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J. E. Bogners, The Netherlands
SOME NOTES IN CONNECTION WITH THE DUTCH SECTION OF THE
LIMES OF GERMANIA INFERIOR (GERMANIA SECUNDA)
l
At the Third International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies at Rheinfelden -Basel, held
in 1957, H. von Petrikovits read a paper entitled “Der niedergermanische Limes” , and presented
a map showing the military settlements along the line of this part of the frontier.1 It is now
possible to present a supplementary map, whose principal aim is to give a more detailed
picture of its Dutch section (Fig. 44).
The lower German fronticr-system consisted of a chain of fortresses and forts dating any-.
where from the reign of Tiberius down to c. A.D. 260 or ,270,2 and lying along the eastern
and northern boundaries of the military district that became the province of Germania Inferior'
in the reign of Domitian.3 From the southern boundary on the Vinxtbach they extended along
the Rhine and further west - on the north side of the west part of the “Insula Batavorum” 4 they are found along the Kromme Rijn (from Wijk bij Duurstede to Utrecht) and the Oude Rijn
(from Utrecht to Katwijk).
With the exception of the legionary fortress at Nijmegen (Batavodorum/Noviomagus),5
south of the Rhine arm known as the Waal, the map shows no military sites in the hinterland.
North of the limes two names are shown: Ermclo, on the Velu$e in the province of Gclderland, where what may have been a marching camp or temporary camp from about A.D, 300
was excavated in 1923;6 and Vclsen, in the province of Noord-Holland near the North Sea
coast, where very important finds made in 1964 and 1966 may indicate the presence of a
military settlement, probably occupied during the reigns of Caius (Caligula) and Claudius.
The site of the auxiliary forts in the village of Valkenburg, in the province o f Zuid-Holkmd,
is no longer designated by the name of Praetor hi in Agrippinae ? This name should rather be
i
M
t
attached to the so-called castellum on the height called klde Wocrd'\ some 1,200 metres southsouth-east of the village. This site is not shown on the map, as it was probably a government
hostel or praetorium , built towards the end of the Claudian period, and culled after the
Empress Agrippina (Fig. 45 ).9
Nor does the castellum or “naval station9’ of Voorburg-Arentsburg10, well known from
J.H. Holwerda’s excavations, figure on the map. This site, immediately to the west of the
former Fossa Corbulonis (Figs. 44, 45), dug in A.D. 47 or a little later, is to be identified with
the Forum Hadriani shown on the Tabula Pmtingeriana .8 As the capital of the civitas
Cananefatum. this town was raised to the status of a municipium, perhaps in the lifetime of
Hadrian, but more probably under Antoninus Pius or Marcus Aurelius, and ccrtainly not later
than A.D. 162. Its new official name was Miinicipiiim Aelium or Aurelium C ananefatum }1
A new legionary fortress is shown on the map, namely that situated in Cologne, apud
Aram Ubiorum , in the first half of the 1 st century .12
No attempt has been made to show the boundary between the provinces of Germania
Inferior and Gallia Belgica. Von Petrikovits’ map followed Mommsen’s view on this point .13
In 1958 an honorary inscription, dating from the reign of Marcus Aurelius, was found at
Bulla Regia, a town in the province of Africa Proconsularis (Tunisia).14 *In this mention is
made of the regiones Tungrorum et Fris(iJavonum 15, which seem to be ascribed to the province
71
72
Fig, 44.
J.E, Bogaers
The Limes o f Germania Inferior. Scale
1. L egionary fo rtre sse s.
2. Auxiliary forts*
3. L a t e R o m a n forts.
4« Fortlets.
5. Pr obabl e forts.
The Limes o f Germania !nferfor
73
I ♦ ■
• «
é
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PR A ETORIUM AGRiPPINAE*mz3 e te r w o u d e -R oombu rg
M A T I LO
Voorburg-A rentsburg
FORUM HA DR ¡A NL
t r e c h t T R A I ECTUM
Vechten FECTIO''
:
RELINI
Fig, 45,
West-Central Holland, with limes-forts, probable coast-line and river courses in Roman times (see
also Fig. 47). Scale 1 n,p.O0^05<'''
of Gallia Belgica, so that the question arises where the regia or civitas Frisiavonum1** and its
caput are to be placed. Fig. 46 represents an attempt to show the (probable) territories of the
various tribes and peoples known to have inhabited the Netherlands and the adjoining parts of
Belgium and Germany in imperial Roman times. The chartered towns (coloniae and municipia)
and civitas capitals are also shown, further a few settlements important enough to claim
candidature for the position of caput of the civitas Frisiavonum.
In his Naturalis Historia, IV, 101, Pliny mentions the Frisiavones. According to him they
lived on one or more o f the islands between Helinium and Flevum, i.e. in the area between
the broad mouth of the Meuse to the west of Rotterdam (Fig. 45), into which the Waal (the
western arm of the Rhine) 17 and the Striene (an important arm o f the Scheldt)3* also dis
charged, and the northern mouth of the Rhine, through which the water of the Gelderse IJsscl
flowed into the sea (most probably the Vlie or the Vliestroom between the islands of Vlicland
and Terschelling19; it is possible, however, that Pliny meant the mouth of a Rhine arm
consisting of the Utrechtse Vccht and the IJ, situated near Castricum, north of Velsen (Fig.
47 ).20
Taking the words of Pliny into account, it is difficult not to regard the civitas of the Frisia
vones as part of Germania Inferior. Among the islands between Helinium and Flevum, Pliny
includes the nobilissima Batavorum insula et Cannenefatium , situated between the Waal with
the lower Meuse on the one side, and the Rhine, Kromme Rijn, and Oude Rijn on the other .21
This island certainly belonged to Germania Inferior.
In Pliny’s Naturalis Historia , IV, 106, the Frisiavones are mentioned a second time, together
with«the Tungri, the Sunuci, and the Baetasii, tribes of Gallia Belgica that lived introrsus , i.e.
neither on the sea-coast nor on the Rhine. In the same in many respects perplexing passage,
J.E. Bogaers
74
1
Fig, 46.
■The^probable|territories of the various tribes and peoples that are known to have inhabited the
Netherlands and the adjoining parts o f Belgium and Germany in Roman imperial times; chartered
towns and civitas capitals, and a few settlements important enough to be candidates for the
position of caput of the civitas Frisiavonum ( 6 - 1 1 ) , are also shown.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Voorburg-Arentsburg, Forum Hadriani / Municipium Aelium or AureJium Cananefatum.
Nijmegen, Ulpia Noviomagus / Municipium Batavorum.
Xanten, CoJonia Ulpia Traiana.
Cologne, Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium.
8. Rockanje.
Tongres, Atua(tu)ca Tungrorum.
9. Goedereede.
6. Cuijk, Ceuclum.
10» Domburg,
1. Rossum - Alem, Grinnes.
11. Aardenburg.
i
i
‘The Limes o f Germania In ferio r
Fig. 47.
IS
The coastal area o f the western and northern Netherlands in the Early Sub-Atlantic period jjo w a r d s
the beginning o f the Roman period. After Pons et aJii (note 20)* Scale
while enumerating the various peoples along the Rhine, Pliny also refers to Nat. Hist,, IV, 101:
Batavi>et quos in insulis diximus Rheni* It seems all but impossible, to reconcile Pliny’s state
ments about the Frisiavones in N at Hist., IV, 101 and in 106. Possibly the name Helinium
refers not only to the broad mouth of the Meuse‘but also to the whole delta o f the Scheldt
(Fig, 47). On this assumption the Frisiavones may have lived on the islands of Zuid-Holland,
and perhaps also those of Zeeland (inter Helinium ac Flevum ), and further inland ( introrsas )
76
J.E. Bogaers
they may have inhabited the whole northern part of the province of Noord-Brabant (south of
the Meuse), and the western part of the area between Meuse and Waal.23
If, as the inscription from Bulla Regia seems to indicate, the civitas of the Frisiavones was
really part of Gallia Belgica, at least in the second half of the 2nd century, then the northern
boundary of this province most likely coincided with the mouth of the River Meuse (the
Helinium) in the west. There are three possibilities for the course of the boundary-line further
east. It seems natural to suppose that the River Meuse served as a provincial boundary also in
that direction; it is even more likely, however, that it ran along the “Peel” ,24 a formerly
very marshy area to the west of the Meuse, on the border of what are now the provinces of
Noord-Brabant and Limburg, which has been a natural barrier for centuries. A third but less
likely possibility, is that the boundary is to be sought somewhere in the basin of the rivers Aa,
DommeL Beer/.e, and Run in central Noord-Brabant (Fig. 44).
7
In this connection it should be noticed that military inscriptions have been found
immediately to the west of the River Meuse, in Limburg25 and the eastern part of Noord27
Furthermore no
Brabant26, blit are quite unknown in the rest of the latter province
Roman site of sufficient importance to rank as caput of the civitas Fmiavonum is known
in the interior, of Noord-Brabant. Possible candidates for this distinction are found elsewhere:
at Cuijk (Fig. 4'fcfNoord-Brabant),2? possum or Alerii (Fig, 46; Gelderland or Noord-Brabant
respectively),29 Rockanje (Fig. 4 6 ; ’Zuid-Holland, Island of Yoorne),30 and Goedereede
(Fig. 461 Zuid-Holland, Islandtof Goeree-Overflakkee). 31 Less likely ale the sites at Domburg <rL
(Fig. 46; Zeeland, Island o f Walcheren), 32 and Aardenburg (Fig. 46; Zeeland, Zeeuws
t.
I
Vlaanderen).33
about A.D. 260-270 the fortresses and forts of the lower German frontier were
abandoned, and most of them seem to have been destroyed in the course of the Frankish
invasions.34 After the reorganization of the Empire in about A.D. 300, Germania Inferior
f*
Fig, 48.
The situation o f Cuijk-Ceuclum in relation to the Limes of Germania Inferior (list—3rd centuries)
and the |probable|rlate Roman limes of Germania Secunda^»
rrf'
The Limes o f Germania In fe rio r
11
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Cuiik.
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General plan o i the excavation results (1937 —1966). S cale.l:
A. Early Roman*fort (c. 5(j—l0 0 )r
1. (Building) trenches.
2. Post-holes.
3. Ditches (two phases).
B. Middle Roman civil settlement (2nd~3rd centuries):
4. Building trenches and post-holes.
5. Walls.
6. Drains,
7. Gravel road.
C. Late Roman fort (4th century):
8. Post-holes o f rampart.
9. Post-trench parallel with rampart on its inner side.
10, Drains.
31. Walls,
12. Ditches.
D. Post-Rojnan features:
13. Tuff wall on the inner o f the ditch (before 1132).
14. Ditch surrounding the site o f the “ castle” o f the Lords o f Cuijk, destroyed in 1 1 3 2 .
15. Tower o f the Gothic church (end o f the 15th century).
16. Gothic church, demolished in 1913 (except the tower),
17. Mediaeval and later walls.
18. Present Roman-Catholic church o f St, Martin, built in 1 9 1 1 —1913.
J.E. Bogaers
78
i %f 1 *' V n “ » * * * * * ,
Fig. 50.
Cuijk*
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Plan o f the early Roman features (c. 5 0 - 1 0 0 ) . .Scale
(Building) trenches o f phase 1.
(Building) trenches o f phase 2.
(Building) trenches o f phase 3.
Ditches (two phases).
Trenches and pits.
Post-holes.
The Limes o f Germania In fe rio r
19
was 'henceforth called Germania Secunda«35 Although at the Fourth International Congress
of Roman Frontier Studies at Durham in 1959, H. von Petrikovits demonstrated that under
Constantine I a new limes was built in Germania Secunda, on the left bank o f the Rhine ,36
the number of 4th-century objects found in the area o f the earlier iimes-forts in the Nether
lands is in fact very small.37 It is impossible to tell whether or not any of these forts had a
military occupation in late Roman times. Very probably, however, there was a late Roman
fort at Nijmegen, on the Valkhof, immediately to the south of the Waal, in the north-eastern
part of the present city .38
There are reasons to assume that the line of a late Roman limes in the Netherlands, if
there was one, did not follow the course of the Rhine, the ICromme Rijn and the Oude Rijn,
but kept to the south bank of the Waal, and reached the North Sea by way o f the Helinium,
the mouth of the Meuse (Figs. Jnf and 53). Besides Nijmegen important places on this limes
may have been Rossum (Grinnes)39 and Castra Herculis 40 though the exact location of the
latter is still unknown, and though the Tabula Peutingeriana suggests that tills site lay on the
northern road through the land of the Batavians, i.e. on the Rhine itself.
Finally I would like to devote some space to a settlement which, in spite o f its position in
the hinterland, must have been of grea| military importance in two clearly separate periods.
It is the settlement of Cuijk (Figs. 46/J$g| and Figs. 4 8 -5 3 ), about 13 kilometres south of Nij
megen, on the west bank of the Meuse. On the Tabula Peutingeriana^1 it is shown as Ceuclum,
on the road from Atua(tu)ca (Tongres) to Noviomagi (Nijmegen), near the point where it
crosses the Meuse. As a sequel to the investigations on the site by A.E. van Giffen in 1937,
1938 and 1948, the State Service for Archaeological Investigations at Amersfoort carried
^
out extensive excavations there in the years 1964 ~ 1966.
In many respects Ceuclum resembles Grinnes (Rossum), which was situated at a point
where only a very narrow strip of land separated Meuse and Waal. It lay on an inland water
way connecting the Rhineland with the North Sea by way of the Rhine and Waal, and was
further of importance not only as a place where both Meuse and Waal could be crossed, but
also, it may be assumed, as a road-junction (Fig. 46,^5f). The finds indicate that there was a f
military settlement, most probably an auxiliary fort, at Rossum, on the south bank of the
Waal, from at least A.D. 70.43
The finds from Rossum and the results of the excavations at Cuijk show that the hinter
land of the lower German limes — generally regarded as a single, rigid defence-line — may have
had its forts as well, for the protection of important points; the stationes beneficiariorum.
consularis and the numerous late Roman burgi and larger fortifications along the main roads
in the hinterland fail into this class.44
So far the excavations at Cuijk (Fig. 49) have not yielded any evidence that the site was
A
n
'
j
a
inhabited immediately before the beginning of the Roman occupation in about the middle
of the 1st century A.D. At the other end of the Roman period the latest coins go down to
A.D. 388-402. The oldest post-Roman find^ are Merovingian, and date from the 7th century.
All the remains of the early Roman occupation seem to belong to a timber fort surrounded
by two ditches, which lasted until the end of the 1st or the beginning of the 2nd century. At
least three phases can be distinguished. The distance between the centres o f the outer ditches
north and south of the fort is about 168 metres (Fig. 50).
Among the structures belonging to the second period (2nd and 3rd centuries) are a road
with a metalling of gravel, about 8 metres wide, which was built about A.D. 100,. and the
J.E. Bogaers
i
i
i
i -i__ i__~j— i— i— i— i— i— i
The Limes o f Germania In fe rio r
81
■v
4 1
f *
?* ' 1rt 1
Fig, 52,
Cuiik. Plan of the late Roman features (4th century). Scale^.^lj20Q, 1. Post-holes o f rampart.
2. Post-trench parallel with rampart on its inner side,
J y
•*>' I «
.
i'
•h
r- if '
' $
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Hx
3. Walls.
4. Drains.
5. Ditches.
6. 7 th century Merovingian weaving-hut
■
J. E, Bogaers
82
remains o f tw o rectangular, more or less square, stone buildings, lying on each side of the
road.
These buildings seem to have been Romano-Celtie temples, consisting of a celia
surrounded by a portico with a colonnade and a lean-to ro o f resting against the cella-walls
(Fig. 51). They arc likely to have belonged to a virus that developed on the territory o f the
early R o m an fort, and which later, after the departure of the military, expanded over the
c a std lu m area.
There are reasons to assume that in this period there was a static) with a
beneficiarías con su laris in charge, in or near the vicus.
In late Roman times there was again a castellum at Cuijk, also surrounded by two ditches
(Fig. 52). The distance between the centres o f the most northerly and the most southerly
i
50 km
i
(
HEUMENSOORD
QUA^BURG
ROSSUM
J
m
)
®ALTKALKAR
asperden
VETERA U?
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/
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i _________
Fig. 53.
General map of theiprobabl®late Homan fortifications in the Lower Rhine area. After von Petrikovits, f f . f l , , 78, Fig. 25, with addi t i ons .
Scale
0
,(10«.
The Limes o f Germania in fe rio r
83
ditch was in this ease ab o u t 161 metres. On the north, south, and west sides the outer ditch
was dug into the filling o f one of the lst~ccntury. ditches.
As in the ease o f the early R o m a n
fo rt, it was impossible to find any trace o f the eastern boundary.
distinguished.
Again three phases can be
The initial date of the first probably falls in the reign o f C onstantine I.
The
oldest latc-Roman structure was a big rampart, 4 to 5 metres thick, which ran parallel with
the ditches on their inner side, it was built of timber, turves and earth; its main c o n stru c tio n a l
feature consisted o f three parallel rows of large posts, placed at intervals o f 2
in the second
2.5 metres,
phase repairs seem to have been made to the inner side o f the r a m p a r t ,
especially to the tim ber w ork, for on the south and west sides o f the fort traces o f a t r e n c h
were discovered, which ran parallel with the rampart on its inner side, an d which h a d co n tain ed
a num ber o f posts.
In the third phase a stone wall was buiItK>n the outer side o f the ram part. This wall h a d a
thickness o f 1.5 — 1,9 m etres, and semi-circular projecting towers were placed at intervals
along its length.
At two p o in ts 'o n the south side of the fort, the m ortar on t h e inner side o f
the foundation o f the stone wall showed the impression o f a big, round post, evidently
belonging to the ram part.
F ro m north to south the stone fort had a length o f a b o u t 110
metres, n o t including the projecting towers.
Either concurrently w ith the building o f the stone wall, or at a so m ew h at later d a te , the
so u th rampart was partially removed, and in its stead a large, three-aisled building was e re c te d .
Its longitudinal axis ran north-south, and its outside measurements were 14,5 by 26 m etres.
Its south wall was part o f the south wall o f the fort. The aisles were separated by tw o rows
o f five piers each, placed at intervals of about 4 metres, b u t o f only five did a n y traces
actually survive. They indicate that at least part of the building may have had an u p p e r
i
storey.
Perhaps it was a granary or storehouse, but it is also possible that it served a more
directly military purpose.
It is most likely, especially in view of the available eoin-finds, th a t the stone f o r t dates
from the reign o f Valentinian I and Valens.
The building o f this fort is b e st regarded as a
result o f the m any activities o f Valentinian i in the Rhine area;
he is even said t o have
fortified this river with a chain o f large forts, extending from Switzerland to th e N o r th Sea, in
ab o u t A.D. 3 6 9 .45 A n o th er fort probably dating from the reign o f this E m p e ro r is th e stone
4
burgus at Asperden in the “ Rcichswald” , about 14.5 kilometres east o f Cuijk, close to the
n o r th bank o f the River Niers (Fig. 53), which was excavated b y H. Hinz a n d Mrs. Use H o m b e r g Stade in 1964 and 1965,46 So far other examples of forts th a t can be assigned to V a le n tin ia n ’s
reign47 with any degree o f certainty are unknown in Germania S e cu n d a.48
NOTES
1 H. von Pctrikovits, Der Niedergermanische Limos, in Limes-Studien—Vorträge des 3. internationalen
Limes-Kongresses in RheinfeJden/BaseU 73 5 7 / 8 8 —95 with Hg. 9 ; see also id ., Das römische Rheinland
(R.R.I, Köln-Opladen, I960, PI. 2.
'*
2 Von Petrikovits, R.R., 35ff.
3 E. Stein, Die kaiserlichen Beamten und Truppenkörper im römischen Deutschland u n te r dem Prinzipat,
Wien, 1932, lOf.
4 Tacitus, Hist., IV, 12, 2; see also Pliny, Nat, Hist., IV, (01.
r
I
5 J.K. Bogaers in B R O B , 1 0 —1 1, 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 6 1 , 275; id., Die Besatzimgstruppen des Legionslapors von
J.E. Bogaers
84
N i j m e g e n im 2, J ¡ i h i h u n d e r t nach Christus, in Studien zu den Militärgrenzen Roms , Köln - Gr a z , 1967,
54- 76
also id. in Numaga , 1 2 , 1965, 1 0 -37).
6 J . l l . l l o l w e r d a , K o m e i n s c lie Icgcrplaats bij E r m e l o , in: OMRL. N.R, 4, ( 1 9 2 3 ) , 4 0 —4 4 . W.J. de Boone
(De Franken van hun eerste optreden tot de dood van Chtldenk , A m s t e r d a m , 1 9 5 4 , 601.) suggests a
c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n this c a m p and a c a m p a i gn o f C o n s t a n t i n s C h l o r u s against t he I r a n k s ; see: Panegyrici
La tin i. VI (VII). 6 . 2.
7 H J . Calk nen in: Wes terh e e m . 13. 1964, 9 1 f .; P. Vons, ibid., 114f.; W. Gl a s b er ge n , 42 n , C , in Jaarboek
der K oninkfijke Nedoriandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 1 9 6 5 - 1 9 6 6 , 1 0 2 —I 2 I , especially 115 —117,
on-print 14 16 (see id, in irr het voetspoor van A.E. van Giffen , G r o n i n g e n 1 9 6 6 , 2 1 1 8 — 123 and 179);
H.J, Ca l k (Jen, Velsen , U m u i d e n 1967, 1 9 - 2 2 .
s Tabu Ja Peutingeriana. S e g m e n t II, 2 a c c o r d i n g t o K. Miller’s division; see his Die Peutingersche Tafel ,
S t u t t g a r t 1962.
9 J.T.. Bogaers, P r a e t o r i u m Agr i ppi nae. in: B K N O B , ser, 6 . 17. ( 1 9 6 4 ) , 2 0 9 - 2 4 0 . T h e l i t e r a t u r e b e a r i n g o n
the a u x i l i a r y Torts at V a l k e n b u r g village listed in c o l u m n 2 09f., n o t e 2, s h o u l d be s u p p l e m e n t e d by the
p u b l i c a t i o n s by W. Glasbergen m e n t i o n e d a b o v e ( n o t e 7).
T h e a c c o u n t o f t h e t w e l f t h s e a s o n ’s e x c a
v a t i o n in the village-mound o f Va l k e n h u r g ( 1 9 6 2 ) — f r o m the h a n d o f W. Gl a s ber ge n and o t h e r s - is d u e
to a p p e a r s hort l y in Jaarversfag van de Venniging voor Törpenonderzoek (JVT).
10 J . H . I l o l w u r d a . Arenisburg — een Romeinsch m ilita ir viootstation bij Voorburg, L e i d e n 1923,
11 J.K. B o g a e r s , Civitas en stad van de Bataven en C a n n i n e f a l a n , in BROB , 10™ 11, ( 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 6 1 ) , 263 3 1 7 ,
especi al l y 303IT.; id., F o r u m Hadriani. in: B J , 164, ( 1 9 6 4 ) , 4 2 - 5 2 . T h e w r i t e r h o p e s to deal w i t h t he
a r g u m e n t s for i d e n t i f y i n g F o r u m Hadriani w i t h A r e n i s b u r g in gr eat er detail at s o m e later d a t e . It may
suffice h e r e to r u l e r to: J.H. Holvvcrda - M. A. Fvelein in: OMRL. 5, (191 I). 6 0 ; J.K. Bogaers in Nieusbulletin van de Koninkfijke Nederiandse Oudheidkundige Bond (NKNOB }, ( 1 9 6 6 ) , ll!6 a n d *44f .
12 T a c i t u s , Ann.. I, 3 9 ; Ph. I'ilt/ingur, Z u r L o k a l i s i e r u n g der Zwei l eg i o n s f e s t u n g “ a p u d ar am U b i o r u m ” ,
in Kölner Jahrbuch für Vor - und Frühgeschichte , 6 , ( 1 9 6 2 / 6 3 ) . 2 3 - 5 7 .
33. note 37jaiul 87.
See also v o n Pet r i ko v i t s , R.R.,
13 See t h e m a p s m a d e by H. Kiepert in 1884, nos. Ill (Gallia) and V ( G e r m a n i a mit d e m Rhei n- u n d DonauL i me s ) , in Th. M o m m s e n , Römischc Geschichte, V 7 Berlin. 1885 ( 1 9 2 19 ).
14 M. B o u l o u e d n i n e in Fasti Archaeologicf . 13. < 19 5 8 ) , 2 8 5 f , t no. 4 4 0 4 and PI, 2 6 , 7 8 ; A E , 1 9 6 2 , nr. 183,
15 Cf. H. -G. Pf l aum in Gnomon. 3 7 , ( 1 9 6 5 ) , 3 9 6 ; G, A If old y, Die Legionslegaten der römischen Rheinarmeen ,
Köln
Graz 1967, 39, n o t e 2 1 1 . See also t he fol l owi ng studies w h i c h will a p p e a r in d u e cours e: H. von
B e m e r k u n g e n z u r Westgrenze d e r r ö m i s c h e n Provinz N i e d e r g e r m a n i e n (in Festschrift H.
Jankuhn)\ Ch. B. Rüger, U n t e r s u c h u n g e n z u r Territorial -und V e r w a l t u n g s g e s c h i c h t e v o n G e r m a n i a
I n f e r i o r in der Pr i nzi pat szei t (in one o f t h e Beihefte der BJ).
16 Even b e f o r e t he discovery o f t he i n s c r i p t i o n f r o m Bulla Regia t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a ( per e gr i ne) civitas
Frisiavonum c o u l d be d e d u c e d , wi t h a high d e g r e e o f c e r t a i n t y , f r o m t he f a c t t h a t a t least one o f the
r e g i m e n t s o f the R o m a n auxilia was called a f t e r this p e o p ! e ; c f . H. von P e t r i kovi t s in B J , 152, ( 1 9 5 2 ) , 51;
Petrikovits.
id. in M a im e r Zeitschrift, 58, 1963, 33, und H, Kl uni bach (aft er H.-G. P f l a u m ) in Limes-Studien , 7 4 . C e r t a i n l y f r o m t h e year 105 a n d d o w n t o t h e 4 t h c e n t u r y t h e C o h o r s I F r i s i a v o n u m wa s p a r t o f t h e army
o f B r i t a i n . See t h e military d i p l o m a t a CIL, X V I , 5 1 , 69 and 70, o f A.D, 105, 122 a n d 124 respectively;
see f u r t h e r RIB, I, 2 7 9 (co(h)o(rtis) 7°Frisiavo(num)J f r o m Mel andr a Castle, D e r b y s h i r e ; 577 (coho(rtis)
I Frisiav(onum)} f r o m M a n c h e s t e r ; 578 (coh(o)r(tis) i Frisiavo(num)) f r o m t he f o r t in t h e Castle Field in
M a n c h e s t e r ; 579 (c(o)hor(tis) I [F }n 's[ja v(o n u T i)] ) from M a n c h e s t e r ; N otitia Dignitatum Occidentis , XL,
3 6 : tribunus cohortis primae Frixagorum Vtndobala, Vi ndoval a o r R u d e h e s t e r , N o r t h u m b e r l a n d , on
H a d r i a n ’s Wall ( see also RIB, I, 1395 and 1 3 9 6 ; K. Birley, Research on Hadrian's Wall, K e n d a l 1 96 1, 165);
RIB , I, 1 5 2 3 (c(o)ho(rtis) pfrimae ) Frixiav(onum )} f r o m Carravvburgh (Brocolitia), N o r t h u m b e r l a n d , on
H a d r i a n ' s Wall. — The tile s t a m p s C*I*F ( C IL , VII, 1243 a = A.W. Byvanc k, Excerpta Romana—de
bronnen der Romeinsche geschiedenis van Nederland, 1 9 3 1 —4 7 , (ER}, II, no. 127 3) f o u n d at Ca e r s ws in
M o n t g o m e r y s h i r e , Wales, ma y have s o m e c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e C o h o r s I F r i s i a v o n u m as well; b u t see RE
i
s.v. Cohtvrs (Ci chori us) , 2 8 6 a n d V.K. Nash-Williams, The Roman Frontier in Wales, C a r d i f f 1 9 5 4 , 54 a n d
107f. (7 a n d 7 a ) a n d PI. X L , 4. T h e e o h ( o r s ) 1111 F t -------of CIL VII 2 7 5
liy-van ekrExcerpta
Rom^nw-de 'bronnen? der—Rom6¡nSi>he*’qesehtfirlnpi$
| f ^ p / i p r l a n U , no. 1283) , f r o m
B o w e s , Y o r k s h i r e , ma y have b e e n t he c o h o r s 1111 £ ? [ r e u c o r u m ] , as suggested by E. Birley (RIB, I, 7 3 9 ) .
17 Cf. T a c i t u s , Ann., II, 6 a n d Hist., V, 2 3 ; W. S p r e y , Tacitus over de op stand der Bataven — Hist., IV 12—37 ;
54—79; V, 14—26, G r o n i n g e n —Dj a ka r t a , 195 3, 1 0 4 —106.
18 Cf. C a e s a r , Bell. Gall., VI, 3 3, T h e S t r i e n e is t o be i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t he T a b o u l a m e n t i o n e d by P t o l e m y
(Geogr., II, 9, 1 a n d 5); see 1).H. S t o l t e in B R O B „ 9, 195 9, 6 3 f., Mededelingen, van de Vereniging voor
Naamkunde te Leuven en de Commissie voor Naamkunde te Amsterdam , 4 0 , ( 1 9 6 4 ) , 6 0f . , Proceedings o f
i
The Limes o f Germania Inferior
u-
v-*i r.
85
the Eighth International Congress o f Onomastic Sciences, 77?e Hague
19 B.H. St ol t e in
Paris, I 9 6 0 , 5 18!.
4 0 , < 1 9 6 4 j, 62f.
20 Knclostire 8 in L. J . Pons, S. Jelger.sma, A.J. Wingers, J.D. de J o n g , F v o J u t i o n o f the N e t h e r l a n d s C o a s t a l
Aren d u r i n g t h e H o l o c e n e , in: Verhandelingen van hot K o n in klijk Nederlandsch Geoiogisch-Mijnbouwkundig Genootschap. G e o l . serie, 2ljfe , ( 1 9 6 3 ) , 1 9 7 - 2 0 8 .
See also J.K. de C o c k . I en Rijn arm bij V e i s e n ? in
Westerheem, 3, 195 4, 1 0 —1 2 .
21 Cf. Taci t us, Hist., IV. 12. 2 .
22 Cf. B.H. S t o l t e ín:
.37, ( J 9 6 I ) , 7 f „ n o t e 21.
.j
r*%*
n
23 F o r the d we l l i n g area o f t he Frisiavones see inter alia Stein, Beamte , 5f. f “ ein vielleieht inn Kleve
a n g e s i e d e l t e r Teil d e r Frisiavones ( ................). S p l i t t e r n der Frisiavones ( .............. ) uni d e n Xuidersoe m i d a u f
d e n v o r g e l a g e r t e n I n s e l n ” ). 16 and 18, n o t e 9 3 ; AAV. Byvanck in £7?, I, 145; id., Nederland in den Romeinschen tijd, I-il, L e i d e n , I943,f1?(/V/C?7jj K2 , 197 and I 99f . (map with Fr i si avoncs in t h e n o r t h - e a s t c o r n e r o f
N o o r d - B r a b aa nntt , a n d bet w e e n Nijmegen a n d C'uijk); B.H, St olt o m Jaarpoek^vap de Ghufcien Roos , 1 8 .
195», 26 , KultSrhistorische verkenningen in de Kempen, OQsterwjk, 196 i . i h V p l a c e s t h e Fr i s i a v o n e s in
t h e w e s t e r n p a r t o f N o o r d - B r n h a n t a n d o n the a d j a c e n t islands o f Z e e l a n d a n d Zuid- H o l l a n d ) .
24 See H. H a r d e n b e r g in Limburg's verleden - Geschiedenis van Nederlands Limburg to t 1815, I. M a a s t r i c h t
1 9 6 0 , I 2 5 (( m a p o f L i m b u r g in R o m a n t i me s , s h o w i n g two nat ur al b o u n d a r i e s on the west : t he Peel a n d
hi the b o t t o m l e f t - h a n d c o r n e r — the e d g e o f the high terrace we s t o f t h e Meuse).
25 A s t a m p o f Legi o X G e m i n a on a tile f r a g m e n t f r om Hael en- Mel enbyrg, n o r t h - w e s t of R o e r m o n d o n the
Me u s e ; see J , F , Bogaers in N KN O B, ( 1 96 5), *7 5,
XI,íe base o f a s t a t u e d e d i c a t e d bv a c e n t u r i o n o f Legio
XX V,V., b u i l t i n t o a wall o f t he c h u r c h at H o m , ( w £ s t of R o e r m o n d (CIL, XI I I , 8 7 0 7 - E R , II, rtf/ 7 2 ) ;
see J , F , Bogaers in B R O B , 1 2 - 1 3 , ( 1 9 6 2 - 1 9 6 3 ) . 72 85,
26 T h e f a m o u s f o u r t h - c e n t u r y h e l m e t from t he 1*00) n e a r _Don m e ( A E , ( 1 9 2 7 ) , 1 5 3 \ ER, II, n o , 9 4 ;
, III,
8 0 : B.H. S t o l t e in: K V K , II, 16f.; J.S, B o e r s m a w J M P } 50, ( 1 9 6 3 ) , 9).
A f r a g m e n t o f a r o o f i n g tile
s t a m p , p r o b a b l y m i l i t a r y , f r o m Vi er l i n g s b ee k - Maa s h ee s , see J . F . Bogaers in N K N O B , ( 1 9 6 2 ) , *2 13 (r ea d
*161).
A r o o f i n g tile s t a m p o f the H x o r c i t u s G e r m a n i e u s I nf er i or , f o u n d at C u i j k ; see i.K. Bogaer s
j
in: N K N O B , ( 1 9 6 6 ) , * 6 7 f . (see also * 6 8 on a p r o b a b l e fragment o f a C a p i o ( n a c i ) s t a m p d a t i n g f r o m
f
t h e t i me o f C o n s t a n t i n e I).
27 An e x c e p t i o n is, in a w a y , a tile f r a g m e n t w i t h J j r t T s t a m p o f Legio I Minerviu A i U o n i n i u n a (A.IF 2 I 2
222),
w h i c h was r e- us e d in t h e f o u n d a t i o n s o f a Car ol i ngi an c h u r c h at A a l b u r g ( m u n i c i p a l i t y o f Wijk e n A a l
b u r g ) , in t he L a n d van H e u s d e n en A l t e n a , See: ¡Opgravingsnieuws van cle Rijksdienst voor h o t Oud
heidkundig Bodemonderzoek , J a n . M a r c h , I 9 5 4 , | 2 ,
28 J . F , Bogaers, O p g r a v i n g e n te C u i j k , 1964
1 9 6 6 , in N K N O B , 1 9 6 6 , ,K6 5 - * 7 2 , a n d 1 9 6 7 , *9f „ e s p e c i a l l y
1966, * 6 7 f . (cf. Numaga , 13; 1966, 1 1 3 —1 2 6 ; ibid . , 14, ( 1 9 6 7 ) , 1 1 4 - 1 1 6 , a n d Brabants Heem, 18,
( 1966) , 122 —1 36) . S e e also p p . 79 ff. b e l o w , :
29 J.I-:. Bogaers, T w e e R o m e i n s e w i j m o n u m e n t e n uit Al em, N o o r d - B r u b a n t , in BROB, 1 2 - 1 3 , ( 1 9 6 2 - 1 9 6 3 ) *
i^
39
56- T h e l i t e r a t u r e o n f i nds f r o m t h e u r e a r b u n d Rossum and A l e m listed in this p u b l i c a t i o n can be
<
s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h : VRGK (Jaarverslagen vap het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden , L e i d e n ) , 7 5 , ( 1 9 5 3 ) ,
150; ibid., 7 7 , ( 1 9 5 5 ) , 150 a n d 1 5 3 , a n d ibid., 79, ( 1 9 5 7 ) , 147; J. W e r n e r in BJ, 1 5 8 , ( 1 9 5 8 ) , 3 7 9 f.
wi t h Fig, 6 , 3: a b r o n z e “ S t i i t z u r m f i b e l mLf gleiehbreitem F u s s ” , d a t i n g f r o m t h e f i r s t half o f t h e 5 t h
c e n t u r y j J. S. B o e r s m a u \ {Jaarboek voor M u n t e n Penningkundj}^ {JMP}, 5 0 , ( 1 9 6 3 ) , 5 1 , nr. 3 9 b : c o i n s
f r o m t h e 1 s t —4 t h c e n t u r i e s a n d f r o m t h e 7 t h c e nt ur v*/ W. C. Braut in Bulfetin van de Vereeniging t o t
bevordering der kennis van de antieke beschaving te \s-Gravenhage, 3 9 , ( 1 9 6 4 ) , 1 8 7 f, ( w i t h J'rigs. 4 a n d
5): late R o m a n / M e r o v i n g i a n b u c k l e s a n d p i n s ; W.A, van Fs, Wijster — A Native Village b e yo n d the
Imperial F ro n tie r , G r o n i n g e n , 1967, 1 4 3 , 14S (Fig. 70, 2 a n d 3) a n d 55 2 (Fig. 2 8 9 , 12 m i d 13):
b r o n z e h a i r p i n s d a t i n g f r o m a b o u t A . D . 400;/7)/flf., 159 (Fig, 7 8 , I) a n d 1 6 2 : a t e r r a nigra-Iike c u p
d a t i n g f r o m t he 1 st o r 2 nd c e n t u r i e s A . I ) .
30 J. Bogaers, B e w o n i n g uit de R o m e i n s e t i jd
2 e helft van de 2 e en !e h e l l t van ,!e 3 e e e u w n a C h r . —
R o c k a n j e ( p r o v . Z u i d - H o l l a n d ) , in B R O B , 3 , ( 1 9 5 2 ) , 5 —8 ,
31 E R , II, n o , 3 7 9 a n d III, 152; N K N O B , ( 1 9 5 8 ) , * 8 4 and * 1 0 3 f . ; ibid., 1 9 5 9 , * 2 3 f . a n d *99: O u d d o v p ;
K.H, Marschul l eck in: BR O B , 9 , ( 1 9 5 9 ) , 6 8 - 7 7 , especially 6 9 ; J . A . T r i m p e B u r g e r in: B R O B , 10 - 1 1 ,
( 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 6 1 ) , 2 0 If . a n d 2 0 4 ; S J . De L a e t - J . A . T r i n i p e Burger in: H e iin iu m , 1, ( 1 9 6 1 ) , 1 5 5 , no, 3 8 , - T h e
R o m a n finds f r o m t h e M u n i c i p a l i t y o f G o e d e r e e d e derive f r o m t h r e e s e p a r a t e f i n d s p o t s ; t he “ s u b m e r g e d
t o w n ” “ D e O u d e W e r e l d ” ( N o r t h of t h e village o f G o e d e r e e d e ) , “ l ) e O u d e Stee*’ ({Vèst o f O u d d o r p ) , a n d
the site n e a r O u d d o r p ( M u n i c i p a l i t y o f G o e d e r e e d e ) in t h e O u d e O o s t d i j k p o l d e r / N o r t h of G o e d e r e e d e
w h e r e t h e S t a t e Service f o r A r c h a e o l o g i c a l I nvest i gat i ons, A m e r s f o o r t ( J . A. T r i m p e Bu r g e r ) , c a r r i e d ouH
I
e x c a v a t i o n s in t h e year s 1 9 5 8 a n d 1 9 5 9 /
J.E. Bogaers
86
32 ER, II, n o s . 2 3 5 - 2 6 5 ; ER. III. 154f.; A d a H o n d i u s - C r o n e , The Temple o f Nehalennia a t Dom burg ,
A m s t e r d a m / 1955;
J . E . A . T h . Bogaers, De Galfo-Romeinse tempefs te E/st in de Over-Betuwe , ’sG r a v e n h a g e , 1 9 5 5 , 1 1 —2 0 ; J . E . B o g a e r s in: Nehalennia, 4 , ( 1 9 5 9 ) , 4 2 —4 4 (= B R O B y 1 2 - 1 3 , 1 9 6 2 - 1 9 6 3 ,
5 8 1 - 5 8 3 ) ; J . S . B o c r s m a , T h e R o m a n C o i n s f r o m t h e Pr ovi nce o f Z e e l a n d , i n : BROB, 17, ( 1 9 6 7 ) , 6 5 - 9 7 .
33 S J . De L a e t - J.A. T r i m p e Bur ger in: Hefinium , 1 , ( 1 9 6 1 ) , 15 5, no. 34, ibid., 4 , 1 9 6 4 , 6 1 , n o . 2 8 , a n d
ibid., 7, 1 9 6 7 , 8 3 f . , n o . 35; J . A, T r i m p e Burger in: Handelingen van het Genootschap voor geschiedenis,
1 0 3 , 1 9 6 6 , 2 7 6 , Zeeuws T ijdschrift , 6 , ( 1 9 6 6 ) , 73f . a n d 2 2 7 f . ; N K N O B , 1 9 6 6 , * 7 4 , a n d ibid., 1 9 6 7 ,
* 9 1 ; K.H. M a r s c h a l l e c k in: BRO B , 9, ( 1 9 5 9 ) , 6 8 - 7 7 , especially 6 9 f . ; J . S . B o e r s m a , op.cit. ( n o t e 32).
ï4 De B o o n e , Franken, 2 9 - 4 9 ; von Pet r i kovi ts, R.R., 7 6 f . ; J . E . Bogaers in BJ, 1 6 4 , ( 1 9 6 4 ) , 5 0 f .
35 See inter alia A m m i a n u s Mar cell i nus, XX, 1 0 , 1 ( limitem Germaniae Secundae. N . B . : t h e t e r m limes
Germanise Inferioris d o e s n o t o c c u r un t i l the y e a r 3 1 3 , in Panegyrici L a tm t , XI I ( I X ) , 2 i , 5 \cf. v o n
P e t r i k o v i t s , R.R., 3 6 , n o t e 4 3 , a n d De B o o n e , Franken , 7 6 ) ; Nomina provinciarum o m n iu m , 8 ; P o l e m i u s
Silvlus, Laterculus, U; N otitia Dignitatum Occidents, III; N otitia Galdarum, VIII, See also H. Ncsselhauf,
Die spätrömische Verwaltung der gallisch-germanischen Länder , Berlin, 1938, 8ff.
36 V o n P e t r i k o v i t s , R.R., 7 7 —80.
37 T h e w r i t e r d o e s n o t k n o w o f a n y late R o m a n ( 4 t h - c e n t u r y ) finds f r o m K a t w i j k Z.-H. ( o n t h e B r i t t e n b u r g
see H. D i j k s t r a - F . C . J . Ket el aar , Brittenburg , Bussum 1 9 6 5 ) , V a l k e n b u r g Z.-H., L e i d e n ( Z o e t e r w o u d e ) R o o m b u r g , A l p h e n Z . - H . * Z w a m n i e r d a m , K e s t e r e n , or H e r w e n en A e r d t - B i j h m d s e W a a r d . A l p h e n Z.-H. lias
p r o d u c e d “ p e n n ( i n g e n ) t o t o p H o n o r i u s 1* (i.e. coins d o w n to H o n o r i u s : C. J . C. R e u v e n s , C. L e e m a n s and
L . J . F . J a n s s e n , Alphabetische naam/ijst etc., L e y d e n 1845, 2); W o e r d e n has p r o d u c e d c o i n s o f C o n s t a n t i n e
II, C o n s t a n s , V a l e n s and T h e o d o s i u s (ER, III, 133); V/tmten-De M e e r n a b r o n z e c o j n o f J y l a g n e n t i u s
( J . H . J o n g k e e s in: JM P , 3 3 - 3 4 , ( 1 9 4 6 / 1 9 4 7 ) , 150) ; U t r e c h t :
b r o n z e c o i n ï d a l i n g ' fronV t h e reign o f
C o n s t a n t i n e I ( J . H. J o n g k e e s in: Maandblad van "Q ud-U trecht'\ 2 5 , ( 1 9 5 2 ) , 5 6 ) , a n d a small n u m b e r
o f c o a r s e 4 t h - c e n t u r y (or M e r o v i n g i a n ) s h e r d s ; V e c h t e n t w o b r o n z e c o i n s , o f M a x i m i a n u s H e r c u l i u s a n d
( p r o b a b l y ) M a g n e n t i u s r e s p e c t i v e l y , an aureus o f H o n o r i u s , and a c o i n o f Flavius S e v e r u s ( J . H . J o n g k e e s
in JMP , 3 7 , 1950, 1 2 and 2 1 f.); Wijk bij D u u r s t e d e : t h r e e b r o n z e coins^Wz. o n e o f M a x i m i a n u s H e r c u l i u s
a n d t w o o f C o n s t a n t i n e I (see JMP, 37, 1 9 5 0 , 22), an a u r e u s o f V a l c n t i n i a n 1, a f r a g m e n t o f a 4 t h - c e n t u r y
“ crossbow** b r o o c h f a n d t h r e e o r f o u r s herds dating f r o m t he 3rd or 4 t h c e n t u r i e s , or f r o m Me r o v i ng i a n
t i m e s ; H u i s s e n a very small n u m b e r o f late R o m a n (or Merovingian) s her ds (see P. Gl aze mu in: Bijdragen en
Mededelingen der Vereniging "G elre", 5 1 , ( 1 9 5 1 ) , 4 0 f . ; BROB, 1 9 5 0 / 2 2 , 2 f. and 195 1 / 3 , 4; J . W o l t e r s in:
De Betuwe o f 2 4 t h J u l y , 19 53). — On U t r e c h t in late R o m a n t imes see A.K. van G i f f e n in: Nieuw Utrechts
Dagblad o f 1 1 t h M a r c h , 6 t h Ma y and 2 3 r d May, 1 9 4 9 ; id. in J V T , 2 9 - 3 2 , ( 1 9 4 4 - 1 9 4 8 ) , 2 Of., 3 4 a n d 5 3 ;
Iv. O e l m a n n in Congress Durham . 9 4 ; H. v on Pet ri kovi ts in Niederrheinisches Jahrbuch , 3, ( 1 9 5 I ) , 4 4 , n o t e
3 5 ; A. E. van Gi ffen in Quintus congressus internationalis limitis Romani studiosorum (Acta et dissertationes archaeologicae , III), Zagr eb, 1963, 141,, 11 is n o t at all c e r t a i n t h a t t h e t h r e e c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r i o d s
VI a, b a n d e, d a t i n g f r om the t i m e o f t h e J v n i p ^ u r J ulian a c c o r d i n g t o van G i f f e n , a r e really late R o m a n ;
n e i t h e r t h e finds n o r t h e s t r at l graphi cal evidence, at any rate, yet s u p p o r t s u c h a view,
38 O n l at e R o m a n N i j me g e n see M. (P.M.) Daniels in: O M R L , N. R. 2 , ( 1 92 1 ), 6 3 7 ; id. in O M R L , N.R. 31,
( 1 9 5 0 ) , 1 - 3 2 ; id .y Noviomagus Romeins Nijmegen , Nijmegen ( 1 9 5 5 ) , 41 4 3 , 4 7 f f , , 6 2 ff. a n d 2 2 5 f f . ;
H. B r u n s t i n g , 400 jaar Romeinse bezetting van Nijmegen-Noviomagus Batavorum , N i j m e g e n 1 9 6 2 2 , 18 f . O n t h e l a t e R o m a n c e m e t e r i e s see especially BROB , 1 9 5 0 / 2 1 , 4; 1 9 5 0 / 2 2 , 3; 3, 1 9 5 2 , 9 - 12 (H. Brunsting); 4 , 1 9 5 3 / 1 , 10
13 (H. Br uns t i ng) ; 9, 1959, I 0 8 f . (J, Y p e y ) ; N K N O B {with c o n t r i b u t i o n s m a i n l y by
H. B r u n s t i n g , b u t also by S.L. Wy n i a and J.I-:. Bogaers), 1956, *2 I ,* 123 a n d
138; 1 9 5 7 , * 9 7 , * 108, ’" 1 30,
* 183, *221 a n d * 2 3 9 f.; I 9 6 0 , *261 \ 1961, * 3 6 , *56 and * 7 1 ; 1 9 6 3 , * 8 8 a n d * 2 2 7 f.; 1 9 6 6 , * 8 4 ; VRGK
( J a a r v e r s l a g e n van h e t R i j k s m u s e u m van O u d h e d e n , Leiden, and h e t R i j k s m u s e u m G. M. K a m , N i j m e g e n ) ,
6 9 , ( 19 4 7 ) , 7 2; 71, ( 1 9 4 9 ) , 9 4 f . ; 72, ( 1 9 5 0 ) , 104F. a n d <35; 73, ( 1 9 5 1 ) , 1 16; 7 4 , ( 1 9 5 2 ) , 129f. a n d
I 5 3 f , ; 7 5 , ( 1953) , 151 a n d 184; 77, ( 1 9 5 5 ) , 153; 78, ( 1 9 5 6 ) , 160; 7 9 , ( 1 9 5 7 ) , 1 4 9 f , a n d 2 0 2 ; 8 5 ,
( 1 9 6 3 ) , 2 4 9 ; ( H . J . H . ) v(an) B ( u c h e m ) in Numaga, 5 , ( 1 9 5 8 ) , 12 17 a n d 5 1 - 5 3 ; G. Klzinga in: H efinium ,
3, ( 1 9 6 3 ) , 8 If., no. 113 b; Th. G. A p p e l b o o m in Helinium , 6 , ( 1 9 6 6 ) , 1681'., n o . 128 C.
39 T a c i t u s , Hist. , V, 2 Of.;
Tabula Peut. , Segm. II, 3. See also b e l o w n o t e 43.
4 0 Tabula Peut ., S e g m . II, 4; A m m i a n u s Marcel Iin us, XVIII, 2 , 4; L i b a n i u s , Oratio, X V I I I , 87. Cf. ER, I,
4 1 2 , 4 3 2 a n d 5 4 4 f . ; H. von P et r i kovi t s in Festschrift für A. Oxé , D a r m s t a d t , 1 9 3 8 , 2 3 5 f . ; B y v a n c k ,
NRT, IJ, 6 5 4 ; I \ O e l m a n n in Congress Durham , 83 ( m a p ) ; P . J . R . M o d d e r m a n in: O M R L , N . R . 30,
( 1 9 4 9 ) , 73 76; IL He i t e m a, De Nederlandse wateren en plaatsen in de Romeinse t ijd , ’s - Gr av e n h a g e ,
195 I ^ , 8 4 -87; De Bo o n e , Franken » 6 9 , 89, 97f. and 1 0 7 f . ; L , We i s g e r b e r in: Rheinische Vierteljahrs blatter, 2 3 , ( 1 9 5 8 ) , 31 ( m a p 2 ; see also Map 8 in: J. Niessen, Geschichtlicher Handatlas der deutschen
Lander am Rhein — M ittel-und Niederrhein , Köln L ö r r a c h , ( 1 9 5 0 ) .
The present writer hopes to
e x p r e s s e l s e w h e r e his views o n t h e p r o b a b l e s i t u a t i o n o f Castra Herculis (see Fig. 5 3 ).
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41 Segm. II, 4 . - A c c o r d i n g t o M. S c h ö n f e l d (in Tijdschrift voor Nedërlandsche Taahen L e tte rk u n d e , 3 6 ,
f1
1917, 174) t h e n a m e o f t h e s e t t l e m e n t w a s *Cudiaco , a c c o r d i n g t o lyi. G y s s e l i n g ( Toponymisch w o o rd e n -
boek van België, Nederland, Luxemburg, Noord-Frankrijk en West^Du its land (vóór 1226), I —II, Br u s s e l
1960, s.v. K u i k ) Ceucium , a n d a c c o r d i n g to B.H. S t o l t e (in p lW R 0 , 3 9 , 1 9 6 3 , 9 5 ) Ceudiaco, -cum.
42 J . E. Bogaers, op. cit. ( n o t e 28).
43 On a pi ece o f l a n d c a l l e d “ Met Kl oost er*’. See C. l e e m a n s , Romeinsche oudheden te Rossem, in den
Zalt-Boemelerwaard , L e y d e n , 1 8 42 ; J . E. Bogaers, op.cit. ( n o t e 2 9 ) , 3 9 —4 J. A t R o s s u n i t h e r e m a y h a v e
been a m i l i t a r y s e t t l e m e n t d o w n to t he 4 t h c e n t u r y ; a m o n g other t h i n g s b r o n z e c o i n s o f M a x i m i n u s II
Daia ( 1 ), C o n s t a n t i n e I ( 4 ) and C o n s t a n t i u s II ( 1 ) h a v e b e e n f o u n d a t t h i s pl ace.
44 See v o n P e t r i k o v i t s , ft./?,, 72 76 a n d 83.
45 A c c o r d i n g to A m m i a n u s M a r c e l l m u s , X X V I I I , 2, 1.
46 See H. Hinz, R ö m i s c h e r W a c h t t u r m an der Niers - Eine A u s g r a b u n g a m “ V e r s u n k e n e n K l o s t e r ” im
R e i c h s w a l d , in Kalender fü r das K lever Land , 1 9 6 5 , 4 5 - 4 7 . ~ A d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t w i l l a p p e a r s h o r t l y in
t he Beihefte der BJ.
47 See W. S c h l e i e r m a c h e r in B R G K , 33, ( 1 9 4 3 - 1 9 5 0 ) ,
I 8 3 f . ; Li.II. S t o l t e in p M R t ! , 3 7 , 196 1 , 14 a n d
Numaga , 13, ( 1 9 6 6 ) , 2 3 3 - 2 3 5 .
48 T h e
writer
wishes
to
thank
Pr of es s or S.S.
Erere, O x f o r d , w h o
kindly
correcteU
the
translation.
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