2004 年高考讲座

2013年高考备考讲座
人大附中 李玉新
近几年高考英语学科命题的总特点
 探讨高考试题的意义
高考试卷是命题人员对教学大纲和考试说明的权威解读,
是原则性和灵活性的结合。 全真历年NMET试题有着强烈
的不可替代性,其规范性、准确性、科学性、风格的连贯
性和统一性等等,都是其他满天飞的材料不可替代的。历
年高考试题语法点的测试,分布均匀,立意较高;完形侧
重词与情境的关联,风格独具;阅读设问句技巧具有较高
水平,凝结较高的知识含量和较强的思维力度,而这些则
恰恰是目前高三英语复习所缺少的,因此更显得珍贵。
试卷考了什么?考的能力是什么?体现了怎样的命题思路
和技巧?
只有深入的理解命题意图,原则,探索命题规律,从
而结合教学实际,才能有地放矢的科学备考。
近几年高考试卷坚持了稳中有变的命题原则, 保证了
各项基础知识的考查,着重检测了学生终合运用语言的能
力,是有利于中学素质教育的推进,有利于新课标的实施,
有利于高校选拔人才的高信度,高效度和区分度 、较为
理想的试卷。
2013年,全国统一试题的局面已经被彻底打破,全国卷分三
套试题,新课标全国卷,(河南,宁夏,海南,黑龙江,吉
林,河北,山西,新疆,云南,内蒙等)。大纲全国卷I
(广西,青海等)大纲全国卷II (贵州,甘肃,西藏等),
上海卷、北京卷、天津卷、重庆卷、江苏卷、浙江卷、福建
卷,江西卷,湖北卷,陕西卷,广东卷,山东卷,辽宁卷,
四川卷,湖南卷,安徽卷等19套英语试题,我们可以看出高
考英语学科的命题改革方向,即教育部考试中心制定的“突
出语篇、强调交际、注重应用、稳定发展”。近几年高考英
语的命题思路一脉相承。从2013年全国各地的高考英语学科
试题中,我们不难总结出现行高考英语测试的如下特点:
特点之一:
强调对考生英语语言的实际应用能力
的考查。同往年相比,各省试题更加突出
语言的交际性,更加强调英语知识的灵活
运用。可以说,2013年高考英语测试已成
功地实现了从知识型向能力型的过渡,这
也体现了今后高考英语命题的走向。
特点之二:
试题内容更加丰富多彩,贴近生活,贴近时
代。从听力、语法、词汇、完形填空、阅读理
解、改错或任务型阅读,到书面表达,无论哪
一部分的试题内容都与学生的日常生活息息相
关,有很强的时代感。
特点之三:
适当调整了试题各部分的难度。
语法与词汇部分的难度与往年相比,明显下降。这对当前
的中学英语改革有良好的反拨作用,引导学生不再死记硬背
语法知识,而将精力花在语言应用能力的培养上。与此同时,
为了平衡整份试题的难度,完形填空与阅读理解的难度得到
适当提高,阅读材料中继续出现一些不加注释、但不太影响
对考试内容理解的生词,这使阅读内容更接近实际读物,使
阅读活动更贴近生活实际,也更好地反映了新课程改革的基
本精神。
特点之四:
大胆改革,勇于创新。
为了有利于更全面地测出考生的听力水平,
北京增加了主观题型, 打破了听力测试标准化
题型一统天下的局面。北京卷还摈弃了颇有争
议的短文改错题型,考两篇写作(情景作文与开
放式作文),把对考生写作能力的考查上升到了
新的高度。安徽卷新增任务型阅读和广东卷信
息匹配题读写任务。
应该承认,我国现行的高考试题是经过几十年的
积极探索、改进并逐步完善起来的,比较成 熟的、全
国性的、人才选拔性质的大规模语言测试,在英语
新课程标准的全面推行过程中,必然对全国中小学
英语教学产生积极的反拨作用,正是从这种意义上
说,英语新课程标准中的八级要求(高三应达到的要
求)肯定会逐步与以后的高考英语命题息息相关。因
此,考生应熟悉国家英语新课程标准中的听、说、
读、写、译的具体要求及现行高考英语中各大题型
的命题特点,有针对性地各个击破,强化英语语言
的实际应用能力。
高考试题如何定位?其突出风格有哪些?重
在考语义内容还是考形式?
考试的定位为“语言交际能力测试”(Language
Communicative Competence Test)
其突出风格为:突出语篇,强调应用,注重实际。
建立在国外外语教学理论基础之上的语言测试理论认为,单
一地考查语音、语法、词汇等语言知识并不等于检测了语言
的运用能力与水平。NMET测试就是要考查在实际交际环境
中运用语言的能力,其评价标准也是按照测试对象在完成一
定交际任务时所达到的程度来确定的。
这里讲的语篇是指的课文一类的篇章材料吗?
需要指出的是,这里说的“语篇”与我们一般意义
上所说的篇章或语段概念不同。关于语篇
(discourse)的定义在此引用著名语言教育家David
Nunan给出的释义:Discourse:
recordings of
naturally occurring samples of language within
their communicative context(交际语境范围中自然
发生的语言实例记录)。
高考的“命题原则”是什么?
多年来高考的“命题原则”基本稳定,分为两大类:
1 语言知识题:保证知识覆盖面,尽可能增加综合
性与语境化因素;
2 语言运用题:
1)语言必须放在实际的、并尽可能不同的情景中
运用。
2)语言必须适合具体的交际行为。
3)考核的焦点在于是否达到交际目的。
4)语言交际行为除了需要语言能力之外,还需要
一些其他 的能力。
需要注意的是,实际使用的试卷上,第1、3、
4部分(听力、阅读理解和写作)都属于“英语
语言运用”范围;第2部分(单项填空和完形
填空)则划归为“英语知识运用”范围。
何谓“三维模式”?
由美国语言学家Larsen-Freeman(1995)在其代表作
《三维语法》(Grammar Dimensions)一书中提出了
对于语法认识的新概念,即语法由相互关联的三个
维度组合而成:语言形式(language form :how is the
grammar structure formed? )、语言意义(language
meaning: what does the grammar structure mean?)
和语言运用(language use: when or why is the
grammar structure used?)。
听力部分选材有何特征?
高考听力部分的选材一般具有以下特征:
1)口语特征明显,其中包括如句式结构简短、停顿、重
复、犹疑等。
2)语境明确,听力材料的发生背景明确,能够从话语中
甚至添加的背景音效中了解到。
3)内容相对完整。遵循“语篇”概念,每一段听力材料
都能够自成一体,或者说也都是一个微型语篇。
4)说话人身份明确。
5)信息量足。听力材料中内容丰富,能为考查检测提供
充分的信息。
6)不含生词。与阅读要求不同,一般不含生词。
但人名、地名等专有名词仍可能出现,这一点
与实际交际中的情况也是一致的。
7)内容“贴近时代、贴近生活、贴近学生”,
减少非语言因素对于考查效果的影响。
8)长短适宜。根据命题需要,第1—5段小对话
一般为1—2、 3个回合。第6—10段对话或独白
则要长一些。
“听力”主要考查内容有哪些?
听力部分的考查主要在于以下4个方面:
1)理解主旨、要义。
听一段对话或者独白,最重要的是能够抓住究竟在说什么——
即主题或中心思想。有时候我们可能把某一处细节听得很清楚,
却没能抓住整段话的中心,从听的角度来看,是会“以偏概全”
或者产生误解,影响到交际任务的完成的。为了把握所听内容
的主旨要义,不应纠缠在某些不太明白的细节上。口语中会有
停顿、犹疑、重复;强调时会有重读,放慢语速;我们需要体
会说话人的语气,抓住关键词语,从总体上把握住所说内容,
也就是要抓住整段话的中心。
2)获取(与话题中心相关的)具体事实信息。
为了听明白所说的主题或中心,必须能够听清楚其
中提到的具体信息,例如:时间、地点、数字、人
物等等;NMET听力试题中常包括这样一些涉及具
体信息的题目,但细节问题也一定是与整段材料的
话题中心密切相关的,而不会是仅仅只为追求细节
去听细节。
3)推断说话背景、说话者之间关系。
语言交际中我们要求不仅能听懂话语的字面含义,
还应能从谈话或说话的内容话题和语气等来推断
出对话双方(或说话人)的身份、场合、彼此间(或
与他人)的关系等。相同的话在不同的场合或不同
对象之间会有不同含义,例如,当你听到有人对
你你说;
“Were you in class yesterday?”时,你一定得
看看是谁在什么样的场合中问你这样的话,
老师?家长?还是同学?不同身份的人,即使说
的内容相同的话,其含义很可能会不相同的。
日常语言交际中,判断背景场合与说话者身
份对于理解所听话语的真实含义是至关重要
的,因此也成为听力测试的一个常见内容。
4)理解说话者的意图、观点或态度。
弄清说话人背景与场合的同时,还需要从其话语内容中
听出其“弦外之音”,也就是,理解其意图、观点或态
度。 仍以上面那句问话为例,“Were you in class
yesterday?”可能是老师提问学生时没有得到满意答复时
的责怪:“昨天上课没有? (怎么会答不出来或答错?)”
也有可能是同学之间的对话,需要了解与课堂有关的内
容:“昨天上课没有?(笔记给我对一下……)”
“听话听声”,揣摩说话人的真实意图、把握了解其观
点或态 度是有一定难度的。英语听力测试中的这类试题
常常还会涉及到语言文化的问题,需要我们在语言学习
和听力训练中培养文化意识,提高领悟能力。
听力部分的命题原则是怎样的?
NMET听力部分的命题原则主要为:
1)考点均匀分布,涉及所听材料的主要内容不会只是集
中在某一局部,设题考虑到了材料中所涉及内容的顺序先
后。
2)首句无题。一般提问不涉及开头句内容。
3)问答形式,与“阅读理解”的两种形式不同,¨只有
一种形式:问题与选项答案,没有完成句子的形式。
4)设题简明。为最大程度地考查“听力”,减少其他干扰,
听力部分的问题与选项答案都尽可能简明扼要,
5)不涉及与听力无关的内容,例如专业性要求
太高的内容等
6)答案唯一。
7)干扰有效。每一个错误选项一定会对某一部分
考生构成干扰,否则为无效,也就将3选1的题目
变成了2选1,影响测试目标的实现了。
8)选项平行,不相包容。选项设计时考虑到其相互
关系,例如:A. Beijing B. Wuhan,从地理概念看,
二者平行。若 A. Beijing B.China,则当答案为A
时,B同样成立。或者出现了不只一个答案,或者
缩小了答题时考虑的范围。
使用“含听力卷”几年来的情况如何?有哪
些情况值得我们注意?
“含听力卷”已经在全国范围铺开。对于教学的导向与反
拨作用是不言而喻的。从考后的分析来看,也有一些情况
颇具代表性,值得以后的考生们注意。例如第1小题答题
情况惊人相似:
Where did this conversation most probably take place?
A.At a concert.
B.At a flower shop
C.At a restaurant
统计表明,本题难度0.32, 属中档题, 误选A项的考生
占52%。
这一结果对于我们的听力教学与备考训练有很大启发,误选的
重要的原因在于他们只是听到该选项中所含词汇(flower和
computer ),而没有听懂整段对话的大意,简单的对号入座,
正好落入“陷阱”。 真正的答案里的单词本身反而没有出现。
录音稿:
M:The music and flowers are lovely. I hope the food is
good,too.
W:Yes.I hope the food is good,too.
统计表明,本题难度0.18,属较难题;考生中误选B
项者占56.5%。
Who is Chris?
A.Computer engineer.
B.Book seller.
C.Writer.
录音稿:
W:I like to read Chris Paine?
M:So do I.I hear he writes on his computer.And his
new book will come out next week.
W: Great, I’ve got to get one as soon as it is out
高考英语听力复习及解法探讨
精听与泛听
既要泛听更要精听。 泛听,决不是指泛泛地、漫不经
心地听,而是要听各种材料。在泛听的过程中,不可能
都听懂,应以总体上较多的获取信息为原则。
虽然从宏观上来看,任何听力材料都是有益的,但鉴于
有限的可利用时间,复习资料的选择一定要有针对性。
要精听高考真题。
横听与纵听
横听听熟
每一个具体的考题并没有太多的用途.重要的是要
听出横向的规律才算听熟.要培养做类型题的能力.
这种能力必须培养而且完全可以培养.如:
Would you mind going to dance with me tonight?
回答只有两种可能, yes or no. 我们需要培养这种
能力:听完了第一句后,马上可以断定出这是一类考题
,其实这类考题需要我们扑捉的就是第二个人回答的方向
, 第一个人谈什么并不重要,回答一般是:
I’d like to, but…
May I have your order,please?
纵听听透
但我们从不同的考题中体会到题型的分类后,
还要进一步深入体会到答案的必然性.这就要求我们
了解语言所反映出的文化背景.没个考题的内容都很朴素
,目的都很单纯,就是要通过考题让我们掌握日常生活中
英语口语的运用.语言代表思想,考题反映生活. 如果我
们能从英语的文化根基出发,会发现很多考题的答案是必然
的如,what can we learn about the man?
A. He is modest B. He is satisfied C. He is upset
W:Jack, how are you doing with your paper?
M: I’ve written and rewritten it so many times that I
wonder when I can finish it. 一般考题中对各种作业评
价只有一个“抱怨”我们会发现考题中所描述的情形都是
不尽人意的Ticket, sold out. Room booked up. Traffic held
up. Exam hard , apple pie must be delicious. Traditional
culture.
听时技巧
问题选项,迅速预习 目注试题,预猜“谜底” 缩小范围,瞄准
题意;横扫竖扫,边听边记;诸多信息,区分主次;身份场合,可
听语气;弃前保后,大保小弃;高考佳绩,平时“实力”
在听的过程中,要注意一些表示思路转向的信息词如but,however,
while,yet等,表示强调的词如indeed,at all,anyway等,表
顺序的词如first,second,next,after that等,表原因的词如
because,therefore,now that等;要注意一些相反词如fast-
slow/ up- down/ more- less…;注意一些结构have…left/
three times bigger than…/ four times as big as…;注重抓
主题句;注意录音材料中重读的实词等。 当你听到某些词语不能
理解时,不要停下来思索,而应该将句子或段落连续听完,或
许听完时对不懂的也能猜出一二,否则只会顾此失彼。只有连续不
断,才能不贻误后面的内容
高考英语听力核心话题与词汇
一、日常生活 living_room, kitchen, bathroom,
bath, brush teeth, mirror, clothes, dress,
umbrella, shower, factory, office, bank, wallet,
rent, haircut, birthday, go to the cinema, film,
housework, tidy, sweep, cook, furniture, fridge,
table, chair, radio, television, watch
television, tired, bed, make the bed, go to bed
二、学校生活 education, kindergarten, school,
institute, college, university, grade, junior,
senior, graduate, degree, professor, teacher,
student, monitor, pupil, librarian, office, lab,
library, dining_room, playground, classroom,
chalk, ink, lecture, course, subject, lesson,
mathematics, geography,history,biology,chemistry,
三、兴趣与爱好 favorite , interested in, be
fond of ,poem,novel,music,piano,sports,computer
games,collect stamps/coins/film, watch TV,
listen to the radio.
四、家庭、朋友与周围的人 home, family, granny,
parent, father, dad, mother, mum, husband, wife,
child,son, daughter, brother, sister, aunt, uncle,
cousin, nephew, niece, twin, people, friend,
guest neighbors. . .
五、工作与职业 company, factory, employ, labor,
work, job, actor, actress, player, manager,
clerk, worker, engineer, scientist, merchant,
business, professor, headmaster, teacher,
student, servant, waiter, waitress, boss,
secretary, doctor, nurse, patient, shop
assistant, customer, driver, conductor, guide,
passenger, reporter, writer, artist, poet,
musician, pianist, painter, pilot, soldier,
六、购物 go shopping, market, shop, store, bookstore,
money, bill, dollar, pound, quantity, quality, weigh,
size, price, expensive, cheap, dear, worth, save,
charge, bargain, sale, buy, pay, cost, spend, change,
borrow, lend, clothes, shoes. . .
七、饮食 food, sandwich, bread, cake, beef, hot dogs,
butter, cheese, ham, biscuit, soup, chicken, fish,
rice, chocolate, egg, meat, drink, milk, water, coffee,
tea, wine, beer, vegetable, potato, fruit, tomato,
orange, oil, salt, pork, spoon, fork, knife, dish,
plate, meal, breakfast, lunch, supper, dinner,
delicious, thirsty, hungry, full, restaurant, order,
serve, menu, taste. . .
八、假日 holiday, vacation, New Year's Day, Women's Day,
April Fool's Day, Children's Day, National Day,
Teachers' Day, Thanks_giving Day, Christmas. . .
九、文娱与体育 game, Olympic Games, match,
sports meeting, team, football, basketball,
volleyball, table tennis, tennis, swim, skate,
race, run, jump, chess, ticket, film, cinema,
club, theatre, concert, dance, music, piano,
violin. . .
十、健康 body, head, forehead, face, mouth,
tongue, brain, tooth, eye, nose, ear,
neck,throat, shoulder, arm, hand, finger, nail,
chest, heart, lung, stomach, waist, back, leg,
knee, foot, ankle, bone, temperature, pulse,
breath, disease, ill, sick, trouble, cold,
fever, ache, cough, sneeze, sweat, pain, hurt,
treat, cure, recover, operation, medicine,
hospital, clinic, doctor, nurse, patient,
health, fit, blind, deaf. .
十一、周围环境 environment, nature, continent, river,
lake, hill, mountain, valley, rock, desert, forest,
island, land, ocean, sea, beach, city, building,
factory, country,farm, village, garden, park, flower,
tree, grass, plant, crop, pollution, noise, fire,
rubbish, flood, earthquake, population, animal, space,
sun, moon, star, planet. . .
十二、天气
weather, sunny, fine, clear, sunshine, cloud,
cloudy, wind, rain, storm, thunder ,lightning,shower,
snow, fog, flood, wet, temperature, hot, warm, cold, cool
十三、旅行与交通 abroad, tour, travel, trip, journey,
bicycle, car, voyage, plane, ship, taxi,boat, truck,
flight, lorry, luggage, map, ticket, hotel, crossing,
traffic light, street, road, railway, station, airport,
highway, direction, left, right, straight, ahead, north,
south, east, west, drive, kill, jam, camp, picnic, tent,
police, stranger, passenger
subject, class, course, lesson,
biology, chemistry, composition, computer, law,
language, maths, physics, teach, study, learn,
review, write, read, knowledge,text, exercise,
dictation, examination, test, fail, pass,
experiment, book, diary, dictionary, ink,
magazine, rubber, newspaper, paper, pen,
pencil,ruler. . .
高考英语语法与词汇的命题趋势与复习指导
近几年高考英语试题已经由知识立意转向能力立
意,淡化了语言基础知识在试题中的地位。
所以,近几年语法与词汇部分的难空同往年相比,
已有所下降,这种变化趋势可以遏制英语教学漫
无边际地讲练语法的局面,从而有时间对学生进
行交际能力的训练。但是,淡化语法并不意味着
不考语法,阅读、写作能力的提高都离不开语法,
所以实质上是高考对考生的语法要求更高。
考生在进行语法训练时,切忌做大量的难题、偏题,
因为语法部分在上海卷中只有20题,在全国卷、北京
卷及其他省市更少,才15题,而高考语法题又有极强
的典型性和代表性,几乎每道题都代表了某一典型的
语法点,冠词、名词、代词、连词、定语从句、现在
分词与过去分词、不定式、强调句型、倒装、名词性
从句等通常会依次出现,考生只有仔细分析历年高考
试题,熟悉了高考语法题的构成比例、测试热点及测
试点在试题中出现的位置,并进行恰当的语法模拟训
练, 才能快速提高答题的准确率。
近几年各省考查的词汇量与英语新课程标准的八级语言知
识目标相比,差距在逐年缩小。英语新课程标准的八级语
言知识目标要求学会使用3000个单词和400---500个习惯用
语或固定搭配,但与中国台湾地区、韩国高考的英语试题
相比,大陆高考英语试题所涉及的词汇量明显稍逊一筹。
可以预测,随着英语新课程标准的进一步实施和考生英语
水平的整体捉高,
高考英语的词汇量肯定会逐年增加,如北京卷每年都在
增加60---80个词汇,逐步接近新课程标准的词汇量,考生
一定要自觉扩大自己的英语词汇以适应高考的新要求。
同时,近义词的辨析正成为高考英语词汇测试的热点,
值得广大考生关注。从测试题型看, 除了全份试题(尤
其是阅读)都有词汇量的要求外,大纲卷II还考核单词拼
写,上海卷还单设了词汇辨析题,共10题,占10分,主
要测试名词、形容词、副词、动词、词组等的词义辨析,
考生答题时切忌陷入误区,即这类题不存在语法错误,
而有的考生却自作聪明地按语法规则去答题,,出现不
该出现的失误。全国卷、北京卷及其他省市卷一般将词
汇辨析题放在语法题中,比例不大,但容易失分。从高
考英语命题的总趋势看,考生必须注意词汇的积累,建
议不必拿着考试词汇表死记硬背,通过大量阅读来扩大
词汇量是一个行之有效的方法,因为高考测试词汇都是
将词汇放在特定的语境中考查的。
内容不超纲,又着眼于未来新课标。
与往年一样,考核内容严格遵循大纲要求,着力素
质和能力的考查。近几年试卷中使用了较多高中阶
段所学的单词、词组,并出现了大量的合成与派生
词,加大了“考试说明”词汇表后边附的“构词法”
的权重,这无疑会对今后的中学教学起到良好的导
向作用。
react, mobolity , pressing ,incompetent,
promising, live off ,inability ,breakdown, hold
up, coincidental, relatively, phenomenon,
habitual, consequence, personnel, academics,
higher education, dependent , microseconds,
register for , befriend ,view as , retiring ,
potential , ambiguous , financial , finance,
pacing, unfavorably, sympathetic, complexity,
Barking, unsettled, previous, restless,
enthusiasm, spring up, long for, / accessible,
foster, confirm, acknowledge, reflect, motto
enthusiasm, spring up, long for, /
accessible, foster, confirm,
acknowledge, reflect, motto
intention, instantly, take chances,
/enquire, position, closely-located,
“完形填空”的选项设计有何特点?
各选项设计大多为一个单词,有时是一个短语。每小
题所给的4个选项一般都属于相同或对等的词类,同
一范畴;错误选项与空前、空后词语也大多可以形成
搭配,因此构成一定的干扰与迷惑。各选项中所用词
汇尽量避免重复,从而增加考查的覆盖面。
设空以实词(即所谓信息词汇)为主,名词、动词、
形容词和副词等要占到全部选项的90%以上。
按照答题时需要考虑的范围大小,“完形填空”
设可以分为3层次:有些只需要考虑设空所在的句
子便可看出答案,属于较容易的小题, 一般只占
10%-20%;有些则需要弄清楚前后几个句子甚至
上下一两段才能找出答案,属于中等难度;还有
一些则必须通观全文,从整体角度来考虑才能判
断最佳选项的,属于较难的小题。从近几年来的
试题设计看,后两种小题一共要占到全部设
题的80%以上。
“完形填空”的解题一般应从哪些角度考虑?
一般说来有4个方面的线索需要考虑:
1)上下文:“完形填空”的设计思路是让各个选项大都能
与空前空后形成搭配,语法上也无明显错误,从而构成干扰。
我们在选择答案时必须从上下文的情节与文意来考虑,才能
找到真正符合文意要求的最佳选项。
2)词汇意义及用法:“完形填空”考查的主要内容是在所给
短
文这样一个特定语境中,对于某些词汇的意义与用法的掌握
情况:我们常常遇到一些英语词汇的中文词义看似相近因而
容易易淆的情况,“完形填空”中的错误选项就常按此思路
3)逻辑推理与常识:一篇完整的短文中一定具有其
严密的逻辑性,当出现若干空白时,逻辑性便被破
坏或打断,我们如果能够选出正确选项,就能恢复
短文的原貌。某些设题就是从是否合乎逻辑常理的
角度来考虑的。还有一些设空则涉及到我们应该具
备的常识,是否合乎通常情理成为我们判断选择最
佳选项的主要依据。这类与逻辑推理或生活常识相
关的设题一定是与对于短文内容和—词汇意义的考
查紧密关联着的。不应该脱离文意去主观臆断, 那
样是很容易误选到迷惑项的。
4)惯用法与搭配:“完形填空”设题中也有一些是需
要从词汇习惯用法与搭配来考虑的。其出发点仍然是
在短文这样一个特定语境中考查我们综合运用词汇的
能力。平时通过足够数量的语言输入,掌握比较扎实
的语言基本知识,答题时又能真正弄懂弄通文意,才
能应对这样的考查。
需要强调的是以上关于考查要点的分类在实际试题中并
非是泾渭分明的,大多情况下我们都需要综合几方面因
素来考虑,一切以文意要求为准,使其恢复原貌。
答题过程中需要随时设想所遇空白中应该出现的内容,
然后再以该题所给选项来验证自己的推测,做出必要的
调整与修正。
掌握“短文改错”所设错误类型对答题
有何帮助?
“短文改错”是一道综合性较强的试题,旨在检验我们在
阅读理解的基础上运用所学语言知识的准确程度。该题灵
活性大、覆盖面广、综合性强、测试层次多、区分度高。
“短文改错”的选材通常是一篇我们较为熟悉且在已有
识
结构能力范围内可以理解的短文。它的语言材料通常看似
学生自己的作品;话题来自同学身边;篇章结构的难易程
度也符合同学们的实际水平;语言明白易读;基本上不涉
及生僻的语言现象
和繁难的语句结构。它要求首先判断短文各行是否
有错,无错行打钩;如有错误,则按题目要求及错
误形式(错词、少词或多词)在该行文内标以相应符号,
在题号后横线上写出答案,或为改后的正确单词;
或为添栅的单词;或为应该去掉的单词。错误类型
一般涉及词法、句法、行文逻辑等。一行中最多只
会有一个错误;而且错误均只涉及一个单词:或错
一词,或漏一词,或多一词。从历年来试卷“短文
改错”设题的形式分布看,10个小题中一 般为:无
错1题,多词1-2题,漏词1—2题,其余为错词。考虑
到考点覆盖面的因素,一道大题内涉及的考查内容
一般都不会重复。
在“短文改错”的解题训练中还应注意
哪些方面?
以上例题虽然看似考查“语法”,其真正意图是
检测对于书面语篇的校验能力。作为写作能力的
有机组成部分,校验能力是进行书面表达的必备
能力,写作的成效需要良好的写作程序的支持,
而在写作程序中,校验能力是不可缺少的要素。
因此在平常训练中,把“短文改错”当作语法练
习的做法是对“短文改错”的误解。上述分析表
明,英语学习者常犯的错误都有可能出现在“短
文改错”题中。因此,练习“短文改错”时须注
意:
1)“短文改错”不仅只是考查我们发现、判断错误
的能力,同时还通过纠正错误的要求来检测我们
是否准确、熟练掌握了语言的基本规则。所以,
平时的复习训练应多从正面入手,牢牢掌握正确
规则。在大量的阅读中感悟语言,积累经验,提
高写作及自我纠错的能力。
2)做“短文改错”时,不仅要注意发现单纯、独
立的词法或句法错误,更要学会判断篇章上的错
误。训练时,不能只从某个词本身,甚至某个句
子本身去判断错误,而要从上下文乃至整篇文章
去判断。
只有弄懂了文章的结构、内容、意义及行文逻辑,才有可能
做好“短文改错”。这就要求平时应熟练掌握时态、语态名
词的数、主谓一致、介词搭配等基本语言规则;还要有意识
地训练自己注意上下文的连贯性及行文的逻辑性
3)平时写完作文后,应有意识地养成习惯,默读自己的作
文,运用所学知识监控语言的输出,逐步培养校验能力。
4)“短文改错”中的错误各式各样,但都是常见错误。因此
做
题要细心,在默读中凭借语感去敏锐地发现那些不通顺、不
合词法和句法的地方,然后凭借语言规则准确地加以修正。
《考试说明》对于“书面表达”在“语言”
方面的要求有哪些?
概括起来,“书面表达”的评分原则对于“语言”
方面的要求有:应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准
确性;上下文的连贯性及语言的得体性。结合平
时训练要求,可以归纳为如下几点:
1)一定范围内的遣词技能。
2)应用语法系统、结构与规则的技能。
3)运用不同的语法形式来表达意义的技能。
4)语篇的整合技能。
5)使用语篇惯例的技能。
6)根据不同交际目的得体地发挥语段的交际技能。
7)运用逻辑关联手段清楚地传达主旨、论据、未知信
息、已知信息、概括和例证的技能。
8)运用写作策略(如:能根据读者对象调整文字表达、构思想
象、表述、检索并利用已存信息、修改、校正等)的能力。
总之,要看考生能否清楚得体地传达信息,完成试题规定的
任务,是否达到了预期的写作目的。同时还有格式和辞令
的考查要求。比如,写信的格式,以及根据语境或交流对象
的不同选择相关的辞令的能力。例如,议论或发表观点时,
常用第一人称we 和第二人称you,这样会令读者产生身临其
境之感,引起共鸣。拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方
面,评分时,视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写
及词汇用法均可接受
评分原则中有关“内容”的考查要求是什
么?
“评分原则”对于“内容”的考查主要体现
为:
能够覆盖所有内容要点。内容要点可用不同
方式表达。对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分
写作时应该注意些什么?
写作时应尽量避免如下情形:
1)审题不周、不全、不当,随意漏掉要点或想当然地添
加要点。
2)主谓冲突,指代不明,逻辑混乱。
3)思路不清,语义表达模糊,措词呆板生硬不地道。
4)运用词汇和句式的单一及重复。
5)篇章结构杂乱,段落之间衔接不清乃至矛盾。应考虑按
递进、因果、问答、先假设后论证等顺序展开推进全文的
观点并使用语篇过渡词(discourse marker)和短句来承接过
渡以使全文连贯。
“书面表达”答题步骤中的审题意义何
在?
审题是“书面表达”答题的第一个步骤,其意义在于以下
两个方面:
1)审题可以决定文体及把握时间基调(即,全篇大体要用何
种时态),同时决定写作方向、动机、手段等。一般说来,
有应用文、记叙文、说明文和议论文等4种基本文体。
(1)应用文:它是生活和工作中交流感情、传递信息、指令求
助等书面材料的总称,其种类极其繁多。书信(感谢、祝贺、
致歉、慰问、介绍、邀请、询问、生意、私人交往)、报告(进
度、建议、调查结果)、申请、简历、口头和书面通知(通告、
布告、通缉、失物招领、寻人启事)、海报等都属于应用文。
(2)记叙文:以记叙为主要手段记述人物、叙述事件,常用于
故事、回忆录、游记、日记、书信等的写作。一般来说,记
叙文有时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和结果6大要素构成,
要求我们做到语言简洁、表达正确、条理分明、情节清楚、
过渡自然、详略得当。日记、随想、观后感、回忆录、简讯、
讲故事等都需要用记叙的手法。
(3)说明文:说明文用定义、举例、比较等手段介绍事物的
特征、本质、性能、用途、结构、原理等,以使读者全面
清晰地认识该事物。写作时要注意运用恰当的顺序:空间
顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序、认知顺序等。先主后次,由
浅人深。如果通过图表的提示加以说明,则要变抽象为具
体,使事物或现象直观化。注意认真审视图表,理解其潜
在的信息,然后准确地描述出来。必要时,还 得阐述缘由。
介绍人物、国家、节日、民族风情、操作规程及注
意事项、工作进展等及广告文案、图案设计等均属
于说明文的范畴。
(4)议论文:它要求运用充分有力的论据来论证观点,
得出结论。其结构一般是开头提出问题,中间分析问
题,结尾提出解决办法和方案,即开头为引论,中间
为本论,结尾为结论。写作议论文时,必须紧扣论点,
论据要充分有力,论证过程要合乎逻辑,步步深入,
自圆其说。常用于论文、报告、演讲稿、倡议书、随
笔、观(读)后感、申诉或抒发己见的读者来信等的写
作中。
2)审题确定写作内容要点。
图画题型的作文要点就是画面所描述的故事情节。只要认
真看图,思考画面之间的联系,一般不难发现;图表作文
中表格形式的作文要点则常常以对比、列举、分类等方式
展现,比较明显。而以柱状图、圆形图、线形图等图示形
式出现的作文要点多体现在数据的变化和比例的分配上。
有时,还要求我们分析数据变化的原因和比例分配现象背
后的本质和根源;一般说来,提纲题型的作文相对于图表
题型和图画题型的作文而言要点更为明确。
写好短文的基础是什么?
写好短文也是一个循序渐进的过程:措词 →造句→构思
段落→谋篇布局。因此,打好基础是至关重要的。不难看
出,写作的基础是措词和造句。
具体说来,措词涉及到词语意义的辨析与选择,词语形式
(词性与词性间的转换;单复数形式;肯定和否定形式等)的
考虑与选择,以及词语结构搭配等的推敲与运用。最终目的
是能选择并运用词义准确的、结构搭配合理的、尽可能不重
复的词语。
接下来就要造句。自然是要能把握好句子成分,以
及谓语动词的时态和语态,写出完整而且有意义的
单句,而后尝试运用更为复杂的结构 (例如各类从
句等)。在写单句或复句的练习过程中,也要尝试
正确运用所学的句型。近几年年的高考“书面表达”
试题涉及的句型有:there be,as well,such as,
形式主语和感叹句。同时还考查了几乎所有的从句,
即:名词性从句(宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句
和同位语从句)、定语从句(包括非限定性定语从句)
和状语从句(时间、地点、因果、方式、条件等从
句)。
有了一定的写作基础,还应掌握哪些写作
技巧?
如上所述,措词和造句只是写作的基础。我们写作的最
终目的是能写出一段文字乃至一篇文章,即,构思段落和谋篇
布局。因此,使语篇连贯(coherence)流畅(fluency)以及最后的润
色是接下来的重要任务。
使语篇连贯流畅。其必要且有效的手段是在句子和段落之间
恰当地运用关联(过渡)词(discourse marker)。这些关联词大 致可
以分为如下几类:
1)类举:列举同类的人或事物,如next,another,finally,
still等。例如:
If not,I can try and find another place for you.
2)举例:列举一个集合中的个体,就一事实或结论举证如
that is,for example,in particular,specifically,such as等。
例如:
I can follow my own interests such as reading books,visiting
museums,and taking computer lessons.
3)类比:就同类的人或事物加以比较,如as,similarly,at the
same time,in the same way,as well等。例如:
I used to have to work...doing endless homework and
attending classes as well.
4)对比:讨论事物的对立面或某一事实的不同侧面,有“转
折,让步”的意味,如but,and yet,however, instead,
while,though,after all, On the other hand, On the
contrary, despite ( in spite of)等。例如:
They suggest,however,fees should be charged
low.
5)递进:加强程度,加深层次,如even,also,besides,
more over,furthermore,in addition,most important,
what's more等。例如:
What's more,I can go to bed earlier.
6)地点:指明方位(向),明确范围,如opposite to,on one
side,On the other side,to the east,next to,below,
above,beyond等。例如:
The car didn't stop but drove off at great speed heading
west.
7)时间:明确事件发生的前后关系、起点,进展的时间长
短、终点等,如 after,later,next ,meanwhile afterward,
as soon as,in the past,until,since,before,at last等。
例如:
The next moment the car hit the man while he was
crossing the road.
8)结论:长话短说,表明观点,做出定论,如finally,in
short, in summery,therefore,to sum up,in a word,
as far as等。例如:
In short,things have begun to improve since schools
were...
9)强调:肯定语气和态度,透过现象看本质,如indeed,
in fact,truly,of course,after a11,even,certainly,
no doubt等。例如:
Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people
away.
10)因果:探究原因,索求结果,推敲个案,
洞察其中,如as a result,since,then,
therefore,because,otherwise,thus等。例如:
40%think that fees should be charged
because you need money to pay gardeners and
workers.
什么样的“书面表达”答卷能够得高
分?
综合《考试说明》对“书面表达”的“语言”和“内容”
的考
查要求和评分原则,可以确认高分答卷必须具备如下条
件和要素:
1)覆盖所有内容要点。
2)应用了较多的语法结构和词汇,语法结构或词汇方
面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词
汇所致。
3)具备较强的语言运用能力。有效使用了语句间的
连接成分,全文结构紧凑,语言得体。
4)卷面整洁。
总之,灵活得体地运用语言,显示扎实的写作基本
功和娴熟的写作技巧,文章具有鲜明的个性特色,完
全完成了试题规定的任务并完全达到了预期的写作目
的。
高考英语单项填空的复习
葡萄与竹竿
王力说过“英语是法制的语言,汉语是人治的语言.
English is among the easiest languages to speak badly,
But the most difficult to use well.
举一例来做深层思维剖析。试译下面这句中文:
“我有一个朋友,她的男友发生了一次严重的车祸,结果导
致半身不遂。在医院病房恢复期间,他居然还使她怀孕了。”
你是不是又要写出这样“丑陋”的小短句:I have a
friend.Her boyfriend…?
我们来看看英文原文是怎么说的:
One of my friends got pregnant in her
boyfriend’s hospital room while he was
recovering from a terrible car accident that
left him partially paralyzed.
对比中文原文,我们看看上句英文是如何展开叙事的,原句
可以分成三大块:
One of my friends got pregnant(句子核心意思) in her
boyfriend‘s hospital room(事件发生的地点)while he was
recovering(事件发生的时间)from a terrible car accident
that left him partially paralyzed
比较:对状语的处理
英文思维:将语义重心放在前面,然后分解叙事,即把重要
的方面如态度、观点、结果、结论先交待清楚,开门见山、一语
道破。然后再把理由、事实、条件、例证等方面逐步展开,即先
概括后分解,先表态后叙事,先总结后事例,由果到因、由小到
大。按照上述的英文思维特点,此句先说结果:got Pregnant,
然后再交待其他方面的信息来展开叙事,即事情发生的地点(in
her boyfriend’s hospital room)和时间(while he was…)一
律后置。
中文思维:按照自然顺序(natural order)展开论述,先进行
叙事铺垫:“我有一个朋友,她的男友发生了一次严重的车祸,
结果导致半身不遂。”后说结果:“使她怀孕了。”另外,从时
间角度来看,汉语是按照事物发展的时间先后顺序来展开叙事:
先发生事故——然后住院治疗恢复——最后使她怀孕。
我们看一看下面的例子:
Children will play with dolls equipped with
personality chips, computers with inbuilt
personalities will be regarded as workmates
rather than tools, relaxation will be in front
of smell-television, and digital age will have
arrived.
译文:儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有个性内置的计
算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视前休闲,这
时数字时代就来到了。
街头笑话“Good good study, day day up.”和“You don’t
know, who know!”之所以好笑,是因为“好好学习,天天向
上。”和“你不知道,谁知道?”是典型的中文表达,直接翻译成
英文不符合英文语法。正确的翻译其实很简单:Work hard and
you will make progress everyday./If you don’t know,who
knows?动词Work和make是句子的核心,两者之间用并列连词连接;
If引导从句使who knows成为整个句子的主句。如果没有这些结构
上的调整,中文句子的语义是无法用英语表达出来的。
例如:Interest in historical methods had arisen
less from external challenge to the validity of
history as an intellectual discipline and more
from internal quarrels among historians
themselves.
译文:人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣,这与其说是因为外
部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战,还不如说
是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。
例 如 : In the doorway lay at least twelve
umbrellas of all sizes and colors.
译文:门口放着一堆雨伞,少说有十二把,五颜六色,大小
不一。
英语句子不仅可以在简单句(前面两个例子都是简单句)中
使用很长的修饰语使句子变长,同时也可以用从句使句子变
复杂,而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连
接,整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本
来就喜欢用短句,加上表达结构相对松散,英语句子中的从
句翻成汉语时往往成了一些分
Decision-thinking is not unlike poker ? it often
matters not only what you think, but also what
others think you think and what you think they
think you think决策思维不像打扑克那样,它常常是不仅
与你想的有关,而且与别人对你的想法以及你对他们对你的
想法的看法有关,其心理过程是同样的。
我有一个问题弄不懂,想请教你,你能回答吗?
Can you answer a question which I want to
ask and which is puzzling me?
解题技巧
单项填空,可依据下列解题技巧:先内容后结构,先框架后细节
,先语感后猜选,特别注重“语境化’。
冠词
应试策略
掌握冠词用法的关键是:记住可数名词与不可数名词的用法
特点:熟悉具体名词与抽象名词的转化规律:搞清泛指和特指、
类指和专指等概念。
1. First impressions are the most lasting .
After all ,you never get ___ second chance to
make ___ first impression. A. a;the B. the;
the C.a;a D the ;a
2.___0n-going division between Englishspeaking Canadians and French-speaking
Canadians is ____ major concern of the
country.
A. The;/ B. The;a C. An;the D. An;/
3.Most animals have little
connection with______ animals
of______different kind unless they
kill them for food.
A.the;a B.不填;a
C.the;the D.不填;the
• Sara looked at____ finished painting with
___satisfaction.
• A /,a B. a, the C. the ,/ D. the ,a
名词
在语境中选择恰当的名词。
命题热点
根据语境,从意义相近或拼写相似的几个名词中选出一个最恰当
的选项。
应试策略
1.平时注意搜集一些意义相近和拼写相似的词语;
2.结合语境,根据句子意思和前后搭配,选出正确的选项。
1. Those who suffer from headache will find they get ___
from this medicine. A.relief b. safty C. defence D sheter
2 . If by any chance someone comes to see me , ask them
to leave a_____.
A . message
B . letter
C.sentence
D.notice
3.-I’m sorry I stepped outside for a smoke.I was
very tired.
- There is no_____for this while you are on duty
.
A. reason
B. excuse
C.cause
D.
explanation
4 . “ I don’t think it’s my_____that the TV blew
up.Just turned it on, that’s all,” said the boy.
A. error
B.mistake
C.fault
D.duty
.5.I’ll look into the matter as soon as possible.Just
have a little_____.
A. wait
B.time
C.patience
D. rest
6.Many countries are increasing their use of natural
gas,wind and other forms of_____.
A.energy B.source C.power
D.material
7Those football players had no strict_____until they
joined our club.
A.practice
B.education
C.exercise D.training
代词
命题热点
不定代词和替代词。
应试策略
代词看似简单,其实不易,考生决不可掉以轻心。代
词为必考内容,务必要认真对待。在整体把握各类代同的基
本用法的基础上,必须重点掌握上述考点中所列的几组不定
代词的用法区别和替代词的用法。
1. I like ____ in the autumn when the weather is clear
and bright.
A. this
B. that C. it D. one
2. Being a parent is not always easy, and being the
parent of a child with special needs often carries with
__ extra stress . it them one him
3.--When shall we meet again?
--Make it_____day you like, it's all the same to me.
A. one
B. any
C. another D. some
4.—You're always working. Come on, let's go shopping.
—_____you ever want to do is going shopping
A. Anything B. Something C. All D. That
5.If you want to change for a double room you'll have to
pay_____$15.
A. another B. other C. more D. each
6.Few pleasures can equal_____of a cool drink on a hot
day.
A. some B. any C. that D. those
7.Meeting my uncle after all these years was an
unforgettable moment, _____I will always treasure.
A. that
B. one
C. it D. what
Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic
with him, but ___ of them wants to, because
they have work to do .
A. either B.any C.neither D.none
形容词和副词
1.________to take this adventure course will certainly
learn a lot of useful skills.
A.Brave enough students B.Enough brave students
C.Students brave enough D.Students enough brave
2。-How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
-It was great.We visited some friends,and spent
the_______days at the seaside.
A.few last sunny
B.last few sunny
C.last sunny few
D.few sunny last
3。It is generally believed that teaching is_______it is
a science.
A.an art much as
B.much an art as
C.as an art much
D.as much an art as
4. Boris has brains.I doubt whether anyone in the class
has____IQ.
A.a high
B.a higher
C.the higher
D.The highest
5.The house rent is expensive.I’ve got about half the
space I had at home and I’m paying ____here.
A.as three times much
B.as much three times
C. much as three times
D. three times as much
6.It was raining heavily.Little Mary felt cold,so she
stood____to her mother.
A. close
B. closely
C.closed
D. closing
7.It’s always difficult being in a foreign country,
_____if you don’t speak the language.
A.extremely
B.naturally
C.Basically D.especially
8.Wait till you are more____.It’s better to be sure
than sorry.
A.inspired
B.satisfied
C.calm
D.certain
9.A person’s____ body temperature is about
37℃A.ordinary B.normal
C.common
D.usual
10. Fred is second to none in maths in our class,but
believe it or not,he______passed the last
exam.A.easily B.hardly C.actually D.successfully
11.I am surprised that you should have been fooled by
such a(an)_____trick.
A.ordinary
B.easy
C.smart
D.simple
12.Whoever has_______sense knows that smoking is
harmful to people’s health.
A.normal
B.general
C.ordinary
D.common
The result is not very important to us, but if
we do win, then so much ____.
A. the best B. best C. better D. the better
This restaurant wasn’t ___ that other
restaurant we went to.
A. Half as good as B. as half good as
C. As good as half D. good as half as
介词
1.They had a pleasant chat____a cup of tea.
A. for
B.with
C.during
D.
over
2.—What do you want______those old boxes?
—To put things in when I move to the new flat
A.by
B.for
C. of
D. with
3.The home improvements have taken what little there
is_____my spare time.
A. from
B. in
C. of
D. at
4._____production up by 60%, the company has bad
another excellent year.
A. As
B. For
C. With
D. Through
5. Would you mind not picking the flowers in
the garden? They are ___ everyone’s
enjoyment.
A. in B. at C. for D. to
时态和语态
命题热点
一般现在时、现在完成时、一般过去时和过去进行时。
应试策略
1.在了解八种时态的用法和构成的基础上,通过教材中每个
单元第一课的情景对话,留心英语母语者在实际生活中是如何
使用各种时态的,从而领悟时态用法的真谛。
2.答题时要研读题干,寻找尽可能多的“时间参照信息”,
尤其是句中其他动词的时态,以及修饰动词的状语信息。
1. I am sorry , but I do not quite follow you. Did you say
you wanted to return on September 20 ?
Sorry , I ___ myself clear. WE want to return on
Oct.20
A. had’t B. woudn’t C. don’t D haven’t made
“ Life is like walking in the snow,”Granny
used to say , “ because every step ___.”
A. has shown B. is showing
C. shows
D. showed
I had been working on math for the whole
Afternoon and the numbers ___ before my
eyes.
A. swim B. swum C. swam D. had swum
2.The price______but I doubt whether it will remain
so.A.went down
B.will go down
C.has gone
down
D.was going down
3. -- _____my glasses?
-Yes,I saw them on your bed a minute ago.
A.Do you see
B.Had you see
C.Would you see
D.Have you seen
4.All morning as she waited for the medical report from
the doctor, her nervousness_______.A. has grown B. is
growing C. grew
D. had grown
5.-You haven’t said a word about my new coat,
Brenda.Do you like it?
-I’m sorry I_________anything about it sooner.I
certainly think it’s pretty on you.
A.wasn’t saying
B.don’t say
C.won’t say
D.didn’t say
6.-Your phone number again?I_____ quite catch it.
-It's 9568442.
A. didn’t
B. couldn’t C. don’t D. can’t
7.I_____ping-pong quite well,but I haven’t had time to
play since the new year.
A. will play
B. have played
C. played D. play
8.-You’re drinking
-Only at home. No
A. is seeing B.
9.-Can I help you,
-Yes. I bought
it_____.
A.didn’t work
C.can’t work
too much.
one____me but you.
had seen C. sees D. saw
sir?
this radio here yesterday, but
B.won’t work
D.doesn’t work
10.Shirley_____a book about China last year but I don’t
know whether she has finished it
A.has written B.wrote C.had written
D.was writing
11.-Hey,look where you are going!
-Oh, I’m terribly sorry______. A.I’m not noticing
B.I wasn’t noticing
C.I haven’at noticed
D. I don’t notice
12.Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy
task because technology____so rapidly.
A. is changing
B. has changed
C. will have changed
D. will change
13.-Alice,why didn’t you come yesterday?
-I______,but l had an unexpected visitor.
A. had
B.would
C. was going to
D.
did
14.A new cinema_____here. They hope to finish it next
month.
A. will be built
B. is built
C.has been built
D. is being built
15.Be careful when you cross this very busy street.If
not,you may______run over by a car
A.have
B.get
C.become
D.turn
16.Cleaning women in big cities usually get____by the
hour.
A. pay
B. paying
C.paid
D. to pay
情态动词
命题热点
1.一般用法中考得最多的是can;2常用的几个情态动词的否定
式,如can’t不能、不可以;mustn’t不允许、千万不needn’t
不必要。3. 表示推测的用法,尤其是may,might,can’t,
should考得较多。4. 表示责备或后海中考得最多的是should。
应试策略
1.掌握常用的情态动词的基本意义和用法,在真实的语言材料中
去印证和领悟其用法特征。
2.一定要将上述考点,尤其是热点落到实处,反复咀嚼,确保精
通。
3。做题时,利用细节,想象出会话的实际情景,体会说话的的语
气和情态,做出正确的选择。
I ____ use a clock to wake me up because
At six o’clock each morning the train comes
by my house .
A. couldn’t
B. mustn’t
C. Should’t
D. needn’t
1. A left-luggage office is a place where bags_____be
left for a short time,especially at a railw ay
station.
A. should
B.can
C. must
D. will
2.The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but
everyone____get out,
A. had to B. would
C. could
D. was able to
3. -Is John coming by train?
-He should,but he_____not.He likes driving his car
A.must
B. can
C. need
D.may
4.-Are you coming to Jeff's party?
-I’m not sure. I______go to the concert instead.
A.must
B.would
C.sho
D.might
5.-There were already five people in the car but they
managed to take me as well.
-It______a comfortable journey.
A.can’t be
B.shouldn’t be
C.mustn’t have been
D.couldn’t have been
6.It’s nearly seven o’clock. Jack_____be here at any
moment.
A. must
B. need
C. should
D. can
7.-When can I come for the photos?I need them
tormorrow afternoon.
-They_______be ready by 12:00.
A. can
B.should
C.might
D. need
8.I was really anxious about you.You_____home without
a word.
A.mustn’t leave
B.shouldn’t have left
C.couldn’t have left D.needn’t leave
9.I told Sally how to get here,but perhaps
I________for her.
A.had to write it out B.must have written it out
C.should have written it out D.ought to write it
out
非谓语动词
非谓语动词的逻辑主语
通常情况下,其逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致.
Being a clever girl, Mary’s father sent her to college.
Being a clever girl, Mary was sent to college by her
father.
Having studied my lessons , there was nothing to do.
Having studied my lessons, I had nothing to do.
To get some information on the economy, the book should
be read.
To get some information on the economy, he should read
the book.
Upon hearing the bell ring, the lessons were stopped.
Upon hearing the bell ring, the teacher stopped the
lessons.
非谓语动词的时态和语态
时态:不定式或现在分词的动作若发生在谓语动词的动作之前,
用完成式,否则,就用一般式。若与谓语动作同时发生,并强调
正在进行的情景或持续性,可用进行式。
语态:不定式或-ing形式与其逻辑主语若是主动关系,用主动式:
若是被动关系,用被动式。
非谓语动词的否定式
通常是将not,never放在非谓语动词之前。当前面有逻辑主语时,
要放在逻辑主语与非谓动词之间。
命题热点
1.非谓语动词作状语和补语,同时涉及其否定式和完成式。
2.“连词+分词”作状语近年来也成了命题的一个热点。
3.题目的设置有注重情景化和结构复杂化的趋势。
应试策略
1.首先根据句中是否有谓语宋确定是否选择非谓语动词,尤其注
意:(1)区分是以非谓语动词开头的句子还是祈使句:(2)区分是
非谓语动词还是与句中其他动词并列的谓语动词。
2.解析句子结构,确定要填的非谓语动词在句中作哪种句子成分,
然后看它与逻辑主语是主动关系还是被动关系,确定用哪种非谓
语动词形式。
3.根据非谓语动词与谓语动词的动作发生的先后关系,确定用一
般式还是完成式
1.Robert is said _____ abroad, but I don’t
know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied
B. to study
C. to be studying
D. to have been
studying
The party will be held in the garden , weather
_____.
A. permitting B. to permit
C. Permitted
D. permit
Film has a much shorter history ,especially
when ____ such art forms as music and
painting .A. having compared to
B. comparing to C. compare to D. compared
to
2.Paul doesn’t have to be made _____. He
always works hard.
A. learn
B. to learn C. learned
D.learning
3.A cook will be immediately fired if he is found
_____ in the kitchen.
A. smoke
B. smoking C. to smoke
D. smoked
4.The managers discussed the plan that they would
like to see _____ the next year.
A. carried out B. carrying out C. carry o D. to
carry out
5.European football is played in 80
countries,_____ it the most popular sport in the
world.
A. making
B. makes C. made
D. to make
6.Finding her car stolen, _____.
A. a policeman was asked to help
B. the area was
searching thoroughly C.it was looked for everywhere
D. she hurried to a policeman for help
7.—How do you deal with the disagreement between the
company and the customers?
—The key _____ the problem is to meet the demand
_____ by the customers. A. to solving, making
B. to solving, made
C. to solve, making
D. to solve, made
8. The research is so designed that once _____ nothing can
be done to change it. A. begins
B. having begun
C.
beginning
D. begun
短语动词
命题趋势
大有考查“熟词生义”的趋势:在全国试题中,2001、2002、
2003连续三年所考短语动词在当年考试说明中所附词汇表里都
有,但是所考查的意义和用法在中学课本中未出现。
应试策略
1.在做历年真题时,不要仅仅满足于所选答案,还要理解归纳其他
各选项的意义与用法:
2.平时进行大量的课外阅读,在阅读中去理解短语动词的新意义:
3.在完全掌握真题所涉及的所有短语外,着重掌握下列短语动词:
1. break
break
break
break
break
break
break
break
break
break
break
break
break
away:突然离开、叛离、消失(散)
away from:
down
in
into
off
off from:跟……
open:
out:爆发(战争、火山、灾难)、发生(火灾、骚乱)
out into:突然做出(说出)
through:
up:
bring back
bring down:
bring forward
bring in:引进(入)
bring on
bring out
bring to an end
bring together:
bring up:养育、教育、带大、(船)
call
call
call
call
call
call
call
after:以……
for:请求、要求、去拿(物件)、去接(某人)
in
off
on(upon)
out:出动(军队)
to mind
call up:召唤、召集、打
so called
carry
carry
carry
carry
away
off:
out
through
come
come
come
come
come
come
come
come
carry on
about:发生、(风)
across:(偶而)发现、(偶然)
across the mind:
after:
at
away
back
by
come down
come for:来取(物)、来迎接(人)
come forward
come in
come into sight
come into
come into being
come into power
come into use
come on
come out
come over
come through:
come to
come to a conclusion:
come to nothing
come to oneself
come to pass
come to the point:抓住要点(关键)
come true
come up
come up to:到达、符合(标准)
come up with
come upon:碰见、打击、要求
do a favour for sb
do away with:
do good
do harm to:损害,对 ……
do one’s bit(for)(为……)
do research in对……
do one’s best
do up
do well
do with 和……相处、处理、和……
have something(nothing)to do with 和……有(无)
fall across:
fall away:
fall back:
fall behind:
fall down
fall ill
fall in
fall into:陷入(混乱、错误)、分成(部分)、(河流)
fall to
fall to the ground
get across:(使)通过、渡过、被人了 get
ahead(of)
gat along
get along with:在……
get at
get away:离开、逃脱、把……
get back
get behind:
get in
get into:
get off:送出、送走、脱下(衣服)、下(车)
get on:上(车)、上(马)
get out
get out of:由……
get over
get through:到达(目的)、完成(任务)、通过(议案)
get together
get up
get up to
give away
give back
give in:屈服、让步、交上、提出
give off
give oneself up to
give out
give up
go about
go after:
go against:
go ahead:
go all out
go along
go away:
go back
go before:
go beyond
go by
go down
go in
go in for赞成、参加(考试)
go into
go off
go
on
go out
go over
go round绕道走、绕……
go through
go together
go up
go without
go wrong
1.News reports say peace talks between the two countries
________with no agreement reached.
A. have broken down
B. have broken out
C. have broken in
D. have broken up
Mary is really good at taking notes in class .
She can ____almost every word her teacher
says.
A. put out B. put down
C. put away D. put together
2. Don’t mention that at the beginning of the story,
or it may ______ the shocking ending.
A. give away
B. give out
C. give up
D. give off
3. We thought of selling this old furniture, but we’ve
decided to ______ it. It might be valuable. A. hold on to
B. keep up with C. turn t D. look after
4.His mother had thought it would be good for his
character to ______from home and earn some money on his
own. A. run away B. take away C. keep away D. get away
5.We didn’t plan our art exhibition like that but it
______ very well.
A. worked out
B. tried out
C. went on D. carried on
完形填空
选文特点
以叙述文体的小故事为主,篇幅一般在250字左右,难
度低于阅读理解题中的短文,也低于高三课文水平。所
选短文结构严谨,层次分明、逻辑性强;
设空特点
完形填空的短文,在第一句一般不设空,以便让考生对短
文前提和背景有个较清楚的了解。短文设空平均密度一般
为10~15个单词设1空。
选项特点
选项一般是同一词类,或属同一范畴,其区别主要是其意思(即
语境意义)不同。从词类来看,待选词多为名词、动词、形容词、
副词等实词,而介词、连词、冠词等虚词则相对考得比较少。
另外,从选项本身来看,以单词填空为主,短语或词组的填空
为辅。
顺便说一句,经研究表明:even,ever,still,just,
almost,already等副词似乎备受高考命题者的青睐,可以
说是高考命题的热点。近十多年以来,其大部分年代均对此
作过考查,这里我们把各年考查这些词的选项列出来,供考
生研究,同时也希望考生能对这几个词的用法和含义作一个
比较全面的研究,要全面掌握,若高考再次出现类似题日,
绝不能丢分。
: A. still
B. ye
C. even
D. already
: A. just
B. ever C. even
D. almost
: A. almost
B. even C. just
D. ever
: A. almost
B. even C. often
D. rather
: A. quite B. already
C. even
D. still
: A. even
B. still
C. always D. almost
: A. yet
B. even
C. never
D. just
: A. yet
B. only
C. even
D. still
: A. even
B. hardly
C. certainly D.probably
: A. Then
B. Thus
C. Therefore D. Yet
考查特点
完形填空题主要考查考生对短文上下文(即语境)的理解,其
所给四个选项往往在语法方面都成立,但是从语境方面来看,
却只有一个选项是最合适的。此类题不仅考查语法知识在短
文中的综合运用,而且更重要的是考查对短文内容的综合理
解力。如高考有这样一句:
We ________
to play like two mad men.
A.pretended B.stopped C.continued D.decided
最后顺便说一句:高考完形填空题的正确答案在A、B、C、D
四个选项中的分布大致(不能绝对化)是均等的。请看历届高
考完形填空题的答案分布:
(共20空):A(5)
B(5)
C(5)
D(5)
(共20空):A(5)
B(5)
C(5)
D(5)
(共20空):A(5)
B(5)
C(5)
D(5)
(共25空):A(8)
B(6)
C(6)
D(5)
(共25空):A(6)
B(7)
C(6)
D(6)
(共25空):A(7)
B(6)
C(6)
D(6)
(共25空):A(7)
B(6)
C(6)
D(6)
(共20空):A(5)
B(4)
(共20空):A(4)
B(6)
C(5)
D(5)
(共20空):A(6)
B(4)
C(5)
D(5)
(共20空):A(5)
B(5)
C(5)
C(5)
D(6)
D(5)
如何准备完形词汇
英语有两句俗话:一是You know a word by the company it
keeps.(要知义如何,关键看词伙),二是Words do not
have meaning, but people have meaning for them.(词
本无义,义随人生)。这说明词典对词的定义和解释是死
的,而实际运用中的语言是活的。从原文角度来说,这种
活用是词义和用法的引申,
现在我们看一看sure这个词在不同句子中的处理情况:
①I am not quite sure of his having said it.
我不能确定他是否说过这话。
②This is the surest guarantee that we shall be successful.
这是我们取得成功最可靠的保证。
③He made a sure step out of the mud.
他从泥淖中跨出了稳健的一步。
④She had a sure grasp of the subject.
她对于这门学科的知识掌握得很牢固。
③He is very sure in his beliefs
他的信仰十分坚定。
5个sure分别译成了“确定”、“可靠的”、“稳健的”、
‘库固”和“坚定”,如果部译成大家熟悉的“确信的”、
“肯定的”,中文译文岂不成了天书?原文词义稍有引申,
译文就要进行适当的推理。
在前面完形测试点的分析中,我们提到词汇的辨析和使用占
到完形出题量的60%-70%左右,是最重的部分。所以,考
前词汇的准备对于完形显得尤为重要。但如何最为有效地复
习词汇关键是要根据完形对词汇考查的特点有所了解:
首先,完形考查的不是那些所谓“很难、很偏的词”。
大纲所要求的词汇量本身就是应该掌握的基本词汇,在这些
词汇中适于用来考完形的不过在1000-1200个左右,这些词
汇绝大部分都是考生们已经“认识”的普通词汇完形的重点
当然不会放在考查其大概意思上,而是考查考生对该词汇掌
握的“深度”。在词汇的意义上,由于大部分英文词汇为多
意,完形注重对词汇意义的全面考查,而不仅限于该词的主
要意义(很多考生恰恰只掌握词汇的主要意义,忽略其他意
义,即对词汇意义掌握不全面);从上述分析来看,考生们
对词汇的准备应更多地放在对已经认识的词汇的“深度”扩
展上,而非简单地去追求词汇的“广度”,以至于钻偏词、
难词。
完形应试十大误区
完形填空是考生失分率较高的题型,也存在着一些解题方
面的常见问题。
1. 缺乏整篇意识
考生在解答完形填空时往往遇到这种情形:抛开上
下文孤立地分析一个句子时,有些空格中填入四个备选答
案的任何—个都是可行的。但从整篇文章看,却应选出最
适合上下文语义的答案。这就要求考生在通篇理解的基础
上去确定答案,不可草率。解题的关键就是要有全局观念.
2. 不通读全文
许多考生由于担心时间不够,往往是见到完形填空就即刻
从第一题开始做,而不是花费适量的时间将文章通读一遍,
从而初步理清文章在结构、内容等方面的脉络,抓住文章的
中心思想或大意以及各个句子之间的意思上的联系。因此,
快速地通读全文可以帮助考生做到全局在胸,为选择正确答
案打下基础。
3. 不注意分析文章的体裁
弄清楚文章的体裁对准确地找出语境线索是十分有利
的。完形填空的文章多为记叙文或夹叙夹议的文章有时
也出现一些说明文。记叙文要注意事件的人物描写。说
明文通常采用列举理由、举例、比较或对比、因果关系、
过程的描述、事实或数据等方式对事物进行叙
述写成,解题时应特别注意对连词组句的语法功能词的理解和
把握。
议论文中,文章的主题句通常出现在开始或结尾之处,用来
概括点明段落或文章的中心思想,或交代作者的观点、立场
和态度。解题时要注意识别主题句,这样才有益于准确地理
解全文,把握整篇文章的框架和中心。
4. 忽视对文章第一句的推敲和理解
在多数情况下,完形填空文章的第一句往往就是点出
文章的主题和作者的主要观点的句子,所以它应当成为认真
阅读和仔细推敲的重点句子。鉴于英语文章强调“开门见山”
的特点,许多英语文章都会把点明主题的句子放在最开始,
所以,认真分析和正确理解首句对顺利理解整篇和正确解题
都是很有帮助的。
5. 不能识别原文提供的重要解题线索
原文当中经常运用的表示句子与句子之间,段落与段落
之间关系的各种关联词语,如表示递进关系的moreover,表示
转折关系的however,表示举例的for instance等,这些都是
文章中提供的重要线索,可以用来辨别主题句、扩展句、作者
的观点以及为证明该观点而提供的事实或例证等所处的位置。
忽视这些线索,就无法恢复文章思路发展中所缺失的信息。
6. 孤立地进行词汇辨析
遇到词汇辨析题时,如果仅仅孤立地区别每个单词的含
义,就只能获得片面或偏差很大的理解。英语中的词汇一般含
义丰富,一词多义现象非常常见,只有通过上下文才能判断出
准确的含义。所以,应将词汇放置于文章的上下文中,从语义、
语法结构、固定搭配,甚至语体色彩等多种角度加以比较、辨
析和选择。
7. 过分拘泥于一条线索
有时在解题过程中,备选答案的确定仅仅依靠一条语境
线索往往是不够的。这时就应考虑从两个、甚至更多的语境线
索中找寻正确答案。尤其是碰到四个选项中有两个甚至三个模
棱两可的情况时,不仅要仔细琢磨各选项在词义上的微弱差异,
还应变换思维,从其他角度灵活地进行辨析和选择。
8. 忽视必要的句法结构分析
文章和段落是由一个一个的单句组合而成的,忽视句法
结构的必要分析,就很难对完形填空文章中的许多问题做出分
析和选择。通过必要的句法分析,能够帮助考生弄清语法结构
和句子结构,还可以明确是主动句还是被动句,是简单句还是
复合句以及各种从句与主句之间的关系问题。
9. 缺乏背景知识的积累
,所选文章更加强调考生对
各种话题广泛的涉猎与了解,所以,仅仅掌握语言知识本身还
不足以帮助考生轻松自如地进行选择,考生还应在平时多多关
注新鲜的话题,通过阅读英文报刊增加自己对新词语、新搭配
以及新话题的熟悉程度,从而培养更加敏锐的语感。
10. 不注意解题技巧的利用
完形填空作为一种标准化考试的典型题目,也是有不少
规律可以依循,不少技巧可以加以利用的。比如,先填写比较
有把握的选项,把似是而非的、较难的题目暂时搁置一旁,以
便逐步扩大线索,降低填空难度。比如,可以适当地采用排除
法来灵巧地解决某些较有难度的题目。所以,考生应在平时练
习时适当摸索或尝试有效的解题技巧和方法,从而提高做题的
准确率,提高解题的速度。
六大实战技巧
1. 逻辑判断技巧
一个完整的语篇应该是符合逻辑的,而文章逻辑
关系的取得主要靠转承语的使用。正确使用转承语,是
保证文章连贯和谐,保证文章逻辑有序的有效手段。考
生在做完形填空时应通过对上下文的理解,理清逻辑关
系,然后选择正确的转承语。
根据历年的真题,常考的逻辑连接词有:now that,
in that, instead of, rather than, nevertheless,
however,moreover, furthermore,while,although,
only if,as if等,其中以 however居多。
2. 复现利用技巧
复现是一种词汇衔接手段,它通过原词、同义词、反
义词、概括词等形式重复某一概念,使整篇文章上下连贯,
有机地衔接在一起。通过同一概念词的重复使用达到语篇上
下衔接,这一技巧在语篇中运用比较广泛。
复现包括原词复现,同义词、近义词复现,反义词复现,
同源词复现和上义词、下义词复现,考生可根据文章的具体
情况选择并利用文章中的复现现象。
3. 同现利用技巧
同现指意义上相互关联的单词同时出现在同一语篇当
中。一个语篇,一个话题,要求有与之相关联的词汇。由于
单词意义的区别和语域的差别,所适用的上下文也各不相同。
为了保证语篇的和谐性,得体性,有必要以话题为中心,了
解由相关单词组成的词汇链。同现这种现象普遍存在于英语
文章中。而且,根据同现的内容,可分以为以下几种形式.
(1)场所同现;(2)修饰同现;(3)因果同现;(4)结构同现。
结构同现指搭配之类的句型和成对出现的短语。
4. 对比对照技巧
对比对照技巧也是考生在做完形填空题时需要掌握的
技巧之一。顾名思义,对比对照即意味着在原文当中寻找词
汇之间的对比或对照关系,以帮助解题。
some. . . ,others. . . ,still others. . . ;on the
one hand. . .
5. 锁定搭配技巧
固定搭配也称习惯用语或词组,包括名词与介词
的搭配,形容词与介词的搭配,副词与介词的搭配,动
词与名词的搭配或介词短语等。测试固定搭配试题的选
项设置思路多样,有的是介词,有的是名词,有的是形
容词,有的是副词,有的是动词,有的是介词词组,
6. 上下文词义推敲技巧
完形填空对词汇的考查侧重于其在上下文中的意
思。因此,考生在碰到词义认知及辨析的题目时,切忌
冒然进行选择,而应充分考虑上下文的情境,反复推敲
各选项的意思。
英语阅读
一般特殊结构
与中国人表达事物总是按时间和事物发展的顺序由因到果、由先
到后不同,英美人擅长抽象思维,常常先概括后分解、先表态后
叙述、先总结后事例、先结果后原因、先整体后细节,这样的文
章统称为”一般特殊结构”。这种结构的语义重心在文章或段落
的起始部分。
1、定义解释结构:
定义解释结构是指先下定义再进行具体解释的文章或段落结构。
阅读这样的篇章结构首先要正确理解定义的内容,然后再以定义
解释为主线去理解其它部分的解释内容。
Happiness
Happiness can be described as a
positive mood and a pleasant state of
mind.
According to recent pools sixty to
seventy percent of Americans consider
themselves to be moderately happy
and one in twenty persons feels very
unhappy.
• Psychologists have been studying the
factors that con tribute to happiness. It is
not predicable nor is a person in an
apparently ideal situation necessarily
happy. The ideal situation may have little
to do with his actual feelings.
• A good education and income are
usually considered necessary for
happiness. Though both may contribute
they are only chief factors if the
person is seriously under-educated or
actually suffering from lack of
physical needs.
The rich are not likely to be happier
than the middle-income group or even
those with very low incomes. People
with co1lege education are
somewhat happier than those who
did not graduate from high
school, and it is believed that this
is mainly because they have more
opportunity to control their lives.
Yet people with a high income
and a college education may.
be less happy than those with the same
income and no college education
Poor health does not rule out happiness
except for those very weak or in pain.
Learning to cope with a health problem
can contribute to happiness.
Those with a good sex life are
happier in general, but those
who have a loving affectionate
(温柔亲切的)relationship
arehappier than those who rely
on sex alone. Love has a higher
correlation (相互关联)with
happiness than any other factor.
It should be noted that people
quickly get used to what they have,
and they are happiest when they
are increasing their level no
matter where it stands at a given
time.
.
• Children whose parents were
happily married have happier
childhoods but are not necessarily
happier adults. The best formula
for happiness is to be able to
develop the ability to tolerate (忍
受)frustration, to have a personal
involvement and commitment, and
to develop self-confidence and selfesteem
分析:文章的第一段给幸福(happiness)下了一个定义:
Happiness can be described as a positive mood and a pleasant state
of mind.文章的第二段用明了一项统计结果(认为生活幸福与不
幸福的美国人的比例)以及心理学家的研究结果(表面上的幸福
并不一定真的幸福)。第三段开始阐述过可能影响幸福的一些因
素:受教育的情况、收入情况、健康状况等几个方面
(三、四、五段)。文章的第六段说明另外一个对一个人幸福与
否产生影响的因素:只要一个人他在进步,他就永远是最快乐的。
文章的最后一段指出家庭环境对人的幸福的影响,同时列出决定
幸福的几个要素:the ability to tolerate frustration, a personal
involvement and commitment, self-confidence and self-esteem.从
以上的分桥我们不难看出,阅读定义解释型的文章结构重在先理
解定义,其它段落一定是以定义为核心展开的详细解释。抓住了
定义解释即主线,其它段落也就很容易就读懂了。
2.概括列举结构
概括列举结构是指先进行概括,然后分别列举说
明的文章或段落结构。阅读这种结构类型的文章
首先要把总括部分的内容理解透彻,然后再去寻
找表示列举关系的标志词语,文章的主线也就在
掌握之中了。
表示列举关系的标志词语主要有:first (ly) ,
second(ly),…lastly; for one thing, for another; in
the first place, in the second place; first, second,
then,…last(ly)/finally etc…
Teach Your Child to Wonder
Children start out as natural
scientists, instinctively eager to
investigate the world around them.
Helping them enjoy science can be
easy; there’s no need for a lot of
scientific terms or expensive lab
equipment. You only have to share
your children’s curiosity.
Firstly, listen to their questions. I once
visited a classroom of seven-year-olds
to talk about science as a career. The
children asked me “textbook questions”
about schooling, salary and whether I
liked my job. When I finished
answering, we sat facing one another
in silence. Finally l said,” Now that
we’ve finished with your lists, do you
have questions of your own about
After a long pause, a boy raised his hand, “Have you ever
seen a grasshopper (蚱蜢)eat? When I try eating leaves
like that, I get a stomachache (腹痛). Why?”
This began a series of questions that lasted nearly two
hours.
Secondly, give them time to think.
Studies over the past three decades have show that, after
asking a question, adults typically wait only one second
or less for a response, no time for a child to think. When
adults increase their “wait time” to three seconds or
more, children respond with more logical, complete and
creative answers.
Thirdly, watch your language. Once you
have a chi1d engaged in a science discussion,
don’t jump in with “That’s right” or “Very
good”. These words work well when it comes to
encouraging good behavior. But in talking about
science, quick praise can signal that discussion is
over Instead, keep things going by saying,
“That’s interesting” or “I’d never thought of it
that way before,” or coming up with more
questions or ideas.
Never urge a child to “Think”. It doesn’t make sense,
children are always thinking, without your telling them to.
What’s more, this can turn a conversation into a
performance. The child will try to find the answer you
want, in as few words as possible, so that he will be a
smaller target for your disapproval. Lastly,
show;
don’t tell. Real-life impressions of nature are far
more impressive than any lesson children can extract
from a book or a television program. Let children look at
their fingertips (指类)through a magnifying glass, and
they’ll understand why you want them to wash before
dinner rather than saying that water evaporates (蒸
发),set a pot of water to boil and let them watch the water
分析:文章的第一段的前半部分(概括部分)主要阐
述文章的主题思想:帮助孩子理解科学的方法很简单,
就是分享事他们的好奇心。从第一段的后半部分开始,
作者分别论述了分享孩子好奇心的几种方式(每一种
方式都是通过使用表示列举的标志词来简明扼要地阐
明的):Firstly,listen ttheir questions;Secondly,
give them time to think;Thirdly,watch your
language;Lastly, show, don’t tell.通过上面的分析
我们可以看出,对于概括分述型篇阐结构,应重点理
解其前面的概括部分,然后尽快找到表示列举的标志
词,再按分层列举这一逻辑关系篇章结构这一主线来
阅读。这样阅读的结果是既节省时间,又容易抓住主
题思想,同时也很容易地就会把题目解对。
3、整体分解结构
整体分解结构是指先对事物的整体进行论述,然后对其进行分解
并阐述细节的文章或段落结构。阅读这样的文章结构一般要有清
晰的思路,先抓住整体论述中的要点,再在后面的论述中一一对
号入座。也就是说读这样的文章结构完全可以提纲契领式地阅读,
主题思想尽在其中,出题点也不会偏离得太远。
Food Storing
Foods quickly spoil and break down if they are not
stored correctly. Heat and damp encourage an increase of
micro-organisms(微生物),and sunlight can destroy the
vitamins in such foods as milk. Therefore, most foods
should be stored in a cool, dark, dry places.
Some foods go bad quickly, such as meat,
eggs, and milk. They should be stored in a
temperature of 5℃-10℃. In thistemperature range, the
activity of micro-organisms is greatly reduced. In warm
climates, this temperature can be maintained only in
arefrigerator or in the underground basement of a house.
Dry goods, such as flour and rice,
should be kept at a slightly higher
temperature than foods that go bad
quickly. A temperature of l5℃ is ideal. In Britain and
northern European countries this means that the room
in which dry goods are stored should share the general
heating of the house. The room should also be well aired
and, above all, dry. Damp very quickly causes the
Fruits and vegetables need cool,
damp but frost-proof (防霜冻
的)conditions. Therefore, an underground
basement usually makes an excellent storage place. If
the central heating unit is located in the basement,
however, it will not be ideal unless the unit and the
pipes do not give out any heat.
Foodstuffs (食物,粮食)do not
break down quickly. If correctly stored,
they should keep for quite long periodsof time. Thus, salt
and sugar will keep for about two years;tinned meat
foods, such as beef and chicken, for about eighteen
months; flour and other dry goods, for a about a year
Freezing the foodstuffs that spoil easily preserves them
for much longer than is otherwise possible. But even
frozen foods do not keep their food value or their taste
for ever As a general rule, meat should be cooked and
eaten within a year after it is frozen; fish, within six to
ten months, fruits and vegetables, within three to six
分析:文章的第一段先对食物储存进行总体说明:货物保存不
当容易变坏,热量、温度、阳光等因素都会对食物的保存起破
坏作用,因而食物最好在凉爽、避光、干燥的地方保存。从第
二段开始,作者分别论述了不同食物的保存方式。第二段:易
变质的食物(肉、蛋、奶),第三段:干货(米、面),第四
段:水平和蔬菜,最后一段:食料等。
由此可又看出,阅读此类结构应把重心放在前面的总体论述
部分,然后按照”先总后文”这一逻辑篇章结构这一主线来阅
读。当然,由于这种神结构中通常没有明显的表示列举的标定
调出现,读起来似乎有一定的难度,但是只要做个有心人,在
阅读的时候就能从字里行间找到相关的阅读线索,如第一段的
最后一句话就是一个很好的线索:Therefore,most foods
should be stored in a cool,dark,dry places.读到这句话里的
most foods就应该联想到下面的段落可能采用的论述方式(分
别论述),在阅读时重点阅读段首句或段尾句就可从把握文章
的主题思想了。
问题解决结构
这一结构与中国人的思维模式即归纳思维相同,常用于记叙文体,
先说明情况、出现问题,再作出反应来解决问题。此类结构的语
义重心在文章或段落的结束部分。
l、时间序列结构:
时间序列结构是指按照事物发展的时间先后展开论述的文章或段
落结构。阅读这种类型结构的文章,应以时间线索为主线了解事
物、事件发生的最初状况、中间发展过程和最后的结果,并把阅
读的重点放在结果上。同时要善于从文章中寻找表示时间先后的
标志词,如:once,once upon a time,during the time,
then,after,after many days(weeks,months,
years),before,afterwards,beforehand,when等引导
的表示时间的状语等。
Economic Knowledge in One Sentence
Once upon a time,Tanstaafl was made king of all
lands.His first act was to call his economic advisers
and tell them to write up all the economic knowledge
the society possessed. After years of work, they
presented the king with a set ofbooks:25 vo1umes,
each about 400 pages long. But during that time, King
Tanstaafl had become very busy with running a
kingdom of all lands. Looking at the lengthy volumes,
he told his advisers to put their findings into one
volume. The economists returned to their desks,
wondering how they could summarize what they had
been so careful to spell out. After many more years of
rewriting, they were finally satisfied with their onevolum effort, and tried to make an appointment to see
the king.
分析:通过对全篇文章的阅读,我们可从看出文章的大体行文思
路:第一段开始的两句话点明了事情发生的最初状况:新当过的
国王采取新的举措来搜集经济知识。从第三句话开始一直到第二
段的最后一句话之前都在说明中间的过程:如何把详尽阐述有关
经济内容的25卷书变成比较精练的一卷书,最后变成一句话。文
章的最后一句话是点睛之笔,一语道破文章的标题所要阐述的具
体内容:Economic knowledge in one sentence is:”There is no
such thing as a free lunch.”这也是文章的中心所在。在阅读的
过程中,如果能够注定到其中表示时间概念的短语或句子(once
upon a time,after years of work, during that time, after many
more years of rewriting, etc.),那么就会很容易地穿起一条主线,并
最终把题目解对。
2.空间序列结构:
空间序列结构是指按照事物的空间位置展开论述的文章或段落结构。
阅读此类结构应以空间位置的变换为主线来阅读,同时在阅读的过
程中要注意以表示空间序列结构的标志词为线索来抓这样的主线。
It was the green heart of the canyon,…Here all things
rested. Even the narrow stream ceased its turbulent down-rush long enough to form a quiet pool...
On one side, beginning at the very lip of the pool, was
a tiny meadow a cool, resilient surface of green that
extended to the base of the frowning wall. Beyond the
pool a gentle slope of earth ran up and up to meet the
opposing wall. Fine grass covered the slope____ grass that
was spangled with flowers, with here and there patches of
color, orange and purple and golden.
Below, the canyon was shut in. There was no view
The walls leaned together abruptly, and the canyon
ended in a chaos of rocks, moss-covered and hidden by
a green screen of vines and creepers and boughs of
trees. UP the canyon rose far hills and peaks, the big
foothills, pine-covered and remote. And far beyond
like clouds upon the border of the sky, towered
minarets of white, where the Sierra’s eternal snows
flashed austerely the blazes of the sun.
分析:在阅读这段话的时候,如果能把具体标记出来的表示空
间方位的词或短语找到,整个线索也就很清楚了
3、因果推理结构
因果推理结构是指由于某种原因而产生某一/某几种结果或者某
种/些结果产生的是什么原因来展开论述的文章或段落结构。
阅读此类结构应以因、果这一主线来阅读,并重在对这一结构
的理解。这种结构可以把原因放在前面进行阐述,也可以把结
果放在前面进行阐述,不管是原因在前还是结果在前,都应按
照因、果主线来进行阅读。在阅读的过程中如果再能把握有关
因果关系的关联词(because,since, now that, because of ,
as a result consequence of , on account of , in this way
for this reason, owing to, due to, for, as, the explanation
is that…, there are several reasons why the reasons
for.. .are..., the cause of…is…,…is the result
of…,therefore, so, thus, hence etc. ), 效果将事半功倍。
Lifetime Employment in Japanese
Companies
In most large Japanese companies,
there in a policy of lifetime employment.
What this means is that when people leave school
or university to join an enterprise, they can
expect to remain with that organization until they
retire. In effect, the employee gets job security for
life, and can only be fired for serious mistakes in
work. Even in times of business recession, he or
she is free from the fear of being laid off
• One result of this practice is that the
Japanese worker identifies closely with
his company and feels strong loyalty to it.
By working hard for the company he
believes he is safeguarding his own future.
It is not surprising that devotion to one’s
company is considered a great virtue in
Japan. A man is often prepared to put his
firm’s interests before those of his
immediate family
The job security guaranteed by this system
influences the way employees approach
their work. They tend to think in terms of
what they can achieve throughout their
career This is because they are not judged
on how they are performing during a short
period of time. They can afford to take a
longer perspective than their Western
counterparts.
.
• This marriage between the
employee and the company--the
consequence of lifetime to love the
products their company is
producing and why they are
willing to stay on after work, for
little overtime pay, to participate
in earnest discussions about the
quality control of their products
Growth and Development
We often use the words “growth” and “development” as if
they meant essentially the same thing. But this may not
always be the case. One can easily imagine instances in
which a country has achieved higher levels of income
(growth) with little or no benefit coming to most of its
citizens (development).
In the past, most development policies were aimed at
increasing the growth rate of income per capital (人均).
Many still are based on the theory that benefits of
economic growth will come to all members of society. lf
this theory is correct, growth should promote deve1opment.
By the early l970s, however, the relationship between
growth and development was being questioned. A major
study by the World Bank in 1974 concluded that it is now
clear that more than a decade of rapid growth in
developing countries has been of 1itt1e benefit to a third of
their population.
分析: 本篇文章首先提出了日本这个国家为什么实施终身雇佣的
制度(因):员工可从得到终身受雇佣的保障;第二段和第三段说
明了这种制度带来的好处(结果):员工对企业更加忠诚,他们对
待工作的态度经得起考验。最后一段进一步总结团(终身雇佣)和
果(终身雇佣制度带来的好处)之间的关系。
配对比较结构
配对比较结构是指将两个事物相比较、分别论述其相同或不同之处
的文章或段落结构,阅读此结构要重点把握两个事物的异同。常用
于比较、对比结构的标志词语有:however, although, and yet,
but, in contrast, in spite of , despite, nevertheless,on the
contrary similarly whereas, on the other hand, while 等.
The World Bank study indicated that increases in GNP
per capita did not promise important improvements in
nutrition, health and education. Although GNP per
capita did indeed rise, its benefits come down to only a
small part of the population. This realization gave rise to
a call for new development policies. These new policies
favored agriculture over industry, called for domestic
redistribution (重新分配)of income and wealth, and
encouraged programs to satisfy such basic needs as food
and shelter.
In the late l970s and early l980s, the international
macroeconomic(宏观经济的) crises of high oil Prices,
worldwide recession, and the third world debt forced
attention away from programs designed to get rid of
poverty However, the lesson remains:economic growth
does not promise economic development. Efforts may be
required to change growing output capacity into
economic benefits that reach most of a nation’s people.
分析:文章开篇即提出出所要比较的两
个概念:经济增长(growth)和经济发
展(development),并进一步阐述了
二者之间的关系即经济增长并不等于经
济发展。第三段和第四段引用第三世界
国家的实例来论证经济增长并没有带来
真正的经济发展。最后一段明确说明经
济增长并不保证经济发展。
阅读方法
1 快读(Skimming):
快读的目的是用浏览全文的方法了解文章
的大意和主题思想,并对文章的结构有个
总的概念,快读时,应特别注意文章的开
始段、结束段、文章中每段的段首句和结
尾句以及篇章连接手段和行文中的信息词
(signal word),因为它们往往是对文章内
容的整体概括,是左右文章大意的关键。
2 查读 (Scanning):
如同查电话号码或翻字典查单词一样,是专门用来处
理阅读中的细节问题(Supporting Details)。
Detai1s是用来说明、论证或分析文章中心的。这类题
目常以"WH-"形式来提问,如who, what, when,
where, why及how等形式。这些问题的表达常不采用
文章中的原话提问,而是使用同义词语等,因此,在
选择答案前应首先看准题干,看清问题所问;然后,
在查读时注意寻找与题目相关的关键词语;最后,在
充分理解原文、原题的基础上确定正确答案。当然,
这类细节性问题所涉及的面是很广的。有的涉及数字
计算,如:问时间、距离、次数、数量等,认真计算
后方可选定正确答案;有的涉及正误判断,要先看选
项,根据
选项提供的线索,寻视文中相应部分,最后在题中选出肯定答案;
还有的寻问事实、原因、结果、目的等。总之,做细节题切忌通
过自己对某类知识的主观了解和认识做出想象判断,一定要紧扣
文章内容,不可随心所欲。
细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种:
① Which of the following is NOT true according
to the information in the passage?
② Which of the following is mentioned in the
passage?
③ What is the example of ... as described in
the passage?
④ The author mentions all of the following
except ...
⑤ The reason for ... is ...
⑥ The author states that ...
⑦ According to the passage, when (where, why,
how, who, etc.)
细读(Reading for fully understanding):
找到文章中的有关范围以后,即在该范围内逐句阅读,特别对
关键词、关键句要仔细琢磨,以便对其有较深刻、较准确的理
解和掌握。不仅要理解其字面意思,而且要通过推理、判断、
弄清文章中“字里行间”潜在意思。在细读时,对没有学过的
生词,可根据上下文或自己的背景知识等来推测其意义;对难
以看懂的长句,可借助语法手段,对其加以分析,以达到透彻
理解。
关于主题思想问题(Subject Matter)
Subject Matter (SM中心思想)是作者在文章中要表达的
主要内容,是贯穿全文的核心。作者在文章中努力通过各种
Supporting Details来阐明中心议题。因此,把握主要思想对
于全文理解具有重要意义。然而,如何找出主题常使考生倍感
棘手。因为他们总希望通过某个词或某句话就能找到答案,而
找主题往往需要通读全文后才能做出判断。
针对SM问题,应采用快速阅读法(Skimming)浏览全文,理解
文章主旨大意,阅读时要注意抓住中心思想的句子在文章中的位
置也许不同,但阅读时,文章的开头、结尾及段落的段首句和段
尾句特别重要,因为他们往往包含文章的中心议题(SM)。
在阅读理解时,(SM)的题型可分为主题型、标题型和目的
型。
主题型一目了然,就是找中心(Main Idea);
标题型是为文章选择标题(Title);
目的型就是推断作者的写作意图(Purpose)。
这类题常见的命题方式有:
① What is the main idea (subject) of this passage ?
② What does this passage mainly (primarily)concerned ?
③ The main theme of this passage is _________.
④ The main point of the passage is________.
⑤ Which of the following is the best title for
the passage ?
⑥ The title that best expresses the theme of
the passage is ________.
⑦ On which of the following subject would the
passage most likely be found
in a textbook?
⑧ The purpose of the writer in writing this
passage is________.
⑨ Which of the following best describes the
passage as a whole ?
关于推理性问题(Inference)
推理性问题与细节性问题相似,也是对文章具体内容的判断。
但推理不但要求掌握文章所表达的字面含义,还要掌握一定的逻辑
判断能力及写作技巧知识,从文章表面推出更深层含义,这部分往
往出题分量大,难度大,出错也最多,归根结底还是对文章内容没
有做到真正的理解和掌握。
Inference类问题主要包括Reading Between the Lines和
Communication Techniques两大类。
Reading Between the Lines
文字表面往往没有明显反映作者的全部意图,有些含义需要读者从
字里行间去体会,按自己的逻辑推理能力去判断,从上下文的联贯
及文中有关部分的暗示去明系作者隐含的意思。这类问题的命题方
式有:
① The writer implies but not directly states
that________.
② It can be inferred from the passage
that________.
③ The author strongly suggests that________ .
④ It can be concluded from the passage that
________.
⑤ The passage is intended to________ .
⑥ The writer indicates that________ .
Communication Techniques
文章中的每一句话都有它的作用和目的,都是为作者的写作而服
务的。有的是下层意思的铺垫,有的是上句话的结果,互相衬托,
互相联系。高考阅读中常常就技巧性问题提问,测试读者对文章
是否正确理解。这类题的命题方式有:
① The fact...is mentioned by the author to
show ________.
② The author achieves his purpose
by depending mainly upon________.
③ The writer talks about...in
order to________.
④ In discussing..., the author
________.
⑤ The author's statement
about...is a...for...
注意阅读文章中的重点
1. 注意每段文章的主题句及结论句,通常是每段的首句
(也有在中间的)
2.
(1)数字与日期。
(2)同位语,破折号(——),括号()。
(3)表示附带说明的词如:by the way,furthermore,
besides, in addition to等。
(4) 倒 装 句 及 加 强 语 气 的 词 如 : above
mainly. chiefly等。
all ,
(5) 注 意 全 文 谈 何 人 (who) 、 何 时 (when) 、 何 处
(where)、何物(what)及特殊之
处。
3.
除全文的原级、比较级与最高级外,还应注意下列表示
比较对照的词。
(1) 对 照 : though , although , but , despite ,
inspite of, yet,however,still,
otherwise, differ, unlike, on the other hand
(2) 比 较 : same , like , compare, similar ,
similarly
(3) 例 外 : except, instead, rather than, on the
contrary, oddly enough, reg
ardless
4.
(1) 举 例 : for example, for instance, such
as, examples
(2)解释:in other words,just as,namely,
that is to say,in the same manner
5.
never , no , none , neither , not , seldom , hardly,
only always , at all times, entirely, every,
forever, all
6.
(1)原因:because, since, reason
result from
for, cause,
(2)结果: thus, so ,as a result, therefore,
hence, result in, in short, in conclusion
短文改错
纵观近年高考题,每年正确的行数只有一行,少词2~3个,多词
1~2个,错词6行左右,所以考生在做此题时,应多考虑错词的情
况,凡少词、多词超过了3个或正确行超过2行,考生必须要引起
警惕。
分析这几年的高考试题,错误可能出现在任何地方,但出错的重
点大多是学生平时在书面表达中常出现的错误。如:
1. 缺词:句子中常漏掉一些必不可少的功能词。如缺少系动词、
冠词、不定式符号等。
2. 多词:往往是初学者因受本族语影响而常常犯的错误。
3. 错词:范围比较广,主要涉及动词时态、名词复数、非谓话
动词、冠词、代词、介词、副词、关联词、固定用法及搭配、主
答题技巧
1. 要有整体阅读的概念。切不可拿过题就一行一行地做下去。
要先通读一遍,迅
速弄懂短文的大意,然后再开始做题。做题时,要注意每次必须
看完一个完整的句子,有时
还要再看看下面的句子,或返回去联系上一个句子,这样才能为
我们的判断提供完整而又可
靠的依据。
2. 先判断正误。通读之后开始做题,先要对这一行作出判断:
有无错误?如无错,则打√。如有错,则按下面的步骤进行。
3. 分清错误的类别,对症下药。我们判断出的错误,大致有以下
三种:
(1)缺词:漏掉的往往是冠词、介词、连词等虚词。这又与前后词
的搭配有关。见到名词,应考虑是否缺了冠词;见到动词,可注意
后面是否少了应与之搭配的介词或其它词。
(2)多词:多余的词,往往是结构词,如冠词、介词、代词等等。
一种根据涉及到
的
名词、动词的特点、搭配和含义判断是否多了冠词、介词或副词。
另一种是根据全句的结构和意义,判断是否多了连词或其它词。
(3)错词:错词的类型复杂,不胜枚举。但常见的还是搭配错误
与语法错误,特别是学生平时写作时常出的错误最易为命题者所
关注。
纵观几年来的高考书面表达,它们都是通过文字说明或几幅图画
的形式把文章的内容、字数作了具体要求。其中,有10年的题型
要求考生在观察图画或图示的前提下写作。所以,高考英语写作
不仅仅是语言知识和语言功能的测试,同时也是观察能力、思维
能力、组织能力和写作技巧全方位、多视角综合运用能力的考查。
高考英语写作失分原因
从历年考生的英语英语写作来看,大多数考生的失分原因有以
下几点:
(1)理解错误。有些考生错误地把题目中所给的汉语提纲
直接译成了英语;也有的考生在看图作文时没能正确理解题意。
如高考书面表达要求第人称来写,大很多考生用了第三人称。
高考书面表达要求文体为“短文”,但有些考生却写成了“书
信”,也有的采用了简历的形式。
(2)文不对题。由于审题不够认真,没有完全理解题意,或者虽
然审题时理解了题意,却没有列成提纲就直接下笔写,写着写
着就忘了,因而遗漏了要点,有些考生一味将自己会写的东西
堆砌上去,而没有紧扣主题,以致于下笔千言,离题万里。历
年来书面表达词数都
要求在80-120个单词范围之内,按一般长度的句子计算,也就
是10句左右,没有盲目发挥的余地。
再者,过度发挥既浪费时间,又影响成绩。所以必须注意,
写作中不可乱加花样,只能在紧扣主题、保证要点全面的前
提下适当发挥,增加有限的相关细节。因此,无论平时
练习还是应试,一定要记住:首先是彻底理解题意,看准答
题要求,然后把内容要点列成提纲,再检查一遍,确信无一
遗漏,再开始动笔写。
(3)格式错误。在写作时,特别是写应用文时要注意它的格式,
将书信的开头和结尾作为两个考点来考查。
汉语与英语的写作格式有很大区别。比如,英语信和汉语信的格式
不同。英语信有两种,私人信件和公务信件。若是私人信件要先写
日期,下一行是称呼;若是公务信件,第一页右上角(左上角也可)
要写上写信人的地址,顺序从小到大,从门牌号、街名、城市、省
份、直到国名,日期应写在地址的下面。不少考生把汉语书信的格
式照搬到英语书信中来,日期写在信的末尾签名下边,地址顺序从
大到小。由此可见,考生在平时就要注意英语写作的格式,加强训
练。
(4)遣词造句错误。有些是语法错误(主要是单复数、人称、时态、
语态、结构、搭配和拼写等),有些属于汉语式英语。如在高考中
有的同学将When we crossed the crossroads,there
were two people standing there。写成When we
throughed the crossroads,there are two people
standing there.误把介词当作动词使用,时态的搭配上也出
问题; 将Time passed quickly .写成Time past
quickly.也是误把介词当作动词使用。还有的考
生使用错误的动词时态形式,把heard写成heared,
kept 写 成 keeped,built 写 成 builded, 把 Many
changes have taken place . 写 成 Many changes
have been taken place.又如
有的考生把the tuition写成study money,把in
the west与成from the west,把bark写成shout等。
这些错误的出现一般都是由于考生语言基础薄弱,
词汇贫乏,而又不注意中英文表达方式差异造成的。
要解决这个问题,考生平时必须在词汇、语法及句
型方面多下苦功。
(5)语言运用不当。有的考生虽然写出了语法完全正确的
句子,但由于与使用的场合不相适应而不能得分。如1994
年 高 考 中 有 的 考 生 写 到 Every student must come to
the party.这就不像是通知而像是命令了。又如1996年
的求职自荐短文开头出现了“Hi! Do you want to know
me?”(这种过于随便的口吻不适合于求职自荐)。
(6)不会用连接词,文章不流畅。文章流畅、保持文章的整
体性是阅卷教师比较看重的一个方面,也是考生拿高分的
关键。为了使文章结构严密,考生应该在句与句之间,恰
当地使用一些过渡性词语。这些过渡性词语可表原因、表
结果、表列举、表转折等,恰当地运用这些词语,会使句
子之间衔接自然、流畅。 阅卷中看到,考生经常犯句与句
之间不使用连接词的错误,这是英语写作中的大忌,应引
起注意,记住常用过渡词,平常多练,多写,考试时才不
至于漏掉该有的词。
(7)书写不工整。书写是否工整清晰在某种程度上也会影响答
卷得分。试想,一篇字迹清晰悦目的文章和一篇反复读了多
少遍仍有些句子识别不清的文章,两相比较,评卷人的印象
会是怎样呢?因此,学生平时练习就要注意字体工整、清晰。
(8)文章没写完。有的考生的作文水平很高,字迹漂亮,可
惜没有把全文写完,有的甚至连一半还没写到。根据分析,
很可能是在草稿纸上写好、改好而没来得及全部誊抄上去.。
也许是时间安排不恰当,致使前松后紧,给作文留的时间
太短了,这是非常可惜的。针对以上常见错误,考生在平
时练习时应多加注意,有意识地加强这方面的训练,尽量
避免错误的出现。
高分策略
高考书面表述要求考生根据所给情景,用英语写一篇100
个单词左右的短文。情景包括目的、对象、时间、地点、
内容等。提供情景的形式有图画、图表、提纲等。书面表
达是考察考生综合运用英语能力的一种题型。它既像作文,
又不完全是作文,因为考生不能离开情景和要求自行立意、
选材,随意发挥。它类似翻译,但又不同于翻译,因为考
生必须根据需要进行适当的发挥,因而有较大的灵活性,
所以在做这种题目时,要掌握一个总的原则,即“不漏、
不错、不多写、不乱写”。
随着我国英语教学水平的不断提高,高考书面表达的
要求也相应提高,2000年以前高考书面表达的基本要
求是:能写明全部或绝大部分要点;语言基本无误;
行文连贯,表达清楚。在这样的要求下,当时书面表
达教学的指导思想是:尽量运用中学英语最基础的词
汇;尽量运用简单的、基本的句型。
能够做到要点完整、语言无误、行文连贯、表达清楚就可
以得高分。但近几年的要求是:完成试题规定的任务,覆
盖所有内容要点,应用较多的语法结构和词汇,具备较强
的语言运用能力,有效使用语句间的连接成分。全文结构
紧凑,达到预期的写作目的。这里的变化体现在“应用较
多的语法结构和词汇,具备较强的语言运用能力,有效使
用语句间的连接成分”等方面。这就是说,仅运用基础的
词汇和基本的句型不能体现较强的语言运用能力。尽管表
达无
语言错误,却不能得高分。体现较强的语言运用能力就要
尽量使用较高级的词汇和较高级的句子结构,有效使用语
句间的连接成分,这样才能得高分。句式单一,缺乏生气
的表达.哪怕无任何错误也不能得高分。阅卷员很大程度
上受到印象的影响,其注意力的顺序正好与评分标准相反
。所以高分作文的特征就是在消灭了低级错误的基础上做
到“要点齐全,用词准确,句式多样化,连贯.”
写好开头和结尾
打动评卷者,良好的开端是成功的一半,好的开头能马上抓住
读者,使其产生继续读下去的愿望,产生敬佩与愉悦的心情,
拉近了距离。好的结尾无疑起到画龙点睛的作用,使文章锦上
添花。试欣赏高考范文的开头与结尾:
It was Grandma's birthday. Father,Mother and I went
to visit her.
My parents live in the country.They keep a dog called
Ah Fu.
The other day my brother and I went to the cinema by
bicycle.
I was so pleased to hear from you and am writing to
tell you something about my school.
文章结尾句
At four o'clock,we said goodbye and set off for home.
It was our brave Ah Fu who had saved my little sister.
The time passed quickly. Before we knew it,we had to
say goodbye to the workers.
I hope you come and see for yourself some day.
About two minutes later I stopped a passing car and
took the old man to the nearest hospital.
As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new
arrangement of things.
They suggest,however,fees should be charged low.
Just let me know.
2.在整篇文章中,避免只使用一两个句式,要灵活
运用诸如倒装句、强调句、主从
复合句、分词状语等。(1)强调句。例如:
My parents praised Ah Fu warmly. It had saved my
little sister bravely。(一班)
My parents praised Ah Fu warmly.It was our brave Ah
Fu who had saved my little sister bravely.(高级)
(2)由what 等引导的从句 、此处的what相当于中文的
“所……”,有很大的概括力,
例 如 : We had to stand there to catch the
offender.(一般)
使用较高级的语言结构
1.改变句子的开头方式,不要一味地都是主语开头,
接着是谓语、宾语,最后再加一个状语。可以把状语置
于句首,或用分词做状语等。例如: We met at the
school gate and went there together early in the
morning.(一般)
Early in the morning we met at the school gate
and went there together.(高级)
The young man couldn't help crying when he heard
the had news.(一般)
Hearing the bad news. the young man couldn't help
crying.(高级)
what we had to do was(to) stand there , trying to
catch the offender.(高级)
what we had to do was(to) stand there , trying to
catch the offender.(高级)
(3)由with或without引导的短语。例如:
He sat in a chair and a newspaper was in the hand。
(一般)
He sat in a chair with a newspaper in the hand.(高级)
(4)分词短语。例如:
He was satisfied with the result,and decided to go on
with a new experiment.(一般)
Satisfied with the result,he decided to go on with a
new experiment.(高级)
(5)从句。例如:
The teacher pointed out the mistakes.The students had
not corrected the mistakes.(一般)
The teacher pointed out the mistakes that the
students had not corrected the mistakes.(高级)
(6)倒装句。例如。
We can achieve our goal in this way.(一般)
Only In this way can we achieve our goal.(高级)
(7)省略句。例如:
If we do so,victory will be ours.(一般)
If so,victory will be ours。(高级)
3.通过分句和合句,增强句子的连贯性和表现力。
He stopped us half an hour ago.He made us catch
the next offender.(一般 )
He stopped us half an hour ago and made us catch
the next offender.(高级)
We had a short rest . Then we began to play
happily.We sang and danced.Some told stories, some
played chess.(一般)
After a short rest , we had great fun singing and
dancing,telling Jokes and playing chess。(高级)
避免使用过多的并列句
这是许多学生常见的毛病,造成这种现象的主要原
因是因为在写作中想不起合适的关联词来连接已经想好的
几层意思,于是并列便成了许多同学的首选方法,实际上
这样不但重点不突出,有时还会造成意思上的混乱,最后
连自己也搞不清楚谁是重点。避免这种毛病的方法有两种:
一种是将长句变短,化整为零,尽量使用简单句;另一种
方法是使用合适的连接词。比如:
Mark Twain was an American playwriter, and he
had an unhappy childhood, and he told the
story
of
his
childhood
in
a
story
entitled“The Adventure of Tom Sawyer” and he
said it was written in tears and blood(一般)
当改正这样的句子时,可以采用主从分句,修饰性短语以
及同位语来替换句子中所存在的许多并列概念。
Mark Twain,an American playwriter,told the
story of his unhappy childhood in a story
entitled“The Adventure of Tom Sawyer”,which
he said was written in tears and blood.(高
级)
学会写作简单累加句
写文章时,不仅要把每个句子都写好,清晰地反映
句子之间的逻辑关系,体现整段文字在思想上的统一性
(unify),而且还应运用一切手段,力求做到句子结构的多
样化。初学用英语作文的人写的文章往往通篇都是短句和
简单句,把很多结构雷同的简单句(choppy sentence)堆在
一起,结果把文章写得稚气、呆板、枯燥无味。要克服这
种毛病,练习写作cumulative sentence(累加句)就十分有
意义。试比较如下:
Seven_Star Park is one of the scenic places
in Guilin.It looks best summer time.Many foreign
tourist are attracted by it.
优:Seven_Star Park,one of the scenic places in
Guilin , looks best the summer time , attracting
many foreign tourists.
从对上述例文的修改可以看出,重要的变化不是短句变长
了,而是层次清晰,句子流畅了。添加修饰语旨在再生思想,
而不是词汇。切忌为单纯地扩长句子而添加修饰语,使得短
话长说。语言以简洁为贵,只要意思明了,句子宁短勿长,
宁少勿多。
通过时间顺序扩展段落
不同的主题需用不同的扩展方法。下面介绍的方法比较
系统且具体。读者只要细心领会,将会得到很好的效果。
一个人在讲述自己一天的活动时,总会说早上做了些什么,
下午又做了些什么。讲故事时也总是按照事件发生的先后
顺序来讲述的,即先讲开始时发生了什么,后来又怎么样
了?最后又有什么结果?按照多个事件发生的时间顺序或
先后顺序来扩展段落的方法,称之为时间顺序法。这是英
文较常用的一种方法,它常常用以记叙或说明历史、人物
或事件的发展过程,这种过程常以顺叙式展开,即按时间
的先后顺序叙述。
On the fifth day after the vacation, it
started snowing. Everywhere was white, so in
the evening my sister and I decided to play in
the snow in the nearby park the next day. The
next morning I got up ear1y and dressed myself
quickly.
My
sister
had
prepared
the
breakfast.At half past ten we arrived at the
park. Many peop1e there were p1aying snow ball
fights. We joined them. After that, we made a
big and funny snowman. At noon. we felt hungry.
I took out bread and peanuts and began to eat.
The sunlight became stronger. and the snowman
began to melt. Before returning home, I was
pleased to have had a good time in the park.
按空间顺序说明
按空间顺序说明是指依物体或地点的空间方位由远
及近,由近及远,由左到右或按东南西北的方向来说明。
这种方法多用来介绍某地的具体位置及用来按方位说明
物体或某地的特征。通常表空间位于某地的动词和词组
有:be动词,lie,stand,sit, to be 1ocated 等
。表方位的词和词组有:in front of, behind, at the
back of , on, over, above, under, below, near, by,
on one side of, on the other side of, into,
inside, outside, in the center of, in the middle
of , between, among within, across, from,
opposite, far from, not far from, close to,
towards, toward , away from, to the right of, to
the left of , to the east of , to the west of ,
to the south of, to the north of , from...to...,
in the north of, in the south of , in the east of,
in the west of , on both sides of , in, against...
等。
My vi1lage is in the southwest of England, which is
a very beautiful area in the country. In the north of
this area there are hills. In the south there are
several villages of the coast. To the east there are
woods and to the west there are more hills. There are
several islands off the south coast, where fishermen
go to catch fish. My village lies on the River Test
and has a
popu1ation of 750 people. It lies 15
ki1ometers to the east of Hope, the nearest town. A
new road runs through the vi11age and separates it
into two parts.
这一段文章先讲家乡的具体方位,再由北到南,由东
到西,说明周边环境,然后,按方位说明距村庄稍远
些的地理位置情况。这一段短文应用了按东南西北方
位说明和按由近及远说明两种方法。
Here are the directions to get to my home from
yours. You walk two blocks north and then turn right
on Adams Street. Wa1k another two blocks to Third
Street.Then, turn left on Third Street and walk
until you see a beautifu1 road with a yel1ow house
on the corner. That's my home.
短短几句话中,第一句为主题句,说明本文是介绍去“我”
家的路线的。之后,作者在不同的参照地点(my home,
Adams Street, Third Street)提供他的朋友相应的方
向信息(walk two blocks north,turn right,walk to
Third Street,turn left,walk until...), 告诉朋
友去他家的路。
使用过渡词获得连贯
①解释(常用过渡词有:now,in addition,
for,in this case,furthermore,in fact)
a. Now, read the directions carefully.
b. In addition, there are twenty
classroom bulidings in the college.
c. He found it increasingly difficult
to read, for his eyes were failing.
d. The problem, in this case, is hard
to solve.
② 强调(常用过渡词有: certainly,
indeed, above all, surely, most
important, to be sure, undoubtedly)
a. Certainly we'll consider your
suggestion.
b. Indeed, they were p1eased.
c. Above all,
anybody about it.
don't
ta1k
to
d. Surely they must realize that.
• ③限定(常用过渡词有:but, however,
although, though, yet, except for)
• a. But newspapers aren't always
right.
• b. One must remember, however,
that newspapers are not always
accurate.
• c. We hoped, though, that they would
lend you some money.
• d. Yet there was still a chance for
him to swim.
•
④ 说 明 ( 常 用 过 渡 词 有 : for example,
for instance, thus, such, next)
a. Many countries, for example,
Mexico and Japan have a lot of
earthquakes
b. You can't rely on her. For
instance, she arrived an hour late
for an important meeting yesterday.
• c. Most of the evidence was
destroged in the fire. Thus it would
be almost impossible to prove him
guilty.
• d. Such an accident happened a
week ago.
• e. Next, I think of the things you
want to do.
•
⑤ 增 加 ( 常 用 的 过 渡 词 有 : in addition, furthermore,
also, moreover, first,second, third, etc, then)
a. In addition, they offer lessons in French.
b. Furthermore, everywhere we go today, we can find
rubbish carelessly disposed.
c. She is also an English teacher.
d. The rent is reasonable
location is prefer.
and,
moreover,
the
e. First, you mail in an application. Second, you
ask for appointment. Third, you send them three
personal resume.
⑥ 比 较 ( 常 用 的 过 渡 词 有 : like, in the same way,
similarly, equally important, too, likewise)
a. Like the owl, the fox hunts at night.
same way, they began to learn English.
b. In the
c. Similarly, the villagers enjoy spicy foods.
d. Equally important, you must keep fit.
⑦ 对 比 ( 常 用 的 过 渡 词 有 : unlike, in contrast,
whereas, on the other hand,instead, on the
contrary)
a. Unlike Jack, Tom has a large fami1y.
b. In contrast, he did not lose weight.
c. Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate
it.
d. On the other hand, a student needs time to
relax.
⑧ 让 步 ( 常 用 的 过 渡 词 有 : although, nevertheless, of
course, after all, clearly, still, yet, in spite
of , however)
a. Although she joined the company only a year ago,
she's already been promoted twice.
b. b. He insisted that everything would be all right.
Nevertheless, I could not help feeling anxious.
c. After all,it is not so hard as it looks.
d. Clearly, the situation is more complicated than we
first thought.
e. The hotel was terrible. Still, we were lucky with
the weather.
⑨ 陈 述 结 果 ( 常 用 的 过 渡 词 有 : therefore, as a result,
consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise, because,
since)
a. He was very tired, and therefore he fell sound
asleep.
b. As a
cancel1ed.
result,
all
flights
have
had
to
be
c. The bank refused to give the company more time.
Consequently, it went bankrupt.
d. The budget for health care has been cut by
10%,Accordingly,some hospitals may be forced to close.
e.You'll have to go now,otherwise you'll miss your
bus.
⑩归纳总结(常用的过渡词有:to sum up,finally,in
conclusion , at last , insummary , in short,thus , in
brief,in other words)
a . To sum up , Christmas is the most important
holiday.
b. Finally, the tortoise won.
c. In conc1usion, I would like to say how much I
have enjoyed myself today.
d. At last, she was driven to her wit's end.
e. In summary, we've got to try to get further
funding.
下面我们来看一个缺乏过渡连接语的段
落 。 On Thursday I had to decide
what I wanted to do over the
weekend. School was starting in
two weeks. I would soon be
studying ful1 time. I wanted to go
skiing. I had spent most of my
money. I couldn't travel out of
town. I might go to a movie. I
might just listen to music. That
is what I ended up doing—listening
to music.
• 加上过渡连接语以后,这段文章的连
贯性加强了,读起来也就好懂多了。
•
On Thursday I had to decide what l
wanted to do over the weekend. For
school was starting in two weeks, and I
would soon be studying full time. I
wanted to go skiing, but I had spent
most of my money.So I couldn't travel
out of town. I might go to a movie. Or I
might just listen to music. And that is
what I ended up doing—listening to
music.
•
使用较高级的词汇和地道的表达方式
1.注意使用词组、习语来代替一些单词,
以 增 加 文 采 。 例 如 ,A new railway is
being built in my hometown.(一般)
A
new
railway
is
under
construction in my hometown . ( 高
级)
• 2.使用一些有洋味的单词
• Thank you for sharing the time
with us.
• The way he views the world is
very practical.
• The new sports track is right
outside the school gate.
3.避免重复使用某一单词或短语。例如:I 1ike reading
while my brother likes watching television.(一般)
I like reading while my brother enjoys watching
television.(高级)
4.选择不同的词语和不同的表达方式。例如;
(1)两天后他就要过生日了。
A.His birthday is two days away.
B. His birthday is in two days.
C. His birthday is in two days’time。
D . It will be two days before he celebrates his
birthday.
5.留心汉英表达差异,避免中式英语。例如:
(1)父母对我们期望很高。
The hope of our parents is very high.
Our parents expect much from us.
(2)他的右眼瞎了。
Her right eye is blind.(不妥)
She is blind in the right eye.(地道)
谈高考写作中的修润策略
写作完成后不要急于放松休息,接下来的语言文字润饰工作
可 以 让 你 的 作 品 锦 上 添 花 , 不 留 遗 憾 。 Taking every
detail into consideration,让精心设计的文章突破20分
也就有希望了。浏览检查不可能推翻全部内容,因为时间有
限,也为了保持卷面整洁,修改工作要以纠正明显的语法拼
写错误为主。为了避免用语单调重复,也可将若干机械平淡
的语言替换掉,实现语言的丰富多变。要对以下几个角度多
加注意,保证在语法用词上一丝不苟。
主谓一致
每句中主语名词与谓语动词的数是否一致,句法基本功较
强则不会出现此类错误。但一时疏忽之下有可能写出Every
person have…We was的错误搭配,微不足道的小错却往往能
给作文以致命的打击。
名词单复数
看 所 有 名 词 的 单 复 数 使 用 是 否 合 理 。 诸 如 equipments 和
wildlives都属于刺眼而典型的误用复数错误。
时态一致
搭配
介词使用往往是最敏感的语言内容之一,阅卷老师凭丰富的经
验足以轻松断定用词的正误。何时应用机in, on, to, with,
for,at,of也涉及到语言基本功的层面。考生对不熟悉的搭配
要及时放弃或替换,以免因小失大。
拼写
词汇量不大的同学不要贸然挑战高难词汇,否则会在拼写上
漏洞百出。多字母、少字母、错字母都会成为难看的风景,
让人愈加挑剔。
用词
用词丰富、精确到位需要长期的摸索与积累,考试时用词不当
和中文式英文措词难免出现。但考生要对把握不住或字对字翻
译的表达提高警惕,没有把握的表达则果断放弃调整。好的用
词令人刮目相看,而拙劣的表达令人难以忍受。这一点只能在
考试中适当把握尺度,总之不要盲目冒险。
总之,我们只有有限的时间完成写作。少些即兴冒险,
多些理性沉稳,把握写作流程,突破自己的一般水准。希望考
生们能超常发挥,把自己的语言知识精华展现在试卷上。