic digestion, with high degradability and methane stillage were investigated. The reactors were operated at yield, anaerobic treatment of lipid rich wastewaters is 3 different SRTs such as 20, 30 and 50 days. The specific often regarded as challenging due to the problems with methanogenic activity tests were regularly done in order biomass adsorption, deteriorating sludge retention, to determine the effect of LCFA accumulation on long sludge activity and inhibition. LCFAs, lipid hydrolysis term biological activity of the sludge. intermediates, exert a surface proportional toxicity to anaerobic biomass at millimolar concentrations (Hwu and Social relevance Lettinga, 1997). They exhibit a similar type of toxicity as Ethanol production, as a renewable energy source and surfactants on cell membranes of methanogens, which fuel additive, form starch based grains such as corn and can lead to cell lysis (Hwu and Lettinga, 1997; Rinzema wheat has increased rapidly in recent years to mitigate et al., 1994). In addition to their bactericidal effect, green-house gas emissions due to the extensive usage LCFAs are also known to suppress the sludge activity by of fossil fuels and to regulate the instabilities in global adsorbing on to the anaerobic biomass, thereby limiting fuel supply. However, bio-ethanol manufacturing is a access to substrate and nutrients. However, the biomass water and energy intensive process that generates a high activity can be restored by the degradation of biomass amount of concentrated wastewater called stillage and associated LCFA in a prolonged time. The reversibility of requires a high amount of energy input for downstream LCFA inhibition indicates that it is largely related to mass stillage management with centrifuges, evaporators and transfer limitations than to the loss of metabolic functions dryers. Therefore its overall environmental benefit is and cell lysis (Cirne et al., 2007). Aside from suppressing still questionable and the its environmental impact has biological activity, LCFAs have also been reported to to be decreased by finding better and more feasible impair granule formation (Hawkes et al., 1995) and to management cause granular sludge flotation and washout in high (stillage). rate granular sludge bed reactors treating lipid rich 82 options for the process wastewater Kaan Dereli Results The potential of anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) for the treatment of lipid rich corn-to-ethanol thin stillage was investigated at three different sludge retention times (SRT), i.e. 20, 30 and 50 days. The AnMBRs achieved high COD removal efficiencies up to 99% and reliable effluent quality. Although higher organic loading rates (OLRs) up to 8.0 kg COD•m-3•d-1 could be applied to the reactors operated at shorter SRTs, better biological degradation efficiencies, i.e. up to 83%, was achieved at increased SRTs. Severe long chain fatty acid (LCFA) inhibition was observed at 50 days SRT, possibly caused by the extensive dissolution of LCFA in the reactor broth, inhibiting the methanogenic biomass. Physicochemical mechanisms such as precipitation with divalent cations and adsorption on the sludge played an important role in the occurrence of LCFA removal, conversion, and inhibition. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Mob: +31 6 85353796 E-mail: [email protected] www.wastewater.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering The major drawbacks, i.e. sludge flotation, insufficient granulation, biomass washout, of granular sludge bed systems when treating high lipid containing wastewaters, can all be addressed at once by membrane assisted biomass retention in AnMBRs. However, this study underlines that although biomass retention is guaranteed by the membrane, the AnMBR process still suffers from reversible LCFA inhibition, mainly caused by LCFA adsorption, and requires an appropriate adaptation/ operation strategy to obtain better biodegradation performance for the Start date project: Nov 2010 Key words: Anaerobic membrane bioreactor, industrial wastewater, lipid, ethanol thin stillage Cooperation with other institutes: Biothane Systems International - Veolia treatment of lipid rich wastewaters. Operating the reactor at short SRTs may result in the washout of free and adsorbed LCFA from the reactor, therefore reducing the effective concentration of LCFA causing inhibition or transport limitation. However, a significant fraction of LCFA would remain undegraded, reducing the methane recovery potential which is important for the feasibility of the process unless another outlet for the precipitated LCFA (Figure 1) is found. On the other hand, at high SRTs more LCFA remains in the reactor and this may increase the amount of LCFA adsorbed on to the biomass and hinder process stability. In order to sustainably treat all LCFA only very low Lipid/Mass ratios can be applied. 83 Individual projects Jojanneke Dirksen Settlement as a driver for sewer rehabilitation Research objectives The study was initiated to search for additional criterions to make sewer pipe replacement decisions more sensible. For this, better insight in the sewer system deterioration processes is required. Currently available information sources have a large uncertainty and do not provide the necessary information; therefore, the potential of a new information source, sewer settlement, will be assessed. Project outline Introduction Throughout Europe, decisions on sewer rehabilitation and replacement are often based on visual inspection reports according to the EN 13508-2. The use of visual Figure 2: Displaced joint and potential location for blockage sewer inspection as the primary investigation technique, however, has major drawbacks. Recent research has Consequently it is to be expected that sewers might shown that visual sewer inspection data proved to be fail before the end of the expected design lifetime of poorly. Therefore, it is very likely that any final decision or 60 years. Monitoring and assessing sewer settlement in result of a deterioration model based on this data source areas prone to settlement might be an alternative to the is only tentatively linked to the actual (future) condition unreliable visual inspection data. of the inspected sewer pipe. Consequently, sewer management based on visual inspection data will likely Approach result in ineffective management. In the fist phase of the study, the settlement rate of As not managing sewer systems is no option, as the study area, Amsterdam was analyzed. It was found deterioration will occur, there is an immediate need for an that historical data on the vertical position of sewer alternative source of reliable information to drive sewer invert levels can be used to accurately estimate the rehabilitation. In many deltas, land settlement is one of settlement rate. The settlement rate in the Amsterdam the local characteristics that significantly influence the study area ranges from 5-10 mm/year (or 30-60 cm in vertical position of sewer system elements and therefore 60 years). Consequently, as experienced in practice, it is the functioning of the system. In Amsterdam e.g., the to be expected that sewer may fail before the end of the settlement rate amounts no less than 5-10 mm/year. expected lifetime of 60 years. In addition to the position of sewer invert levels, the position of individual sewer pipes was measured using a tilt measurement. These measurements gave accurate results and revealed significant differences in settlement between sewer pipes also. Next research phases will focus on the analysis of settlement induced defects such as displaced and open joints, ex/infiltration, locations of stagnant water, loss of storage, fouling of the system and disconnection of sewer pipes. In this phase, information form inspection videos, tilt measurements and hydraulic measurements will be combined. In the final phase the impact of (differential) Figure 1: Expected settlement during the lifetime of a sewer of 60 years (in meters) for the sewer system of Amsterdam 84 settlement on hydraulic functioning will be analyzed using Jojanneke Dirksen model calculations and data from the Amsterdam municipal call centre, which contains detailed information on causes and consequences of sewer dysfunctioning. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Figur 3: Differential settlement of sewer pipes Social relevance Sewer system construction on a large scale started in the Netherlands in the 1950s. Consequently, only few pipes can be found dating back to earlier decades. Because the lifetime of sewer pipes is thought to be around 60 years, it is expected that the number of pipes that need replacement will significantly increase over the next years. In addition, sewer managers are facing an increasing pressure to reduce costs. Knowledge of the ground settlement and the relation between settlement (differences) and sewer system dysfunctioning can help the sewer manager to predict and act upon these negative influences in an effective way. Literature ▪▪ Mob: +31 6 41112779 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Nov 2008 Expected end date: Jun 2013 Key words: Sewer, asset mangement Cooperation with other institutes: Waternet Dirksen, J., Clemens, F., Korving, H., Cherqui, F., Le Gauffre, P., Ertl, T., Plihal, H., Muller, K., Snaterse, C., 2011. The consistency of visual sewer inspection data. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering (DOI:10.1080/15732479.2010.541265), first published on: 07 february 2011 (iFirst). ▪▪ Dirksen, J., Baars, E.J., Langeveld, J.G., Clemens, F.H.L.R. (2012). Settlement as a driver for sewer rehabilitation. Water Science and Technology 66(7) pp 1534-1539. ▪▪ Dirksen, J., Pothof, I.W.M., Langeveld, J.G., Clemens, F.H.L.R. (subm.). Slope profile measurement of sewer inverts. Automation in Construction. ▪▪ Dirksen, J., Baars, E.J., Langeveld, J.G., Clemens, F.H.L.R. (acc.). Quality and use of sewer invert measurements. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering. 85 Individual projects Jorge Elias Maxil Heat modeling in sewer systems Research objectives Results To test a model that combines stochastic model for water The time between pumping spans and the pump capacity use prediction, and a model for temperature prediction (8 L/s) were the parameters used to calculate the flow inside sewers to quantify available heat at the pit. An uncertainty test was made to obtain confidence limits at 95% of our measurements; it was Project outline found that taking water level measurements every three Introduction seconds produced an uncertainty of ± 0.5 L/s compared In order to install decentralized installations for heat to a similar method when the pumping span is read every reuse in cities, information of flow and temperature at second. When temperature at the end of the system was specific spots of a sewer is needed. However, due to the considered, we found a strong diurnal heat pattern which difficulty and cost to measure a variety of parameters, indicates that possibilities to recover heat during night are it is frequent for designers to use hydrographs and low in small sewer systems. other patterns that result from the multiplication of an average parameters and peak factors (Butler and Davies, Scientific relevance 2011). In many cases, these peak factors are obtained The use of a stochastic approach and a mathematical from measurements in large sewers which do not reflect model to calculate the flow and temperature decrease the behavior in small sewers. Our research describes a in free surface flow will also help to determine other method to model flow and temperature coming from characteristics of water quality when temperature plays intermittent discharges in small sewers by linking a an important role. stochastic model for wastewater discharge, a hydraulic, and a temperature model. In order to test the method, a Social relevance monitoring campaign was held in a small sewer system. The use of this model is aimed to make further studies on the feasibility to reclaim heat from wastewater inside Approach urban zones. This will help to make the urban water cycle Simulated instantaneous drinking water discharges more sustainable. and their initial temperatures for every dwelling were generated with an stochastic model described by Literature Blokker et al. (2010) and later converted into attenuated ▪▪ wastewater discharge patterns. The BLOKKER, E. J. M., VREEBURG, J. H. G. & VAN DIJK, intermittent J. C. 2010. Simulating residential water demand discharge patterns for every house were the input data to with a stochastic end-use model. Journal of Water simulate the wastewater discharge dynamics in the sewer using the St. Venant equations for one dimensional flow Resources Planning and Management, 136, 19-26. ▪▪ and unsteady calculation. The temperature change of the simulated discharges was calculated with a temperature BUTLER, D. & DAVIES, J. 2011. Urban Drainage, Spon Press. ▪▪ ELÍAS-MAXIL, A., HOFMAN, J., HOEK, J. P. V. D. & model adapted from Waneer et al. (2004) for several RIETVELD, L. C. Submitted. A Bottom-up Approach to points along the sewer pipe. The flow method was Estimate Dry Weather Flow in Minor Sewer Networks. calibrated and validated with water level measurements In: IWA (ed.) 7th International Conference on Sewer at the pit where the wastewater is collected (Elías-Maxil et al., Submitted). The simulation results were compared Process and Networks. Sheffield, UK. ▪▪ WANEER, O., PANAGIOTIDIS, V. & SIEGRIST, H. with flow and temperature measurements from a 2004. Wärmeentnahme aus der Kanalisation-Einfluss small drainage area (two branches, 143 residences) in auf die Abwassertemperatur (Heat recovery from Amsterdam where the temperature of the water flowing sewers: Effect on the wastewater temperature) along the sewer network was measured with an optic Korrespondenz Abwasser, 51, 489-495. fiber cable. 86 Jorge Elias Maxil Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2789086 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Mar 2010 Expected end date: Mar 2014 Key words: Heat modeling, sewer, waterenergy nexus Cooperation with other institutes: Waternet, KWR 87 Individual projects Mustafa Evren Ersahin DYNAFIL-Application of Dynamic Membrane Technology in Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor Systems Research objectives Approach The aim of this study is to investigate the applicability To investigate the applicability of the DM technology for of dynamic membranes (DMs) for the treatment of treatment of concentrated wastewaters, two anaerobic concentrated dynamic MBRs (AnDMBRs) (submerged and external wastewaters in anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs). This indeed was oriented to configurations) were conducted (Figure 1). AnMBR using cloth or mesh filtration instead of a ‘real’ membrane. The feasibility of DM technology for the Results treatment of concentrated wastewaters at low fluxes High removal efficiencies comparable to AnMBR systems was investigated under mesophilic conditions. Besides, were obtained with AnDMBR technology. This could be the determination of an optimal support material and accomplished by formation of a porous and compressible investigations about its structure were achieved by cake layer on the support material surface. Support testing various types of support materials. material properties are critical for the formation of an effective cake layer over the filter surface in DM filtration Project outline technology. The results of the short and the more long- Introduction term experimental studies indicated that staple filter Granule and biofilm formation represents the traditional cloth is more suitable for depth filtration, whereas, mono- way to achieve the necessary biomass retention in high monofilament filter is more suitable for cake filtration rate anaerobic systems, enabling bioreactors operation at (Ersahin et al., 2013). Therefore, mono-monofilament high biomass concentrations. However, several conditions filter is considered more appropriate for DM filtration have been identified where biofilm and granule formation systems. does not proceed well, such as high salinity and high temperatures. The AnMBRs physically ensure biomass Scientific relevance retention by the application of membrane filtration One of the most important potential benefits of DM processes. Combination of membrane and anaerobic technology is that the membrane itself may be no longer processes has received much attention and become necessary, since solids rejection will be accomplished by more attractive and feasible, due to their advantages the secondary membrane layer. Repeated processes of with regard to developments for sustainable wastewater formation and removal of DM physically may slow down treatment. The major drawbacks of MBR technology are the loss of membrane permeability. The development related with membrane costs, especially for the full scale of an optimal support material and investigations about applications, fouling and low flux. DM technology may be its structure were achieved by applying various types a promising approach to resolve problems encountered in of membranes and support materials. In addition, the MBR processes (Kiso et al., 2000; Fan and Huang, 2002). influence of foulants on DM formation, which is the major DM, which is also called secondary membrane, is formed drawback of MBR technology, was investigated. on an underlying support material when the filter solution contains suspended solid particles such as microbial flocs Social Relevance (Ersahin et al., 2012). Formation of this cake layer can Low-cost and different kind of materials can be used determine rejection properties of the system, since the as the filter media for creating DM. As an alternative to deposited layer can act as a “secondary” membrane prior microfiltration or ultrafiltration membranes, polypropylene the “real” filter. monofilament filter cloth was used as support material to form a DM (cake) layer and to provide high quality filtration by this self-forming layer. By decreasing cost and generating energy, ADMBRs will receive much attention, due to their advantages with regard to developments for sustainable waste(water) treatment. 88 Mustafa Evren Ersahin Submerged AnDMBR Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2789086 E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft External AnDMBR Figure 1. Experimental Set-ups Literature ▪▪ Ersahin, M.E., Ozgun, H., Dereli, R.K., Ozturk, I., Roest, K., van Lier, J.B., 2012. A review on dynamic membrane filtration: materials, applications and future perspectives, Bioresource Technology, 122, 196-206. ▪▪ Ersahin, M.E., Ozgun, H., van Lier, J.B., 2013. Effect of support material properties on dynamic membrane filtration performance, Separation Science and Technology, 48(15), 2263-2269. ▪▪ Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Nov 2010 Expected end date: Nov 2014 Key words: Anaerobic membrane bioreactor, dynamic membrane, cake filtration Cooperation with other institutes: KWR, STOWA, Waterschap Brabantse Delta, Waternet, Logisticon Water Treatment, Bert Daamen Fan, B., Huang, X., 2002. Characteristics of a self-forming dynamic membrane coupled with a bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment, Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 5245-5251. ▪▪ Kiso, Y., Jung, Y.J., Ichinari, T., Park, M., Kitao, T., Nishimura, K., Min, K.S., 2000. Wastewater treatment performance of a filtration bioreactor equipped with a mesh as a filter material, Water Research, 34 (17), 4143-4150. 89 Individual projects Astrid Fischer Decision Support System for controlling emerging substances in the water-cycle Research objectives Level 1 – Present, will be mapping the present situation. The aim of the project is to build, validate and demonstrate This will be done by gathering as detailed as possible a Decision Support System (DSS) that will help actors information of the concentration of relevant compounds within the water-cycle to make informed decisions on in the surface waters of the case investigated. When an how to control emerging substances in the water-cycle overview of the chemical profile of the water is acquired, the most cost-effective and efficient way. and a post-treatment profile will be made based on the water treatment technologies currently in place by the Project outline organisation of decision-maker. Finally a toxicological Introduction evaluation is made based on the TTC (Threshold of Emerging substances in surface water are increasingly Toxicological Concern) concept when the toxicological giving concern to the public, regulators and users of knowledge of the substance is limited (Mons et al. 2013). this water as a drinking water source (Houtman 2010). When the toxicity of the compound is well known a However legislation both on a national and international provisional drinking water guideline will be used (Schriks level is often running behind especially in the case of et al. 2010). To assess the effect on the environment the emerging substances, due to complex decision structures thought is to develop a TTC like approach if possible. and the need for indisputable scientific evidence. Water authorities and water companies struggle with the Level 2 – Solutions, here will be assessed which solutions question where and how to combat these substances are available and applicable to the decision-maker based in the water cycle. As a part of the EU Interreg project on the outcomes of level 1. This will be evaluated within TAPES (Transnational Action Programme on Emerging the categories additional drinking water treatment, Substances) a novel Decision Support System (DSS) is additional wastewater treatment and other types of being developed to facilitate decision makers within the mitigation methods. This will be done by literature review water cycle with the complex task of deciding on the most combined with interpretation of data gathered from pilot cost-effective and efficient strategies to control emerging studies carried out as part of the TAPES project which substances within their segment of the water cycle. should give information on novel and conventional treatments such as membrane filtration (nanofiltration), Approach adsorption, ion exchange, hybrid systems and activated The DSS will be operating on three levels, the idea being carbon. that level 1 can be used separately or in combination with level 2 or 3 based on what decisions to be made (Figure 1). Level 3 – Future, will be simulating various future developments based on consumption, hydrological and/ or legislative scenarios and statistics. In this way, the current situation mapped in level 1 can be adjusted to future scenarios for decisions related to long term effects. Information on consumption patterns of relevant compounds will be based on literature review and demographics, production and other information as done by (van der Aa et al. 2011) with regards to pharmaceuticals. Statistical models will be used for relevant compounds where more monitoring data is available. Hydrological models should be used to predict effects (from phenomenon’s such as climate change) on relevant rivers and future concentrations of relevant Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the Decision Support System. 90 substances. Through analysis of current and pending Astrid Fischer legislation and policies a prediction could be made of which types of compounds would be favoured by the industry in the future and incorporated in the DSS model. Social relevance When such a DSS is completely developed and working adequately it will lead to more informed decision-making throughout the whole water cycle and a more effective and uniform way of managing emerging substances in the water cycle. Literature ▪▪ Houtman C.J. (2010) Emerging contaminants in surface waters and their relevance for the production of drinking water in Europe. J. Integr. Environ. Sci. 7(4), 271-295. ▪▪ Mons M.N., Heringa M.B., van Genderen J., Puijker L.M., Brand W., van Leeuwen C.J., Stoks P., van der Hoek J.P. and van der Kooij D. (2013) Use of the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach for deriving target values for drinking water contaminants. Water Res. 47(4), 1666-1678. ▪▪ Schriks M., Heringa M.B., van der Kooi M.M., de Voogt P. and van Wezel A.P. (2010) Toxicological relevance of emerging contaminants for drinking water quality. Water Res. 44(2), 461-476. ▪▪ van der Aa N.G., Kommer G.J., van Montfoort J.E. and Versteegh J.F. (2011) Demographic projections of future pharmaceutical consumption in the Netherlands. Water Sci. Technol. 63(4), 825831. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Mob: +31 6 30132113 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Jan 2013 Expected end date: Jan 2018 Key words: Emerging substances, mittigation, water cycle Cooperation with other institutes: KWR, TZW, VITO, De Watergroep, Cranfield University, Watershap De Dommel, Erftverband, Waternet, FHNW 91 Individual projects Dara Ghasimi Anaerobic digestion (AD) of fine sieved fraction under both mesophilic and thermophilic conditions Research objectives 3. Determination of the BMP of FSF for mesophilic and 1. To investigate the biomethane potential of the thermophilic conditions using automated methane fine sieved fraction (FSF) from a raw concentrated potentials test system (AMPTS, [2]), according to the wastewater and find the best technically and IWA anaerobic biodegradation, activity and inhibition economically feasible option for its biomethanation. 2. To explore and tackle possible inhibitors involving in mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. task group (ABAI-TG) protocol for batch assays [3], 4. Lab scale experiment of the FSF digestion at both mesophilic and thermophilic conditions in four batch fed laboratory STRs with a working volume of 8 liters Project outline at different dry solids (DS) and organic loading rate Introduction (OLR). Cellulose makes up about 30-50% of the suspended solids in the sewage of western countries. It mainly originates from the use of toilet paper which is estimated to be 10-14 kg per year per average person [1]. Treating this cellulosic waste aerobically adds significant costs to sewage treatment due to the energy input for aerobic degradation and incineration costs of the undegraded fibres that end up in wet waste sludge. In order to remove these particles efficiently from the raw sewage, Waternet (The Netherlands) has established a fine sieve (≈350µm) at the WWTP in Blaricum. It was found that the cellulose content of the FSF is approximately 80% per gram total solids and 85% per Figure 1. Collection of FSF from the very beginning point (sewage) to the final point (CH4) gram volatile solids [1] while the cellulose fraction of primary sludge only reaches a maximum of 30% cellulose. Results This FSF is considered to be suitable for dry digestion, During the first days, after batch feeding of FSF, acetate maximizing energy generation to contribute to the aim of accumulation (about 2.5 grams) was observed in the reaching an energy neutral wastewater treatment, being thermophilic reactor, as well as a slow increase in the part of the umbrella program Energy Factory of the Dutch biogas production rate, which commenced about 1 day Waterboards. after the batch feeding. In contrast, in the mesophilic reactor, a rapid increase in biogas production was In our present study FSF is anaerobically degraded under observed immediately after the batch feeding was started, both mesophilic and thermophilic conditions in 2 batch- followed by a small drop and subsequent rapid increase. fed stirred tank reactors (STR). Biomethane potential From these batch tests, it was concluded that hydrolysis test (BMP), COD removal, and VFAs accumulation were was the rate limiting process in the mesophilic reactor, followed during sequenced batches in order to get insight whereas in the thermophilic digester methanogenesis in the biodegradability of FSF and possible inhibition of seems to be rate limiting. Maximum biogas production intermediate compounds during (dry) digestion. occurred at day 2.20 and 2.76 with almost 1600 ml/ hr under both mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, Approach respectively, which shows a delay of 12 hours for the 1. Characterization of the FSF and cellulose lean waste, thermophilic reactor. This experiment was repeated 2. Mesophilic and thermophilic sludge inoculation in several times, showing the same behaviour in each batch STR reactors, 92 feeding. Dara Ghasimi The mesophilic inoculum originated from a sewer treatment plant (STP) and was considered to be more adapted than the thermophilic inoculum that was obtained from a solid organic waste digester. Table 1 presents the achieved BMP, COD removal and hydrolysis constant(Kh) for both mesophilic and thermophilic digestion of the FSF. It was found that there is no significant difference between mesophilic and thermophilic BMP of the FSF, indicating that a temperature increase does not lead to more conversion.. Table 1. Obtained. BMP, CODrem, and Kh of the FSF digestion FSM Mesophilic Thermophilic BMP [ml CH4/gVSadded] 330 ± 4 331 ± 6 CODrem [%] 70 ± 10 66 ± 9 Kh [d-1] 0.37 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.04 From literature it was found that thermophilic digestion have faster metabolic rates and consequently bigger hydrolysis constant [4], however before adaptation the opposite was found. Therefore, the test was repeated with adapted thermophilic inoculum which resulted in higher hydrolysis constant compared to the mesophilic batch tests (0.49 ± 0.07), as expected. Scientific relevance Municipal sewage treatment is a net energy consuming process as it principally uses aerobic treatment process which utilizes about 1 kWh of electrical energy (only for aeration purpose) per every kg of COD removed. However, if anaerobic technology is applied, not only a huge fraction of energy can be recovered but it also leads to achieve efficient removal of high COD and combined heat and power generation (CHP). Social relevance Decreased energy use for sewage treatment, due to avoided aeration, Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Mob: +31 6 16694522 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Jun 2011 Expected end date: Jun 2015 Key words: Anaerobic digestion, FSF, BMP,mesophilic, thermophilic Cooperation with other institutes: Waternet could also decrease green house gas emissions. Furthermore, anaerobic treatment of the FSF fraction reduces the overall sludge production (expensive to process) and produces biogas that could be used locally or fed to the grid. Literature 1. Ruiken, C et al. (2010). Influent fijnzeven in RWZI’s, Stowa rapport. 2. http://www.bioprocesscontrol.com, accessed on 14 January 2011 3. Angelidaki, I et al. (2009). Defining the biomethane potential (BMP) of solid organic wastes and energy crops: a proposed protocol for batch assays, Water Science & Technology-WST 59.5. 4. van Lier, J. B. (1995). Thermophilic Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment; Temperature Aspects and Process Stability. Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen. 93 Individual projects Marieke de Goede Broadening and renewal of the Dutch drinking water benchmark Research objectives grew between 2000 and 2008, currently the growth This study is initiated to broaden and renew the Dutch drinking water benchmark. The benchmark can be stopped, as can be seen in Figure 1. ▪▪ Variations in performances between drinking water broadened by adding new subjects to it. The idea is that supply organizations have decreased. Because of adding new subjects will push organizations to learn and small variation, there is less differentiation between improve on these subjects leading to improvement of the good and bad performance. This makes the impact drinking water supply sector. and learning effect of the benchmark smaller (van Helden and Brouwer 2005). Project outline ▪▪ Introduction Participating in the benchmark became mandatory in 2012. When performance measurements become for mandatory the chances of undesired effects (i.e. performance comparison. In the drinking water sector it strategic behavior) increase. The measures become serves two goals. On the one hand improvement of the targets and as Goodhart’s law explains: ‘When a performances of the water supply companies and on the measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good Benchmarking is a management instrument other hand it is a form of accountability for the sector (ILT 2012). The drinking water benchmark is first executed measure’. ▪▪ The Dutch drinking water benchmark only has over the year 1997. Since then, the productivity of the attention for the short term, and does not focus on drinking water supply sector has significantly improved long term plans of organizations. (Dumaij and van Heezik 2012). Approach First an evaluation of the current drinking water benchmark is executed to identify aspects that can be improved. This evaluation is performed by literature research and interviews with the Dutch drinking water companies. Based on the identified aspects are improvement, a research plan for the coming years is designed. Results The identified aspects for improvement are: ▪▪ The current drinking water benchmark has two goals: improvement and justification. If a benchmark serves Figure 1: Productivity index numbers of drinking water supply organizations, with 1985 as reference year (Dumaij and van Heezik 2012) two goals, organizations can become too focused on ▪▪ showing that there level of performance is sufficient Further research plan that the improvement objective is under pressure (de A new voluntary benchmark will be designed, focused on Bruijn 2002). future orientation of the organizations. Future orientation Benchmarking can slow down innovation: innovation consists of the following subjects: risk management, asset means management, innovation, water cycle and sustainability. exploring of the unknown. Innovation increases the risk that the results are lower than ▪▪ 94 expected. Benchmarking rewards reproduction of the The new benchmark will only have one goal: improvement known. of the sector. It has no mandatory character which means The learning effect from the Dutch drinking water that strategic behavior will decrease. The new subjects benchmark seems to be decreased. While productivity again have variation, which increases the impact of the Marieke de Goede benchmark. Innovation will be stimulated by having separate attention for it. The new benchmark should in the end lead to an improvement of the drinking water sector. Benchmarking focuses on what is measurable and quantifiable. Therefore, the focus of the next step of this research is to translate the new subjects into performance indicators. Social relevance Improvement of the Dutch drinking water benchmark should lead to improvement of the drinking water supply sector. Introducing the new subjects in the benchmark will lead to a situation where drinking water organizations are learning from each other again. This is expected to improve their performance on the new subjects. Good performance on these subjects is expected to improve the overall performance of these organizations. Literature ▪▪ de Bruijn, H. (2002). Managing Performance in the Public Sector. London, Routledge. ▪▪ Dumaij, A. C. M. and A. A. S. van Heezik (2012). Productiviteitstrends in de drinkwatersector - Een empirisch onderzoek naar het effect van regulering op de productiviteitsontwikkeling tussen 1985 en 2010. Delft, TU Delft. ▪▪ ILT (2012). Protocol prestatievergelijking drinkwaterbedrijven 2012. Den Haag, Inspectie Leefomgevinng en Transport. ▪▪ van Helden, J. and N. Brouwer (2005). “Benchmarking en prestatieverbetering in de publieke sector - Ervaringen met de bedrijfsvergelijking zuiveringsbeheer.” Maandblad voor accountancy en bedrijfseconomie(6): 9. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Mob: +31 6 46212927 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Feb 2013 Expected end date: Feb 2017 Key words: Drinking water benchmark, risk management, assets management, innovation, sustainability, water cycle Cooperation with other institutes: VEWIN 95 Individual projects Anke Grefte Behavior and removal of natural organic matter (NOM) in treatment processes Research objectives treatment lane (IEX positioned before coagulation, The objective of this research is to understand the before ozonation or after slow sand filtration) and two behaviour of different natural organic matter (NOM) IEX configurations (MIEX and fluidized IEX (FIX)) were fractions in drinking water treatment processes and to compared on water quality as well as costs. For this improve the drinking water quality at the consumers tap purpose the pre-treatment plant at Loenderveen and by extending the treatment with an ion exchange process. production plant Weesperkarspel of Waternet were Removing NOM before the existing treatment train will used as a case study. The effect of NOM removal by have a positive effect on following treatment steps, ion exchange on the biological stability of the produced leading to cost effective alternative treatment strategies. drinking water has been researched and an optimization Also the biofilm formation in the distribution network will between ion exchange and ozonation has been made. be limited by NOM removal with ion exchange. NOM characterization by Liquid chromatography with organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) has been evaluated Project outline and used for modeling NOM fraction removal by IEX. Introduction Natural organic matter (NOM) presents several Results challenges for drinking water production. For example, Pilot experiments were performed at the pilot plant of it was found to cause increased coagulant, chlorine and Weesperkarspel. The lanes consisted of ozonation, ozone demands, and short runtimes of granular activated softening, biological activated carbon filtration and slow carbon filters. The presence of natural organic matter sand filtration. Both, MIEX and FIX (Figure 1) were able (NOM) can cause problems in the treatment, as well as in to remove NOM (mainly the HS fraction) to a high extent. the distribution of drinking water. NOM can be a source NOM removal can be done efficiently before ozonation and for regrowth in the distribution system, thus decreasing after slow sand filtration. The biological stability, in terms the biological stability of the drinking water. To improve of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) (Figure 2), biofilm the water quality at the consumer’s tap, NOM should be formation rate and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), was (partly) removed during drinking water treatment. improved by incorporating IEX for NOM removal. IEX positioned before ozonation was most cost effective and Approach improved the biological stability of the treated water. The main part of NOM, is negatively charged; therefore The reaction of ozone with NOM has been researched for these can be efficiently removed by anionic ion exchange three water qualities with different DOC concentrations (IEX). Different placement positions of IEX in the and NOM compositions, obtained after several stages of an anion exchange process. It was shown that for Figure 1: Ion exchange column at pilot plant Weesperkarspel 96 Figure 2: Average AOC values after each treatment step Anke Grefte the same ozone dosage per DOC, the ozone demand was higher, less bromate was formed and a lower disinfection capacity was reached for water containing mainly humic substances, than for water where the humic substances were partly removed. It can be concluded that NOM composition, specifically the humic substances, influences the ozone demand, disinfection capacity and bromate formation. NOM fractionation by LC-OCD provides insight into changes of NOM composition due to water treatment. Reliable concentrations of low molecular weight (LMW) acids were calculated when correction for LMW-humics (HS) was not used. Not correcting for LMW-HS made it possible to research the effect of treatment steps on the LMW-acids concentration and it was found that AOC corresponds to a combination of fractions, which is water type specific. Scientific relevance NOM is, more or less, removed by the existing drinking water treatment and affects the effectiveness of certain treatment processes. NOM is presently seen as a composite parameter and the removal and conversion of specific NOM fractions has not received much attention. By modeling the behavior of different NOM fractions in the treatment process, insight can be obtained in the behavior of NOM in the treatment under changing circumstances and the effects on the treatment Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2787894 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft be studied, also the consequence for environment and costs. Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2628 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Social relevance Start date project: Jan 2006 Expected end date: Nov 2013 effectiveness. By performing the removal of different NOM fractions on different locations in the treatment the effect on the water quality can As the research is executed in co-operation with water companies, the results of the research will directly be implemented in practice. By improved drinking water treatment and avoiding deterioration of the water quality during distribution, in combination with the distribution processes, the excellent Dutch drinking water quality will be safeguarded for the future. Key words: Drinking water quality, advanced treatment, NOM, biological stability Cooperation with other institutes: Waternet, KWR, Vitens, UnescoIHE Literature ▪▪ Grefte, A, Ross, P.S., Dignum, M., Cornelissen, E.R. and Rietveld, L.C. (2013). The influence of the removal of specific NOM compounds by anion exchange on ozone demand, disinfection capacity, and bromate formation. Ozone: Science and Engineering, 35(4):283-294 ▪▪ Grefte, A., Dignum, M., Cornelissen, E.R. and Rietveld, L.C. (2013). Natural organic matter removal by ion exchange at different positions in the drinking water treatment lane. Drinking Water Engineering and Science, 6(1):1-10 ▪▪ Grefte, A., Dignum, M., Baghoth, S., Cornelissen, E., and Rietveld, L. (2011). Improving the biological stability of drinking water by ion exchange. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 11(1):107–112. 97 Individual projects Juan Pablo Gutierrez Heavy Metal Removal from Highly Turbid Water Research objectives The riverbank filtration has demonstrated to be a The general goal is to determine the heavy metals removal suitable system for treating high turbidity waters through the porous media under different conditions of (Thakur and Ojha, 2010). However, very few studies turbidity-sediments load. The specific objectives are to: have demonstrated the ability of riverbank filtration to ▪▪ Determine the clogging behaviour through the remove heavy metals. Sontheimer (1980) reported heavy porous media. metal removals ranging from 0 to 94%. The objective of Determine Hg, Pb, Cd and As removal through porous this study was to investigate the capacity of riverbank media before and after clogging. filtration systems for the removal of heavy metals in ▪▪ highly turbid waters. This was studied using infiltration Project outline column experiments with synthetic river water, supported Introduction by batch experiments to determine the heavy metals Cauca River and Palo River (tributary of Cauca River) isotherms of turbidity causing compounds for Cauca and are characterized for turbidity values up to 10000 NTU Palo Rivers cases. (Torres et al., 2010) during rainy events causing the water treatment plants to be stopped for several hours until Approach the turbid events are over. Progressive deterioration of Infiltration column and batch experiments were carried out surface water is mainly caused by the fast urbanization, based on the turbidity causing compounds found in Cauca in combination with the lack of integration between water River and the riverbed-alluvial formation constituting the management and spatial planning, inappropriate land soil profile at Puerto Mallarino water treatment intake, and use, poor protection of the river basins, discharges from were considered the heavy metal conditions of raw Cauca domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants, River before arriving to the mentioned water treatment landfills, mining, deforestation processes and improper plant. The experiments were conducted at the Stevin III management (IAvH et al., 2011). Almost, in the 44% Laboratory for Fluid Mechanics water laboratory at the of Colombian municipalities is developed the small and faculty of Civil Engineering at Delft University of Technology. medium-scale mining, depending on it around 5 million inhabitants (Defensoría del Pueblo, 2010). In many During laboratory-scale studies were used the two (2) cases mercury amalgamation is the only gold recovery cylindrical plexi-glass infiltration columns packed with a technology available to artisanal miners. This applies homogeneous sandy soil emulating the entrance of river to the average artisanal miner, who is poor. The miner water to the alluvial aquifer. The columns were equipped with needs to sell their gold on a daily or weekly basis in order piezometers for the monitoring of hydraulic conductivity- to buy food and clothing and pay for medical treatment clogging of the porous media and sampling ports. The and their children’s education (Fairtrade Foundation and influent water quality was designed to roughly simulate the Alliance for Responsible Mining, 2011). In addition it is Cauca and Palo River conditions in terms of turbidity. known that landfills and industrial activities are dumping of heavy metals into river streams, contaminating the Adsorption isotherms were used to model the equilibrium water and making its way to human consumption can be adsorption of lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic on harmful to the human being. In the Cauca River heavy turbidity-causing suspended sediments, as found in metals has been measured in concentrations exceeding Cauca and Palo Rivers. the limits allowed by Colombian regulations (decree 1594/1984) regarding to human consumption and even Results liquid discharges into water bodies (Universidad del Valle The infiltration column experiments and batch adsorption and UNESCO-IHE, 2010). experiments have confirmed the potentiality of riverbank filtration systems to remove heavy metals from highly turbid waters, such as the Cauca and Palo River in Colombia. 98 Juan Pablo Gutierrez The adsorption capacity of coarse sand, as found in bank systems, was found to be following descending order: Pb+2 (46.61 µg/g) > Hg+2 (21.93 µg/g) > As+5 (2.78 µg/g) > Cd+2 (1.38 µg/g) (Figure 1). Turbidity-causing components in the water, showed the sequence clay > fine sand > silt for Hg and Pb sorption, whereas As and Cd are not sorbed with any adsorbent evaluated (Figure 2). Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Figure 1. Heavy metals isotherms for very coarse sand Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Oct 2011 Expected end date: Apr 2015 Key words: Riverbank Filtration, Clogging, Turbidity Peaks Cooperation with other institutes: Cinara Institute / Universidad del Valle Figure 2. Heavy metals isotherms related to inorganic materials composing turbidity in Cauca and Palo Rivers: (a) Hg, (b) Pb, (c) As and (d) Cd Cake clogging was the dominant mechanism occurring at both simulated turbidities, assuring a combined Hg and Pb removal and a reduction in As and Cd concentrations during riverbank filtration. Dominant clogging mechanism, cake clogging, is positive for the application in riverbank systems, as the self-cleaning capacity of the riverbed will prevent irreversible deep filtration. 99 Individual projects Amir Haidari One step membrane filtration Research objectives ▪▪ One Step Membrane Filtration project is aimed to find a cheap, applicable method of running the reverse osmosis (RO) installation without any (chemical) pretreatment and rotational lines (Figure 1). ▪▪ minimum replacement of elements when surfaces water is fed water to the elements. Determining the hydraulic By introducing the feed spacer to the flow cell, the flow pattern changed from parallel lines to irregular These irregular rotational stream lines cause mixing of flow. ▪▪ Most of the water flows over the thinnest part of the role of different parts in the spiral-wound elements, filaments, which is generally between the two nodes. which are applied in most of the current installations, by Since, the resistance of the filaments is lowest at using advanced visualization method such as Particle these points. Image Velocimetry is an important step toward One Step Membrane Filtration. Project outline Introduction A major cost of current RO installations belongs to pretreatment, especially when surface water is used as feed water. Although, the RO elements can reject Figure 1: The vector velocity fields of flow cell in present of 28 mil feed spacer (left) and absence of feed spacer (right) all types of harmful substances from surface water, the pretreatment steps are applied to prevent rapid fouling and By increasing the flow velocity inside a cell contained a feed consequently, frequent replacement of these elements. spacer of 28mil, the followings are observed: Fouling, as an inevitable event in membrane filtration, ▪▪ The pressure drop over the flow cell increased. occurs much faster and with much worse symptoms ▪▪ The rotation of vortices became more evident in the absence of pretreatment or in so-called “One compare to the low-velocity conditions indicating the Step Membrane Filtration” (OSMF). To prevent frequent replacement of elements, a profound understanding of creation of more powerful vortices. ▪▪ the membrane filtration with all its actors and reciprocated The more powerful vortices are shifted towards the filaments of the spacer, especially toward interaction between these actors is required. downstream of filaments. Comparing the results of application of feed spacer with Approach different thickness, but the exact same configurations showed Among others, understanding the hydraulic role of the feed that: spacer is a key parameter to less fouling in spiral-wound ▪▪ elements. Most of the former studies substantiate the increase of pressure drop in the feed channel by application ▪▪ of feed spacers for enhancement of mass transfer. The interference of streamlines feeding the top and bottom membrane envelope decreases by increasing Visualization methods, such as Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), are rarely applied for determining the hydraulic role Thicker feed spacers cause lower pressure drop than thinner ones. the feed spacer thickness. ▪▪ The velocity in stagnant regions is minimum, which of feed spacers. In this study, PIV is used to compare creates proper places for settling of the particles. different configurations of feed spacers. Microorganisms could use these particles as the food for their growth and expanding their population. Results: clean water Consequently, stagnant places of feed spacers are When a flow cell filled with a feed spacer of 28 mil thick (each mil is about 25.4 µm) compared to a flow cell without the the places that biofouling initiates. ▪▪ Channeling is a consequence of development of feed spacers in laminar flow the followings were observed: accumulated materials and bacteria from stagnant ▪▪ The cell contained the feed spacer had a higher pressure regions toward the free spaces between these differences than the cell filled with the membrane only. filaments. 100 Amir Haidari Scientific relevance Former studies in which Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) modules are used, made lots of assumptions to get their results. Making of assumptions is reduced in this study to its minimum. This study will elucidate the hydraulic role of different parameters for designing of an optimal feed spacer. Using an optimal feed spacer can reduce the fouling during the operation and cleaning of RO modules. Social relevance OSMF reduces the cost of membrane treatment, by saving energy and chemicals. Waste stream discharge of pretreatment, which is an environment hazardous in current installations, will eliminate by application of OSMF. OSMF will encourage the application of decentralized treatment plant, which could be controlled from a central controlling unit. The latter will reduce transport lines of production to customer and consequently, lower the costs. A smart separation system will provide a high quality of water for the instruments that work with water and heat, such as dishwasher, to prevent scaling and a good-quality water for daily consumption of inhibitors based on the health regulations. Literature ▪▪ W.G.J.van der Meer, Membraanfiltratie presteren onder druk. 27-3-2008. Ref Type: Hearing ▪▪ M. Gimmelshtein and R. Semiat, Investigation of flow next to membrane walls, Journal of Membrane Science, 264 (2005) 137-150. ▪▪ P. Willems, N.G. Deen, A.J.B. Kemperman, R.G.H. Lammertink, M. Wessling, M. van Sint Annaland, J.A.M. Kuipers, and W.G.J. van der Meer, Use of Particle Imaging Velocimetry to measure liquid velocity profiles in liquid and liquid/gas flows through spacer filled channels, Journal of Membrane Science, 362 (2010) 143-153. ▪▪ A.P.S. Yeo, A.W.K. Law, and A.G. Fane, Factors affecting the performance of a submerged hollow fiber bundle, Journal of Membrane Science, 280 (2006) 969-982. ▪▪ Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Mob:+31 6 34383171 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Nov 2011 Expected end date: Nov 2015 Key words: Membrane, PIV, Hydraulics, Feed spacers Cooperation with other institutes: Vitens Water Company W.G.J. van der Meer, M. Riemersma, and J.C. van Dijk, Only two membrane modules per pressure vessel? Hydraulic optimization of spiralwound membrane filtration plants, Desalination, 119 (1998) 57-IN7. ▪▪ W.G.J. van der Meer and J.C. van Dijk, Theoretical optimization of spiralwound and capillary nanofiltration modules, Desalination, 113 (1997) 129-146. 101 Individual projects Alexander Hendriks High-rate VFA production from industrial waste using the granular sludge process Research objectives Results For the production of bioplastics, polyhydroxyalkanoate The project aims on elucidating typical process engineering (PHA) can be used as raw material. For efficient PHA related aspects of the process like the impact of solids production, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are needed, which retention time, and operational variables like temperature and can be obtained through anaerobic fermentation using low- pH. Experiments will be conducted with specific substrates grade wastewater. Using granular sludge technology for the and mixtures of substrates (artificial wastewater). Also the fermentation process could enhance conversion efficiencies, influence of (un)degradable solids on the granule formation reduce reactor size and will lead to biomass free, but VFA and VFA product spectrum will be investigated. rich effluent. The application of granular sludge technology for VFA production of wastewater is however a largely Scientific relevance unexplored research topic. Aim of this research is to develop The application of the granular sludge technology for pre- a novel reactor technology using different operational acidification of wastewater is a largely unexplored research conditions and (mixtures of) substrates and study its effect topic. This results of this research should shed some light on on granule formation and VFA product spectra. the effects of different operational conditions and (mixtures of) substrates on granule formation and VFA product spectra. Project outline Introduction Social relevance Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biopolymers produced As mankind we should shift to a more sustainable and by many different bacteria as an intracellular carbon and biobased society. VFA’s are a useful building block for products energy reserve material. In response to the problems and in this biobased society, as for bioplastics. The results of this harmful effects of plastic wastes on the environment, PHAs research will bring valorization of wastewater streams a step attract considerable attention as alternative for petroleum closer based plastics because they are biodegradable and made from renewable resources (Braunegg et al., 1998; Literature Leaversuch, R., 1987). PHA can be produced by alternating ▪▪ Braunegg, G., Lefebvre, G., Genser, K.F., 1998. dosage of VFA to a biological process (Johnson et al., 2009) Polyhydroxyalkanoates, biopolyesters from renewable This research will focus on the production of a VFA rich resources: physiological and engineering aspects. Journal medium from the effluent of agro- and food industries. This medium could be used hereafter for bioplastic production or of Biotechnology 65 (2-3), 127-161. ▪▪ utilised differently. Johson, K., Jiang, Y., Kleerebezem, R., Muyzer, G., Van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., 2009. Enrichment of a mixed bacterial culture with a high polyhydroxyalkanoate Approach For efficient PHA production, the conversion of organic substrate into VFA should be maximized, the VFA composition should be controllable, production of hydrogen and methane gas should be avoided, biomass concentrations in the bioreactor’s effluent should be minimized and the reactor should be as compact as possible to minimize the footprint and investment costs. A possible way to fulfill these objectives is by using a granular sludge process. The research will focus on granule formation, stability and the effects of operational conditions and (mixtures of) substrates on granules VFA production and VFA spectra. 102 storage capacity. Biomacromolecules 10 (4), 670-676 ▪▪ Leaversuch, R., 1987. Industry weighs the need to make polymer degradable. Modified Plastics 64, 52-55 Alexander Hendriks Figure 1: Intracellulair PHA storage, the resource for bioplastic Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Mob:+31 6 48758229 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Sep 2013 Expected end date: Sep 2017 Key words: VFA production, Granular sludge, bioplastics Cooperation with other institutes: STW, Paques 103 Individual projects Jingyi Hu Influence of NF pretreatment on PhACs adsorption in effluent water by activated carbon Research objectives the adsorption capacity (K, the adsorbed amount at A combination of nanofiltration (NF) and granular equilibrium concentration of 1µg/L). activated carbon (GAC) adsorption was proposed for a subset of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) Results removal in wastewater effluent for reuse purposes. The Results show that a significant reduction in PhACs first objective was to investigate if NF is an appropriate adsorption occurred on the preloaded GACs (Figure 1 and pretreatment for reducing the preloading effect of the Figure 2). Overall, the mesoporous HD4000 exhibited background organic matter on PhACs adsorption by a higher reduction than the microporous UC830 after activated carbon. The second objective was to select the being preloaded. Nonetheless, no adsorption difference suitable GAC with a lower preloading potential. was observed on feed water preloaded HD4000 and the permeate preloaded HD4000 (Figure 1), which indicates Project outline that the NF rejected EfOM in feed water is irrelevant to Introduction compete with PhACs for adsorption sites or block PhACs PhACs in wastewater effluent pose a great threat to the adsorption pores on HD4000. In contrast, different receiving aquatic ecosystems, so the removal during reduction rates were found on feed water preloaded the water reclamation process constitutes a major task. UC830 and the permeate preloaded UC830 in relation to Advanced treatment technologies, such as NF was different PhACs (Figure 2). The charged PhACs showed demonstrated to be highly effective for removal of organic similar reductions on feed water and permeate preloaded matter and the (negatively) charged PhACs, while other UC830, while the neutral PhACs displayed two reduction PhACs showed to be more refractory. A hybrid system patterns according to their hydrophobicities (described with granular activated carbon (GAC) as a post treatment by the logKow values). Namely, the neutral hydrophilic was thus investigated to completely eliminate the PhACs. PhACs had higher uptakes on the permeate preloaded In this study, the adsorption behaviours of a subset of UC830 than the feed water preloaded UC830, while an PhACs on two structurally different GACs (before and inverse pattern was noticed for the neutral hydrophobic after organic matter preloading) were investigated. NF PhACs. pretreatment was performed to evaluate the possibilities The abovementioned observations suggest: (1) HD4000 of preventing the preloading effect from effluent organic with broader pore size distribution is more vulnerable to matter (EfOM). preloading. (2) The PhACs adsorption site reduction on HD4000 is mainly caused by the pore occupation from Approach the small EfOM molecules (Zoschke et al. 2011), which Two coal-based GACs: mesoporous HD4000 (Norit Inc.) cannot be rejected by the preceding NF. (3) Except for and microporous UC830 (Siemens Inc.) were applied. the reduced adsorption sites, electrostatic interaction Preloading of the two fresh GACs were carried out in on preloaded UC830 also plays a role in charged batch adsorption mode following the protocol of Karanfil PhACs adsorption (De Ridder et al. 2011). (4) Neutral et al. (2006). A polymeric NF membrane (Nadir Micro- hydrophobic PhACs might be possibly partitioned onto dyn Inc.) with a molecular weight cutoff of 800Da was the deposited EfOM fraction (i.e. rejected by the NF) on employed and operated with a water recovery less than the feed water preloaded UC830 (Yu et al. 2009). (5) NF 10%. pretreatment appears to be only effective for improving Twelve PhACs with varying physical-chemical properties neutral hydrophilic PhACs adsorption on microporous were chosen, the spiked initial concentration of each UC830. PhAC was 5µg/L. Adsorption isotherms were conducted in the organic-free water, on fresh GACs, effluent water preloaded GACs and the NF permeate preloaded GACs, respectively. The Freundlich model was used to evaluate 104 Jingyi Hu Scientific and social relevance NF as an effective means of removing organic matter serves to reduce the organic loading on the subsequent GAC, which allows more available sites for PhACs adsorption and prolong the GAC service time. This combination technology is beneficial for eliminating PhACs during the reclamation process and helps to reduce their impact on aquatic ecosystem in the surface water bodies. Literature ▪▪ De Ridder et al., Water Sci. Tech., 63(3), 416-23, 2011. ▪▪ Karanfil et al., Env. Sci. Tech., 40(4), 1321-7, 2006. ▪▪ Yu et al., Env. Sci. Tech., 43(5), 1467-73, 2009. ▪▪ Zoschke et al., Water Res., 45(15), 4544-50, 2011. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2785457 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Figure 1. Adsorption of PhACs on preloaded HD4000 and the reduction percentage in relative to that on fresh HD4000. (FW is the abbreviation for feed water; PW is the abbreviation for NF permeate water) Start date project: Mar 2011 Expected end date: Mar 2015 Key words: Pharmaceutical active compounds; activated carbon; nanofiltration Cooperation with other institutes: University of Queensland Figure 2. Adsorption of PhACs on preloaded UC830 and the reduction percentage in relative to that on fresh UC830 105 Individual projects Maarten Keuten DIPool; Dutch Innovative Pool Advanced UV-based technology for pool water treatment Research objectives Reduction of chemical disinfectants in public swimming pools. This can be done by combining alternative disinfection techniques with adapted water treatment in a new pool water treatment concept including aspects of hygienic control of pool visitors. The goal is to have chemical disinfectant free swimming pool water for public swimming pools. Project outline Introduction The main disadvantage of chemically disinfected swimming pools is the formation of unwanted disinfection Results by-products (DBPs). Reducing DBPs by abandoning The release of anthropogenic pollutants originating from chemical disinfectants introduces new challenges for swimmer’s sweat, 34% of total release, can be controlled pool water treatment. The DIPool project investigates by the pool water temperature (figure 3). The remaining swimming pool water treatment without chemical 66% of anthropogenic pollutants is due to unhygienic disinfectants to face these challenges. The release of behaviour (no pro-swim shower and no use of toilet pollutants during swimming and the biological stability of during swimming) (figure 4). The cooperation with swimming pool water where studied in 2013. behavioural scientists is the next step in this research. Approach Laboratory experiments were done to determine the anthropogenic pollutants released during swimming (figure 1). The laboratory results were validated with pool-site experiments. A pilot plant setup was used to focus on the pool water treatment at chlorinated and non-chlorinated swimming pool conditions (figure 2). The biofilm formation potential was determined with the use of membrane fouling simulators. The biofilm formation potential was studied at different swimming pool conditions. The bio activity for nonchlorinated pool water was 10 times higher compared to the chlorinated pool water. The bio activity of the tap water at pool water temperature was 10 times higher compared to the non-chlorinated pool water (figure 5). 106 Maarten Keuten Scientific relevance Current pool water treatment relies on chemical disinfection. The development of a pool water treatment with alternative disinfection techniques is a new field of expertise. The influence of the dynamic bathing load on the water quality must be kept in control. Creating stable microbial pool water without the use of chemical disinfectants can lead to new viewpoints for comparable water treatment processes. Social relevance Since the early ages bathing and swimming play an important role in communities. The use of water basins changed over the ages from religious via hygienic to more recreational and educational purposes. During this development bathing and swimming has always been a social activity. Complaints about “swimming pool odour” and eye irritation are common reasons why nowadays some people never visit public swimming pools. UV-Disinfected swimming pools will provide healthy swimming without nuisance from disinfection by-products. Literature ▪▪ M.G.A. Keuten, M.C.F.M. Peters, H.A.M. Daanen, M.K. de Kreuk, L.C. Rietveld, M.C.M. van Loosdrecht, J.C. van Dijk Quantification of continual anthropogenic pollutant release in swimming pools Abstract, poster and oral presentation for 5th Pool and Spa Conference 9-12 April 2013 in Rome ▪▪ M.G.A. Keuten, M.C.F.M. Peters, L.C. Rietveld, J.C. van Dijk Removal efficiency of anthropogenic pollutants in different pool water treatment steps Abstract and poster presentation for 5th Pool and Spa Conference 9-12 April 2013 in Rome ▪▪ M.G.A. Keuten, M.C.F.M. Peters, H.A.M. Daanen, M.K. de Kreuk, L.C. Rietveld, J.C. van Dijk Quantification of continual anthropogenic Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering and Faculty of Applied Sciences Mob: +31 6 29581966 E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2628 CN Delft Julianalaan 67 2628 BC Delf Start date project: End date project: Jan 2009 Jun 2014 Key words: Swimming pool, anthropogenic pollutants, DBP, disinfection Cooperation with other institutes: Hellebrekers Technieken, van Remmen UV-Techniek, Akzo Nobel, Coram International, Sportfondsen Nederland Funding: Agentschap NL EFRO-GO pollutant release in swimming pools Submitted for Water Research, November 2013 107 Individual projects Rian Kloosterman Strategic Assetmanagement in the water cycle Research objectives Approach The objective of the research is to design consistent The research area is defined and divided into 4 research outcome risk based rules and working methods to achieve parts. better assetmanagement decisions for the Vitens drinking water system. The five research parts and the connection with the concern points are shown in the figure below. Project outline Introduction Results Water Cycle Systems (WCS) can be seen as the research First article about research 1 (Analyzing Vitens decision object. It has been defined as the technical (drinking process) is planned spring 2014. water and waste water) system and the environmental and physical systems directly related to the production Scientific and social relevance of drinking water, the water use and the collection, Assetmanagement is a young research field. Combining purification and discharge of the waste water as well scientific (institutional) economics theories and strategic as the actors involved. The WCS is a complex socio- management theories in assetmanagement theories technical system and essential for a proper functioning of for new assetmanagement questions is the scientific society. The management of these large capital-intensive contribution. technical networks in times of water scarcity, climate change, within various economical and social institutional situations is one of the mayor challenges of our time. Good management of the physical assets of the WCS requires good knowledge of the assets, effective design and efficient maintenance. The key for achieving an optimal social situation is in other words, good strategic asset management, which is the focus area of the research. The theoretical framework to study decision making and development in this field is the institutional economy and performance management. Wherein institutions are seen as the driving factors to reduce costs and/or increase the performance. 108 Rian Kloosterman Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Mob: +31 6 23227034 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: May 2012 Expected end date: May 2017 Key words: Effectiveness of assetmanagement decisions; impact of institutions Cooperation with other institutes: PhD is a collaboration between the faculty of CiTG and TBM 109 Individual projects Guido Kooijman Flocculants for chemically enhanced pre-treatment: ready for the future Project outline Sludge dewatering Introduction A known characteristic of poly electrolyte (PE), or Application of chemically enhanced pre-treatment (CEPT) flocculants, is that it resists biological degradation is not widely used in the Netherlands. This is mainly (Campos et al., 2008). In our present study we use this because the critical COD/N ratio for denitrification, that refractory characteristic of PE in combination with the will be negatively influenced by excessive pre-treatment. capacity of PE to enhance sludge dewatering (Murthy, However, with the perspective of a low COD/N tolerant 1998; Novak, et al., 2003). It was shown that application treatment plant (Nereda with nitritation and Anammox of PE increased primary sludge production in combination (Winkler et al., 2012)), CEPT is a concept that will with an enhanced dewaterability of the digested waste regain attention in the Netherlands. Although CEPT is sludge. Table 1 (next page) shows data for four methods used already since the ’30, in the Optimix project CEPT of primary sludge production: RS: reference situation is evaluated as a solution for today’s problems. Micro with conventional settling of wastewater. C: application pollutant treatment, sludge dewaterability as well as small of 10 PPM cationic organic floccuant, A: addition of footprint sewage treatment plants (STPs) are considered 10 PPM anionic organic flocculant and M: addition of in this study. organic coagulant. The sludge is thickened, digested and dewatered. Smaller footprint The application of flocculants can have a considerable These results show that the PE dosed in the primary advantage for the plant footprint: when flocculants are settling not only aids removal of COD and P, but also applied, a fine sieve will suffice to remove the flocculated improves dewaterability of the waste sludge, which can solids (Figure 1) and yield a dry solids (DS) concentration have big consequences for operational costs since sludge of 6.6%. This would give the possibility to replace the disposal can account for up to 50% of total operational conventional primary settlers and thickeners for a fine costs (Spinosa and Vesilind, 2001). sieve before the primary sludge is sent to the digester or incineration plant. Pharmaceutical removal Literature suggests that colloids in wastewater sorb a relatively large share of pharmaceuticals. The Optimix project aims at directing these colloids to the primary sludge in the primary clarifier by adding organic flocculants/ coagulants. The colloidally bound pharmaceuticals will end up in a concentrated stream, which offers the possibility of advanced treatments. However, it appears that pharmaceuticals can hardly be flocculated (Table 2 on the next page) and pharmaceuticals are not attached to colloid down to 0.1 µm (data not shown). Therefore the treatment of pharmaceuticals with CEPT is concluded to be unsuitable. Figure 1. Result of fine-sieving cationic primary sludge (C) 110 Guido Kooijman Table 2. Percentage of removal of pharmaceuticals in different settling situations. Grey areas there is a significant difference between raw influent and settling/flocculated wastewater. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Mob: +31 6 13764357 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Jan 2011 Expected end date: Jan 2015 Literature ▪▪ Campos, E., Almirall, M., Mtnez-Almela, J., Palatsi, J., Flotats, X., 2008. Feasibility study of the anaerobic digestion of dewatered pig slurry by means of polyacrylamide. Bioresource technology 99, 387–95. ▪▪ Murthy, S.N., 1998. Bioflocculation: Implications for activated sludge properties and wastewater treatment. ▪▪ Key words: Anaerobic digestion, micro pollutants, flocculants, sludge dewatering Cooperation with other institutes: Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland Nalco B.V. Het Waterlaboratorium Novak, J.T., Sadler, M.E., Murthy, S.N., 2003. Mechanisms of floc destruction during anaerobic and aerobic digestion and the effect on conditioning and dewatering of biosolids. Water research 37, 3136–44. ▪▪ Spinosa, L., Vesilind, P.A., 2001. Sludge into Biosolids - Processing, Disposal, Utilization. ▪▪ Winkler, M.-K.H., Kleerebezem, R., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., 2012. Integration of anammox into the aerobic granular sludge process for main stream wastewater treatment at ambient temperatures. arch 46, 136–44. 111 Individual projects Gang Liu Biological stability and bacterial ecology during drinking water distribution: distribution of re-mineralized RO permeate Research objectives Approach Investigate: In the coming three years, the research work packages will 1. The biological stability of re-mineralized RO permeate. be conducted in three phases of different scales. To study 2. Bacterial ecology of distributing re-mineralized RO the biological stability, pilot distribution systems, membrane permeate. 3. Potential influence of transition effects and cleaning methods to minimum the effects. 4. Customers’ benefits and potential risks. fouling simulators, and continuous biofilm monitors will be used. The planktonic and surface grew bacteria will be quantified by HPC, ATP and flow cytometry cell count. Bacterial community composition and structure will be studied by the next generation sequencing techniques, e.g. Project outline Introduction 454 pyrosequencing. Full scale study will be conducted in Although it is possible to produce high quality drinking from pilot study, before fully startup of the new treatments. the last year of the project to validate knowledge obtained water at treatment plants, the water quality may deteriorate during distribution. Therefore, drinking water distribution Results system (DWDS) has becoming a crucial part of drinking The project is under starting up period, results will be water research. Due to the health related issues, most available soon. The following figure shows previous of the efforts have been given to biological stability and observed transition effects during starting up of supplying bacteriology (e.g. biofilm, legionella in DWDS). The use of better quality water treated by upgraded treatments disinfectant residuals has been avoided in the Netherlands, (Figure 1). instead Dutch approach produce and supply biological stable drinking water by removing organic nutrients (AOC Social relevance below 10 µg C l-1). Safe and high quality drinking water is essential for With the development of water technologies and upgrading any modern societies. Development of advanced water of water regulations, it has been a common practice to treatment technologies offers better solutions to improve upgrade treatments to supply better quality drinking drinking water service. However, the changes of supply water. Oasen is aiming to supply the impeccable quality water quality will lead to different levels of transition to customers. This project is aim to make a big step effects, such as discoloration and biomass peaks at forward to come to a new standard by producing ‘nutrient customers’ taps. Therefore, it is important that on one free’ drinking water with RO. This water has a negligible hand the produced water quality should be improved regrowth potential, providing promising opportunities to by applying advanced technologies. On the other maintain high quality at customers’ taps, and to prevent hand, the improved water quality should be maintained target bacterial growth (pathogens and/or opportunistic till customers’ taps without deterioration caused by pathogens, e.g. like Legionella). distributing process. Yet, it is still not clear how the re-mineralization process will influence the biological stability, will the influence of Literature material released by and permeate through pipe material ▪▪ Liu, G., F. Q. Ling, A. Magic-Knezev, W. T. Liu, J. Q. J. become significant to promote bacterial growth, and how C. Verberk and J. C. Van Dijk (2013). “Quantification will the quality of re-mineralized RO water be influenced by and identification of particle-associated bacteria in the current bio-fouled DWDS. unchlorinated drinking water from three treatment plants by cultivation-independent methods.” Water Research 47(10): 3523-3533. ▪▪ Liu, G., M. C. Lut, J. Q. J. C. Verberk and J. C. Van Dijk (2013). “A comparison of additional treatment 112 Gang Liu processes to limit particle accumulation and microbial growth during drinking water distribution.” Water Research 47(8): 2719-2728. ▪▪ Liu, G., E. J. Van der Mark, J. Q. J. C. Verberk and J. C. Van Dijk (2013). “Flow Cytometry Total Cell Counts: A Field Study Assessing Microbiological Water Quality and Growth in Unchlorinated Drinking Water Distribution Systems.” Biomed Research International. ▪▪ Liu, G., J. Q. J. C. Verberk and J. C. Van Dijk (2013). “Bacteriology of drinking water distribution systems: an integral and multidimensional review.” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 97(21): 9265-9276. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Mob: +31 6 21391751 E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Figure 1. Suspended solids collected by multiple particle filtration system (MuPFiS). X-axis shows four locations in distribution area in the order of distance from treatment plant (D1 closest and D4 farest). Y-axis shows sampling time counted from the starting up of the new treatments. The samples were only taken three times and once per week. A decrease of particle load, as observed from the color of the filters, were confirmed by total suspended solids (TSS) analysis, results not shown. Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Oct 2008 Expected end date: Oct 2016 Key words: Drinking water distribution system (DWDS), biological stability, RO permeate, DWDS transition effects Cooperation with other institutes: Oasen Water Company 113 Individual projects Peter Lu Hybrid Ceramic microfiltration for surface water treatment Research objectives ▪▪ Surface water suffers of too high concentrations of turbidity, NOM, color, smell, micropollutants and ▪▪ pathogens. Microfiltration in combination with activated powdered activated carbon put on the membrane as a pre-coat layer before the start of a After six hours an backwash was performed in order to remove the cake layer and a new PAC layer was carbon can improve all of these parameters. In this research The filtration time was extended to six hours in order to use the full adsorption capacity of the PAC put on the membrane. ▪▪ Four filtration cycles were monitored and compared to conventional operation filtration cycle. With a proper coagulation the filtration time was extended to six hours. The PAC-layer acted as a activated carbon column and protected the membrane at the same time. The water recovery of the process could be increased to 97%. The backwash efficiency was increased compared to conventional operation. Project outline Introduction In a normal MF or UF process the cake layer is removed every 15 minutes by a hydraulic backwash. In this research the goal was to protect the membrane surface area as long as possible and to minimize the time that the Figure 1. Filtration performance between only cake layer protection (red); PAC precoating with cake layer protection (blue) and conventional operation with every 19 minutes a backwash (green) pores of the membrane can be blocked because of the absence of the protecting cake layer. Also in conventional operation a large part of the permeate water is used for backwash and thus lowering the water recovery. In normal MF and UF operation the water recovery is about 70 to 80%. By increasing the filtration time the water recovery can be increased to above 90%. Based on this hypothesis we increased the filtration time to 6 hours or more. During the filtration time the TMP increased due to the cake layer on the membrane surface. The TMP increase could be controlled by the coagulation Figure 2. Effluent concentrations of atrazine and sulfamethoxazole in PAC-MF systems with different PAC particle sizes (red=5 micron; blue = 20 micron) conditions: A proper pH, coagulant dose, and shear rate Results produced flocks of a certain size with a lower specific In figure 2 the TMP increase during 4 filtration cycles are cake resistance. Another way to add value to the filtration shown. In the blue graph the membranes are pre-coated process and to minimize membrane fouling at the same with a PAC layer. The green lines represent conventional time is to pre-coat the membranes with powdered operation with filtration cycles of 19 minutes and 1 minute activated carbon (PAC). With PAC on the membrane of backwash. The water recovery was much lower with micropollutants are removed during the filtration process this conventional operation, because of the permeate and at the same time the membrane fouling decreases used for the backwash. Also the short term backwash and the backwash efficiency increases. was not so efficient: the TMP was not restored after every backwash. Although the overall TMP increase was less Approach than the TMP-increase of the precoated-PAC system. The ▪▪ Powdered activated carbon was added as a precoat backwash after six hours restored the precoated system to improve the backwash efficiency and micro almost completely whereas the conventional system was pollutants removal. not restored as good as the precoated system. 114 Peter Lu The PAC layer acted as an activated carbon column. The breaktrough curve could be measured (figure 2). With a filtration time of six hours all of the atrazine could be removed. In case of the small PAC 60% of the sulfamothoxazole was removed in a six hours cycle. With the larger PAC about 40%. Scientific relevance In a hybrid membrane system coagulants and PAC work together to increase the filtration time, recovery and to have an efficient adsorption process. Social relevance A hybrid membrane system with PAC as a precoat is a compact and efficient system that can improve a large number of water quality parameters in one step. The system uses less energy and has a high water recovery and a fouling is minimal. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2781718 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Sep 2009 Expected end date: Sep 2014 Key words: Ceramic membrane, Coagulation, Hydraulic cake layer Cooperation with other institutes: KWR, Vitens 115 Individual projects Kerusha Lutchmiah Sewer Mining Research objectives Results The main aim of this project within the frame of the It has been demonstrated that water extraction from Sewer Mining Concept is to use forward osmosis (FO) for sewage is possible (Lutchmiah et al. 2011), but an water reclamation. In combination with a reconcentration optimised membrane and an ideal draw solution are still process, high quality water can be recovered and the required. Therefore extensive work on draw solutions has organics (inherent in wastewater) can be converted into been carried out. Zwitterions and other amino acids have renewable energy by anaerobic digestion. This work shown of promise, with comparable water fluxes to the follows the trend of increased interest in the promise of commonly used NaCl. The advantage however is that osmotically-driven membrane processes as a potential lower solute leakages were also found (Lutchmiah et al. solution for the most challenging global issue of water 2013) and energy scarcity. Project outline Introduction In response to the depleting fresh water availability and environmental awareness, KWR has developed an innovative and energy efficient process (The Sewer Mining Concept) to produce high quality water from sewage by combining several (waste)water treatment processes. Figure 2: Water and solute flux comparisons between NaCl and the zwitterions Fouling in FO has generally been reported as low compared to pressure-driven membrane processes, but the coupled effects of internal concentration polarisation (ICP) and reverse solute leakage fouling make the process more complicated. Furthermore most fouling studies have been tested using model foulants. In our study FO fouling using raw wastewater was induced. Several analytical techniques were carried out in order to determine the Figure 1: Overview of the Sewer Mining Concept influence of the fouling layer on the characteristics and surface properties of the membrane (Lutchmiah et al. submitted). Approach Pressure assisted osmosis (PAO) was also proposed to The concept allows the extraction of water from sewage enhance the performance of FO processes by reducing by means of FO in combination with a reconcentration ICP. An FO transport model was developed in which system i.e. reverse osmosis (RO). The fundamental the additional hydraulic pressure was incorporated nature uses an osmotic driving force to eliminate the to describe the FO water flux in the FO mode. PAO need for hydrostatic pressure. laboratory experiments were carried out to add pressure on the feed (from 0 - 1 bar). The FO flux increased when the feed pressure increased for both the model and the experiments, but to a lesser extent for the model. PAO might be interesting to enhance FO performance; 116 Kerusha Lutchmiah however, its effect will also be dependent on the type, structure and material of the FO membrane. Scientific relevance Scientific knowledge about FO, especially in terms of wastewater treatment, is still very limited and the concept integration has several scientific challenges, which are interesting. This innovative concept enables high quality water production while possibly reducing the energy consumed by current installations. This project will lead to a new, validated technological concept for producing economical, highquality water and renewable energy from wastewater. Social relevance Water-intensive production processes are accompanied by impacts on the water systems. Therefore, the continuous recovery of water and energy from wastewater sources now will enable future generations to profit from this FO technology, allowing a prolonged life of water and energy globally. Literature ▪▪ Lutchmiah, K., Cornelissen, E.R., Harmsen, D.J.H., Post, J.W., Lampi, K., Ramaekers, H., Rietveld, L.C. and Roest, K. (2011) Water recovery from sewage using forward osmosis. Water Science & Technology 64(7), 1443-1449. ▪▪ Lutchmiah, K., Roest, C., van Lier, J.B. and Cornelissen, E.R. (2013) Solution comprising an osmotic agent and method of extracting water using said solution, Patent, The Netherlands. ▪▪ Lutchmiah, K., Brignoli, C., Zwijnenburg, A., Rietveld, L.C. and Cornelissen, E.R. (submitted) Polysaccharide Dominance in FO Fouling Studies of Raw Wastewater. Water Research. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 30 60 69 585 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Jan 2010 Expected end date: Jan 2014 Key words: Energy, Forward Osmosis, Water Recovery Cooperation with other institutes: KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Waternet, Triqua, Hydration Technology Innovations (HTI) 117 Individual projects David Moed Organic carbon in steam-water cycles Research objectives 1. Determining breakdown organic of NOM, up to the disadvantage of thermal decomposition of acid formation contaminants from found the amines to organic acids? in petrochemical industry and amines under boiler and Results and future approach superheater conditions. Experiments to determine the kinetics and mechanisms of 2. Determining the influence of temperature, pressure, hydrothermal NOM decomposition have been conducted oxygen and wall effects on the thermal degradation on a laboratory scale by using an autoclave, which was kinetics of organic contaminants, organic acids and operated in batch and a flow-reactor operated continuously treatment chemicals. using an HPLC pump. This data has been compared to 3. Quantifying the effect of organic acids and amines on Flow-Accelerated Corrosion. data from an actual SWC. One of the conclusions was that flow-reactors produce more representative results. The latter setup has therefore been applied to investigate the Project outline degradation kinetics of organic additives applied (such as Introduction morpholine and ethanolamine) to protect the SWC. When reusing wastewater treatment plant effluent for making demineralized water for boiler feed, the Total Because results of the degradation studies have indicated Organic Carbon (TOC) content of this source could be a strong influence of temperature, pressure, wall a concern. The guideline for TOC in boiler feed water surface composition and volume:surface ratio, further has become stricter over the years, due to the possible research on hydrothermal degradation will include damage it can cause to the steam-water cycle (SWC). further investigation of these parameters. Because most TOC in a boiler breaks down to short-chain organic acids degradation occurs in the superheater section of a plant, (acetate, formate etc.), a process of which the kinetics the maximum temperature that will be investigated is and mechanisms are not well understood. Even the actual 560˚C at pressures between 60 and 175 bar. The surface detrimental effects of these organic acids are yet to be composition will be altered be using stainless steel and proven. carbon steel tubes in the flow reactor. By changing the diameter of the tube, the volume:surface ratio can be While the effects of organics introduced through the investigated with the same setup. demin-water plant are still being investigated, organic treatment chemicals are being marketed. The (film- With information gathered on organic acids formation forming/alkalizing) amines show great ability to protect and organic additive decomposition, experiments will be the SWC. However, the decomposition of these chemicals designed to test the effect of organic acids and amines can produce the same organic acids that are formed due on two-phase FAC. A test loop located at the University to the breakdown of TOC introduced through make-up of New Brunswick with online corrosion sensors, will be water. used to test the influence of aforementioned constituents on the FAC rate of carbon steel. This will be done at Flow-Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) is the number one temperature between 150 and 250˚C under saturated failure mechanism in SWC’s, especially in two-phase conditions with <5 ppb oxygen, at a high flow rate and flow (water and steam). Conventionally, ammonia is the steam voidage. preferred alkalizing agent for protecting wetted parts of the SWC. In the two-phase flow with high steam voidage, the relatively small amount of water contains the majority of the contaminants, while most ammonia (with its high volatility) is still located in the steam. Amines with higher basicity and lower volatility could provide good protection against two-phase FAC, but do these advantages weigh 118 David Moed Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Scientific relevance By understanding the decomposition of TOC and amines, predictions of the presence organic acids can be made for numerous process conditions. The FAC experiments will show the actual effect of decomposition products and the amines that try to counter corrosion. This will help in establishing an accurate guideline for TOC concentrations and for the addition of amines in steam-water cycles. Social relevance This research will contribute to reusing wastewater for high-end industrial purposes, without concerns about corrosion and deposits in the system. Therefore it will bring society a step closer to successfully implementing closed industrial water cycles and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD). Because some of the issues addressed have a much broader impact than wastewater reuse alone, the research will also contribute to overall safety of industrial sites operating boilers, while maintaining Mob: +31 6 41624278 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. Box 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Room 4.44 Start date project: Sep 2011 Expected end date: Nov 2015 Key words: Industrial water, reuse, boilers, TOC decomposition, corrosion Cooperation with other institutes: Evides Industriewater minimal costs for water treatment. 119 Individual projects Mohamed Faiz Mohd Amin Removal of micropollutant by nanoclay-polymer combination Research objectives Scientific and social relevance 1. To develop a nanoclay-polymer composite that can This research gives an insight in the use of nanoclay be used as medium for micropollutant removal. with the combination of polymers as an alternative for 2. Comparison between clays performance in micropollutant removal. 3. To develop and determine the optimum application method. micropollutant removal. The successful development of a treatment method with the nanoclay-polymer combination or with the nanocomposites is able to reduce the treatment costs. Project outline Literature Introduction ▪▪ In this project, a new treatment alternative is developed to remove micropollutant and wastewater parameter effectively and in a cost effective way. A potential solution G. Beall, “The use of organo-clays in water treatment,” Appl. Clay Sci., vol. 24, no. 1–2, pp. 11– 20, Nov. 2003. ▪▪ D. Zadaka, S. Nir, A. Radian, and Y. G. Mishael, is the use of nanoclay coupled with biodegradable “Atrazine removal from water by polycation-clay polymer flocculants. The clay is naturally abundant and composites: effect of dissolved organic matter and relatively inexpensive compared to conventionally used comparison to activated carbon.,” Water Res., vol. 43, adsorbents. The usage of nanoclay provides extensive large surface area for pollutant and polymer attachment no. 3, pp. 677–83, Feb. 2009. ▪▪ A. Radian and Y. Mishael, “Effect of humic acid and the combination with polymers is expected to be on pyrene removal from water by polycation-clay advantageous in the removal of micropollutants. mineral composites and activated carbon.,” Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 6228–35, Jun. 2012. Approach ▪▪ By spiking selected micropollutants, with distinct physico- in wastewater pretreatment.,” ScientificWorldJournal., chemical properties and well-defined characteristics, the governing removal mechanisms and parameters vol. 2012, p. 498503, Jan. 2012. ▪▪ influencing the removal mechanisms can be determined. The sorption of the micropollutants to different ratios G. Rytwo, “The use of clay-polymer nanocomposites W. L. Haden, “Attapulgite: Properties and Uses,” Clays Clay Miner., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 284–290, 1961. ▪▪ S. Y. Lee, S. J. Kim, S. Y. Chung, and C. H. Jeong, of nanoclay and polymer are currently being tested to “Sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds onto improve the compounds removal during treatment. organoclays.,” Chemosphere, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 781– 5, May 2004. Results comparing its ability to remove micropollutants. Smectite as the best performer was further optimised to lower the dosage based on normally found atrazine concentrations in the environment. Treatment combinations with cationic starch polymers were applied to study the effect of polymers on the nanoclay on atrazine reduction. The combination of polymers with nanoclay indeed showed an improvement, especially on non-performer clay (attapulgite). The combination of nanoclay and polymers also reduced the (>80%) dosage requirement to < 40mg/L. However, this study still need a refinement and optimisation before final conclusions can be made. 120 Mohamed Faiz Mohd Amin Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2781462 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Room 4.64 Start date project: Oct 2010 Expected end date: Oct 2014 Key words: Nanoclay, polymer, micropollutant, atrazine, flocculation Cooperation with other institutes: Nalco and Water board Rijnland 121 Individual projects Julian Muñoz Sierra BioXtreme – Anaerobic wastewater treatment under extreme conditions Research objectives and conversion/inhibition/toxicity, filterability, fouling The aim of this study is to develop an engineering potentials will be addressed. solution for the bioconversion of organic compounds Trials will be conducted with different organic aromatic (toxic/recalcitrant) existing in industrial wastewater functional groups. In the last phase of the research, streams under extreme conditions. The research will water reclamation possibilities for industrial wastewater focus on the most suitable technologies for this purpose under extreme conditions will be evaluated. (i.e. anaerobic membrane bioreactors) to encourage reclamation of process waters for reuse. Attention will Scientific relevance be paid to the selection and bioaugmentation of specific Extreme conditions in the process water and wastewater biomass and its growth in highly filterable sludge. of the industrial sector encourage the development of non-conventional biological treatment solutions. Project outline The Introduction how the complex compounds are converted by the Industrial wastewaters generated in oil and chemical microorganisms, what is the influence of different industries are often characterized by extreme conditions conditions on the microbial community and functionality, such as the presence of refractory and hazardous and how the process is addressed within the technology chemical compounds, high salinity, high temperatures, selected (AnMBR). Findings are compared with current off-spec pH values, among others. Particularly for these technologies, elucidating the added advantages of the extreme types of wastewaters the conventional biological developed extreme bioreactor concept, including new technologies have many limitations, but granular or process configurations and water reuse possibilities. research will increase the understanding of membrane assisted bio-treatment offers many advantages such as in-reactor bio-augmentation of the required Social relevance bacterial species and maximized sludge retention times In the Netherlands, about 80% of the fresh water use is (SRT), ensuring high metabolic conversion properties per industrial use. The research is focused on fundamental unit of reactor volume. In case auto-immobilization or and applied research into the wastewater treatment sludge granulation is difficult, application of membrane and reuse technologies for application in the industry technology for pre-treating industrial process waters to compile know-how for optimizing the industrial water has several striking advantages: i) system compactness, loop and reducing its water footprint. Research with the allowing installment at or even inside the industry; ii) final aim in water recycling has the potential to improve production of suspended solids free effluents, simplifying the effectiveness of the existing technologies and invest effluent upgrading techniques; iii) full retention of specific in the future well-being of the world’s population. bacterial communities that are required for conversion of complex, recalcitrant and hazardous compounds. Literature ▪▪ Jeison, D. (2007). Anaerobic membrane bioreactors Approach for wastewater treatment: Feasibility and potential A selection of waste streams of interest is made, i.e. applications. PhD thesis. Wageningen University, at those industries where increased water efficiency is considered but hampered by the nature of the organic Wageningen, The Netherlands. ▪▪ Dereli, R. K., M. E. Ersahin, et al. (2012). “Potentials pollutants present. Anaerobic bio-conversion will be of anaerobic membrane bioreactors to overcome investigated during the research. The treatability of the treatment limitations induced by industrial wastewaters.” process water stream will be researched under controlled Bioresource Technology 122: 160-170 lab conditions and synthetic wastewater making use of down-scaled reactor systems. Relevant aspects of interests such as biomass retention/bio-augmentation 122 Julian Muñoz Sierra ▪▪ Lin, H., W. Gao, et al. (2012). “Membrane bioreactors for industrial wastewater treatment: A critical review.” Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 42(7): 677-740. ▪▪ Kleerebezem, R. (1999). Anaerobic treatment of Phthalates: Microbial and Technological aspects. PhD thesis. Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2786588 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Dec 2012 Expected end date: Dec 2017 Key words: An-MBR, reuse, aromatic compounds, biodegradation, salinity, thermophilic Cooperation with other institutes: Evides Industriewater, Paques 123 Individual projects Sam Olivero A newly designed demineralization technology based on thermosensitive hydrogels Research objectives to calculate the total capacity of the bed adopting different Current softening technologies are characterized by empty bed contact times (EBCT) to obtain insight of the the production of difficult-to-manage waste, excessive kinetics of the process. Another investigated aspect was energy consumption, or low efficiency, and business the regeneration efficiency of the same influent solution opportunities in this field are numerous. Hardness needs at different regeneration temperatures. a new and durable solution on a global scale, and in this scenario enters this research on a softening hydrogel, as Results a more sustainable and ecologically friendly softening In figure 1 the breakthrough curves of calcium and technology. Such innovation aims to soften cold water deuterium at different EBCT’s are presented in the same by using a thermosensitive hydrogel regenerable with graph. It is possible to observe the retardation of the low-grade waste heat. The process at issue would make calcium breakthrough due to the interaction with the superfluous the addition of other chemicals and extra softening hydrogel, while the deuterium passes though energy within the regeneration process. the bed without being retained. The mass balance obtained as difference between the 2H and the calcium Project outline front leads to a total capacity of the hydrogel of 0.047 ± Introduction 0.004 mmol of Ca2+/g resin. The present study focuses on a thermosensitive The same solution used to load the hydrogel was fed polyampholytic hydrogel based on a lower critical solution during regeneration, but at a different temperature. temperature (LCST) polymer, able to soften water at low Results (see Figure 2) confirms the higher efficiency of temperature, and regenerable with low-grade waste heat regeneration at each temperature increase, and shows without the addition of any chemical product. During clearly the impact of the volume phase transition of the demineralization, the hard water is put in contact with poly-NIPAAm matrix in lowering the capacity toward the hydrogel at a temperature lower than the LCST calcium ions. Over the LCST, the collapse of the hydrogel (TLCST=32°C), and the cationic and anionic domains structure increases the internal ion pair formation among within the hydrogel attract and bond the charged the charged groups in the polymer, counteracting the species in the aqueous system. In the second step, sorption of ions from the solution, leading to the claimed the polyampholytic polymer is contacted with a second thermoresponsive charge neutralization. aqueous system at T2 > TLCST, and the charged species previously loaded on the hydrogel are released and the polymer is ready to restart the loading cycle. Compared to other thermoregenerable copolymers, the regeneration temperature is lower than 60°C, which makes the investigated material more efficient. Approach A dynamic column set-up was used to obtain process data. Column studies are considered essential to compare different process configurations and to evaluate the pressure drop due to the presence of the hydrogel bed. Due to possible interaction with commonly used tracers (e.g., NaCl), and sensitivity to ionic strength changes, the use of deuterated water was preferred. Comparing the breakthrough curves of calcium (sorptive solute) and deuterium (inert solute), a simple mass balance was used 124 Figure 1: Calcium vs. Deuterium breakthrough for different EBCT’s Sam Olivero Figure 2:Regeneration efficiencies as a function of temperature. Two different trends are highlighted below and above the LCST Scientific relevance The development of a viable softening technology which does not involve salt or acid regeneration would be a significant scientific result. Optimizing the existing material can potentially open a new and more spread application of clever hydrogels. Social relevance Hardness in water causes many problems in industrial processes and everyday domestic issues. Polyvalent ions such as (i.e. Ca, Mg) form poorly soluble salts, which precipitates at reactor walls, in pipes and heating devices, resulting in membranes fouling, losses in heating efficiency, shortened life for processing plants and excessive use of detergents in washing machines. On the other hand, traditional ion exchangers should be regularly regenerated with caustic and acid regenerants, with a consequent release of large amounts of salt into the environment. Hardness needs a new and durable solution on a global scale. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2781718 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Room 4.44 Start date project: Jan 2010 Expected end date: Jan 2014 Key words: Thermosensitive hydrogels; Ion-exchange; Softening; Sustainability Cooperation with other institutes: Afira Water Technologies, AKZONobel Chemicals 125 Individual projects Hale Ozgun Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor for Aqua Cleaning and Energy Recovery - Effect of Upflow Velocity on the Effluent Membrane Fouling Potential in Membrane Coupled Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors Research objectives Results suggest that when applying a high sludge bed The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of upflow velocity in a UASB coupled membrane system, upflow velocity applied to an upflow anaerobic sludge there will be an increased load of small particles to the blanket (UASB) reactor used for the treatment of municipal membrane. Effluent characterization results coincide wastewater. In addition to this general objective, the with the filterability and reversibility tests. The increased specific aim is to identify the optimum upflow velocity effluent particle size seen at the lower upflow velocity was that will result in an effluent with good filterability values associated with a better filterability (Ozgun et al., 2013). for the case of membrane coupled UASB systems. Upflow Overall the results of this study clearly indicate that velocities of 1.2 m/h, 0.6 m/h and 1.2 m/h were applied selection of an appropriate upflow velocity plays a major in three successive stages over a total operation period of role in controlling the fouling potential, which is one of the 116 days. Filterability tests were carried out during each most important challenges for stable operational process stage in order to assess the effect of upflow velocity on performance of membrane coupled UASB reactors. subsequent membrane performance. Project outline Scientific relevance The effect of upflow velocity on the effluent quality Introduction was assessed not only on biological based parameters Research on anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs), such as organic matter removal but also on physical including membrane coupled UASB reactors, has received characteristics. Possible relationships between physical considerable interest recently, leading to several studies characteristics and filterability of the effluent were investigating their potential for the treatment of municipal determined. The information obtained from this study wastewaters (Kataoka et al., 1992; An et al., 2009; Wu et is valuable for optimizing the hydraulic conditions in al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2011; Calderon et al., 2011). For membrane coupled UASB systems in order to achieve a membrane coupled UASB systems the efficiency of solids stable effluent quality and to minimize membrane fouling entrapment determines the amount and properties of the potential. solids leaving the UASB with the effluent. In this context, upflow velocity in membrane coupled UASB reactors Social relevance would seem to be the critical variable determining The technology is very sustainable due to extreme low the reactor efficiency and effluent fouling propensity energy consumption and biogas (methane) production. (Mahmoud et al., 2003; Ozgun et al., 2013). Since upflow The project foresees an optimization towards a net velocity has a significant impact on the stable operation energy production. Moreover, globally there is a fresh of UASB reactors, an optimum upflow velocity should be water shortage. The re-use of water will reduce the need applied in UASB reactors enabling the distribution of gas for scarce fresh ground water significantly and lead to pockets gathered in the sludge bed and providing a good less pressure on the water systems. With ultrafiltration contact between substrate and biomass. and nano-filtration, the effluent becomes 100% biological reliable so it can be re-used for instance for irrigation Approach purposes. Using a nano-filtarion will even improve the The experiments were performed using a laboratory scale effluent quality further, also removing viruses. UASB reactor with an effective volume of 7 L (Figure 1). Results Upflow velocity is an important variable which affects the effluent characteristics of a UASB, especially the physical characteristics and particle size distribution. 126 Hale Ozgun Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Figure 1: AnMBR for Aqua Cleaning and Energy Recovery (A-Racer) Literature ▪▪ An, Y.Y., Yang, F.L., Bucciali, B., Wong, F.S., 2009. Municipal wastewater treatment using a UASB coupled with cross-flow membrane filtration. J. Environ. Eng. 135, 86-91. ▪▪ Calderon, K., Rodelas, B., Cabirol, N., Gonzales-Lopez, J., Noyola, A., 2011. Analysis of microbial communities developed on the fouling layers of a membrane-coupled anaerobic bioreactor applied to wastewater treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 102, 4618-4627. ▪▪ Kataoka, N., Tokiwa, Y., Tanaka, Y., Fujiki, K., Taroda, H., and Takeda, K., 1992. Examination of bacterial characteristics of anaerobic membrane bioreactors in three pilot-scale plants for treating lowstrength wastewater by application of the colony-forming-curve analysis method. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 2751-2757. ▪▪ Mahmoud, N., Zeeman, G., Gijzen, H., Lettinga, G., 2003. Solids removal in upflow anaerobic reactors, a review. Bioresour. Technol. 90, 1-9. ▪▪ Ozgun, H., Dereli, R. K., Ersahin, M. E., Kinaci, C., Spanjers, H., van Lier, J. B. 2013. A Review of Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors for Municipal Wastewater Treatment: Integration Options, Limitations and Expectations. Sep. Purif. Technol. 118, 89-104. ▪▪ Tel.: +31 15 2789086 E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Room 5.62 Start date project: Nov 2010 Expected end date: Nov 2014 Key words: Anaerobic membrane bioreactor, municipal wastewater, water reuse Cooperation with other institutes: Pentair, Saxion, Water Board Regge and Dinkel Ozgun, H., Ersahin, M. E., Tao, Y., Spanjers, H., van Lier, J. B., 2013. Effect of Upflow Velocity on the Effluent Membrane Fouling Potential in Membrane Coupled Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors. Bioresour. Technol. 147, 285-292. ▪▪ Wu, B., An, Y., Li, Y., Wong, F.S., 2009. Effect of adsorption/coagulation on membrane fouling in microfiltration process post-treating anaerobic digestion effluent, Desalination 242, 183-192. ▪▪ Zhang, X., Wang, Z., Wu, Z., Lu, F., Tong, J., Zang, L., 2010. Formation of dynamic membrane in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment. Chem. Eng. J. 165, 175-183. 127 Individual projects Marjolein Peters DIPool: Chlorine and UV cell disinfection determination with flow cell cytometry and plate count Research objectives how fast cells could repair themselves. The samples were Within the DIPool project the overall goal is to develop analyzed with FCM, cell count based on live/dead DNA a chemical disinfectant free swimming pool. The staining (Fig. 1) and HPC on LLA plates (Fig. 2). project consists of different sub-projects to study the contamination of swimming pools by users, the risks of chorine free swimming pools, prevention of biofilm growth and the development of a water treatment system. In the (sub)study described here a comparison is made between disinfection of indicator organisms and a more realistic anthropogenic shower population, in order to determine effective indicator tools for swimming pool hygiene. Different techniques like flow cell cytometry (FCM) and heterotrophic plate count (HPC) were used to determine the number of viable cells after disinfection with hypochlorite and UV-light. Figure 1: Flow cell cytometry: Live/dead staining. Total cell count based on fluoresence of all DNA with SyberGreen (SG). Indication of intact (living) cells based on the difference between total cells and broken cells which are determined with PropiumIodide (PI) fluoresence. Project outline Introduction In the Netherlands, free available chlorine concentrations in swimming pools are limited between 0.5-1.5 mg/L, which is based on a 4-log removal of Pseudomonas aeruginosa within 30 seconds. However, in practice another indicator organism (Escherichia coli) is used to validate the swimming pool water quality based on HPC. HPC is time consuming, since colonies have to grow overnight, in comparison to new techniques like FCM. Approach Lab experiments were performed with the indicator organisms Pseudomonas fluorescens (P17) and Figure 2: Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) of the anthropogenic population on LLA plates Escherichia coli (WR1). For a more realistic population an anthropogenic shower population was used, assuming Results the release of similar microorganisms during a 1 minute Preliminary research shows that there is a difference in shower compared to a jump in a swimming pool. Non- viable cells determined with HPC and FCM after chlorine chlorinated shower water of 10 different persons was treatment. Samples measured with HPC are clearly collected and concentrated till a cell concentration of 107 showing disinfection since the cell concentration is cells/mL. lowered according to the chlorine doses. In contradiction All three populations were centrifuged and resuspended to measuring with HPC, FCM does not show this in a PBS buffer at a pH of 7.3. Next, they were exposed to disinfection. The cell concentration of E.coli and P17 free chlorine (0.5 – 1.0 – 1.5 – 3.0 mg/L) for two contact stays the same (~100%). Also the anthropogenic times (0.5 – 6.0 min). Afterwards the samples were population does not show disinfection for most samples dechlorinated with sodiumthiosulfate. Disinfection with (stable around 200%). However, the dots corresponding UV-light was done in a range of 5-60 mJ/cm. All samples to a high free chlorine concentration of 5.0 mg/L show were measured after disinfection for 3 hours to determine disinfection with FCM. 128 Marjolein Peters Scientific relevance It is important to define useful and simple techniques to indicate the biological pollution swimming pool water. Furthermore, it is important to know which method is most suitable for different applications. Finally, it is already known that some microorganisms can repair themselves after UV-light disinfection. In this research also the repair mechanisms after chlorine disinfection were investigated. Social relevance Normally chemical disinfection is used in swimming pools to ensure microbiologic safe swimming pool water. However, the use of a chemical disinfectant, like chlorine, produces also disinfection by-products (DBPs) which are bad for human health. Therefore it is important to lower the formation of DBPs. One way to do that is by lowering the chlorine concentration and/or use another disinfectant such as UV-light. For chlorine free water, it is important to know whether the used indicator organisms indeed act like an indicator, to be able to judge the swimming water quality on relevant parameters in order to guarantee the biological safety of this pool water. Literature ▪▪ M.G.A. Keuten, M.C.F.M. Peters, H.A.M. Daanen, M.K. de Kreuk, L.C. Rietveld, J.C. van Dijk. Quantification of continual anthropogenic pollutants released in swimming pools. Submitted to Water Research Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering and Faculty of Applied Sciences Tel.: +31 15 2787894 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2628 CN Delft Julianalaan 67 2628 BC Delft Start date project: End date project: Jul 2011 Jul 2015 Key words: Pool water treatment, alternative disinfection, microbial populations, chlorine Cooperation with other institutes: Department of Environmental Biotechnology of DUT/TNW Hellebrekers Technieken Van Remmen UV techniek AkzoNobel Coram International Sportfondsen Nederland Funding: Agentschap NL EFRO-GO 129 Individual projects Ana Poças Origin and development of discolouration loose deposits in distribution systems: insights and practical aspects Research objectives Results The aim of the thesis is to study the origins and The low velocity methodology that was developed, development processes underlying the occurrence of tap allowed for representative sampling of LD at sufficient water discolouration and loose deposits in drinking water amounts for further characterisation. This included distribution systems. Accordingly, the research main collected discharged waters from low (< 10 NTU) to objectives include: high (> 20 NTU) turbidity levels. With respect to LD ▪▪ to develop a methodology for representative physical chemical characterisation, total iron and volatile sampling in distribution networks; solids were identified as main LD components (up to ▪▪ to know loose deposits’ composition and behaviour; 65% in dry weight), with minor contributions of other ▪▪ to investigate possible relations between loose inorganic components (Al, Mn and Ca < 5%). The organic deposits and bacteria; components, accounting for the systematic presence of to study the build up and formation mechanisms of exopolymeric substances (EPS), were found to be key loose deposits. role in LD occurrence in DWDS. Overall, the relevance of ▪▪ water as important LD constituent (ca. 85%), together Project outline with the microscopic observations and EPS contents, Introduction suggested a hydrogel floc nature for LD. Loose deposits (LD) may develop and accumulate in The test rig experimental results in which LD were found drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) and lead to have similarities in characteristics and behaviour to to tap water discolouration incidents, due to velocity those collected from the network, suggested LD may changes or increases. Generally identified as cast iron build up as aggregates, rather than in even-layers, at corrosion derivatives, LD maintenance and control least under laminar flows and at close to constant flow strategies are in many cases restricted to cast-iron pipe velocities. replacement. However, as LD have multiple origins they are likely to occur in every DWDS, irrespectively of pipe Scientific relevance material or the water characteristics. Better knowledge Not only organoleptic changes may be associated to and interpretation of discolouration LD occurrence in discolouration LD, but also e.g., the microbial degradation DWDS, including LD physical chemical characteristics of drinking water. Understanding that LD may behave and behaviour, are required to get to really effective as hydrated flocs rather than particles and accumulate countermeasures. as aggregates, opens new possibilities for effective countermeasures c.q. substantiate earlier measures Approach as the self cleaning networks. Further studies for LD The study involves the sampling of LD from hydrants occurrence interpretation in DWDS are still required in Lisbon DWDS during routine pipe discharges. e.g.to better understand the seemingly erratic occurence. The method is based on large volume sampling and extended concentration times, for representative LD Social relevance collection and physical chemical characterisation, as Water companies are keen on providing drinking water well as microbiological analyses and investigation on LD with quality levels complying with regulations, as well as in behaviour. Concurrently, on lab-scale, pilot-scale studies guaranteeing the consumers’ confidence and satisfaction. are used to study build up and formation mechanisms Tap water discolouration events are a problem that water of LD, along with their physical chemical characterization utilities may face on a daily basis.Better understanding of and behaviour. LD accumulation and consequences of LD re-suspension is necessary, along with better knowledge of the processes underlying discolouration and LD occurrence in DWDS to formulate more effective measures to prevent customers 130 Ana Poças being exposed to these water quality incidents. Literature ▪▪ Poças, A., Miranda, A., Paiva, J., Benoliel, M.J., Vreeburg, J. and Menaia, J., 2013. Hydrogel floc nature and biogenic constituents of drinking water discolouration deposits. Water Science & Technology: Water Supply 13 (6), 1486-1494. ▪▪ Poças, A., Rebola, N., Cordeiro, B., Rodrigues, S., Benoliel, M.J., Vreeburg, J. and Menaia, J., 2013. Methodology for sampling drinking water discolouration loose deposits at low velocities. Water Science & Technology: Water Supply 13 (4), 1116-1122. ▪▪ Poças, A., Napier, V., Neto, C., Ferreira, E., Benoliel, M.J., Vreeburg, J. and Menaia, J., 2013. Harbouring and transport of bacteria by discoloured water loose deposits. 2nd Water Research Conference, Water Research, Singapore Expo, Singapura, 20-23 Janeiro 2013, poster. ▪▪ Poças, A., Vreeburg, J., Rebola, N., Cordeiro, B., Rodrigues, S., Benoliel, M.J. and Menaia, J., 2012. Deposição de sedimentos nas redes de distribuição de água para consume humano: o problema e as soluções. Encontro Nacional de Saneamento Básico, APESB, Évora, Portugal, 10-12 Outubro 2012, 11 p. ▪▪ Poças, A., Monteiro, L., Rebola, N., Cordeiro, B., Paiva, J., Benoliel, M.J., Rodrigues, S., Vreeburg, J. and Menaia, J., 2012. Método para amostragem representativa de sedimentos de redes de distribuição, Congresso da Água, APRH, Porto, Portugal, 6-8 Fevereiro, 8 p. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Watermanagement Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +351 917401035 e-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Av. Brasil nº101, 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2628 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Apr 2009 End date project: Apr 2014 Key words: Discolouration, loose deposits, drinking water quality, distribution systems Cooperation with other institutes: Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres (EPAL) 131 Individual projects Johan Post Serviceability of lateral sewer connections and gully pots Research objectives The second phase aims to quantify the contribution This research aims to identify relevant failure mechanisms of failure mechanisms (e.g. roots, fat/grease etc.) by for lateral (house) sewer connections as well as gully interrogating failure databases. For gully pots a new pots and to ascertain the interaction between these data collection method is proposed where during repairs, mechanisms and the state of the main sewer system. information on the actual cause of failure is collected in a Knowledge on this topic can aid to improve current sewer more comprehensive way. By interrogating the database management strategies in order to maximise the level of of a commercial drainage maintenance database, service provided. information on the occurrence of blockages in privately owned lateral house connections is obtained. Project outline Introduction A statistical approach is applied in the third phase in order The performance of an urban drainage system is assessed to ascertain relationships between system factors and the based on the ability of the system to deliver a certain occurrence of failure mechanisms. This will provide insight service. This vital service encompasses, among others, the in effect of management strategies and fundamental drainage of wastewater and excess stormwater in order design choices on the level of service provided. to prevent public health issues and flooding. In order to maintain the desired level of service at the lowest costs, First results maintenance and rehabilitation strategies developed by Based on interviews and a literature review it is found local water authorities should aim to focus work on assets that although components comprising the front end of that have a significant impact on the overall operational the sewer system are subject to many of the same failure condition of the system (Fenner 2000). Currently, only mechanisms as main sewers, they are more prone to the condition of components of the main sewer system failure. This indicates the relevance of these objects with are taken into account in this process. respect to the serviceability of the system. Previous research has shown that the contribution of An initial analysis of the commercial drainage database lateral connections and gully pots transporting runoff supports this statement by showing that the amount to the main sewer system on the serviceability of sewer of blockages in the lateral house connections (124 systems is significant (Ten Veldhuis and Clemens 2011, blockages / 100 km main sewer / year) is several orders Caradot et al. 2011). Yet, knowledge on how the current of magnitude greater than the blockage rate reported for condition of lateral house sewers affects the overall main sewers (0.14 – 0.80 / 100 km sewer / year) by Ten level of service provided remains scarce. Moreover, it is Veldhuis et al. (2009). unclear how the probability of failure of lateral (house) connections and gully pots is related to the state of the main sewer system. Approach This research is divided in three phases. The first phase is exploratory and entails the identification of relevant failure mechanisms for the front end of the sewer system and possible factors influencing the occurrence of these failure mechanisms. The main sources of information are semi-structured interviews with employees from the field and a review of scientific literature. Figure 1: influence of subsidence on the number of blockages in lateral house connections 132 Johan Post Figure 1 shows the results of combining data on blockages in lateral house connections and settlement rates for the municipality of Rotterdam. The total amount of settlement is calculated by multiplying the age of a building with the settlement rate derived from satellite based Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) measurements. This method does, however, implicitly assume a constant settlement rate for the whole period. It is suspected that the increase in the blockage rate in the lower regions may be influenced by the standard of workmanship at the construction of the buildings. A steady increase in the blockage rate is seen in the upper regions of the horizontal bar chart. This indicates that subsidence does influence the blockage rate of lateral house sewers. Scientific and social relevance With respect to the performance of the sewer system, the front end is generally assumed to perform as designed. This does not only mean that there is a gap in scientific knowledge, but also suggest that most studies concerned with the serviceability of sewer systems will overestimate the actual level of service provided. Moreover, by improving management strategies, the same level of service can be provided with a lower budget. Literature ▪▪ Fenner, R.A. (2000) Approaches to sewer maintenance: a review. Urban Water 2(4), 343-356. ▪▪ Ten Veldhuis, J.A.E. and Clemens, F.H.L.R. (2011) The efficiency of asset management strategies to reduce urban flood risk. Water Science & Technology 64(6), 1317-1324. ▪▪ Caradot, N., Granger, D., Chapgier, J., Cherqui, F. and Chocat, B. (2011) Urban flood risk assessment using sewer flooding databases. Water science and technology 64(4), 832-840. ▪▪ Ten Veldhuis, J.A.E., Clemens, F.H.L.R. and van Gelder, P.H.A.J.M. (2009) Fault tree analysis for urban flooding. Water science and technology: a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research 59(8), 1621-1629. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2781462 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Nov 2012 Expected end date: Nov 2016 Key words: Sewer asset management, serviceability, lateral connections, gully pots Cooperation with other institutes: ARCADIS, Deltares, Gemeente Almere, Gemeente Breda, Gemeente ’s-Gravenhage, Gemeente Utrecht, Gemeentewerken Rotterdam, GMB Rioleringstechnieken, Grontmij, KWR Watercycle Research Institute, RoyalHaskoningDHV, Stichting RIONED, STOWA, Tauw, Vandervalk+degroot, Waternet, Waterschap De Dommel, Waterschap Vallei en Eem en Witteveen+Bos 133 Individual projects Wouter van Riel Decision-Making in Sewer Asset Management Research objectives sewer replacement? Decision-making in reality is a group This research aims at describing the actual decision- process, and therefore, it is needed to include interaction making processes and information use in sewer asset between individuals, as well as changes in information management, in order to analyse the effects of variations quantity and quality. To do so, serious gaming is applied. in information quantity and quality on decision-making. The study contributes to understanding the influence of Results information in decision-making in complex sociotechnical The results show that sewer system managers use a systems. As such, it provides a basis for a framework for wide range of information sources (see figure 1.) before information provision in sewer asset management. initiating a replacement decision, and that intuitive reasoning plays an important role in these decisions Yet, Project outline conditions for intuition to be skilled are not always met, Introduction causing a high chance for intuitions to be incorrect (Van Sewer systems are vital urban infrastructures aiming at Riel et al., Submitted). protecting public health and preventing urban flooding. Appropriate sewer asset management is required to balance serviceability and costs for rehabilitation and replacement. Yet, sewer asset management is complicated, because it is embedded in a complex sociotechnical system. In practise, this complexity is expressed by multiple considerations and dilemmas sewer system managers face, including insufficient data and making compromises. This causes decision-making to be partially based on intuition and lacking explicit argumentation, hampering decision transparency and reproducibility. As such, it is unclear on what information decisions are based and to what extent decisions are influenced by intuition. Approach Figure 1. Indicated information sources as decision argumentation with f ≥ 5 This research approaches sewer asset management Scientific and social relevance from a different perspective (actor oriented) than the This research contributes to understand the role of traditional systems perspective. The first one and a half information in decision-making in complex sociotechnical year focused on analysis of information use and intuition systems. Decision-making in such systems is mostly in the decision-making process for sewer replacement. based on interaction and negotiation between actors (De More than twenty-five interviews were conducted to Bruijn & Herder, 2009). As such, the role of information analyse the decision process in general and the decision seems limited from this actor perspective. From a systems argumentation of 170 sewer replacement projects in the perspective however, information has a more prominent Netherlands. A next step was to assess the perceived role. relative importance of these information sources. For Is current sewer asset management in need for example, are camera inspection images more important improvement? An increased understanding of decision- than pipe age? A digital survey based on paired making results in increased insight into argumentation of comparisons was set up for this purpose to study the spending money on sewer works. So far, no research has reasoning of Dutch sewer system managers. A third thing been carried out to investigate what information is used to know is, how does an organisation make a choice for for choices and how this influences decision-making. This 134 Wouter van Riel allows for making conclusions about what information, and what quality of information, is relevant to collect and what is not. Literature ▪▪ De Bruijn, H., & Herder, P.M. (2009). System and actor perspectives on sociotechnical systems. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans, 39(5), 981-992. doi: 10.1109/tsmca.2009.2025452 ▪▪ Van Riel, W., Langeveld, J., Herder, P., & Clemens, F. (Submitted). Intuition and information in decision making for sewer asset management. Urban Water Journal. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2781462 E-mail: [email protected] www.urbandrainage.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Room 4.64 Start date project: Nov 2011 Expected end date: Nov 2015 Key words: Sewer asset management, information use, decision-making Cooperation with other institutes: ARCADIS, Deltares, Gemeente Almere, Gemeente Breda, Gemeente ’s-Gravenhage, Gemeentewerken Rotterdam, Gemeente Utrecht, GMB Rioleringstechniek, Grontmij, KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Platform Water Vallei en Eem, Royal HaskoningDHV, Stichting RIONED, STOWA, Tauw, vandervalk+degroot, Waterboard De Dommel, Waternet and Witteveen+Bos 135 Individual projects Petra Ross Optimization of Drinking Water Treatment Processes using models and on-line monitoring tools Research objectives UV/Vis-spectra measurements to AOC measurements. The research objective is to develop and combine existing The development of new models combined with the models for a water treatment platform, which enables use of online monitoring tools will be addressed in this users to virtually construct a water treatment plant and part, whereas the description of testing protocol and to monitor and optimise existing water treatment plants. the calibration and validation will be executed in future research. When ozonation is followed by biological Project outline filtration, part of the AOC formed during ozonation is Introduction biodegraded by the biomass present in the biological To achieve the objective following topics are addressed: filters. The AOC is consumed and transferred into ▪▪ a inventory of models and water quality parameters biomass, resulting in an increase in pressure drop over ▪▪ incorporation of online monitoring tools the filters, until the filters need to be backwashed. The ▪▪ development of new models amount of produced biomass in the filters can be directly ▪▪ description of a testing protocol linked to the amount of AOC present in the water. The ▪▪ calibration and validation of the individual models clogging of biological activated carbon filters is modelled. and treatment trains In order to study clogging due to the development of biomass, different ozone dosages were applied, on pilot Approach scale, resulting in different AOC concentrations. The An inventory of models and water quality parameters pressure drop was measured at several heights in the was carried out from October until December 2006. filter bed, see Figure 1. Existing water quality models written in MATLAB® Simulink were converted to c-code after which they were Results implemented in SimEau, European Water Treatment The pressure build-up only took place in the top layer of Simulator developed within the European 6th framework the filter bed due to stratification of the filter material. project Techneau (www.techneau.org).The development The results of a model prediction for pressure drop and of online monitoring tools was done from January until the actual measured pressure drop for one of the filter December 2007. Biostability was determined through runs is presented in Figure 2. an on-line estimation of assimilable organic carbon (AOC). This was conducted by correlating differential Figure 1: Experimental set-up of pilot plant with sampling points 136 The presence of biomass causes the formation of a cake Petra Ross Figure 2: Model prediction filter run layer and accounts for the majority of the pressure build up in the BAC filter. The model is used to predict the filter run time between backwashing, for both cold as warm temperature, and can be used to set backwash intervals more accurately. Scientific relevance To be able to develop a model, understanding of the processes involved during the treatment process is necessary. Additionally the combination of joint unit processes also gives insight in the interaction between the different processes. On-line monitoring tools can be used to calibrate and validate the models and is a tool for direct optimization of the treatment processes. Social relevance Direct notice of changes in the raw water quality can result in direct action and optimization of the operation of the drinking water treatment plant. Combined with the existence of a water treatment simulator comprised of models of different treatment processes this will lead to an improved operation of the drinking water treatment plant and will result in a better water quality benefiting public safety. Literature ▪▪ Ross, PS, Helm, AWC van der, Broeke, J van den, Aa, LTJ van der & Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2781585 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Oct 2006 Expected end date: 2014 Key words: Drinking water treatment, Modelling Cooperation with other institutes: WRc Riga Technical University Eawag Rietveld, LC (2008). Effect of raw water quality on performance of ozone and biofiltration based on modelling and on-line monitoring. In Proceedings of WISA Conference. Sun City, South Africa ▪▪ Ross, PS, Broeke J van den &Rietveld L.C. (2008). Drinking water treatment: On-line estimation of biological stability using UVspectrography. In: Proceedings of UV-Workshop, Vienna, Austria. ▪▪ Broeke, J van den, Ross, PS, Helm, AWC van der, Baars, ET, & Rietveld, LC (2008). Use of on-line UV/Vis-spectrometry in the measurement of dissolved ozone and AOC concentration in drinking water treatment. Water Science and Technology, 57(8), pp 11691175. 137 Individual projects Helena Sales Ortells Health Impact of New Urban Water Concepts Research objectives The objective of this research is to evaluate the microbiological safety of a series of water systems in the urban environment by developing a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) based method. Project outline Introduction Global change brings the need for developing new concepts for dealing with water problems (e.g. water scarcity during dry periods or flooding during extreme rain events). Rainwater storages in the city, or the reuse of treated sewage water are becoming more common ways of dealing with those problems. These waters can contain pathogens to which users, neighbours or workers are exposed. The health risks derived from these exposures need to be assessed. Approach Figure 1: Concentration of Campylobacter spp in one of the WGM locations after dry and wet rain events. Dry and wet events are defined as those in which less than and more than 1mm of rain has been registered within the 48h previous to the sampling event, respectively. The boxplot shows the median, interquartile range, minimum and maximum values. Circles are considered outliers. p-value is 0.007 A selection of study locations is done based on exposure A study on the health effects of exposure to rain water and suspicion of pathogens presence. Water samples are was conducted in a wadi located in the Watergraafsmeer gathered and analysed for quantification of pathogens and a water plaza in Rotterdam (figure 2). L. pneumophila and indicators of faecal contamination. QMRA models are and Campylobacter spp have been found at various built to assess the health risks at each location. concentrations. Results are being analysed at the moment. Results The first case study, screening level assessment of the risk of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) related to aeration of drinking water, is concluded. A probability of disease of 10-6 was estimated for a groundwater treatment plant located 1km downwind from an infected barnyard, concluding that the risk of developing Q fever through drinking water is very low. Figure 2: The wadi after a rain event (left) and the water plaza during the rain simulation event (right) A screening level risk assessment on several water locations in the Watergraafsmeer polder (Amsterdam) The health risks derived from the use of reclaimed water was conducted, in order to select a number of locations for for several purposes in Catalonia, Spain, are also being a field study. Fecal indicator E. coli, and the pathogens L. assessed. This project is conducted in collaboration with pneumophila, cyanobacteria, Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter the Department of Microbiology of the University of and adenovirus were quantified during the field study. Barcelona. Models are under construction for assessing Faecal indicators and pathogens were found in some the disease risks for different scenarios, including locations at levels that would imply health risks for the ingestion of crops contaminated with adenoviruses and exposed population. Significant correlations were found noroviruses, or inhalation of L. pneumophila contained in between E. coli, Campylobacter spp concentrations, and aerosols generated from spray irrigation of golf courses. . several weather parameters in some of the locations (figure 1). 138 Helena Sales Ortells Scientific Relevance The aim of the project is to study new water systems that have not been investigated previously following a QMRA approach. Information about the presence of microbes in these water systems and about the exposure of the population to them will be released. This knowledge will enable the expansion of new ways of using water or new water systems. Social Relevance The presence of microbial hazards in water poses a risk for human health. Water companies and civil engineers can use the results of the study to modify the efficiency of their water treatment processes or the design of urban water systems when it is required. Literature ▪▪ Sales-Ortells, H. and Medema, G. (2012) Screening-level risk assessment of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) transmission via aeration of drinking water. Environmental Science & Technology, 46 (7): 4125-4133. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section KWR Watercycle Research Institute Tel.: +31 30 6069649 E-mail: helena.sales.ortells@ kwrwater.nl [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 1072 3430 BB Nieuwegein Visiting address: Groningenhaven7 3430 BB Nieuwegein Start date project: Nov 2009 Expected end date: Nov 2013 Key words: Health impact, QMRA, Urban water Cooperation with other institutes: KWR Watercycle Research Institute 139 Individual projects Luis Dario Sanchez Upflow gravel filtration for multiple uses Research objectives To improve the understanding of upflow gravel filtration (UGF), a component of multi-stage filtration technology (MSF), and explore other potential applications of this technology to contribute to a better response to water quality problems. Project outline Introduction Water quality and quantity from surface sources are changing due to the deterioration of watersheds caused Figure 1. Multi stage filtration with coagulation and flocculation in upflow gravel filters (1-5: monitoring points of water quality) by deforestation, erosion, and the discharge of untreated Results wastewater (e.g., in Colombia only 3.1% of the total CF-UGF units improved the performance of MSF volume of wastewater produced is treated (CGR, 2009)). considerably, when operated with turbidity levels above The two most serious problems concern the peaks in 30 NTU. It strongly reduced the load of particulate turbidity and E-coli concentrations that particularly affect material before the water entered in the SSF and avoided water supply systems in rural areas in the Andean region. short filter runs. The removal efficiency of turbidity in the Considering that MSF is a promising and reliable water CF-UGF was between 85 and 96%, whereas the average treatment option for small communities, in this research efficiency without coagulant dosing was 46%. Effluent the operational and design aspects of coagulation and turbidity, during coagulant dosing, was 98% of time less flocculation in upflow gravel filters (CF-UGF) in line with than10 NTU (Figure 2) and also improved the removal MSF was studied. efficiency of microorganisms (Figure 3). No reduction in the microbial activity of the SSF and no obstruction of the Approach SSF bed were observed. The most important advantage The study was developed in Cali, Colombia, in a full was the flexibility to operate with and without coagulant. scale treatment plant (Figure 1) that consists of: dynamic roughing filtration (DRF), to protect from peaks of suspended solids and turbidity; a rapid mixing chamber (RMC), where the coagulants are dosed; CFUGF where the processes of coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration occur; UGF to remove total suspended solids; and finally slow sand filtration (SSF) for microorganism removal. Raw water was monitored for the following parameters: turbidity, true colour, E- coli, total coliforms, heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and pH. In addtions, the head loss (hf), the coagulant dose and the filter cleaning procedure were monitored. 140 Figure 2. Frequency of turbidity levels (operation with coagulant) Luis Dario Sanchez TC: Total coliforms; EC: Eschirichia coli; HPC: heterotrophic play count bacteria. 1- without coagulant; 2- with coagulant Figure 3 Microbiological behaviour (UGF: Vf 1.0 m h-1, SSF: Vf 0.3 m h-1) Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Scientific relevance Tel.: +31 15 2783347 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl UGF was introduced in Brazil during the 1960s, and Colombia during the 1970s. Pilot and full scale studies were developed in Colombia, during the 1980s and 1990s, and also the use of CF-UGF in the laboratory and on pilot scale was explored (Sanchez et al, 2006). Nowadays, the use of CF-UGF with MSF has a few full-scale applications. This research shows, after extensive monitoring, that CF-UGF indeed has potential to improve the performance of MSF conserving biological processes. Social relevance UGF and CF-UGF require material that are often readily available, can be easily administrated, and maintained and operated by local operators at reasonable cost. Therefor they are useful for rural communities in developing countries. The cost per m3 produced is about US$0.05, for a per capita investment of US$18, this may contribute to improved access to sustainable and safe drinking water. Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Aug 2010 Expected end date: Aug 2014 Key words: Upflow gravel filtration, water quality, multi stage filtration Cooperation with other institutes: Universidad del Valle-Instituto Cinara, Cali-Colombia Literature ▪▪ CGR, Contraloría General de la República: Estado de los Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente, República de Colombia, 180 pp., 2009. ▪▪ Dorea, C.C., and Clarke, B.A.: Impact of chemical pretreatment in Slow Sand Filtration, in: proceeding of Recent progress in slow sand and alternative biofiltration processes. IWA publishing, 215223, 2006. ▪▪ Sánchez, L.D., Sánchez, A., Galvis, G., and Latorre, J.: Multi-Stage Filtration. Thematic overview paper 15. IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre. 64 pp., 2006. 141 Individual projects Doeke Schippers Intelligent water production Research objectives The final step is to implement the different soft sensors in The objective of this PhD study is to integrate different de process automation of Vitens. models (white, gray and data driven) to control the water quality of groundwater treatments. Main goal is to find Results ‘the holy grail’ for online sensors of aeration and filtration. The basic result for the SLIMM box is a real-time insight in the different steps of the treatment (i.e. extraction, Project outline aeration, filtration, deacidification and softening). Next to Introduction this also soft sensors have been developed for methane In water treatment the water quality, that is produced removal, energy consumption and plate fouling of by a given water treatment plant, is usually not analyzed the plate aeration step, a soft sensor for iron removal before the water is consumed by the public. This results in the filtration step and carbon dioxide removal in the in plant design and operation with inherent very high deacidification step. At this time these soft sensors can safety margins. And therefore leads to high investment only be used at the production plant of Oldeholtpade. and operational costs. By introduction of different water quality models it is possible to prevent the risk of water Scientific relevance quality problems at customers and to reduce the total Previous research has shown that it is quite difficult to costs of water production. model the filtration step. In order the control the water quality of a groundwater treatment plant it is very Approach At production important to find a solution for the numerous quality location Oldeholtpade (Vitens) an problems at the tap. A further insight in the filtration is investigation has been executed to develop a new of utmost importance for implementation of model-based approach. The so called SLIMM (acronym for Self control. Learning Integrated Model based Management) box extracts all the existing data from the plant and combines Social relevance this with data-driven and white box models to develop At this time customers are drinking water from the tap soft sensors for the entire plant. This has resulted in soft before the results of different analyses are known. With sensors for aeration. Next to that the combination of the the introduction of model-based control drinking water water analyses results and the process information has companies can prevent water quality problems in the led to more insight for the process operators. The results distribution area and at the tap. Next to that the present are mainly applicable for the location Oldeholtpade. water treatment facilities are built and operated with a As first step in the further research a functionality for the very conservative framework. With model-based control it extraction of groundwater will be designed to predict the is possible to reduce the operational and capital cost. Also final quality of the raw water entering the treatment. the environmental impact of drinking water production The following step is to improve the soft sensor for can be reduced. aeration (plate aeration). This results in a soft sensor which can be used at all ground water location with plate Literature aeration. The research will further focus on other aeration ▪▪ Van der Helm, A.W.C., Integrated modeling of systems which are used in ground water treatment. ozonation The investigation at Oldeholtpade has shown that treatment, TU Delft (2007) filtration is difficult to model. The SLIMM project showed ▪▪ optimization of drinking water Van Schagen, K.M., Model-based Control of DrinkingWater Treatment Plants, TU Delft (2009) that at that time only data-driven models were applicable. During this research the goal is to design a white box for ▪▪ Van de Ven, W.J.C. et al, Application of model-based model for filtration which is applicable for all groundwater management treatment systems. Oldeholtpade – a feasibility study, IWA Montreal (2010) 142 for groundwater treatment plant Doeke Schipppers Foto SLIMM-box Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Mob: +31 6 51612329 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Jun 2013 Expected end date: Jun 2018 Key words: Model-based control, white box model, soft sensors, drinking water Cooperation with other institutes: Vitens 143 Individual projects Roslinda Seswoya Enhanced Energy Recovery from Digesting Excess Activated Sludge Research objectives Municipal wastewater treatment study Dara Ghashimi in this annual report). plants (WWTPs) Different pre-treatment methods (sludge disintegration) generate sludge as a by-product of the physical, chemical are used to improve the hydrolysis rate. These methods and biological processes used during treatment. This claim to disrupt cell walls, resulting in lysis of sludge sludge contains a large portion of organic waste readily cells. Several treatment methods also convert slowly available for anaerobic digestion, yielding methane rich degradable, particulate organic material into low molecular biogas for renewable energy production. Hydrolysis is weight, readily biodegradable compounds, thus bypassing indicated as the rate-limiting step in this process and the rate-limiting hydrolysis stage. Described methods thus the optimization of the anaerobic digestion process include physical, chemical, mechanical and biological strongly depends on the increase in hydrolysis efficiency. pre-treatment. Researchers have evaluated the effect A promising method to improve hydrolysis is pre- of pre-treatment based on VS reduction and increase in treatment, in which sludge disintegration before entering the biogas production. However, still uncertainties exist the digester is achieved. The objectives of this study in judging the efficiency of pre-treatment with anaerobic are to unravel anaerobic digestibility of waste sludge digestion subsequently and optimisation should be and in particular examine the anaerobic digestibility of possible when the processes are better understood. Extracellular Polymers (EPS), and the effect of current pre-treatment methods on all fractions of waste sludge. Approach The research aims to give insight in pre-treatment The composition of easy, slowly and hardly biodegradable efficiencies, beyond organic matter solubilisation as organic matter of the primary and secondary sludge from described in literature. different WWTPs will be characterized before and after digestion at lab scale and full scale digesters. Several Project outline pre-treatment experimental conditions will be applied, Introduction and the anaerobic digestibility of pre-treated excess The major drawbacks of anaerobic digestion are its long activated sludge will be examined under controlled retention times (typical 20–30 days) and low overall lab conditions. The assessment including the biogas degradation efficiency for organic matter, due to the production and the removal efficiency of easy, slowly inability of the anaerobic micro-organism to degrade and hardly biodegradable organic matter. The relevant certain organic matter components efficiently. Organics aspects of interest such as biomass growth/changes and reduction from waste sludge through digestion is limited conversion/inhibition/toxicity will be addressed too. to about 50% (Appels et al., 2011). Currently, anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge is mainly applied for waste Results activated sludge (secondary sludge) or combination of The first stage of this study was to examine the primary and secondary sludge. Primary sludge consists characteristics of sewage sludge. The results showed that pre-dominantly of readily settleable solids comprising the VFA, soluble polysaccharides, soluble protein, COD fibres and less degradable cellulosic material (Pilli et soluble, and COD total were higher in primary sludge al.,2011), whereas, secondary sludge (WAS) contains samples than secondary sludge samples obtained from mostly microbial cells associated biomass (Pilli et al., 2011). Harnaschpolder. Furthermore, preliminary experiments Bacterial cells are protected by a semi-rigid structure (Yi, on anaerobic digested sludge characteristics from Han, and Zhuo, 2013). Lignin, and lignin intertwined thermophilic and mesophilic full scale reactors were hemicellulotic and cellulotic structures, are found to be studied. It was shown that thermophilic and mesophilic hardly biodegradable by the anaerobic micro-organisms, digestion resulting in very long retention times and a low digestion production at the rate of 0.5 mMol biogas/hr. The bio output (Appels et al., 2011). Current research shows that methane potential (BMP) or nett accumulated biogas was the toilet paper fraction is readily biodegradable (See 63.6 mMol and 62.8 mMol under anaerobic digestion at 144 showed similar performance in biogas Roslinda Seswoya 550C and 370C at 50 days (1198 hours). Scientific relevance The research will give insight in the limited pre-treatment efficiencies, and organics conversion in anaerobic digestion of waste sludge, more beyond the solid and the organic matter solubilisation as described in literature. Social relevance The Dutch wastewater authorities have committed to a yearly 2 percent reduction in energy usage, until 2030. In the other hand, being a location where energy is not only needed but also produced, WWTPs offer good chances to balance the energy expenditure and become selfsustaining through implementation of new and improvised technology. Therefore, this research may contribute to rebrand and reformulate Dutch wastewater treatment plant as energy –factory. Literature ▪▪ Appels, Lise, Joost Lauwers, Jan Degrève, Lieve Helsen, Bart Lievens, Kris Willems, Jan Van Impe, and Raf Dewil. 2011. “Anaerobic digestion in global bio-energy production: Potential and research challenges.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15(9): 4295–4301. ▪▪ Pilli, Sridhar, Puspendu Bhunia, Song Yan, R J LeBlanc, R D Tyagi, and R Y Surampalli. 2011. “Ultrasonic pretreatment of sludge: a review.” Ultrasonics sonochemistry 18(1): 1–18. ▪▪ Yi, Hui, Yun Han, and Yang Zhuo. 2013. “Effect of Combined Pretreatment of Waste Activated Sludge for Anaerobic Digestion Process.” Procedia Environmental Sciences 18: 716–721. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Mob: +31 6 87227497 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Jan 2013 Expected end date: Jan 2017 Key words: Waste sludge, organic matter, pretreatment, full scale Cooperation with other institutes: Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia 145 Individual projects Ran Shang Innovative ceramic ultrafiltration for water reuse: P rejection by CTUF for RO pretreatment Research objectives Results 1. Ceramic UF and MF for the reuse purpose (investigate 1. The phosphate rejection by a negatively charged ▪▪ ▪▪ in the membrane irreversible fouling) membrane can be achieved by charge repulsion Hydraulic irreversible fouling on low pressure ceramic between the trivalent phosphate ion and the membranes (MF/UF) membrane surface [1]. Many studies confirmed that Role of cations on the hydraulic irreversible fouling of membranes of various surface charge will exhibit the low pressure membranes similar surface charge values as the foulants when the 2. Reuse water for industry with optimized Ceramic membranes were completely covered by adsorbed Tight UF processes foulants. Therefore, the zeta potential values of ▪▪ Case study of RO plants for industry foulants were adopted as the representatives of the ▪▪ Optimize CTUF processes as RO pretreatment qualitative surface charge of the completely fouled membranes (Fig. 1). Project outline Introduction Reverse osmosis (RO) is increasingly used in desalination and water reuse installations. However, a crucial issue of these installations is bio-fouling, which leads to ascending operational costs and shortening membrane lifetime. Phosphate limitation is one of the methods to prevent biofouling on RO. The enhanced phosphate rejection by CTUF to achieve P limitation is being investigated. Our previous study[1] showed 39%-86% of dissolved phosphate can be rejected by a negatively charged TiO2 tight UF membrane with molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 3 kDa. Thus, the tight UF membrane can potentially be deployed for RO pre-treatment in order to constrain the Figure 1 Zeta potential of organic solutions as foulants at pH 7 biofouling and scaling in RO. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of organic matter (including NOM and EfOM), cations and complex of effluent water on the P rejection by the tight ceramic UF membrane. Approach 1. CTUF (3 kDa) ceramic membrane (TAMI) was applied for tests. 2. Filtration tests were carried out with 2 m/s crossflow and flux of 50 L/(m2.h). 3. The P rejection experiments were carried out under different fouling conditions to understand the membrane fouling caused by EfOM (and cations) on P rejection. Figure 2 Effect of feed solutes on phosphate rejection by the 3 kDa ceramic UF 2. The 3 kDa UF membrane was able to rejected 43.1±0.5% of phosphate from phosphate-spiked DI water. However, with the NOM or EfOM in feed water, phosphate rejection increased to 52.5±3.6% and 67.7±0.8%, respectively (Fig. 2). 146 Ran Shang Scientific and social relevance Combined phosphate limitation (0.3 μg P/l [2]) and organic matter limitation (0.5 mg TOC/l) for biomass accumulation are conceivably achieved by coagulation-TCUF, in order to prevent RO from bio-fouling. The in-line coagulation can already reduce the phosphate level from 7-115 to 0.2-2.8 μg P/l [3]. Combination of coagulation and CTUF is likely to reduce P concentration below the phosphate limitation value, and thus the RO biofouling problem is plausibly released. Literature ▪▪ Shang, R., et al., Tight ceramic UF membrane as RO pre-treatment: The role of electrostatic interactions on phosphate rejection. Water Research, 2014. 48(1): p. 498-507. ▪▪ Vrouwenvelder, J.S., et al., Phosphate limitation to control biofouling. Water Research, 2010. 44(11): p. 3454-3466. ▪▪ Jacobson, J.D., et al., Phosphate limitation in reverse osmosis: An option to control biofouling? Desalination and Water Treatment, 2009. 5(1-3): p. 198-206. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2783539 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: 2009 Expected end date: 2013 Key words: Ceramic tight UF; RO pretreatment; water reuse 147 Individual projects Matthieu Spekkers Modelling rainfall-related damage to residential buildings Research objectives through roofs and pluvial flood water entering buildings This project aims to identify and investigate factors that at ground floor. The aim was to investigate whether the influence probability and size of rainfall-related damage probability of rainfall-related damage were associated to residential buildings, by analysing large insurance with maximum rainfall intensities. Rainfall data were used claim databases. based on a network of 33 automatic rain gauges operated by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI). Project outline A logistic regression model was used to link probabilities Introduction of rainfall-related claims to maximum rainfall intensities. A key aspect of flood risk management is the analysis of flood damage data and the development of flood damage In prediction models. Little research focused on small-scale approaches were used to analyse the same insurance urban floods caused by rainfall overloading urban drainage databases as the first study, using a much wider range systems, while there is a need for reliable damage models of explanatory data. Decision trees are fundamental for this flood type among insurers and flood management tools in data-mining that help to explore structures of authorities. The objective of such models are to predict large and complex data sets. The response data being damage of single elements (e.g. buildings) or spatially modelled are average claim size and claim ratio, per aggregated units (e.g. neighbourhoods), based on a set neighbourhood per day. The set of predictors include of explanatory variables. rainfall-related variables from weather radar images (e.g. a second (unpublished) study, decision tree maximum and mean rainfall intensity, rainfall volume, see Approach also Spekkers et al., 2013b), topographic variables (e.g. In a first study (Spekkers et al., 2013a), insurance steepness, relative position) from a digital terrain model, databases containing 20 years of rainfall-related claims building-related variables (e.g. age, floor area) and for the whole country of the Netherlands, provided by socioeconomic indicators of households (e.g. household the Dutch Association of Insurers, were analysed. Claims income, education). Analyses were made separately for were related to residential building and building content average claim size and claim ratio, using regression trees damage caused by heavy rainfall, e.g. rainwater intrusion and Poisson trees respectively. Districts with high number of rainfall-related claims (dots and crosses) and event rainfall volume [mm] (Spekkers et al., 2013b) 148 Matthieu Spekkers Results The results of the first study (Spekkers et al., 2013a) show that high claim numbers related to building and building content damages were significantly related to maximum rainfall intensity. The variance explained by rainfall intensity, approximated by a pseudo-R2 statistic, was at most 34% for property damage and at most 30% for content damage, depending on the time window over which rainfall data was aggregated. When directly comparing predicted and observed values, the model was able to predict 5–17% more cases correctly compared to a random prediction. No important differences were found between property and content damage data. A considerable fraction of the variance is left unexplained, which emphasizes the need to study other explanatory variables. Results of the second study will be presented in another paper, showing to what extent investigated explanatory variables contribute to explaining variations in average claim size and claim ratio. Scientific and social relevance Damage data and models can be used to validate and develop extreme rainfall services (e.g. when to issue an alert?), to support decisionmaking activities (e.g. which preventive measures contribute to damage reduction and to what extent?), to make quick assessments of damages after an event (e.g. which regions are affected the most and should therefore be given priority?), to improve emergency responses (e.g. when and where to close roads?) and to estimate future damages under various climate scenarios. This study is part of the EU Seventh Framework Programme project ‘Smart Resilience Technology, Systems and Tools’ (SMARTeST, 2013). Literature ▪▪ Spekkers, M., Kok, M., Clemens, F., & Ten Veldhuis, J. (2013a). A statistical analysis of insurance damage claims related to rainfall extremes. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17(3), 913–922. doi:10.5194/hess-17-913-2013 ▪▪ Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2788578 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Mar 2010 Expected end date: Jun 2014 Key words: Pluvial flooding, heavy rainfall, statistical analysis, insurance damage data Cooperation with other institutes: City of Rotterdam Spekkers, M., Kok, M., Clemens, F., & Ten Veldhuis, J. (2013b). A spatial analysis of rainfall damage data using C-band weather radar images. In International Conference of Flood Resilience. Exeter, UK. ▪▪ SMARTeST (2013). http://www.floodresilience.eu/. Website of the EU Seventh Framework Programme ‘Smart Resilience Technology, Systems and Tools’, 2010-2013. 149 Individual projects Nikola Stanić Quality of Information Used in Sewer Asset Management Research objectives of insufficient quality of visual inspection data. As a This research project aims at defining the information consequence, decisions on sewer management are based needs, quantifying the uncertainties of information and on partial knowledge due to scarcity of information on the improving the quality of this information in order to achieve functioning and conditions of urban drainage systems. the desired efficiency gains for urban drainage systems. Approach Project outline It is difficult to achieve a well-established relation Introduction between required asset management efforts and the Throughout history urban drainage systems have evolved level of service provided, due to sewer systems processes and today they are viewed as a vital component of a and structure complexity (Ashley & Hopkinson, 2002). sustainable urban systems. Sewer systems are capital Information on the physical status and the serviceability intensive infrastructure systems, that have to last for by themselves are not sufficient for identifying the trend decades. However, with time drainage systems deteriorate towards failure. The understanding of the changes in due to aging, overloading, misuse and mismanagement processes/status is essential for achieving effective sewer (Butler and Davies 2004). As many sewer systems have asset management. Through an increased understanding been constructed between 1950s and 1970s, the societal of sewer failure mechanisms this can be achieved. In costs of managing the sewerage systems increased order to identify the failure mechanisms involved, the strongly over the past years. For instance, Oosterom and HAZard and OPerability (HAZOP) approach was applied. Hermans (2005) shows that the replacement value of The HAZOP analysis allows identification of failure the sewerage system in the Netherlands is around € 58 mechanisms, as well as identifying sources of information billion. Estimate that today’s average annual sewerage tax to detect and quantify the identified failure mechanisms. per household in the Netherlands is € 125, which covers Furthermore, the understanding of uncertainty of 87% of costs. In order to protect these investments, inspection data is relevant for future decision making and ensure delivery of sewerage service and an extended model development. Uncertainties related to application serviceability of the infrastructure, such systems have of inspection techniques (e.g. CCTV inspection, drill core to be properly operated and maintained together with analysis) in today’s practice could be decreased. adequate rehabilitation ((Delleur et al. 1998; Marsalek Results and Schilling 1998). The HAZOP technique proved to be applicable to analyse Sewer asset management aims at providing optimum the information need for sewer asset management. For decision on the provision for maintenance, on-going instance, collapse of the structural elements can be operation and on the provision of the large investments, caused by material deterioration (decrease of strength) associated with sewer rehabilitation and replacement and/or by overloading the structure (increase of load). (Nederlands Currently, The physical mechanisms that lead to pipe breakage are decisions (e.g. rehabilitation, maintenance) mostly are numerous/complex and not completely understood. The made based on the information on the sewer physical structural behaviour of buried concrete pipes is fairly well status and on the information on serviceability only. For understood, except for how material deterioration affects instance, the primary sources of information used in structural behaviour and performance. Consequently, decision making are pipe age, closed-circuit television information on the structural behaviour (structural (CCTV) inspections along with monitored hydraulic condition and the wall roughness) of deteriorated performance. The information obtained from CCTV sewer pipes will contribute to better understanding of is limited due to the fact that only defects from within the changes in status which is essential for achieving the sewer are taken into account. Furthermore, recent the desired efficiency gains for urban drainage systems. research of Dirksen et al. (2011) concluded that more Therefore, it is necessary to define a new method that will be information is needed for proper decision making because able to collect this information. 150 Normalisatie-instituut 2008). Nikola Stanić Laser scanning offers a new and challenging perspective for measuring sewer pipe structural characteristics, such as interior shape and related to this the remaining wall thickness and hydraulic properties, such as wall roughness. The advantage of laser profilers is speed. In order to be able to measure hydraulic roughness, a much higher resolution laser is required. One of the drawbacks of a high resolution laser is that it is very time consuming and results in a tremendous amount of data. The combination of the two methods, i.e. to use the laser profiler to identify representative patches which should be measured with the high resolution camera, is an option to combine the strengths of both laser scanning methods. A forgotten issue in earlier applications of these laser profilers, is the necessity to know exactly the camera position and orientation, for which the laser profile has to be corrected. The position and orientation of the laser sheet and the camera will vary the obtained image has to be corrected for these variations. Figure 1 shows the measuring set-up applied that is able to obtain accuracy larger than the 95%. Scientific relevance One of the main challenges of asset management is to be able to define a sufficient level of information. This study will contribute the further research in the area of data acquisition and data management. Generally it will help defining the information needed for proper serviceability. Social relevance Sewerage and urban drainage systems are important infrastructures in terms of preventing urban flooding, and mitigating possible health hazards. Proper serviceability of the asset can be achieved with an effective management on the long-term, which will minimize adverse effects on human health and environment and will also be more cost effective. Literature ▪▪ ▪▪ Butler, D., and Davies, J. W. (2004). Urban drainage, London: Spon Press. Delleur, J.W., Reyna, S., and Vanegas, J. (1998). “Sewerage rehabilitation”, in J. Marsalek, C. Maksimovic, E. Zeman, and R. Price, (eds.), Hydroinformatics Tools for Planning, Design, Operation and Rehabilitation of Sewer Systems. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic pp. 415-450. ▪▪ Dirksen, J., Clemens, F., Korving, H., Cherqui, F., Le Gauffre, P., Ertl, T., Plihal, H., Müller, K., and Snaterse, C. (2011). “The consistency of visual sewer inspection data” Structure and Infrastructure Eng. ▪▪ Marsalek, J., and Schilling, W. (1998). “Operation of sewer systems”, in J. Marsalek, C. Maksimovic, E. Zeman, and R. Price, (eds.), Hydroinformatics Tools for Planning, Design, Operation and Rehabilitation of Sewer Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2784026 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: May 2011 Expected end date: May 2015 Key words: Asset management, information needs, information quality, sewers & drains Cooperation with other institutes: ARCADIS, Deltares, Gemeente Almere, Gemeente Breda, Gemeente ’s-Gravenhage, Gemeentewerken Rotterdam, Gemeente Utrecht, GMB Rioleringstechniek, Grontmij, KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Platform Water Vallei en Eem, Royal HaskoningDHV, Stichting RIONED, STOWA, Tauw, vandervalk+degroot, Waterboard De Dommel, Waternet and Witteveen+Bos Systems. Dordrecht Kluwer Academic pp. 393-414. ▪▪ ▪▪ Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut.(2008). NEN-EN 752: Buitenriolering. Oosterom, G.E., Hermans, R.H.J.J. (2005). The Sewerage Atlas. Summary RIONED, the Netherlands. 151 Individual projects Maja Taucer-Kapteijn Growth of Enterococus moraviensis on plantmaterial Research objectives contamination and enable to find possible defects on 1. Source tracking of E. moraviensis in dune recharge boreholes and recharge mains. area. 2. Potential growth of E. moraviensis on sediment, biofilm and plantmaterial. Approach Besides focusing on faecal sources research focused also on possible environmental growth of E. moraviensis. Project outline Total of 20 faecal samples (goose, gull, fox, rabbit, cow, Introduction sheep, goat) and grasses we tested on the presence Research focused on Enterococcus moraviensis and its of E. moraviensis. The results showed its presence in role as a faecal indicator for determining the sanitary grasses but not in the faecal samples. These findings and quality of water. Microbial indicators are used to predict previously described survival of enterococci in natural the presence of potential risk associated with pathogenic environments (Muruleedhara et al., 2012) encouraged microorganisms. the investigation on potential growth of this species Because of the high costs of identification systems, the in sediments and biofilm found in mains transporting information on the diversity of the Enterococcus species recharged water. Since sediments accumulate relatively isolated from water is scarce. With introduction of the fast in the pipes for recharged water (after dune filtration) MALDI-TOF MS technique in the water laboratories we presumed that they may play a role in nutrition of the information on species became available. Because micro-organisms when passing by. Growth experiments of high incidence of enterococci in recharged water, using E. moraviensis were conducted using sediments, monitoring was done on enterococci species in one of the biofilm and plant material as nutrition source for this infiltration areas in The Netherlands (not published). In species. 376 large volume sampling (100L) 63 samples contained enterococci. Noteworthy, Enterococcus moraviensis was Results the most often identified (63%) species and occurs also Addition of five different amounts (15 mg, 45 mg, 225 in the absence of other faecal indicators. mg, 450 mg and 900 mg) of sediment to recharged E. moraviensis is a relatively new species among the water and incubation at three different temperatures enterococci, isolated from surface water and described (15˚C, 20˚C and 25 ˚C) did not have any effect on the by Švec et al. in 2001. This species was earlier isolated growth of E. moraviensis. Although in all cases only decay from water samples in the Netherlands, but could not be of E. moraviensis was observed, there was a significant identified using biochemical identification test Rapid 32ID difference in decay rate at the three temperatures. Strep (Taucer-Kapteijn et al., 2013). Until now, there are To answer the question if this species is able to colonise no reports on faecal sources of E. moraviensis. However, biofilms in recharge mains and grow there, firstly the in water microbiology the source of Enterococcus spp. colonisation abilities were tested and secondly the is expected to be faecal, some studies suggested the possible growth of E. moraviensis in biofilms. The presence or regrowth of enterococci in environment in results showed, that E. moraviensis was able to attach the absence of faecal contamination. Thus presence in to biofilm in relatively short time (30 minutes), but was environmental samples without evidence of faeces may not able to grow in the biofilm. Additionally, some growth be the result of long survival of faecal species or perhaps experiments were carried out on solid media containing environmental growth of enterococci species. extracts from plants as well as broths with these extracts. Sufficient information on these questions is not available. The results showed that, the plant extract (dune grasses) Because removal of micro-organisms by dune recharge does play a role in the nutrition of E. moraviensis promote has been shown as effective (Schijven et al., 1998; growth of this species (Fig. 1). Schijven et al., 1999), the presence of enterococci in recharged water is unlikely. Tracing the animal reservoir of E. moraviensis, might help to find the spot of faecal 152 Maja Taucer-Kapteijn Figure 1: Growth of E. moraviensis at 15˚C and different concentrations sterilized plant extract Scientific relevance However the primary source of E. moraviensis is still not known, this study has shown the growth of E. moraviensis at 15˚C on plant extract, which means that this species does not meet all the conditions of being a faecal indicator used for determining the sanitary quality of water. Social relevance Detection of E. moraviensis does not necessarily imply that the infiltration system has been compromised by a pollution event. Since Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Mob: +31 6 22897416 E-mail: m.taucer-kapteijn@ tudelft.nl www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft species might be an important target of the future research. Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Literature Start date project: Jan 2012 Expected end date: Jan 2016 it is not clear if E. moraviensis is present in the faeces of humans and warm-blooded animals, the information on the primary source of this ▪▪ Svec, P., and I. Sedlacek. 1999. Occurrence of Enterococcus spp. in waters. Folia Microbiol. 44:3-10. ▪▪ Schijven, J. F., Hoogenboezem W., Nobel P. J., Medema G. J. and Stakelbeek A. 1998. Reduction of FRNA-bacteriophages and faecal indicator bacteria by dune infiltration and estimation of sticking efficiencies. Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 38, No. 12, pp.127-131. ▪▪ Key words: The role and source tracking of enterococci als feacal indicator in dune recharge area Cooperation with other institutes: Het Waterlaboratorium Schijven, J. F., W. Hoogenboezem, S. Majid Hassanizadeh and Jos H. Peters. 1999. Modeling removal of bacteriofages MS2and PRD1 by dune recharge at Castricum, Netherlands. Water Resources Research, Vol.35, No.4, p. 1101-1111. ▪▪ Muruleedhara N. Byappanahalli, Meredith B. Nevers, Asja Korajkic, Zachery R. Staley and Valerie J. Harwood. 2012. Enterococci in the Environment. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2012, 76(4):685. ▪▪ Taucer-Kapteijn, M., G. Medema and Wim Hoogenboezem. 2013. Comparison between Rapid ID 32 Strep System, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for the species identification of Enterococcus spp. isolated from water. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply.13.5 153 Individual projects Steef de Valk Enhanced Enzymatic Anaerobic Fermentation of Organic Residues (EnzyFOR) Research objectives Approach Aquatic sludge degrading worms offer great opportunities Due to unavailability of the aquatic worm Aulophorus to investigate the way nature efficiently hydrolyses furcatus, Tubefix tubefix is being studied in this research complex organic matter. The aim of this research is to project. A lab scale worm reactor is operated at the explain the , in other studies observed, increase of total waste water treatment plant Harnaschpolder, Delft, The sludge biodegradability, observed in worm predated Netherlands. The full scale worm process, described excess activated sludge. This research will give insight by J.Tamis et al. (2011) will be validated at lab scale. into ways to mimic the biological activity of these Furthermore, worm predated sludge will be compared worms for large scale processes in order to increase the to untreated sludge, both processed under the same valorisation of waste streams by increased conversion of conditions. Also a distinction between the hydrolytic complex organic substrates. activity of the aquatic worms and the intestinal microbial flora is researched in order to make sound conclusions Project outline on who is responsible for the increased hydrolytic Introduction activity observed in the worm process. In a later stage The activated sludge process is the most used process conditions of the worm track will be mimicked to enhance to remove organic carbon and other pollutants from the hydrolysis step of excess sludge digestion or VFA waste water. The organic fraction of waste water is production aerobically respired and partly converted into biomass. The surplus biomass is a by-product of this process and is Results called excess activated sludge. The main constituents of The first step in this project was to characterize the activated sludge are biomass, organic matter and water. worm process. The presence of aquatic sludge degrading In general, this sludge stream is partly converted in worms clearly had an effect on the rate of biomass biogas and partly processed e.g. incinerated. The major conversion. This rate increased almost 300% compared problem, associated with activated sludge technology, is to the aerobic endogenous sludge decay rate. The the cost for processing and disposal of the large amounts amount of degradation is in the same order of magnitude of excess sludge. as is reported by other authors using aquatic worms for sludge reduction (T.L.G. Hendrickx et al,. 2009; J.Lou et The major fraction of excess activated sludge consists al,. 2011; J.Tamis et al 2011; Y.Tian et al,. 2012). The of complex organic matter, which could be utilized if effects of worm activity on the characteristics of sludge transformed into VFA precursors for use in (bio)-chemical was also monitored. The reported release of inorganic industrial processes or biogas. Hereby increasing the nutrients namely nitrate and phosphate was confirmed valorisation of sludge and reducing the amount of sludge as well and the TSS reduction was accompanied by a associated with further processing and disposal costs. shift in particle size in the 2 – 50 µm range. There was a large increase in the 2 – 5 µm particles accompanied It has been shown that the aquatic worm Aulophorus by decreasing sizes in the 5 – 50 µm range. The shift in furcatus increases the biodegradability of excess sludge particle size becomes also apparent in the sludge volume significantly, in terms of process time and methane index. This index dropped almost 50% during a 3 day potential, compared to other sludge reduction methods batch. This drop can be attributed to the compact shape currently available (Tamis et al., 2011). Worms feed on of the worm faeces. However it was seen visually that complex bio matter present in sludge by hydrolysing the the turbidity increased significantly after 30 minutes of polymeric substances (e.g. biomass and possible other settling compared to the blank. This turbidity increase polymeric substances) and convert these into VFA and could be caused by the shift in particles size towards the simple sugars. However the mechanisms in the intestines 2 – 5 µm range who settles less fast due the lower weight of the worms are unknown. of the particles. 154 Steef de Valk Figure 1: Aspects of worm predation. Batch experiment with (Worms) and without (Blank) worms. Activated sludge as substrate, 12g/l Worms, DO> 5 mg/l, pH 7. 1: Total Suspended Solids reduction. 2: Inorganic nutrient release. 3: Sludge Volume Index. 4: The difference in particle size between blank and worms over the course of 2 days. Scientific relevance This project will give insight into the hydrolysis of complex organic molecules. Developing a cost effective process for the degradation of complex organics into VFA or biogas is in the scope of this research. Social relevance In order to achieve a sustainable bio-based society, we should be able to transfer complex organic waste into useable products, as VFA. Furthermore, disposal of excess sludge of wastewater treatment is costly. This project aims on enhancing product formation from excess sludge by increasing its biodegradability by hydrolysing complex organic matter. Therefore, disposal of the waste sludge will decrease and production of useful components of waste, as VFA or biogas, will increase. Literature ▪▪ Hendrickx, T. L. G., Temmink, H., Elissen, H. J. H., & Buisman, C. J. N. (2009). Aquatic worms eating waste sludge in a continuous Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2785457 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Jan 2012 Expected end date: Jan 2016 Key words: Hydrolysis; Sludge reduction; Aquatic Oligochaetes; Worms Cooperation with other institutes: Delfluent Services BV, DSM, Royal Cosun, STOWA, STW, Tauw, Wageningen UR system. Bioresource technology, 100(20), 4642–8 ▪▪ Lou, J., Sun, P., Guo, M., Wu, G., & Song, Y. (2011). Simultaneous sludge reduction and nutrient removal (SSRNR) with interaction between Tubificidae and microorganisms: a full-scale study. Bioresource technology, 102(24), 11132–6. ▪▪ Tamis, J., Van Schouwenburg, G., Kleerebezem, R., & Van Loosdrecht, M. C. M. (2011). A full scale worm reactor for efficient sludge reduction by predation in a wastewater treatment plant. Water research, 45(18), 5916–24. ▪▪ Tian, Y., Lu, Y., & Li, Z. (2012). Performance analysis of a combined system of membrane bioreactor and worm reactor: wastewater treatment, sludge reduction and membrane fouling. Bioresource technology, 121, 176–82. 155 Individual projects Feifei Wang Hybrid Advanced Oxidation and Artificial Recharge to Remove the Organic Micropollutants from Drinking Water Research objectives in 2006 and started research to extend the treatment with The objective of the research is to find a robust an advanced processes, situated at the pre-treatment combination of AOP (Advanced Oxidation Process) and location in Bergambacht, to limit or remove OMPs. AR (Artificial Recharge), to remove the OMPs (Organic Micropollutants) from drinking water for drinking water Many AOP processes, such as UV/H2O2, H2O2/O3, UV/ companies using river water as raw water source and O3, UV/H2O2/O3 and UV/TiO2, exit. In order to prevent applying AR in the treatment scheme. the formation of bromate from bromide (since bromate is a suspected carcinogenic), the Company Dunea is The following sub-objectives are as follows: mainly interested in AOPs without the use of ozone such 1. To establish the optimal combination of H2O2 dose, as UV/H2O2 which avoid bromate formation. However, O3 dose and some kind of UV lamp for the best experiments with a test installation in 2009 and 2010 conversion of OMPs. showed that the bromate formation could be reduced 2. Research on Artificial Recharge to quench bromate, if the ozone dosage was limited and enough hydrogen the by-products of AOPs, and excessive hydrogen peroxide was dosed before the ozone introduction. peroxide. Compared with UV-AOP, the formation of hydroxyl radicals 3. To find out the optimal and most robust combination of AOP and AR. by peroxone (AOP with O3/H2O2) is much more efficient. Besides, artificial recharge may enable bromate(BrO3-)removal from ozonated and infiltrated water biologically. Project outline So, the scientific hypothesis of the research is: the AOPs Introduction with UV/ O3/H2O2 can reduce effectively the concentration In recent years, pesticides, pharmaceutically active of OMPs, and then artificial recharge can reduce the by- compounds, endocrine disrupting compounds, X-ray product, bromated (BrO3-), and quench the excessive contrast media and personal care products have been H2O2. End 2012 Dunea will decide whether they will found at ng/L to low μg/L concentrations in surface implement AOP preceding AR. waters throughout the world. Large quantities of OMPs are used in western society. Approach To establish the optimal combination of AOP and AR, a The treatment of the drinking water companies using large number of experiments will be carried out to find river water and applying AR has gradually been extended the highest efficient and lowest cost combination and to a multiple barrier treatment consisting of several serial a suitable model will be applied to predict the effect purification processes. The treatment can be divided in of the most robust system, consisting of AOP and AR. pre-treatment, artificial recharge and recovery (ARR) and Depending on the decision of Dunea whether or not to post-treatment Figure 1 shows the treatment scheme of implement AOP preceding AR, also AR as single process drinking water company Dunea. The current treatment is will be studied for its robustness to remove OMPs. With not adequate, so Dunea acknowledged the future threats and without preceding AOP, the vital parameters (such as T, PH, redox and contact time) for the artificial recharge will be determined to remove the by-product and quench the excessive H2O2 effectively, the capacity to remove bromate, and the capacity to remove OMP. Finally, a simple model will be used to predict the effect of the combined AOP-AR process. Figure 1: Drawing of treatment scheme Dunea 156 Feifei Wang Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Figure 2: The Research Route Tel.: +31 15 2786588 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Scientific relevance Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft The combination of AOP and AR looks very promising for a treatment of both processes. Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Social relevance Start date project: Nov 2012 Expected end date: Nov 2016 for OMP removal and by-products removal. The scientific question is to find out the optimal process condition to make benefit of the strength Now the measured concentrations of OMPs in the drinking water are low and the effect on human health for a single compound in the low concentrations at present is judged negligible, but it is still a potential threat to the human health in a long run. The hybrid of AOPs and AR will be the best optimal to efficiently reduce the OMPs from drinking water based the lowest cost. Key words: Drinking water, OMPs, AOPs, Artificial Recharge Cooperation with other institutes: Dunea Literature ▪▪ A. H. Knol. Peroxone process in drinking water treatment: conversion of organic micropollutants with limited bromated formation, the ultimate challenge in the Netherlands. Delft University of Technology, NL, 2011. ▪▪ J. Collins, C. Cotton and M. MacPhee. Advanced treatment for impaired water supplies: when advanced oxidation systems are the best option. Water Practice and Technology, 2011, 6(4). ▪▪ K. Lekkerkerker, J. Schelideler, S. K. Maeng, A. Ried, J. Q. J. C. Verberk, A. H. Knol, G. Amy and J. C. van Dijk. Advanced oxidation and artificial recharge: a synergistic hybrid system for removal of organic micropollutants. Water Science and Technology-Water supply, 2009 (9): 643-651. 157 Individual projects Mostafa Zahmatkesh Development of fungal bioreactors to degrade recalcitrant compounds in wastewater Research objectives White rot fungi (WRF) constitute a physiological group The objective of this project is to design a suitable comprising mostly of basidiomycetous, and to a lesser bioreactor setup to cultivate White rot fungi in order to extent, litter-decomposing fungi. WRF are the most degrade Humics and/or lignin in wastewater and sludge. abundant wood degraders in nature, which possess the unique ability of efficiently degrading lignin to CO2 Project outline [3], [4]. Thanks to WRF non-specific enzymes, they can Introduction degrade lignin and other recalcitrant compounds with Lignocellulose is an abundant biomass that provides an molecular structure similar to lignin, like azo dyes, poly alternative source for the production of renewable fuels aromatic hydrocarbons, some aromatic pharmaceuticals, and chemicals. The depolymerization of the carbohydrate and humics [5], [6]. polymers in lignocellulosic biomass is hindered by lignin, which is recalcitrant to chemical and biological degradation due to its complex chemical structure and linkage heterogeneity. Lignin acts as a barrier to any solutions or enzymes and prevents penetration of most enzymes and chemicals to the interior lignocellulose structure [1]. Fig II. White rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus (Photo by Fred Stevens) This focus of this project is on lignin and humics. By degrading lignin, the cellulose content of the biomass will be accessible, and can be consumed by anaerobic bacteria to produce methane. On the other hand, degradation of humics would be a substantial help to reduce the hardlybiodegradable COD of the wastewater. Approach The main issue to use WRF in Bioreactor scale under Fig I. Enhanced-color confocal microscopy image of a cross section of an Arabidopsis stem; Blue section is lignin (Science magazine, Sep. 2013) non-sterile condition is the bacterial contamination of Humic much faster than WRF, so they compete for nutrition, substances are natural non-living organic the medium, which limits the fungal growth and also the enzymatic activity of the WRF. The bacteria grow substances that are ubiquitous in the environment, both subsequently limit the fungal growth and its activity. aquatic and terrestrial. In nature, humic substances The suitable bioreactor to treat lignin or humics with WRF (mainly humic acids and humin) are extremely resistant would be able to make the fungi the dominant microbial to biodegradation. Their half-decay time (t1/2) can community inside the reactor and limit the bacterial amount to thousands of years [2]. Thus, their presence growth. Also, this fungal bioreactor should stabilize the in the wastewater usually would be considered as non- enzyme activity for a long time, especially for continuous biodegradable COD. mode applications. 158 Mostafa Zahmatkesh Scientific relevance The bioligninolysis is a breakthrough technology for industrial wastewater treatment, biofuel production, agriculture and animal food industry. Within this project real industrial effluent and wastes are going to be used, which is rare in previous studies. This technology will increase the value of lignin-rich sludge to be used in digester, also reduces the hardly-degradable COD of the wastewater. Additionally, by treating aromatics biopolymers like Humics, the potential risk of remaining these materials in wastewater without degrading or partial degrading to aromatic and toxic compounds are handled. Social relevance Cleaner industrial effluent will help to protect our environment. Also, increasing the efficiency of fuel production from sludge, would contribute to fuel price as well as having a safe and green environment. Literature 1. A. M. Abdel-Hamid, J. O. Solbiati, and I. K. O. Cann, “Insights into lignin degradation and its potential industrial applications.,” Adv. Appl. Microbiol., vol. 82, pp. 1–28, Jan. 2013. 2. J. . Hedges, G. Eglinton, P. . Hatcher, D. . Kirchman, C. Arnosti, S. Derenne, R. . Evershed, I. Kögel-Knabner, J. . de Leeuw, R. Littke, W. Michaelis, and J. Rullkötter, “The molecularly-uncharacterized component of nonliving organic matter in natural environments,” Org. Geochem., vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 945–958, Oct. 2000. 3. A. Hataka, “biodegradation of lignin,” in in Lignin, Humic Substances and Coal, Martin Hofrichter and A. Steinbüchel, Eds. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005, pp. 129–179. 4. T. T. More, S. Yan, R. D. Tyagi, and R. Y. Surampalli, “Potential use of filamentous fungi for wastewater sludge treatment.,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 101, no. 20, pp. 7700–7691, Jun. 2010. 5. M. J. Mendonça Maciel, A. Castro e Silva, and H. C. Telles Ribeiro, “Industrial and biotechnological applications of ligninolytic enzymes of the basidiomycota: a review,” Electron. J. Biotechnol., vol. 13, no. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2786588 Email: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: May 2012 Expected end date: May 2016 Key words: Fungi, Lignin, Biodegradation, wastewater treatment, Bioreactor, Humics Cooperation with other institutes: Wageningen university, DSM Vion 6, pp. 1–13, Nov. 2010. 6. M. Tišma, B. Zelić, and Đ. Vasić-rački, “White-rot fungi in phenols , dyes and other xenobiotics treatment – a brief review,” vol. 2, pp. 34–47, 2010. 159 Individual projects Xuedong Zhang Bioenergy production and bio-community dynamics in digesters treating salty sludge Research objectives Approach This research aims to investigate and apply anaerobic digestion to treat salty sludge from marine Recirculation Aquaculture Systems (RAS). Saline digester system are being researched to minimize emissions from RAS, to recover bioenergy and nutrients from the sludge, and to further intensify the sustainability of RAS. Research outline Introduction Marine RAS are considered a sustainable production method to meet the future demand for fish and seafood. They are assessed as being economically and Fig. 1 Marine Recirculation Aquaculture System and Research Topics ecologically viable, highly sustainable and bio-secure in terms of disease and escapee prevention. Bio-solids Results streams from marine RAS, containing high contents of Saline digester operated at an organic loading rate (OLR) nutrients as well as salts, however, are often discharged of 4.4 kg COD/(m3∙day ) showed a stable performance, without any proper treatment. The overall cooperative in terms of COD removal efficiency, methane production, project aims to develop an approach for cost-effective and low effluent VFA content. The SMY was distinctly waste management, minimizing emissions from marine enhanced, reaching 0.203 CH4/g CODadded. The RAS. The research at TU Delft focuses on the anaerobic improved performance could be attributed to the use digestion of saline wastes from marine RAS, recovery of of high-salinity-acclimatized inoculum and the stepwise energy, and recovery of nutrients. increase in OLR. Surprisingly, pyrosequencing results Literature results show that during treatment of saline showed dominance of ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) wastes only low specific methane yields (SMY), of only in the archaeal community in salty sludge from brackish 0.140-0.154 L CH4/g CODadded, are obtained. In RAS, possibly indicating its important role in nitrogen addition, digester performances are very unstable. Likely, conversion in the RAS, which needs further investigation. the use of improper (or non-adapted) seed material is Moreover, the results demonstrate that adjustment of causing the observed malfunctioning. Our results show OLR influences the dynamics of bacterial and archaeal that proper acclimatised inoculum and a stepwise increase populations in OLR led to a substantially enhanced performance of subpopulations, the relative abundance of Bacillus sp. and the digester and in an increased SMY. Studies on bacterial Bacteroides sp. declined, accompanied by the enrichment and archaeal subpopulations revealed bio-community of Clostridium sp. and Trigonala sp. over time. From our dynamics caused by the applied fecal feedstock and results we deduce that Trigonala sp. was derived from the stepwise increase in organic load to the digesters. the substrate and its functionality in the digester needs to Thus far, population dynamics in saline digesters treating be further elucidated. The most abundant methanogen is brackish/marine RAS wastes are hardly studied. Results Methanosarcina sp. in both the inoculum and the samples give clues for the most optimal operational strategy. of the digester. Proliferation of Methanosarcina sp. can in the digester. Within the bacterial be ascribed to its metabolic versatility, probably a feature of crucial importance for high salinity environments. Apparently, other frequently observed methanogens were outcompeted. In addition, our results show that the similarity between inoculum and digestate, with respect to bacterial and archaeal populations at the genus level, 160 Xuedong Zhang declines at the initial stage. With time, an increased diversity of bacterial and archaeal subpopulations is observed. Fig. 2 Phylum level distribution of bacterial (left) and archaeal (right) community in inoculum, substrate and digestates of digester Scientific relevance Treatment of salty wastes via biological methods is an increasing challenge. Under high salinity conditions, much lower metabolic rates are generally observed. Our work greatly contributes to the basic understanding of anaerobic conversion processes under saline conditions and generates tools for enhanced operation of saline waste and wastewater treatment systems. Social relevance Natural marine fish and seafood reserves are rapidly decreasing, pressurizing marine fishery. The project aims to establish an environmental sound marine RAS with minimized emissions. The latter is an absolute prerequisite to satisfy the need for the increasing world demand on fish and seafood. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2785457 E-mail: [email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Nov 2009 Expected end date: Nov 2013 Key words: Anaerobic digestion, brackish aquaculture recirculation systems, bacterial and archaeal population Cooperation with other institutes: Van Antwerpen Milieutechniek, GrovisCo, Wageningen IMARES, Aquaculture and Fisheries (AFI) of Wageningen University 161 Individual projects Ljiljana Zlatanovic Water quality and temperature distribution in a sprinklered and non-sprinklered domestic drinking water system Research objectives a sampling procedure for the temperature measurement. The objectives of this research are as follows. Thus, the realistic temperature profiles within the home 1. To determine the linkage, if any, between factors plumbing can be greatly missed. (such as drinking water temperature, stagnation Last but not least, over the decades, there has been a time, nutrient level and pipe aging) and occurrence growing interest in residential sprinkler systems worldwide. of opportunistic pathogens in drinking water in the Even though the sprinkles have been widely used and for domestic drinking water systems (DDWSs). more than a century, their application in Europe is mostly 2. To experimentally validate, and if necessary calibrate restricted to industrial purposes. The technical problem of the domestic drinking water temperature (DDWT) wide spreading of domestic fire sprinkler systems was up model. to recent required water flow and injection pressure, 50 to 3. To investigate the effects of plumbing extension for 80 l/min and 0.7 to 1.6 bar, respectively. Latest innovations sprinkler accommodation on psysico-chemical and in the sprinkler design have yielded a fire sprinkler head, biological drinking water parameters. which is efficient under low flow and pressure ranges (30 l/ min and 0.5 bar, respectively) which are normally found at Project outline the most distant location in a Dutch household. Therefore, Introduction there are no technical barriers, in terms of required flow Domestic drinking water system (DDWS) is the portion of and pressure, to integrate sprinkler systems into a home’s a drinking water distribution system that includes plumbing cold water plumbing. However, system integration into between the service line and consumers’ tap and, thus plumbing will influence drinking water system’s layout such represents the final link in a drinking water supply chain. as piping diameters, total pipe length and thus might affect In 2006. growth of opportunistic pathogens in DDWSs was drinking water quality at the consumers’ tap. recognized as a high priority research area by National Research Council, since the ability of pathogens to amplify Approach is greatly favoured by increase in water temperature, low Two residual disinfectant concentrations, available nutrients and (sprinklered and non-sprinklered) are currently being long water stagnation time in DDWSs. In the Netherlands, under construction in the water laboratory located in the drinking water is distributed without a persistent residual building of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, TU Delft. In but prevention of microbial regrowth in drinking water order to simulate a realistic drinking water consumption distribution systems is done by production of biologically at the household level, the test rigs will comprise 11 stable water and use of biostable materials. In spite of solenoid valves (tap points) per system, which will be very low concentrations of biodegradable organic carbon configured to run automatically according to the one year in distributed drinking water, a recent study revealed that demand patterns generated by SIMDEUM (SIMulation opportunistic pathogens were more frequently found in of water Demand, an End Use Model) model. Systems DDWSs than in samples from the distribution mains in The will simultaneously run under the same demand patterns Netherlands. generated by SIMDEUM model. The drinking water Furthermore, Dutch legislation recommends a maximum temperature will be continuously monitored, while the threshold value of 25°C for the temperature at the sampling campaigns for chemical and microbiological consumers’ tap. In 2006, nearly 10% of tap water water quality assessment will be carried out on a monthly samples had temperatures in the range of 20 - 25°C in basis. The Netherlands, which means that, in the near future, water temperatures at the consumers’ tap may exceed the prescribed Dutch temperature guideline. However, typical distribution system monitoring protocols stipulate thoroughly flushing domestic drinking water systems, before 162 full scale domestic drinking water systems Ljiljana Zlatanovic Expected results This research should: ▪▪ shed light on the relationship between prevalence of opportunistic pathogens in DDWSs and parameters such as material aging, drinking water temperature and nutrient concentration in stagnant drinking water; ▪▪ yield a validated DDWT model; ▪▪ give an insight in the consequences of sprinkler integration into home plumbing on drinking water quality at the consumers’ tap. Literature ▪▪ Blokker EJM. Stochastic water demand modelling for a better understanding of hydraulics in water distribution networks PhD. Watermanagement,Sanitary Engineering Section, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2010. ▪▪ Cotruvo JA. Approaches for providing potable water in small systems. National Rural Water Association, 2002. ▪▪ Lautenschlager K, Boon N, Wang Y, Egli T, Hammes F, Overnight stagnation of drinking water in household taps induces microbial growth and changes in community composition, Water Research, 2010;44: 4868-77. ▪▪ Moerman A. Drinking water temperature modeling in domestic systems. Sanitary Engineering Section, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2013. ▪▪ Snyder JK, Impacts of fire flow on distribution:System water quality design and operation, AWWARF, 2003. ▪▪ Völker S, Schreiber C, Kistemann T, Drinking water quality in household supply infrastructure—A survey of the current situation in Germany, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2010;213: 204-09. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section E-mail:[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Dec 2011 Expected end date: Dec 2015 Key words: Water quality, premise plumbing, fire sprinkler systems Cooperation with other institutes: Bam techniek, Brandeweer Haaglanden, VSH, Dunea, Waternet, PWN and Vitens 163 Education 164 Annual report 2013 Education 165 Education Study Trip Dispuut Water Management MDE Balkan countries 2013 After months of preparation, it finally happened! From In the latter institute, the basic hydrology knowledge that the 7th till the 16th of July, the Multiple Day Excursion of some of us learned last year was put into practice. Of the Dispuut Watermanagement went to as many as four course a visit to Belgrade could not be completed without (!) countries in ten days. Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, a trip on the Danube and Sava River. Also the evenings Montenegro and Croatia were visited. The tour started were far from boring. If you want to know why, ask one of at Eindhoven Airport where all the 25 participants got the participants! It has something to do with those same the flight to Belgrade, most of them not knowing what famous rivers… would come. One thing was certain, they have agreed to a multifaceted adventure! Because of this diversity, I will The next destination of our trip was Sarajevo. Culturally not be able to explain everything of this tour in detail, but seen totally different from Belgrade. Also the landscape I’ll do my best to mention some highlights. was very different. The boring environment of Belgrade’s surroundings has been replaced by beautiful karstic As can be deduced from previous section, the first city landscapes and two big rivers from Belgrade were we visited was Belgrade, the capital of Serbia and former replaced by a reddish small stream called Miljacka. For Yugoslavia. This city at the confluence point of the us, Sarajevo was characterized by a tour along all facets Danube and the Sava river offered us of course the second of the urban water cycle. This was already experienced longest river of Europe, but also a number of company during sanitary stops the first night. There is no water visits and institutes. The first institute was the Jaroslav pressure in the nights because of the leakage sensitive Černi institute, for the development of Water Resources distribution network. However, next morning we had in the Serbian water sector. We got a presentation water pressure again so we went all washed and brushed about the status of Water Management in Serbia and to our next appointment: the Sava River Watershed international cooperation in the field of water and several Agency. After a small talk, many urban water cycle related laboratories were visited. The hydraulic laboratory with projects were visited guided by Amila Ibrulj, a former MSc very detailed physical scale models of Serbian dams and student from UNESCO-IHE in Delft. First we went to the rivers was shown and we also visited their chemical- and WWTP Butile in the western part of Sarajevo. This WWTP biological laboratories. One thing I can remember from was built in 1984 in combination with the main collectors these laboratories is that I haven’t seen most of their in the city. A quick look in the history books learns us advanced equipment ever in my life. That’s also the that the Winter Olympic Games were held in Sarajevo reason that I can’t explain what all that equipment was that same year, however it’s still unknown to me if there meant for. After all, my preconceptions about laboratories is a relation between the two events. We arrived on an in Southeast Europe were hereby already disproved. After overgrown location and a perfect background for a horror this, more institutes were visited like the Directorate for movie. In 1992, the WWTP fell into disuse because of the Inland Waterways and the Republic Hydrometeorological Yugoslav wars. Service of Serbia. 166 Study Trip Dispuut Water Management Essential elements were plundered and there was no what was quite a nice concept over here. A guided early money available to maintain the WWTP anymore. Nothing morning hike learned us more about this interesting really happened for 21 years, so this was the first time for environment. After this adventure, we went down to many people in our group to have a look in an empty our final destination Croatia, were we could rest so far WWTP where all major elements are still recognizable. possible and visit the two cities Dubrovnik and Split in From the sludge digester, we had a good overview of the last two days we had before we flew back to Schiphol the plant. Further we visited the laboratory on the same again. To conclude this story: it was an interesting study complex, which is still in use, where for the second time tour with the combination of nice projects and a lot of in a week my preconceptions about Southeast Europe fun! I want to thank Bas Heijman and Thom Bogaard for were disproved. We also saw the outflow point of the joining us and I am now already looking forward to next ‘effluent’ in the Miljacka River. The only thing I can say is year’s study tour, the Grote Verre Reis to a more distant that I prefer to live upstream of this point. corner of the world. Keep up to date on: www.dispuutwatermanagement.nl. After this dirty part of the urban water cycle (I wonder if I may call it a real cycle after what we’ve seen), we went to the drinking water source of Sarajevo: the Bosna River spring where clear but very cold water is seeping out of the mountains. A small installation treats the water to an acceptable quality here. What I can remember is that there were pressure filters with a coagulant and after that only a chlorination step to improve the reliability of the water with regard to pathogens. Because it was around 30 °C outside, the comfortable temperature of 8 °C in the plant was highly appreciated by our group. After this visit, the HEIS institute was on the program with for the third time a nice laboratory visit this week. The morning after this, we went further down to Montenegro. In Montenegro, there was nothing like a laboratory but only rivers and beautiful environments. The best way to explore this was by raft through the second deepest canyon in the world. A group picture shows a piece of the amazing view we had on our overnight stay in what we called doghouses (they were not much bigger), 167 Education Intership projects Mark van Eekeren Reisfonds Uit respect voor de bijdrage die Marc van Eekeren aan Het de watersector heeft geleverd en geïnspireerd door zijn mogelijkheid om binnen de Bachelor studie een reis reisfonds biedt de Bachelor studenten de passie voor het vak en zijn drive om de Nederlandse gesubsidieerd te krijgen, welke onderdeel vormt van een water sector internationaal te verbreden en te laten water gerelateerde ervaring (stage/afstudeeropdracht/ inspireren, is een fonds opgericht om Bachelor studenten bijwonen van een congres/studiereis). Met het fonds te motiveren en te ondersteunen om internationaal is op beperkte schaal geëxperimenteerd (€ 2.500 per ervaring op te doen binnen de watersector: het Marc van jaar) en de resultaten zijn erg positief. Het voorstel is Eekeren Reisfonds. om het Marc van Eekeren Reisfonds de komende jaren te versterken en te integreren in een campagne van een De TU Delft stelt voor om het Marc van Eekeren Reisfonds aantal jaar om daarmee een extra middel te hebben in te gaan zetten als belangrijk strategisch middel om om Bachelor studenten te binden en te werven voor de talentvolle Bachelor studenten aan de sector te binden. Masters opleiding. [email protected] Niels van Linden & Niels Harent: Monte do Casarão Monte do Casarão is een landgoed in het zuiden van waterzuivering te maken. Momenteel wordt de aanbouw Portugal, wat geleid wordt door de Nederlandse familie van de zuivering gerealiseerd. Riemslag. Het is een zelfvoorzienend gebied met eigen watervoorziening, afvalwater behandeling en energievoorziening. De kwaliteit van het water laat te wensen over: het heeft een slechte smaak en veroorzaakt veel kalkaanslag. Deze kalkaanslag wordt veroorzaakt door een hoge hardheid in het water, welke als variabele aangepakt zal worden Verder is er onderzocht of het mogelijk is Monte do Casarão meer zelfvoorzienend te maken, door zelf drinkwater te produceren. Met een omgekeerd osmose systeem is dit het geval, ook is dit rendabel. Hiervoor zijn bachelor studenten Civiele Techniek Niels van Linden en Niels Harent in juli 2013 voor hun bachelor project naar Portugal vertrokken. Na drie weken onderzoek op de mooie en vooral rustgevende locatie, en het uitwerken voor de resultaten in Nederland [email protected] is het gelukt een compleet ontwerp voor een geschikte [email protected] Abel Heinsbroek: Drinking water in Vilankulos, Mozambique Vilankulos is a small coastal town in the Vilanculos EMA, the drinking water company of Vilankulos, is facing district of the Inhambane province of Mozambique with many problems in their water distribution systems and an estimated population of 24 thousand inhabitants. It’s treatment plant. Bad management of resources, irregular situated 750 kilometers north-east of the Mozambican maintenance and a lack of knowledge and manpower capitol, Maputo. The water supply for the city centre of affect the water supply, resulting in an intermittent water Vilankulos is done by a piped distribution network fed supply to the town centre of questionable quality. by several groundwater wells located several kilometers outside the city. 168 Intership projects With the help of students from the local university I set out to investigate the quality of the delivered water and to investigate an alternative, low-tech, treatment system to replace the current, broken-down, installation. I discovered that the produced water contained high amounts of iron and almost no calcium, resulting in aggressive, brown coloured and foul-smelling water to be delivered to the customers. As a low-tech alternative for the current treatment system I investigated roughing filters and built a small pilot plant using local materials. The pilot plant managed to remove over 75 percent of the iron in the water, bringing the iron content to well below Mozambican standards and indicating that roughing [email protected] filters may be a suitable and relatively simple technique to implement in Vilankulos. Luuk Knijnenburg: Xiamen, China Deze zomer heb ik de geweldige mogelijkheid gekregen de mensen daar ontzettend vriendelijk en werd ik overal van Luuk Rietveld om mijn Bachelor Eindwerk te doen mee op sleeptouw genomen. In de weekenden heb ik een in China. Luuk Rietveld was dit jaar in contact gekomen aantal mooie uitstapjes kunnen maken en doordeweeks met the Institute of Urban Environment (IUE) of Chinese werd ik ’s avonds vaak mee uit genomen om de meest Academy of Sciences en kreeg na wat mailcontact te bizarre dingen te eten. Ik heb er mooie herinneringen aan horen dat het mogelijk was voor mij om daar aan een over gehouden en heb nog steeds regelmatig contact met opdracht te werken. de mensen van de universiteit daar. Ik ben dankbaar voor In de aanloop naar mijn vertrek toe had ik veel contact de begeleiding die ik heb gekregen en voor de inspanning met de betreffende professor in China om mijn project die voor mij is geleverd. op te starten. Eenmaal in China aangekomen werd ik geweldig ontvangen. Ik kreeg een eigen kamer op de campus en begon de eerste dag gelijk aan het project. Het contact met mijn begeleider daar in China verliep goed, ondanks het feit dat er soms een kleine taalbarrière was. Ik kwam er al gauw achter dat de mensen in China lange dagen maken. Dit zorgde er voor dat ikzelf doordeweeks ook van 9 tot 6 in het lab te vinden was om in de korte tijd die ik had zoveel mogelijk data te verzamelen. Door de tijdsdruk had ik een extra proefopstelling laten maken. Bij het aansluiten van deze opstelling kwam ik, door wat initieel een fout was, tot een ontdekking, wat uiteindelijk mijn onderzoek voor een groot deel heeft beïnvloed. Het was een toffe ervaring om in de praktijk tot nieuwe inzichten te komen waarmee het hele project een nieuwe draai kreeg. Natuurlijk was het een hele ervaring op zich om vijf weken in China aan een opdracht te werken. De cultuur is daar compleet anders. Alles in de stad is in het Chinees, wat [email protected] het uitdagend maakt om je weg te vinden. Gelukkig waren 169 Education Completed MSc theses 2013 Anthonie Hogendoorn: Enhanced digestion and alginatelike-exopolysaccharides extraction from Nereda sludge Introduction to omit the risk of ALE breakdown during digestion. Nereda/aerobic granular sludge is a very promising various bacteria in flocs, the different processes can ALE extraction optimization and protein content be integrated within a sludge granule. This has several Extraction of ALE yielded 220 mg VS/gr VS sludge. The benefits, both on economical and environmental level. alkali dosage could be lowered from 7.5 to 3.0 mmol/gr technology for wastewater treatment. Instead of growing VS sludge without affecting the amount of ALE extracted. The secret of this aerobic granular sludge is attributed Higher temperature and pH applied and duration of alkali to the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) excreted extraction showed to be increase the ALE yield. by the bacteria. By applying proper process conditions, A significant amount of protein was detected in the ALE the bacteria produce a higher amount of EPS and these (20-40%), depending on the protein detection method substances posses different properties compared to EPS and ALE extraction method. produced by flocculent sludge. The EPS from granular sludge displays properties similar to alginate. Alginate Student: Anthonie Hogendoorn is a polymer normally harvested from brown seaweed Graduation committee: and known for its gelling behaviour in the presence of • Prof. Dr. Ir. J.B. van Lier divalent cations. ALE extraction and commercialization • Dr. Ir. M.K. de Kreuk from Nereda sludge can significantly reduce sludge • Prof. Dr. Ir. M.C.M. van Loosdrecht treatment costs. In this thesis-work the ALE-extraction • Ir. E. Koornneef and anaerobic digestion process is optimized. Also the interactions between both processes are investigated and For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering the protein content of the ALE is researched. section (+31 (0)15-2783347). Anaerobic digestibility The anaerobic biodegradability of Nereda sludge is relatively high. Around 42% of the VS is destructed in a conventional digestion system (CSTR, HRT = 20 days). The relative increase as a result of thermal pre-treatment or the up-flow digestion system is limited (48% - 43% resp.). The high biodegradability is attributed to the young age of the sludge. The Nereda tanks allow for extraction of fluffy/young sludge, whereas older granules are kept inside. Interactions between ALE extraction and anaerobic digestion Alginate seemed to be slowly biodegradable in the calcium-bound form. Sodium alginate was quickly degraded. When the standard method of ALE extraction is applied, the anaerobic biodegradability is reduced due to heating (80 0C, 30 min). An optimized extraction procedure has to be developed to maintain a high ALEyield whereas the biodegradability is enhanced. It is advised to apply ALE-extraction prior to digestion, mainly 170 Completed MSc theses 2013 Frank de Groot: Influence of variation in the natural water quality matrix on advanced oxidation processes Experimental research concerning degradation of organic micropollutants Conclusions Based on the results of the experiments, it can be concluded that hydrogen carbonate and natural organic Introduction matter (NOM) are the most important parameters that Since the last few decades organic micropollutants influence the OMP degradation capacity of AOP. These (OMPs) have been regularly detected in Dutch surface two parameters are responsible for a variation of 15% waters at very low concentrations of ng/L to several µg/L. to 25% in the OMP degradation efficiency. Variation Moreover, as surface water is the source for drinking of other parameters (nitrate, bromide, acidity and water in the western part of the Netherlands, OMPs have temperature) count for a fluctuation of about 5% in occasionally been detected in drinking water. Although the OMP degradation efficiency. The AOP-mechanism OMPs have probably been present in surface waters has been simulated with a chemical kinetics model, in for many years, they have recently become an issue which the most important water quality parameters are for drinking water production as result of the increased included. Although the model has to be further improved, awareness for the chemical quality of drinking water the model will be able to simulated and predict the OMP- and due to improved analytical methods and measuring degradation sufficiently. techniques. As result, OMPs nowadays can be detected at extremely low concentrations. Although OMPs in drinking Student: F.H.M. de Groot water at concentrations of ng/L to µg/L do not result in a Committee: direct health threat OMPs are undesired in drinking water ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. J.P. van der Hoek (TU Delft) and as current drinking water treatment is inadequate ▪▪ Dr. Ir. D. van Halem (TU Delft) for a sufficient removal of these pollutants, they are of ▪▪ Ir. A.H. Knol (Dunea) concern for drinking water companies. ▪▪ Prof Dr. Ir. T. Olsthoorn (TU Delft) Research For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering The Dutch drinking water company Dunea Duin en Water section (+31 (0)15-2783347). is doing research with advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for an enhanced degradation of OMPs in combination with subsequent removal by dune soil passage. In previous pilot plant research, Dunea has proven that AOP, based on serial O3/H2O2 - UV/H2O2 treatment, is able to degrade OMPs to a convenient level. However, the degradation efficiency of OMP fluctuates due to variations in the water quality matrix. In this master thesis research the influence of (variation) in the water quality matrix on AOP has been examined, by means of a literature study and experimental research with a pilot plant installation. The experiments have been conducted with rapid sand filtrate (RSF) from the full-scale pre-treatment plant of Dune in Bergambacht. For various experiments, in which the water quality matrix of RSF has been kept either unaffected or individual water quality parameters have been manually changed, the influence on the degradation of OMPs and bromate formation has been examined. 171 Education Completed MSc theses 2013 Gea Terhorst: Change of drinking water quality in a distribution network The effects of transport and starting up a new treatment plant The total particle volume measured in the water entering the network of drinking water treatment plant Kolff is dominated by peaks caused by pumping back drinking Introduction water from the water tower in Zaltbommel to the Over the past few decades much research has been done distribution network of Kolff. By pumping back water, into the quality of drinking water during the purification water with a significantly higher iron and manganese process. However, drinking water quality must meet concentration and turbidity enters the distribution certain legal requirements when the water is delivered to network compared to the water that is pumped into the the consumer. During transport from the drinking water network directly from the treatment plant. treatment plant to the consumer the drinking water quality can change as a result of physical, chemical and In the distribution network the total particle volume is biological processes in the distribution network. dominated by the variation in drinking water consumption. Due to the increased water consumption less sediment Research settles in the network and more sediment resuspends. To understand the change of drinking water quality As a result of this the amount of suspended solids, ATP along the distribution network the outgoing clear water (Adenosine Triphosphate) and TCC (Total Cell Count) in at the treatment plant and the water coming out of the drinking water is increased. the consumers tap are compared. Also, the changes in water quality due to the startup of a new drinking water Conclusions treatment plant are studied. Research has been done It can be concluded that the start-up of the new drinking in the distribution network of drinking water treatment water treatment plant did not cause significant changes plant Kolff. Measurements have been done using particle in the drinking water quality, neither in the water that counters, MuPFiS (multiple particle filtration system) and leaves the treatment plant nor in the water at consumer by taking water samples at drinking water treatment sites. However, a change in water quality was measured plant Kolff and at different locations in the network. due to the increased water use, due to the frequency of pumping water back from Zaltbommel and due to the lack of maintenance at the old treatment plant. Student: G.G. Terhorst Committee: Results ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. W.G.J. van der Meer ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ing. J.S. Vrouwenvelder ▪▪ Ir. A. Grefte ▪▪ Dr. Ir. J.H.G. Vreeburg ▪▪ Dr. Ir. J.Q.J.C. Verberk ▪▪ Ir. G.A. van Houwelingen and G.L. Bakker The aeration system of the old treatment plant was not cleaned in time and the filter material was not replaced in For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering time. As a result, the quality of the drinking water leaving section (+31 (0)15-2783347). the treatment plant deteriorated after June 2010. After the start-up of the new treatment plant in April 2011, the water quality has been restored to the level before June 2010. 172 Completed MSc theses 2013 Jos Dusseldorp: Effect of pre-treatment with Reverse Osmosis on the biological stability in a drinking water treatment plant Introduction At drinking water treatment plant ZS Lekkerkerk of drinking water company Oasen N.V. anaerobic river bank filtrate is extracted and treated by two steps of filtration, granular activated carbon (GAC) and UV-disinfection prior to distribution. As part of a large scale project a pilot installation Reverse Osmosis (RO) is constructed at ZS Lekkerkerk to soften water to the desired level and to take into account future salination caused by salt water intrusion from the sea. Fig 1: Total cell counts in drinking water treatment scheme Problem definition Growth of (pathogenic) micro-organisms in the ▪▪ distribution network can lead to health risks and customer vessels very low (<0.5 pg/cm2.d) for both flows. complaints as it affects taste, color and odor of tap water. As drinking water in the Netherlands is distributed Biofilm formation rate (BFR) after GAC pressure Effect of pre-treatment RO resulted in a lower BFR. ▪▪ (Bio)fouling potential of water pre-treated with RO without disinfectants it is required that produced water at is lower observed by the feed channel pressure drop production locations is of a high level of biological stability measured after post-filtration with a Membrane that does not support bacterial regrowth. Fouling Simulator (MFS). This is confirmed by ATP and TCC accumulation on membranes and spacers Research from MFS units. This research focuses on the question in what order pre-treatment RO influences the biological stability of Conclusions drinking water in a drinking water treatment plant. Also Positive effect of pre-treatment RO on biological stability the effect of individual treatment steps is investigated. in drinking water treatment plant is recognized by most In the current situation one of eight filter sets is fed with measuring methods used. Water is biological unstable 50% RO and 50% original extracted raw water from after pre-filters due to high bacterial activity. After post- Tiendweg (TW) intake source. To investigate the effect filtration and further in treatment scheme biological of RO this filter set is compared with a filter set that is stability is of a very high level for both flows investigated. fed with 100% TW. An experimental set-up, consisting GAC treatment step does show a positive influence on the of GAC pressure vessels, is constructed to include GAC biological stability of drinking water. treatment step. Student: J. Dusseldorp Results Committee: ▪▪ Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in water samples ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. W.G.J. van der Meer after pre-filtration are 10 to over 200 ng/l due to ▪▪ Dr. Ir. J.S. Vrouwenvelder microbiological activity caused by the biological ▪▪ Dr. Ir. J.H.G. Vreeburg (KWR) removal of ammonium, iron and manganese in pre- ▪▪ Ir. M.C. Lut (Oasen N.V.) filters. Water samples after post-filtration and GAC treatment step observe ATP values below 10 ng/l and For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering no effect of pre-treatment RO is recognized. Total cell section (+31 (0)15-2783347) counts are presented in Figure 1. 173 Education Completed MSc theses 2013 Thei Ruijters: Notification Registration Procedures in case of flooding; Research and efficiency improvement Introduction Also it shows, that the information originate from the For several years it is known that as a consequence of messages usually is used for instant solution solving, and climate change rain patterns will change in the future. not long-term solutions solving (input into management Winters are becoming wetter and summers are becoming plans, etc.). drier. Especially in summer period extreme rainfall will more often occur. Extreme rainfall may lead to ‘ water in The channels desk and internet offer the highest data the street ‘ and ‘flooding ‘. quality. When all notifications (100%) are registered by the channel desk this results in the highest efficiency, When flooding takes place, there is the possibility that followed by the channel internet. Since it is not realistic victims report this to the administrators and/or owners of that all contacts take place through the channel desk, the public space (province, local municipalities and water because many municipalities will reduce the contact by boards) or civil society organizations. It is also possible desk in the future, the use of the e-form will become that flooding results in people submitting insurance more and more important. claims. Conclusions and recommendations Problem definition Data registered in registration Damage claims, arising from a bad or slow handling, systems is often can be prevented if a proper registration system is used incomplete or unusable. The registered data from three (System), the registration procedure is well organized municipalities has been studied and is used to investigate (procedure) and the user of the information uses the data the manner in which the current registration methods can properly (man). be improved, so that the data collected (building blocks) better contribute to a more efficient management of the The risk of damage claims is high as the efficiency of sewer system. the registration process is low or the information of the registration system is used not correct or incomplete. Research According to the registration procedure a better organized The efficiency of the report registration procedure is notifications system will lead to faster settlement and a determined by the data quality of the building blocks, the decrease of follow-up reports or damage claims. registration system and the person who evaluates and uses the registered information. A practice situation, in which the data quality parameters of the channel internet is at least equivalent to the current Results parameters of the channel desk and an increased use of A notifier can pass the message on through a number the internet channel, is preferred in future. of channels. The channels are the “inputs” that make it possible to reach the public authority. The following Student: T.H.P. Ruijters, C1289632 (main) channels are differentiated: Committee: 1. Channel telephony ▪▪ Dr. Ir. F.H.L.R. Clemens 2. Channel internet (e-form) ▪▪ Ir. M.H. Spekkers 3. Channel email 4. Channel mail For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering 5. Channel desk section (+31 (0)15-2783347) Most notifications are given by telephone. It is also revealed that relevant building blocks, such as phone number and e-mail addresses often lack the data system. 174 Completed MSc theses 2013 Andreas Moerman: Drinking water temperature modeling in domestic systems Introduction Results ▪▪ Residence time does have much more influence on Domestic drinking water systems are the final stage the microbial growth than temperature. Since the of the transport process to supply potable water to residence time is determined by the demand pattern the customers tap. Though the drinking water quality the latter can be point out as the major driver for is influenced by passing the domestic drinking water system it is not clear to which extent the temperature water quality in domestic drinking water systems. ▪▪ The residence times in domestic drinking water contributes to this influence. According to the drinking systems are too short to cause serious problems, water act the drinking water temperature should be lower except when parts of the network are not flushed than 25°C. However, any scientific basis for this threshold properly. Therefore places of unwanted heating (so- was not found in the literature. Nor could it be obtained called hotspots) seem to have minor influence on the from interviews with experts. Past research on domestic drinking water systems was performed on temperature water quality. ▪▪ Water is heated while it flows from the inflow related subjects only (e.g. microbial growth). Existing point (water meter) to the tap where the demand temperature models do not incorporate the water occurs. The exact temperature in the drinking water dynamics which are induced by the demands at the tap distribution system before the water meter can locations. During this master thesis research a model therefore not exactly be measured at the tap. This was developed to calculate the temperature in domestic has consequences for the measuring protocol which drinking water systems. Afterwards several scenarios is used by the dutch drinking water companies; the were calculated to obtain insight in the relation between so-called RDT sampling. temperature, residence time and microbial growth. This thesis research was performed during an internship at Conclusions and recommendations KWR Watercycle Research Institute. Though EPANET MSX is developed to deal with chemical decay or bacterial growth it can also be used to model Problem definition the temperature in domestic drinking water systems. The There is a lack of knowledge on the relation between next step will be to measure temperature in relation to residence time, temperatures and bacterial growth in demand in real. This master thesis research can be used domestic drinking water systems on the one hand, and as a guide while performing such a research. the dynamics of consumer demand patterns on the other. Existing models do not incorporate the highly dynamic Student: A. Moerman flows induced by the consumer demands. Committee: ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. J.P. van der Hoek Research ▪▪ Dr. Ir. J.H.G. Vreeburg To obtain insight in the temperature of drinking water in ▪▪ Dr. Ir. E.J.M Blokker (KWR Watercycle Research Institute) domestic drinking water systems a literature study was ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. T.N. Olsthoorn performed on domestic drinking water systems and the drinking water temperature was modeled. Three existing For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering models were used to perform the calculations: SIMDEUM section (+31 (0)15-2783347) to create demand patterns, EPANET to calculate the hydraulics and EPANET MSX to embed the heat transfer model which was developed during this research. Simple growth models were used to model microbial growth as a function of temperature. 175 Education Completed MSc theses 2013 Judith van Tol: Organic micro pollutants: Assessment on optimum treatment strategies in the water cycle Introduction and problem definition Results Since several decades organic micro pollutants (OMPs) The MCA results in a highest score for the strategy have been detected in natural waters. Although appearing ‘legislation and policy’ (improvement of governmental in very low concentrations (ng/L-µg/L), the presence of regulations regarding the emission of OMPs into the these compounds is a major reason for concern. Due to water cycle). However, this strategy only holds when their persistent character the OMPs remain longer in the incorporating other measures to reduce the emission water cycle and can be transported over a longer distance of OMPs into the water cycle (implementing stricter than other pollutants. Current treatment facilities are not regulations results in the need for solution at the use or designed to remove OMPs, which causes them to end emission of OMPS, WWTP or DWTP). From the results up in the environment and even in drinking water. The it can be seen that not all concentrations are decreased problems on OMPs are concentrated on the long-term to below the limits. The future scenarios regarding the effects on the safety of drinking water. In order to find emission of OMPs and the discharge of river water are not a solution to this problem this project focusses on the influencing the (non-) exceedance of the limits. following question: What is the most sustainable, applicable and cost- Conclusion and recommendations efficient strategy to reduce concentrations of selected It is concluded that ‘legislation and policy’ is the most micro pollutants in surface water and drinking water in sustainable, applicable and cost-efficient strategy to the Netherlands? reduce concentrations of selected compounds in surface water and drinking water in the Netherlands. Comparing Research the two case studies with each other it can be concluded A literature study is performed on European and that in a groundwater driven system the influence of Dutch legislation, future trends regarding the emission OMPs seems to be less acute than in a surface water of OMPs and climate change, and the behaviour of system. However, in the groundwater system the effects target compounds in the water cycle. Two future of the presence of OMPs will be noticeable after a longer scenarios regarding emission of OMPs, river discharge period, which makes this system more unpredictable and and precipitation are selected (stagnant and extreme it takes more time till measures are resulting in a decrease scenario). Eleven target compounds are selected, in concentration. Regarding the current situation of which are carbamazepine, metformin, sulfamathoxazole emission of OMPs into the water cycle it is recommended (pharmaceuticals), agent), to take measures as soon as possible, where the whole MTBE catchment of a river should be included (also foreign (industrial chemical), AMPA, bentazone, glyphosate and countries). The different groups of pharmaceuticals need N,N-DMS (pesticides). Different strategies with different different types of measures and thus implementation of approaches within the water cycle are composed, of which more than one strategy is recommended. acesulfame-K, iopromide(X-ray caffeine (domestic contrast tracers), source strategies (use), mitigation strategies (emission) and end-of-pipe strategies (drinking water) and scored by Student: Judith van Tol a Multi Criteria Analysis. The best strategy is tested on two Committee: case studies to see the influence on the concentrations. ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. J.P. van der Hoek This is done by composed water and mass balances. The ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld future scenarios are also taken into account. Whether ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. T.N. Olsthoorn the strategy is effective is determined based on limits of ▪▪ Ir. A. Fischer concentrations of OMPs. Finally, a comparison between ▪▪ Dr. Ir. A.F. van Nieuwenhuijzen the two case studies (groundwater and surface water ▪▪ Ir. R.T. van der Velde system) is made. The scope of the project is on drinking water extraction areas in the Netherlands. 176 Completed MSc theses 2013 Marc Schetters: Grinded Dutch calcite as seeding material in the pellet softening process Introduction calcite scenario, in terms of water quality parameters Calcium carbonate pellets are produced as a by-product in (total hardness, turbidity, pH, NaOH dosage), were the softening process. In The Netherlands, these pellets comparable from the garnet scenario.The results of the are applied as a raw material in several industrial and modeling in Stimela showed comparable results with the agricultural processes. The sand grain inside the pellet pilot plan experiments hinders the application in some high potential market The LCA concerning the Weesperkarspel plant and its pre- segments such as paper and glass. treatment showed a score of 215,250 EcoPoints (Barrios Earlier work showed that it is technologically possible et al., 2008). The scenario of grinded calcite seeding and in some cases economically feasible to replace sand material results in a decrease of about 3824 EcoPoints, grains with commercially available calcite grains obtained 1.8 %, due to reduced transportation of garnet. Usage of from limestone (e.g. in Italy or Germany). ). In order to grinded pellets in Dutch industries (compared to imported further increase sustainability by reduction of transport, it calcite) results in a total decrease of 10.640 EcoPoints, might be possible to grind and sieve the pellets and reuse 5%, mainly caused by the reduced transportation. this grinded Dutch calcite as seeding material for pellet The business case showed that costs of the seeding softening process. material will be lower due to the reuse of the grinded The goal of this research was to determine the possibilities pellets as seeding material. The worst-case scenario of the use of grinded Dutch calcite as an alternative for showed a possible cost reduction of € 38.000. the use of garnet sand as seeding material in the pellet The FMECA showed that for the full-scale implementation softening process. the hygiene of the seeding material is a critical factor. Material and methods Student: Marc Schetters A comparison between grinded calcite and garnet Committee: sand is made based on the five key performance ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. J.P. van der Hoek MBA (TU Delft) indicators (K.P.I.’s): quality, quantity, costs, reliability ▪▪ Ing. E. Baars (Waternet) and sustainability. Pilot scale tests were conducted at ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld (TU Delft) Weesperkarspel (Waternet) during the winter period. The ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. T.H. Olsthoorn (TU Delft) produced calcite pellets were dried, grinded and sieved calcite as seeding material (0.5 mm) by grinding and For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering sieving the Dutch calcite pellets (1 mm). The produced section (+31 (0)15-2783347) calcite grains were applied as seeding material in a fluidized bed softening reactor ( = 30 cm; height = 6 m; velocity = 60-80 m/h). Both scenarios were evaluated on the criteria costs, water quality, quantity and operations & maintenance. The effect on sustainability was based on a life cycle analysis (LCA) performed in Simapro. An FMECA was carried out to identify possible risks a failures for the full scale implementation. Results and conclusions The grinding and sieving experiment showed that an overall yield of 40 % of grinded calcite pellets with a diameter of 0.4 – 0.6 mm, could be reached. The pilot pellet softening experiments showed that the softening performance of the Italian calcite and the grinded Dutch 177 Education Completed MSc theses 2013 Marleen Heidekamp: Mild desalination of cooling tower blowdown water with electrodialysis and membrane capacitive deionization: a comparative study Introduction and problem definition on the membranes in the first couple of experiments. The world is facing a water shortage and beside water Current efficiencies were observed to be 80% or higher. reuse in the urban water cycle, is efficient water Two stacks were tested in MCDI with different membrane management in the industry becoming more of interest. types. Due to the high salt concentrations, low flows Dow Chemical Company in Terneuzen wants to reduce its were needed to reach the required desalination rate of water consumption and is exploring different options for the feed water by the maximum supply of 20A. Due to the reuse of water. One of their largest waste streams is this limitation, the water recovery requirement was not cooling tower blow down (CTBD). This is a concentrated, met. The membranes were not significantly affected by salty (3.6mS/cm) water stream which remains after the scaling, and both membrane types showed similar ion evaporative cooling process in cooling towers. removal rates. Current efficiencies were observed to be Electrodialysis (ED) and (membrane) capacitive around 60% for anions and cations, which is remarkably deionization ((M)CDI) are both desalination technologies low and probably due to the impurity of water samples. which separate dissolved ions from water based on an Main difference between the two technologies for the electrical potential difference. In electrodialysis, ions are treatment of CTBD water, lays in the energy consumption. transported through ion permeable membranes under The results showed that the energy requirement of MCDI the influence of an electrical potential gradient, creating for the treatment of CTBD water is 5 times higher that a concentrated and a diluted stream. In membrane desalination with ED. Electrodialysis can desalinate capacitive deionization, ions are collected in carbon CTBD water for 0.4kWh/m3, compared to MCDI which electrodes, which have ion-selective membranes placed in requires 2.1kWh/m3. When salt concentrations decrease, front, over which a potential difference is created. Polarity energy requirement for MCDI becomes less and for the of the system can be reversed intermittently to release desalination of 10mmol NaCl, the technologies become the ions and restore the capacity of the electrodes. equal in energy consumption. Research Conclusions and recommendations For this thesis, comparative study has been carried out Main conclusion of the thesis was that electrodialysis is between ED and MCDI for the treatment of cooling a more convenient technology for the desalination of tower blow down. Main objective was a qualitative and cooling tower blowdown water compared to membrane objective comparison between the two technologies capacitive deionization. This difference lays mainly in the based on energy requirements, current efficiencies and energy consumption of both technologies. The study did membrane performance. The two main starting point not show any significant results on operational problems of the experiment were: 1) desalination of similar feed like membrane fouling and scaling. Besides, experiments water, down to a conductivity of 1mS/cm, 2) a water conducted in this thesis were all short term; therefore recovery of 66% should be achieved. nothing can be said about the longer term operation of Limiting current densities (LCD) were determined for a system. Recommendations for further research include different water types in an ED batch setup. the advice is to run longer test to gain more insight on the longer run performance of the membranes and the Results formation of bio-fouling. The LCD showed to be of great influence on desalination of CTBD with ED and is mainly determined by Na+, Cl-, Student: Marleen Heidekamp Ca2+ and SO42- concentrations. The LCD increases linear Committee: with increasing salt concentration and flow rate. Main Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld, Dr. Ir. S.G.J. Heijman, Prof. Dr. Ir. outcome of the experiments was that the ion removal was A.R.D. Verliefde (TU Delft/UGhent), Prof. Dr. G.J. Witkamp, constant while there was some, probably organic, fouling Ing. W.B.P. van den Broek (Evides Industriewater) 178 Completed MSc theses 2013 Rafael Romero: A PV Powered BWRO Desalination Installation with energy Recovery and Hydro-Pneumatic Energy Storage Introduction Results With the ever-increasing awareness regarding fossil The results showed that hydro-pneumatic energy storage fuel depletion and the global fresh water scarcity, is a viable and feasible solution for continuous operation developing innovative renewable powered desalination of small-scale renewable powered RO desalination solutions has claimed its spot amongst the top future systems. Unfortunately the installed system did not have development goals. Reverse Osmosis (RO) has proven to the required storage capacity for 24/7 water production. be one of the key technologies, showing great potential However with the acquired experience and knowledge, in combination with renewable energy sources. However, the system behavior is now better understood and can be due to the intermittent nature of renewables and the more easily predicted. continuous operational requirements of RO membranes, the development of cheap, reliable and environmentally Conclusions and recommendations benign energy storage solutions is required. This research ▪▪ Hydro-pneumatic energy storage is a viable and was performed in cooperation between the TU Delft, PAM feasible option for energy storage in small-scale Jaya and the Intitute Teknologi Bandung. renewable driven RO desalination, showing both a competitive specific energy content and price per unit Research The scope of this project was to implement and test the of water produced. ▪▪ designed pilot plant, after completion of a comprehensive knowledge obtained, the systems behavior is now literature research and detailed sizing & estimation trajectory. The pilot plant equipped with PV modules, a The achieved permeate flux was too low. With the better understood and can be more easily predicted. ▪▪ Further experiments/simulations should be solar pump & controller, an energy recovery device, RO performed to determine the exact effect of the initial membrane and hydro-pneumatic energy storage was pressure inside the vessel on the permeate flux and implemented and evaluated in North Jakarta, Indonesia. find the optimum operational conditions between The main focus of this project was the implementation storage capacity and permeate flux. and evaluation of the hydro-pneumatic energy storage vessel. Student: R.G.C. Romero Committee: ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld ▪▪ Dr. Ir. S.G.J. Heijman ▪▪ Prof. Dr. F.M. Mulder ▪▪ Dr. Ir. Rusnandi Garsadi, MSc. For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering section (+31 (0)15-2783347) 179 Education Completed MSc theses 2013 Udo Ouwerkerk: Investigation of the regeneration process of the softeners at DWP-Botlek Introduction Results DWP Botlek is a demiwater plant of Evides Industriewater Only at the site of Huntsman and produces demi water of regeneration, because water from Brittannië harbour surface water from the Brielse Meer. The production contains a high magnesium concentration (30 mmol/l). process is divided into pre-treatment, softening and Also exchange of magnesium and calcium was noticed desalination. Softening is done with ion exchange during regeneration, so water from the Brittannië harbour softeners and are the main focus of my thesis. is not suitable as regenerant. a fraction of hardness is removed during RO concentrate with 10% NaCl is a suitable alternative for Problem definition the current regenerant. RO concentrate contains 0.25% For regeneration of the softeners a solution of sodium NaCl, resulting in a small reduction of the amount of salt. chloride (10 wt%) is used and spent regenerant is A larger effect is created when concentrate is used as a discharged to the Brittannië harbour. For each regeneration source for the regenerant and as flush water. Production new regenerant is produced. As a consequence of of softened water can be reduced, resulting in longer this, salt needs to be bought and transported to the runtime of the softeners and less regenerations. location. Salt is not expensive, but in the current culture of sustainability it is not desirable that more resources Conclusions are used than necessary. Also it is not desirable that raw With concentrate as a regenerant not all of the concentrate materials that still can be used or reused are discarded. is used, a part is discharged into the harbour. A design is made to reduce that amount, a part of the concentrate Research is still used as flush water, and the remaining part is My research focussed on use of other regenerants for transported to another RO unit. According to simulation regeneration of the softeners. Two alternative regenerants with ROSA it is possible to reduce the amount of water were investigated: water from the Brittannië harbour that is discharged to the harbour. A part of the remaining and concentrate from the RO. Alternative regenerants concentrate can be used for production of regenerant. were investigated in a small scale experimental setup Less water, 85.7% (7,200 m3/day) is discharged into the with three different columns. Column 1 was regenerated harbour, and less softened water is produced compared with softened water with 10 wt% NaCl added to it as a to the current situation. In total 63.4% (37,500 kg/ reference. Both columns 2 and 3 were regenerated with day) is saved on salt. Another benefit is that 12% (220 alternative regenerants. m3/h) more demi water is produced, resulting in more marketable demi water. Student: U.P. Ouwerkerk Committee: ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rieveld ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. A.R.D. Verliefde ▪▪ Dr. Ir. S.G.J. Heijman ▪▪ Dr. Ir. H.J.M. Kramer (TU Delft Process and Energy) ▪▪ Ir. M.A. Pot (Evides Industriewater) For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering section (+31 (0)15-2783347) 180 Completed MSc theses 2013 Wu Kai: Measurement of organic halogens in boiler feedwater Introduction also in power plant conditions. The recovery of bromide Materials of steam water cycles can suffer from corrosion and chloride in most methods could reach 95% while induced by halide anions in feedwater. Organic halogen aliphatic fluorine could only reach at most 70%. compounds in feedwater can be degraded and release halide anions under high temperature and pressure. Conclusions and recommendations Therefore it is necessary to be able to measure the It can be concluded that MP/H2O2 is the most effective organic halogen concentration. method for degradation of organic halogen compounds since it requires less time for the reaction to be completed, Problem definition but wet chemical oxidation also showed high recoveries Existing measurements including Adsorbable Organic for all halide anions. The advantage of wet chemical Halogens and Gas Chromatography are either not oxidation is simple equipment and universality. The convenient, affordable, accurate or reproducible enough method with the lowest degradation rate and recovery at these very low concentrations, meaning a new method is UV/TiO2. should be developed. In this research the option of destroying the organic compounds to release the halide Student: Wu Kai anions and measure them with ion chromatography was Committee: studied. The question is, which is the best way to destroy ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld the organic compounds and release the halides anions. ▪▪ Dr. Ir. S.G.J. Heijman ▪▪ Ir. D.H. Moed ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. T.N. Olsthoorn Research Six organic halogen model compounds were tested: aliphatic and aromatic fluorine, chlorine and bromine For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering containing compounds. Two main methods were studied: section (+31 (0)15-2783347) UV/vacuum UV (VUV) photolysis and wet chemical oxidation with K2S2O8. There are three phases in the research: ▪▪ Study different UV lamps and oxidants on the target compounds and find the optimal combinations. ▪▪ Try different dosages of K2S2O8 and find an optimum. ▪▪ Test halide release of target compounds in power plant conditions. In the experiments, three kinds of lamps were applied: VUV, low pressure (LP) lamp and medium pressure (MP) lamp. H2O2 and TiO2 were used as a catalyst. Last but not least, wet chemical oxidation was tested, with varying dosages of K2S2O8. The experiments were executed with both single compounds and mixed compounds. Results The results show that the organic fluorine is the hardest to degrade while organic bromine is the easiest. Aromatic compounds are easier to degrade than aliphatic compounds. This happens not only in AOP process, but 181 Education Completed MSc theses 2013 Bas Rietman: Clean Operator; cleaning spiral wound membrane modules wioth a two phase solution Introduction in these modules. With Clean Operator a CIP cannot be Even when feed water of spiral wound membranes is omitted. The CIP frequency however can be decreased extensively pre-treated some membrane fouling will significantly. In this research the efficiency of 12 applied still occur. Not all types of membrane fouling can be CIP events was more or less the same. No difference removed completely with the regular chemical cleaning; between counter/co-current application and the amount especially biofouling and particulate fouling. As a result of CO2 dissolved is observed. A higher water velocity the frequency of the chemical cleaning will increase over seems to be beneficial. No permanent reduction of EC time and finally the membranes will need to be replaced retention was observed, only a temporary reduction (1% earlier than planned. during 1 day), mainly due to HCO3 formation. Problem definition Conclusions and recommendations Until now, no fast and effective cleaning method was Biofouled spiral wound membranes, that are serially available to remove biofouling. The application of Clean housed in horizontal mounted pressure vessels, can be Operator consists of feeding a water flow, which is effectively cleaned with a CO2/water flush in five minutes. saturated with carbon dioxide, to the serial and horizontal The CIP frequency can be decreased significantly which placed membrane modules. When this solutions flows will extend the lifetime of the membranes and reduce the through these (fouled) membranes, the pressure will CO2 footprint. As a result it might be possible to downsize gradually decrease due to hydraulic resistance. Because the extensively pre-treatment of the feed water. of this, a gradual nucleation of CO2 gas bubbles occurs just as it occurs when opening a champagne bottle. This Student: B.M. Rietman is why Clean Operator is also called ‘the champagne Committee: flush”. ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. W.G.J. van der Meer ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ing. J.S. Vrouwenvelder Research ▪▪ Dr. Ir. S.G.J. Heijman The main objectives of this research are; ▪▪ Dr. Ir. A.J.B. Kemperman 1. During a period of three and a half months the ▪▪ Ir. L.P. Wessels application of Clean Operator is compared with a ▪▪ Ir. A. Reigersman commonly used chemical cleaning (CIP) procedure. 2. To investigate the influence of variables on Clean For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering Operator section (+31 (0)15-2783347) The following variables were investigated: counter/cocurrent flush, water velocity through the feed spacer, amount of CO2 dissolved. 3. The effect of Clean Operator on the membrane integrity is monitored through on line measuring of the Electrical Conductivity. Results Clean Operator is able to efficiently remove and control biofouling and particulate fouling from spiral wound membrane modules within 5 minutes. Fouling released from the lead module, which is most fouled, is transported through the downstream placed modules without leaving significant quantities of the fouling behind 182 Completed MSc theses 2013 Joeri Legierse: Development of an innovative wastewater reuse plant for the RINEW project Increasingly, harbour activities in the harbour of Rotterdam SHARON®-Anammox® processes are applied to recover are moving west towards the Northsea (Maasvlakte I & phosphate and ammonium from the wastewater. With the II). This impoverishes harbour areas close to Rotterdam separate collection scenarios, the black water is treated like the Stadshavens area. The municipality of Rotterdam similarly to the reject water treatment in the combined is trying to revitalize these areas by transforming them collection scenarios. into sustainable living and working communities. Evides N.V. is participating in this by developing an innovative After wastewater reuse plant which will reuse the wastewater consumption, demi-water production and demi-water from the Stadshavens area by treating it to demi-water quality, it was chosen to apply separate collection of standards, while also recovering nutrients and energy. The wastewater, using CNF as a primary treatment step. objective of my research is to develop several sustainable The CNF process was tested on lab scale to review its and innovative treatment scenarios for the wastewater performance when treating either raw wastewater or grey reuse plant, test relevant innovative technologies on lab wastewater. Results indicated a better permeate quality scale and present a conceptual design of the wastewater and reject composition when treating grey water, but reuse plant. more fouling was observed, compared to raw wastewater. comparing the scenarios based on energy However, it is estimated this is controllable by applying Conventional wastewater treatment plants treat the regular backwashing and chemical cleaning. The research wastewater under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. shows that membrane processes can be used as a viable Especially the aeration needed for aerobic treatment has replacement for the aerobic processes which are used a high energy consumption. With the development of in conventional wastewater treatment plants. By using new treatment techniques like ceramic nanofiltration and membrane processes, less energy is consumed, while still forward osmosis it is now possible to replace the aerobic achieving reliable effluents and reuse products. treatment used in conventional wastewater treatment plants by these technologies. This saves energy and gives Student: J. Legierse a smaller installation footprint (no settling phases are Committee: necessary). Four scenarios were developed, two using ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld combined collection of wastewater, while the other two ▪▪ Dr. Ir. S.G.J. Heijman have a separate collection of grey water (from washing) ▪▪ Dr. Ir. H.S. Vrouwenvelder and black water (from toilets). One of the combined ▪▪ Ir. J.W. Mulder (Evides Industriewater collection scenarios and one of the separate collection scenarios uses ceramic nanofiltration (CNF) as a first For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering treatment step, while the other two use forward osmosis section (+31 (0)15-2783347) (FO) as a first treatment step. After the first treatment step, the water quality is sufficient to produce demiwater by using the reverse osmosis process (RO). In the separate collection scenarios, the grey water is treated similarly to the wastewater treated in the combined collection scenarios. Nutrients and energy are recovered from the reject water of the CNF and FO processes by applying anaerobic digestion. This process produces sludge and biogas from the biological material in the wastewater. After this step, magnesium ammonium phosphate precipitation and 183 Education Completed MSc theses 2013 Lefki Loverdou: Effect of acidogenic biomass on sludge filterability Introduction Results Anaerobic wastewater treatment is energy favorable 1) Fully acidified substrate, will cause the development procedure because since useful energy in the form of a purely methanogenic bacterial population in the of biogass is produced from the conversion of the reactor. This methanogenic sludge showed indeed a organic substances. Anaerobic membrane reactors is higher particle size than the other reactors, and better a new innovative anaerobic technology, that is has filterability. the advantage over other anaerobic methods, that is 2) The single stage methanogenesis reactor that producing very clean effluent and also can treat high contained non acidified whey and therefore acidogenic strength wastewater because it achieves almost complete populations were also present showed lower filterabilities sludge retention therefore high treatment efficiencies. than the 2-stage rectors (pre-acidification tank combined with pure-methanogenic reactor). Problem definition 3) The increase of Food to Mass ratio (F/M) resulted in The biggest drawback that this technology is presenting, is an accumulation of soluble proteins in the Reactors. This that the efficiency of the whole procedure is immediately accumulation led to an impairment of sludge filterability related with the achieved membrane fluxes. These fluxes and this effect was much more intense compared to the are strongly affected by the characteristics of the sludge. presence of acidogenic biomass. The influent of the reactors (the kind of substrate that is used) is affecting intensively the sludge characteristics, and Conclusions and recommendations the therefore, the cake layer (formed on the membrane It was observed that indeed the acidogenic biomass will surface) and subsequently the attainable fluxes and the affect the sludge characteristics with a negative manner. system’s efficiency and cost. One of the parameters that Therefore, it can be proposed that a two step reactor is expected to affect the filterability characteristics of the that will be composed of a pre-acidification tank followed sludge is the microbial population. Different microbial by a methanogenic membrane reactor, can increase the species are expected to have different properties filterability of the sludge, increase the fluxes, and maybe (e.g excreted concentration of extracellular polymeric decrease the operational cost. A further research proposal substances, and soluble microbial products). Particularly, will be to examine, with the same wastewater applied acidogenic microorganisms are expected to decrease the here, the effect of the different acidification degree on an filterability of the sludge due to their smaller particle sizes. AnMBR to check the real effect on the membrane surface. Research Student: L.V. Loverdou In order to be able to verify that the presence of acidogens Committee: is indeed affecting the sludge filterability characteristics, 4 ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. J.B. van Lier lab-scale batch reactors were installed. The sludge of these ▪▪ Dr. Ir. R. Kleerebezem reactors was checked on a weekly basis (both biological ▪▪ Dr. Ir. F. Van der Zee (Biothane) characteristics analysis and filterability parameters) ▪▪ Ir. R.K. Dereli For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering section (+31 (0)15-2783347) 184 Completed MSc theses 2013 Ravina Rukmina Binol: One size does not fit all; implementing technical and social assessments of sanitation reforms in rural Indonesia Introduction the screening stage were 1) pour flushed toilet – The deadline for the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) communal septic tank – subsurface constructed wetland; No. 7, to halve the world’s population without access to 2) pour flush toilet – communal septic tank – upflow filter; improved sanitation is fast approaching. Regardless, and 3) pour flush toilet – biogas digester. countries, experts After sanitation options were assessed based on a and health organizations worldwide are continuously probability evaluation on their performances for the cooperating together to stay on track with the MDG criteria of exposure to health hazard, accessibility, with the objective of improving the health of the world’s reliability and sustainability, the sanitation option that population and to achieve environmental preservation. In performed the best was option 1. government agents, sanitation order to provide sanitation facilities, many different types of decision-making frameworks have been developed Results from the social assessments showed that to guide decision makers in selecting the most optimal receptivity of a technology is greatly influenced on its sanitation facility that could function under local conditions. fulfilment on the demands of the users. Factors found Tools focus on the technical feasibility, while other assess to be of dominant requirements include: maintainability, the systems based on the incurred cost as well as the affordability, water accessibility and convenience. By willingness to pay of the user. Models that recognize the combining the findings from both the technical and social sensitivity of the social-cultural influence of the users have assessment, this research proposes an open toilet design also been created. Though, difficulties may come when that have been tailored to the practices of the local users, communities ought to be assessed and expressing findings resembling the open field defecation that they are used or social phenomenon in quantified values. to. This design aims to attain acceptability from the users, to motivate optimal usage of the facility and achieve Problem definition health and environmental improvement in the project In light of progressive development in the sanitation area. world, this research aimed to participate in implementing a socio-tech assessment on sanitation options in Banten, Conclusions and recommendations Indonesia. It has been abundantly seen that sanitation The phases of sanitation projects should be altered and options implemented in the past stopped functioning non-conventional designs need to be made for sanitation within a period after its construction. Poor operation facilities that mimic current habits of the locals. In and maintenance, lack of managerial oversight and addition, the temporal nature of the design should allow unavailable funds are some of the issues that trigger the users to have a trial period, whereby a favorable (or abandonment of these monumental sites. unfavorable) attitude will be formed towards the design. Those who feel that it fits their criteria could decide to Research continue adopting the toilet. The technical functionality of different sanitation options were assessed by adopting the decision making tool Student: Ravina Binol developed by Malekpour (2012). Furthermore, social Committee: assessments using qualitative analysis were conducted ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. J.B. van Lier using three different case studies to investigate the current ▪▪ Dr. Ir. Merle de Kreuk practices of the communities and to identify their needs ▪▪ Dr. Ir. J.F.M. Molenbroek and requirements with the available sanitation options. ▪▪ Ir. Enna Klaversma (Waternet) Results For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering The three different sanitation systems that have passed section (+31 (0)15-2783347) 185 Education Completed MSc theses 2013 Jianmei Hu: Anaerobic digestion of sludge from brackish RAS: CSTR performance, analysis of methane potential and phosphatse, struvite crystallization Introduction 18% and 5% by addition of PAS at 2.4gAl3+/L and FeCl3 The marine/ brackish recirculating aquaculture system at 6.0gFe3+/L, respectively. (3) Addition of 0.5mM or (RAS) is a sustainable and environment-friendly cultivating 1mM trehalose enhanced acid PA in saline sludge during system to meet the increasing demand of aquatic the digesting period of 0.25h-72h. A high level of shear animal protein for the human consumption. However, stress from biogas recirculation could stimulate both acid the increasing amount of aquaculture waste becomes and alkaline PA during the digesting period of 0.25h-12h. problematic for further application and demands much (4) The optimum conditions in synthetic brackish research attention on it. To solve this problem, a project solution for harvesting more struvite with large sizes and “emission minimization of marine/brackish aquaculture obtaining a higher P-removal efficiency were that Mg/P recirculation systems“ was proposed, which aims to molar ratio approached to 1, and pH was maintained at minimize the emission of brackish RAS and improve bio- 8, and temperature was kept at 25 or 35°C. However, the energy yield as well as recovery phosphorus in the form conclusion referring to Mg/P was not applicable to the of struvite. The current thesis working is a part of this filtrate from R2, and more research would be required to whole project. verify the application of other conclusions to the filtrate of digestate. Problem definition The problems involved here could be divided into four Student: J.Hu main parts : (1) How will CSTRs perform at different Committee: organic loading rates (OLR) and under different mixing ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. J.B. van Lier regimes; (2) Whether and how will addition of inorganic ▪▪ Dr. Ir. H.L.F.M. Spanjers coagulants/compatible solutes affect methane potential ▪▪ Dr. Ir. R. Kleerebezem of saline sludge; (3) Whether and how will compatible ▪▪ Ir. X. Zhang solutes and shear forces from biogas recirculation affect phosphatase activity (PA); (4) How will particle size For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering of struvite distribute at different Mg/P molar ratios, at section (+31 (0)15-2783347) different temperatures, or at different pH levels. Research To solve problems described above, three similar CSTRs were setup in lab-scale and operated for almost one year. Reactor performances were monitored by weekly analysing of essential parameters, including TSS, VSS, tCOD, sCOD, TN, TP, etc. Some batch or jar tests were also carried out during experiments. Conclusions and recommendations (1) The steady state was obtained in all three CSTRs with inoculum adapted to high salinity already. A higher OLR could cause an increase in specific CH4 yield. The impeller-stirring enhanced the specific CH4 yield compared with biogas recirculation. (2) Methane potential of saline sludge was improved 5% at the presence of 0.5g/L trehalose, whereas it was inhibited 186 Completed MSc theses 2013 Weiwei Song: Modeling of micro-pollutants removal by a PAC-MF system Nowadays, a large number of organic micro-pollutants important influencing factor, and the charge effect also are presented in drinking water sources, some methods had some influence. should be developed to remove them effectively. Activated carbon (AC) adsorption is one of the most cost- From the modeling part a breakthrough line could effective ways for micro-pollutants removal. In the real be obtained. However the breakthrough line did not situation, the operation of continuously dosed PAC before match the breakthrough line from the experiment. Only membrane filtration is widely applied in drinking water after changing the k2 value according to the empirical treatment while the operation of PAC pre-coated on the equation, the breakthrough line gave a better match. membrane is a new approach. This research, therefore, For the adjustment of the modeling, parameters such aims at evaluating the micro-pollutants removal efficiency as inflow flux, bed height, Freundlich constant K were by the pre-coated PAC-MF system. The mechanism the most important parameter, influencing the PAC of micro-pollutants removal is analyzed. In addition, breakthrough line. some Stimela simulations have been done to model the breakthrough line with a limited number of known Finally it was concluded that the more hydrophilic micro- parameters. pollutant (sulfamethoxazole) wasnot effectively removed by PAC, while for the more hydrophobic micro-pollutant Water from the Schie canal in Delft was coagulated (atrazine), there is not much difference between the with FeCl3 and then filtered through a PAC-MF system. large and the small PAC particles during longer filtration Atrazine and sulfamethoxazole were chosen as the target times. So the larger PAC is recommended to be appliedto micro-pollutants, because of their different hydrophobic/ remove the hydrophobic micro-pollutants due to the fact hydrophilic characters. The effluent concentration of of costs. the micro-pollutants was monitored every hour during the operational time. In addition, to better analysis the mechanism of micro-pollutants removal, the zeta potential was measured during the whole experiment. To further prove which process is the most important process for the micro-pollutant removal in the system, the micro-pollutants concentration after different step was also measured. After the membrane experiment, some modeling was performed for investigate if it can be applied for practical implications. To obtain the unknown constants K, n, and k2 value which should be the input to the modeling, a special batch experiment was designed. Student: W. Song The results show that the micro-pollutants removal Committee: breakthrough occurred later for smaller PAC particle ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld size than for the larger PAC particle size, and the ▪▪ Dr. Ir. S.G.J. Heijman more (sulfamethoxazole) ▪▪ Ir. Peter Lu broke through faster than the hydrophobic micro- ▪▪ Dr. Ir. J. Ruud van Ommen (TNW) hydrophilic micro-pollutant pollutant (atrazine). For a certain micro-pollutant, removed by different sizes of PAC, the k2value and the For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering internal area will impact on the PAC breakthrough line. section (+31 (0)15-2783347) Fordifferent micro-pollutants removed by a certain PAC, the hydrophilic/hydrophobic character was the most 187 Education Completed MSc theses 2013 Luis Seminario Ruiz: Counteracting nitrification problems in bio-trickling filters at WTP Lekkerkerk through modelling The origin of this MSc Thesis lies in a persistent nitrification evaluated. According to that model the performance of problem in some filters of the Water Treatment Plant the system can be improved at general level by adapting Lekkerkerk operated by the Drinking Water Company the overall load applied on the Tiendweg system to its OASEN. Nitrification is the microbial conversion of true capacity which, with the current operation regime, is ammonia via nitrite to nitrate in two consecutive steps strongly dependant on the number of primary filters with by slow growing autotrophic microorganisms. These poor ammonium removal. autotrophic microorganisms stick to each other on the surface of the inert media (filter material grains), From this study it can be concluded that a dynamic forming biofilms. The first step, the microbial oxidation mathematical model can be successfully used as a of ammonia to nitrite, becomes incomplete over the diagnostic tool to evaluate the performance and operation course of the time due to unknown causes. Typically the of full-scale bio-trickling filters for ammonium removal. relapse becomes visible three to six months after the The model can be used for operational decision support start-up of the filter. These filters remove methane, iron and, at a later stage, to help a targeted optimization and manganese as well since these compounds are also strategy. present in the anaerobic groundwater. A mathematical model that describes the biological oxidation of ammonia in each of these filters has been developed. The model has provided better insight into the factors that govern nitrification and has contributed to increase understanding on the sequence of events that ultimately result in noncompliance of the company guideline (0.10 mg NH4+/L in the final mixed filtrate from all filtration sets). The model provides relatively good estimates if the filters are operated within the wide range of flows and influent Student: Luis Seminario Ruiz concentrations they usually work at or near to (goodness Committee: of fitting R2 between 0.61and 0.86). Nevertheless during ▪▪ Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld calibration and validation, the measurement data taken ▪▪ Dr. Ir. W.W.J.M. de Vet (OASEN) from full-scale filters showed unexpected deviations from ▪▪ Ir. P.S. Ross (TU Delft, ARCADIS) what was expected and from the process model. The ▪▪ Dr. Ir. P.J. van Overloop model may not provide good results when filters work at different loading conditions than usual since fails in For more information contact the Sanitary Engineering predicting the transient behaviour between consecutive section (+31 (0)15-2783347) steady states (R2 = 0.30) and the fluctuations typically observed in the effluent of primary filters (R2 = 0.44). This mismatch between process and model is caused probably by partial misunderstanding of the process and thus modelling errors. The individual models representing each filter have been combined in order to create a model of the entire plant. With this integrated model operational strategies are 188 MSc theses MSc thesis projects Sanitary Engineering Ravina Rukmina Binol One size does not fit all; implementing technical and social assessments of 2013 sanitation reforms in rural Indonesia Jos Dusseldorp Effect of pre-treatment with Reverse Osmosis on the biological stability in a 2013 drinking water treatment plant Frank de Groot Influence of variation in the natural water quality matrix on advanced oxidation 2013 processes Marleen Heidekamp Mild desalination of cooling tower blowdown water with electrodialysis and 2013 membrane capacitive deionization: a comparative study Anthonie Hogendoorn 2 Enhanced digestion and alginate-like-exopolysaccharides extraction from Nereda 2013 sludge Jianmei Hu Anaerobic digestion of sludge from brackish RAS: CSTR performance, analysis of 2013 methane potential and phosphatse, struvite crystallization Wu Kai Measurement of organic halogens in boiler feedwater 2013 Joeri Legierse Development of an innovative wastewater reuse plant for the RINEW project 2013 Lefki Loverdou Effect of acidogenic biomass on sludge filterability 2013 Andreas Moerman Drinking water temperature modeling in domestic systems 2013 Udo Ouwerkerk Investigation of the regeneration process of the softeners at DWP-Botlek 2013 Bas Rietman Clean Operator; cleaning spiral wound membrane modules wioth a two phase 2013 solution Rafael Romero A PV Powered BWRO Desalination Installation with energy Recovery and Hydro- 2013 Pneumatic Energy Storage Thei Ruijters Notification Registration Procedures in case of flooding; Research and efficiency 2013 improvement Luis Seminario Ruiz Counteracting nitrification problems in bio-trickling filters at WTP Lekkerkerk 2013 through modelling Marc Schetters Grinded Dutch calcite as seeding material in the pellet softening process 2013 Weiwei Song Modeling of micro-pollutants removal by a PAC-MF system 2013 Gea Terhorst Change of drinking water quality in a distribution network 2013 Judith van Tol Organic micro pollutants: Assessment on optimum treatment strategies in the 2013 water cycle Alida Adams Financial Sustainability of Rural Water Supplies in Western Kenya 2012 Nikolaas van Balkom Energy production from fine sieve material for the benefit of the sewer mining 2012 concept Inge Blommers Water quality in bathing waters 2012 Wouter Bosch The underground connects us 2012 189 Education MSc theses Wouter de Buck Struvite crystallization and separation in digested sludge 2012 Fei Cui Cold CANON: Anammox at low temperature 2012 Reinoud Feenstra & Sid Renewable driven desalination for decentralized drinking water production 2012 Marieke de Goede Subsurface water recovery in the water supply duen area of Amsterdam 2012 Ton Knol Peroxone process in drinking water treatment 2012 Franca Kramer Removal of organic micro pollutants in batch experiments mimicking riverbank 2012 Vollebregt filtration Mingyang Li Cake layer characteristics in long time ceramic MF filtration for surface water 2012 treatment Shirin Malek Pour Judgment under Uncertainty 2012 Wikke Novalia Evaluation of hazard classification systems of water source, sanitation and hygiene 2012 behavior in determining drinking water safety Thijs Padmos Towards a wastewater treatment calculator 2012 Do Phi Bang Upflow limestone contactor in soft and desalinated water 2012 Johan Post Combining Field Observations and Hydrodynamic Models in Urban Drainage 2012 Bram Stegeman Model calibration as a tool to identify sewer maintenance 2012 Laura Sterna Pluvial flood damage modelling 2012 Cao Yun Evaluate two different PAC operations in combination with submerged ceramic MF 2012 membrane in surface water treatment Zheyi Zeng Phosphorus removal by ceramic tight ultra-filtration (CTUF) membrane for RO 2012 pre-treatment Bart Bergmans Struvite recovery from digested sludge 2011 Carla Generaal Using eutectic freeze crystallization 2011 Evangelia Gkeredaki Autonomous photo powered revers osmosis for remote areas 2011 Amir Haidari High silica concentration in RO-concentrate and magnesium-silica polymers 2011 formation David Moed Stand-Alone Applications 2011 Tan Quach Biofouling and organic micropollutants rejection 2011 Gieljam Schutgens Discharge capacity reduction in pressurised pipelines: A study on capacity in the 2011 pressurised system of Rotterdam due to gas pockets Nguyen Tan Thai Hung Memstill for wastewater effects of surfactants in the feed solutions 2011 Soledad Villaroel Toral Heavy metal removal by dual media 2011 Feng Xue The effect of backwashing procedures on filter ripening and effluent quality 2011 Tinguyn Zhou Removal of organic micro pollutants by coagulation in wastewater treatment 2011 190 MSc theses Xingcan Cui The contribution of deposits to the biological activity in the drinking water 2010 distribution network Ioannis Vidalis Surface hydrophilic modification of RO membranes by plasma polymerization for 2010 low organic fouling Cheryl Bertelkamp 1 Performance assessment of different pre-treatment techniques for the advanced 2010 oxiation process Rick Reijtenbagh Towards a design for an improved drinking water supply system on Bonaire, St 2010 Eustatius and Saba Laia Moré Roca Water reuse: Fundamentals of hardness solubility in water systems 2010 Thijs van Delft Analysis of microbiological growth in drinking water networks and sediments 2010 Josanne Derks Performance comparison of LP vs. MP mercury vapour lamps - Degradation of 2010 organic micropollutants via UV/H2O2 Robin Harder Data validation in environmental sensor network 2010 Tian Zheng Membrane fouling of Anmbr in hypersaline condition 2010 Marieke Benschop Influence of temperature on filtration in membrane reactors 2009 Xiaoyu Yuan Model Validation and New Water Control Strategies in Drinking Water Treatment 2009 Plant Wim Mensink Harmen van der Laan2 Investigating subsurface iron and arsenic removal: anoxic column experiments to 2009 explore efficiency parameters Yvonne Mikkers Regeneration of zeolites used for ammonium removal from anaerobic groundwater 2009 Tonny Schuit Capacity reduction of pressurized sewerage mains 2009 Evgenia Rabinovitch Drinking with the wind 2008 Perry van Overveld2 Countering threats to drinking water quality 2008 Floor van den Berg van Optimising process parameters to achieve advanced chemical phosphorus removal 2008 Arthur Geilvoet Pre treatment of WWTP effluent for ultrafiltration 2008 Li Gao Reuse of softening pellet for remineralizing desalinated water 2008 Raheena Doekhie Low cost water treatment for rural communities in Suriname 2008 Anushka Salmin Conditioning of aggressive water in Suriname 2008 Anurat Kaeocha Ion exchange for NOM removal in drinking water treatment 2008 Heleen de Man On the applicability of discharge measuring techniques in partially filled conduits 2008 Gerdien Sterk Microbial risk assessment for pluvial urban flooding 2008 Hanning Guo Drinking water treatment under a high nanofiltration recovery with zero liquid 2007 Saparoea discharge Karen Shao Degradation of 4TBP by AOP 2007 Karin Teunissen Iron removal at groundwater pumping station 2007 Marianne Kruger van der Vergelijking van de resultaten van verschillende berekeningsmethoden voor het 2007 Griendt bepalen van de frequentie van overstortingen voor rioolstelsels en de frequentie en 2 omvang van water-op-straat 191 Education MSc theses Jojanneke Dirksen Probabilistic modeling of sewer deterioration 2006 H.J. Liefting Validation of water quality data from in-sewer measurements 2006 Doris van Halem Ceramic filters for developing countries 2006 Petra Ross Clogging of biological activated carbon filters 2006 Sheng Li IEX-UF-NF-GAC treatment 2006 Qing Wang Characterization of sediment 2006 David de Ridder UV-H2O2 treatment - Research and design 2006 Leo Meijer Reuse of wastewater for Amsterdam 2006 Sigrid Scherrenberg Treatment of CSO water 2006 Harm Jansen Development of indirect potable reuse in impacted areas of the United States 2006 Stefan Geilvoet Fouling by extracellulair poly saccharides in membrane bioreactors treating 2005 2 municipal wastewater Sharleen Alberga OLM/Asset management 2005 Martijn Klootwijk An erosion meter for sewer sediment, a crticial consideration 2005 Anke Grefte Test-rig research distribution 2005 Jan-Hendrik Vos Sediment transport in distribution network 2005 Menno van Leenen Influence NOM on ozone 2005 Maarten Lut Laboratory research distribution 2005 Christiaan Kivit Q21 – distribution 2004 Michiel van der Meulen Particles in distribution network 2004 Sawan Raktoe1 Backwashing leads to fouling 2004 Danny van der Veldt Hergebruik van effluent HHRS Delfland 2003 Jeroen Stok Invloed van influentfluctuaties op de werking van een afvalwaterzuivering 2003 Cathelijne Flamink Verwijdering van (xeno-)oestrogenen uit afvalwater 2003 Mark Scheres Verkennend onderzoek naar mogelijkheden ultrafiltratiepermeaat RWZI-influent 2002 voor irrigatiedoeleinden Guy Heijnen Capillary NF for horticulture 2002 Martijn Kramer UV-disinfection Andijk 2002 Angela Puts Risk analysis Legionella 2002 Michel Bretveld Ozonation Weesperkarspel 2002 Remco Keijser Real-time control Loosdrecht plant 2002 Colette de Roo Airflush of capillary membranes 2002 Pepijn Koenders Nanofiltration Twentekanaal water 2001 Guy Henckens On monitoring of turbidity in sewers 2001 Maaike Glastra MBR in drinking water treatment 2001 S.G. Tan Modeling WRK-treatment 2001 M. Bouwma Zuurstofoverdracht bij toepassing van persluchtinjectie in de verzadigde zone 2001 Jamie Reuvers Interacties in het afvalwatersysteem van Apeldoorn 2001 Yiqun Wang Membraanvervuiling bij ultrafiltratie van rwzi-effluent 2000 192 MSc theses Robin das Gupta Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse einer zusätzlichen detailierten Messkampagne zur 2000 Optimierung der Dentrifikation einer kommunalen Kläranlage Herman Evenblij Verkennend onderzoek naar membraanfiltratie van ruw RWZI influent in Bennekom 2000 Roel Derckx Toepassing van ultrafiltraat als natuurwater 2000 Ingrid Bonnet Directe filtratie van afvalwaterinfluent - Onderzoek naar een nieuwe methode voor 2000 de primaire behandeling van afvalwater Eelco Teesink Pilot-onderzoek naar hergebruik van rwzi-effluent te Kerkrade 2000 Jan Post1 Concentrate treatment with cNF 2000 Anton van Rosmalen Risk analysis water market 2000 Ignaz Worm3 Air/water backwash UF 2000 Johannis Vijlbrief Urban water chain company Overijssel 2000 René van der Aa1,2 Nitrification in rapid filters 1999 Jeroen Boel Microfiltration Philips Nijmegen 1999 Bram Martijn Ultrafiltration Biesbosch water 1999 Jeroen Krijgsman Industrial water project Roermond 1999 Laura de la Torre Ammonium removal from municipal wastewater by ion exchange 1999 Wout Smans Membraanvervuiling bij ultrafiltratie van rwzi-effluent 1999 Isabelle Wasmus Productie van een andwer water op basis van vlokkingsfiltratie van effluent 1998 Maarten Rutte Waterzuivering met helofytensystemen 1998 Robin Bos UASB post-treatment 1998 Eefje Dekkers Evaluation of WateRat Software and WaterPinch Technology for refinery water 1998 Gutiérrez management Marja Weijs Ultrafiltratie van RWZI eflluent - Verkennend onderzoek met een pilotplant 1998 Dick van den Heuvel Verkennend onderzoek naar de droge fysische fractiescheiding van verontreinigde 1998 grond Alex van de Helm3 Modeling gas transfer systems 1998 Bonne Hylkema Hybrid membrane filtration Nuland 1998 Siebe van de Zel Sludge treatment and disposal Gelderland 1998 Joukje Klomp Anaerobic membrane filtration 1997 Martijn Riemersma Modeling nanofiltration 1997 Martin de Koning Electrodialysis Leiduin 1997 Steven Oterdoom Reservoir Drentsche Aa 1997 Weren de Vet Riverbank filtration Panheel 1997 Jan-Dik Verdel Modeling groundwater filtration 1997 Joost Pluim Pilotonderzoek naar de toepassing van ultrafiltratie op effluent van 1997 rioolwaterzuiveringsinstallaties Danny Gerritsen Werking van een deflectieschot in ronde nabezinktanks 1997 William Pangemanan Nabehandeling van RWZI-effluent m.b.v. membraanfiltratie; ervaringen en 1997 experimenten 193 Education MSc theses Jeroen Oosthof Mogelijkheden tot rductie van de fosfaatemissie door toepassing van 1996 effluentfiltratie Meike van Ginneken Wastewater reuse for irrigation in Cali Region, Colombia 1996 Jan-Hendrik Bouman Bezinkingsproblematiek van een seriegeschakelde airlift-loop reactor 1996 Arjen van Nieuwenhuijzen Optimalisatie van vlokkingsfiltratie voor RZWI-effluent - Een onderzoek naar de 1996 optimale verhouding van filtratiesnelheid en filterlooptijd Eelco Trietsch See weed membrane filtration 1996 Eric Schwencke Water treatment Achterhoek 1996 Joukje Keuning Flocculation Brakel 1996 Marije Hendriks Dynasand filtration WRK III 1996 Francois van Ekkendonk Industrial water project Philips Nijmegen 1996 Martijn Nijsse Industrial water project Cerestar 1996 Ernst-Jan Hageman Membrane filtration backwash water 1996 Piet-Hein Spaans Dynasand filtration Loenderveenseplas 1996 Maarten Keuten Optimization treatment swimming pools 1996 Jasper Verberk Optimization treatment plant WRK I/II 1996 Mark Brieskorn Design Bergen op Zoom treatment plant 1996 Peter Tienhooven Expansion Lake water supply Amsterdam 1995 Edgardo Valeriano Design backwash gutters 1995 Mark Eikens Drinking water project for the Veluwe 1995 Mireille Beumer Industrial water project Parenco 1995 Marieke van Winkelen Industrial water reuse Akzo Amsterdam 1995 Gert-Jan Schoterman Biesbosch water treatment 1995 Jan Leen van de Vlies Industrial water South West Netherlands 1995 Bas van Efferen Large-scale membrane filtration 1995 Patrick Smeets Virus removal through infiltration 1995 Martijn Bakker Real-time control of water production 1995 Örjan van Drongelen Reliability study for Panheel 1995 Hella van de Maarel Removal of micro-organisms 1995 Ronald van de Berg Design Aalsterweg treatment plant 1995 David Visscher Activated carbon filtration Bergambacht 1995 Petra Holzhaus Riverbank filtration along the Lek 1995 René Knipscheer Bodemluchtextractie met behulp van verwarmde lucht 1995 Marcus Zutphen Schoonebeek Schoon 1995 Edwin Lakerveld Persluchtinjectie in de verzadigde zone 1995 Michel Geven Inventarisatie en evaluatie van filtratiemethoden voor effluent 1995 Jetske Verkerk Fosfaatverwijdering uit effluent door vlokkingsfiltratie 1995 Jan Willem Bonekamp Het gebruik van meetwaarden bij de optimalisatie van de N-verwijdering bij RWZI’s 1995 A.H.M. van Weel Behandeling van het afvalwater van een chemische industrie 1995 J. Krabbenbos Opschalingsmogelijkheden van de airliftloopreactor 1995 2 194 MSc theses Jan Busser Preciptatieonderzoek op rwzi De Groote Lucht 1994 Saskia Jouwersma Effluentvijvers als tertiaire zuivering 1994 Patrick van de Wens Distribution strategy PIM 1994 Roel Bronda Reuse backwash water WMO 1994 Ellen van Duikeren Deep infiltration South East Netherlands 1994 Nico Versteeg Use of surface water for Overijssel 1994 Peter Wessels Use of Biesbosch water for Gelderland 1993 Jenne van de Velde Reuse backwash water WMN 1993 Georgina Martinez Ortiz Industrial water project Veendam 1993 Jan Timmer Softening with lime 1993 Carel Aeyelts Averink Modeling of membrane filtration 1993 Saskia Deegmulder Filtratie van effluent in de praktijk 1993 Kees Meinema Lamellenbezinkers tussen beluchting en nabezinking 1992 Idsart Dijkstra Water supply of Vlieland 1992 Robert Willemse AOC-removal in filters 1992 Gertjan Schers Flotation: theory and practice 1991 S.E. de Rijk Indikking van surplusslib door middel van flotatie 1991 Jeroen Rijnhart Nazorg van afvalstortplaatsen, de zuivering van percolatiewater 1991 R.J.M.L. Koster De effecten van simultane defosfatering op de nitrificatie 1991 C.J.M. Ruiters Dynamic modelling of the thickening process of activated sludge in clarifiers 1990 G.R. uit de Bosch Verbetering van de indikking van anaeroob uitgegist slib door middel van 1990 beluchting of ontgassing Heleen Sombekke Behandeling van stedelijk afvalwater in een drie-fasen airliftreactor gevolgd door 1990 fosfaatprecipitatie G.H. Liem Karakterisering van de slibontwatering in relatie tot afvalwaterzuiverinigssystemen 1 Gijs Oskam Award for best young researcher 2 Graduation with honours (cum laude) 3 Faculty Award for best graduation 1989 All theses can be downloaded from www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl 195 Education Completed BSc theses 2013 Completed BSc theses nominated for Cees Boeter award Irene Caltran Irene investigated how small-scale treatment techniques for arsenic removal can been implemented at the individual household. She tested properties of various materials to determine their adsorption capacity and implemented the materials in batch experiments and in kinetic experiments. By doing this, Irene collected a large amount of experimental data that she presented and analysed in a very clear and sensible way. In her report she demonstrates how she can also critically reflect upon her experimental results. The jury was impressed by the size and quality of the experimental work and report. Abel Heinsbroek Abel travelled to Mozambique for his bachelor project on improvement of drinking water treatment in the town of Vilanculos. The existing drinking water treatment plant was no longer functioning due to a lack of maintenance and local operational expertise. Abel decided to design a new treatment plant based on very robust techniques. He assembled and tested a pilot installation on-site, using locally available materials. This requires a lot of improvisation skills, especially given local circumstances. The jury appreciated his creativity which he intelligently combined with practical capabilities. Bas des Tombe Bas conducted his bachelor project in Vietnam, where he investigated salinisation problems in groundwater wells for irrigation water supply. One of the questions he tried to answer is whether recent installation of a shrimp factory could be causing salinisation of groundwater near the wells. Collecting local field data proved to be a difficult task. Still, Bas managed to get sufficient insight to make realistic assumptions for implementation into a numerical model that he used for analysis. This demonstrates creativity, intelligence and perseverance. Bas also made the information available through internet, so additional data can easily be included in the future. The results of his study will be used by a local company for further analysis. 196 Completed BSc theses 2013 Overview of all completed BSc theses NameSubject Obaid AbrahimiOptimix Yolanda Bruinsma Rekenmodel energiebesparing met zwembadafdekking Luuk Bussmann Rising bubble technique Jochem Dekkers High resolution rainfall radar for urban hydrology Thomas Deurloo Flexibele AOP: doseringen afgestemd op variaties in de waterkwaliteit Koen Geul Improvement existing artificial recharge scheme of Radauti - Romania Rick Hagenaars Bodemvochtbepaling met de Kinect Floortje Hofland Reinventing the toilet Job Hogewoning De effecten van seizoensgebonden variaties in de waterkwaliteit op de waterzuivering van Dunea Thijs Hommes Veroorzaakt klimaatverandering extremere neerslag? Chris Hordijk Hoe groot is de Flow? Vera Kooten Optimalisatie pompstation Huisduinen Fabian Leferink Reinvent the toilet challenge Anke Luijben Neerslag afvoerpatronen in de Ardennen met topografische indices Amir Nadiri Biogas machine in het science centre Farhad Nadri Biogas machine in het science centre Brent Pieterse Seizoenstrends in afbraak van medicijnen in afvalwter Bart Schilperoort Using algae to produce biodiesel out of effluent of biogas production Bernadien Tiehatten Actuele verdamping bepalen met behulp van wind- wen temperatuurmetingen Bas des Tombe ASR/storage tank voor rijstirrigatie, Vietnam Noortje van Velzen Veilig drinkwater in ontwikkelingslanden Froukje Zuidema Arsenic Removal in Bangladesh - Surface characterization of the adsorbents CIM and GHF in max. loaded state 197 Education Online Education Online education MSc-track Watermanagement Online education? online. This might be a regular student or a life-long learner Studying online offers you the possibility of studying who wants to expand his/her knowledge in the disciplines wherever and whenever you want. that are offered. Registration is possible for the complete online MSc programme or for one or more Master courses. In 2007 the first courses about water treatment were offered This creates the possibility to acquire an MSc within a series as OpenCourseWare (OCW). An OCW is a free and open of subsequent years. digital publication of high quality university-level educational materials. OCW are free and openly licensed, accessible to What does an online MSc look like? anyone, anytime via the internet. The first year of the MSc track Watermanagement consists of courses. Most of these courses will be offered online. Thus, OCW is course material, but not a course with a start All lectures will be recorded by collegerama and exercises date and an examination. This is changing! The newest can be done from home via the internet. This will all be development is MOOCs. A ‘Massive Open Online Course’ facilitated through Blackboard. Special attention from the (MOOC) is an online course aiming at large-scale interactive lecturer or professor will be given to the online-student by participation and open access via the web. In addition to e-mail and skype. traditional course materials such as videos, readings, and Only for laboratory work and the examination the students problem sets, MOOCs provide interactive user forums that have to come to the campus. help to build a community for the students, professors, and teaching assistants. This moment at the campus is important for students to meet professors and fellow students as well as for arranging Almost 29.000 students are registered in the MOOC a thesis subject for the second year of the MSc. The second CTB3365x Introduction to Water treatment which could be year consists of project and thesis work, which cannot be followed from September 16th until November 25th. This done online, but, as is already the case, can be done at any is massive! The free course is open to everyone, without location, suitable for performing MSc thesis work. prior education or entry examination. So, students don’t need to pay for attending this course, but they will not get What will change? supervision of our lecturers. When they pass the exam, they We expect that the student population at our MSc track will get a certificate of attendance, not a diploma. Our MOOC change in coming years. We expect more life-long learners, is also a deficit course for external students interested to who are students with working experiences, bringing added join our MSc and as such from now onwards much easier value to the (online) class room. In addition, worldwide, accessible. The availability of the MOOC CTB3365x means students now have the opportunity to follow our water that the lecture series CTB3365 will become much more management courses and in the meantime giving feedback interactive. Transfer of textbook information is readily regarding the situation in other parts of the world. The accessible, so why to repeat this in the lecture room? The discussion board will be used more often to connect with MOOC development is a next step in modernizing education the online students and to learn from their knowledge and at TU. opinion. To be more of service for the online students, the didactics MSc diploma? of the courses will change in the coming years. Lectures will Students aiming an MSc diploma, and preferable study be recorded by the professor in the studio and discussed in online, are also welcome in the MSc track Watermanagement. the lecture hall or discussion board. Things are changing, Online MSc education is intended as alternative for not now, not tomorrow but continuously. everyone who is considering the on-campus MSc education offered by TU Delft. This means that everyone who fulfills the educational requirements for starting our MSc can start 198 Online Education Have a look at the MOOC CTB3365x Introduction to water More information & registration treatment at edX to see how an online course will look For an overview of all online education at Delft University like! You can register now: https://www.edx.org/ of Technology, please visit our university wide website on course/delft-university-technology/ctb3365x/ online introduction-water-treatment/786 education. education: www.tudelft.nl/en/study/online- More specific information about the Watermanagement Cost track concerning the programme, the entry requirements If you would like to follow the complete Water Management and on how to register, can also be found on the same track of the MSc programme in Civil Engineering online, you website, via the link: will need to register as a student for that MSc programme. http://www.citg.tudelft.nl/en/about-faculty/ You will then pay the tuition fee that is applicable to you. departments/watermanagement/education/msc- If you would like to follow one or more courses from an MSc watermanagement/ programme, you can register for the courses you wish to take. The costs are 200 euros for each ECTS credit. You can see how many credits each course comprises on the faculty website. In addition, there is a non-recurrent fee of 500 euros for registration with TU Delft. Figure 1 Online education at TU Delft 199 Education Online Education Figure 2 Online course in Blackboard Figure 3 Recorded lecture about surface water treatment Figure 4 old-fashioned? 200 Online Education Figure 5 Top 10 countries of MOOC students Figure 6 Prior education of MOOC students 201 Media 202 Annual report 2013 Media 203 Media Jan Peter van der Hoek ‘Drinkwater duurder dankzij ‘drugs’’ Kennislink - www.kennislink.nl 204 Jan Peter van der Hoek ‘Drinkwater duurder dankzij ‘drugs’’ Kennislink - www.kennislink.nl 205 Media Jan Peter van der Hoek ‘Drinkwater duurder dankzij ‘drugs’’ Kennislink - www.kennislink.nl 206 Marie-claire ten Veldhuis “Eindelijk stadse wateroverlast voorspellen” Kennislink - www.kennislink.nl 207 Media Marie-claire ten Veldhuis “Eindelijk stadse wateroverlast voorspellen” Kennislink - www.kennislink.nl 208 Luuk Rietveld “Hoe helpen we de derde wereld aan schoon drinkwater” KIJK - Februari 2013 209 Media Luuk Rietveld “Hoe helpen we de derde wereld aan schoon drinkwater” KIJK - Februari 2013 210 Luuk Rietveld “Hoe helpen we de derde wereld aan schoon drinkwater” KIJK - Februari 2013 211 Media Luuk Rietveld “Hoe helpen we de derde wereld aan schoon drinkwater” KIJK - Februari 2013 212 Marie-claire ten Veldhuis “Leven in stad vol water” AD 213 Media Jojanneke Dirksen “Zettingen als maatstaf voor vervangen van rioolstelsel” Cobouw 128 - 10 juli 2013 214 Marie-claire ten Veldhuis “Gescheiden riool sneller verstopt” o.a. in DeStem 215 Media Peter de Moel “De campus in je eigen studeerkamer” HO Management - Februari 2013 216 Peter de Moel “De campus in je eigen studeerkamer” HO Management - Februari 2013 217 Media Peter de Moel “De campus in je eigen studeerkamer” HO Management - Februari 2013 218 Anke Grefte “Online wetenschap is grote hit” Leeuwarder Courant - Juli 2013 219 Media Anke Grefte “ TU enters the world of virtual learning” TUDelta - Maart 2013 220 Anke Grefte “ TU enters the world of virtual learning” TUDelta - Maart 2013 221 Media Gertjan Medema “Kun je met buitenlands kraanwater je tanden poetsen?” De Volkskrant - Mei 2013 In Nederland kan kraanwater moeiteloos doorgaan voor het veel duurdere fleswater, maar in veel buitenlanden is een karaf leidingwater bij de maaltijd een slecht idee. Wie daar uit de kraan drinkt, heeft kans op buikloop. Maar hoe zit dat met tanden poetsen, of douchen? Kan het kwaad als je dan een paar druppels vies water inslikt? Vakantiediarree wordt in Europa vaak veroorzaakt door Campylobacter, een bacterie die bij dieren in de darmen huist. In veel vakantielanden is de waterzuivering niet op orde waardoor uitwerpselen in het water kunnen achterblijven, zegt Gertjan Medema, hoogleraar waterkwaliteit en gezondheid aan de TU Delft en werkzaam bij KWR Watercycle Research Institute. Gevolg: op de hotelkamer of de camping komen met het water uit de kraan ook ziekmakende bacteriën mee. Die waterwinningen raken bijvoorbeeld verontreinigd doordat mest vanaf een maaiveld naar de put stroomt, legt Medema uit. De zuivering van dat water gebeurt in die landen vervolgens vaak minder gedegen. ‘Er is sprake van veel kleine waterwinningen waar minder professioneel wordt gewerkt. En het systeem staat in de vakantieperiode extra onder druk omdat er dan veel water nodig is.’ De belangrijkste ziekteverwekker in Europa is de Campylobacter jejuni. Die bacterie produceert een toxine, een gif dat diarree veroorzaakt. De C. jejuni heeft de vervelende eigenschap dat er niet veel van nodig zijn om mensen ziek te maken: een paar honderd exemplaren zijn al voldoende. Een druppel water kan 50 miljoen bacteriën bevatten. Dat zijn vooral normale waterbewoners, legt Medema uit, die ook in fleswater zitten. Die voelen zich in ons lijf niet thuis en maken ons dus niet ziek. Maar er kunnen in die ene druppel in principe al genoeg ziekteverwekkers zitten om een paar vervelende vakantiedagen te veroorzaken. De kans dat we met tanden poetsen of douchen al aan die paar honderd exemplaren komen is klein, zegt Medema, maar toch raadt hij aan om voorzichtig te zijn. Dat er van de C. jejuni zo weinig nodig zijn om ons ziek te maken, heeft te maken met het sterke overlevingsmechanisme van de bacterie. Veel ziekteverwekkers komen niet verder dan de maag waar ze door zuuraanvallen om zeep worden geholpen. Toen Amerikaanse onderzoekers het zure milieu van maag en darmen nabootsten en daar de bacterie op los lieten, zagen ze dat de C. jejuni aanpassingstactieken kent die juist door het zuur in gang worden gezet. Hun celmembraan verandert bijvoorbeeld of ze scheiden een beschermend eiwit uit. Voor veel vakantiegangers is tanden poetsen met leidingwater om nog een reden geen optie, weet Medema: het water is minder lekker dan we gewend zijn. Door de Nederlandse zand- en kleibodem bevat het grondwater hier relatief weinig zout en mineralen in vergelijking met andere landen. In Nederland is vanwege de goede waterzuivering ook geen chloor meer nodig. En het leidingwater is hier veel minder hard dan elders. Er zitten minder metaalionen in, en ook dat verandert de smaak van het kraanwater. Daardoor smaakt hier zelfs koffie en thee anders. 222 Jules van Lier “Zuivering op de schop” WaterForum 223 Media Jules van Lier “Zuivering op de schop” WaterForum 224 Jules van Lier “Zuivering op de schop” WaterForum 225 Media Jules van Lier “Zuivering op de schop” WaterForum 226 Jan Peter van der Hoek “Beslissingsmodel voor nieuwe bedreigingen (drink)water krijgt vorm” WaterForum 227 Media Dara Ghasimi & Jurensley Merenciana “Lab of... Anaerobic digestion” Delta Nr.7 - December 2013 228 “20 studiebeurzen Topsector Water” TU Nieuws 229
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