Measuring Implicit Attitude of Mono-polar Concepts by A Paper-and-Pencil Test Kazuo Mori, Rika Imada, & Kosuke Fukunaka （Shinshu University） The SARMAC VI Poster Presentation January 6, 2005 or Good or Bad Implicit Association Test Greenwald et al. (1998) found that there were about 100 to 200 ms longer latencies for noncompatible combinations (e.g., blacks and pleasant) than for compatible combinations (e.g., blacks and unpleasant). Drawbacks of IAT a) The IAT requires sophisticated equipment. A simpler way is needed to collect massive data easily. b) The IAT can access bi-polar concepts only. A different way is needed to access mono-polar concepts. The FUMIE Test for Measuring Implicit Associations The major points of modification. ・Marking ○× on printed words. →Easy to administer. ・Measuring performance speed instead of reaction time. →Capable to administer in group. ・Using category words rather than category members. →Capable to access mono-polar concepts. Filtering Unconscious Matching of Implicit Emotions “FUMIE (踏み絵)” means “loyalty test” in Japanese. Bi-polar version of the FUMIE Test Mark ○ on pleasant angel words and “black/white” danger Mark × on unpleasant words and “white/black” In a half minute. IAS(Implicit Association Score) =(blackYES:whiteNO) － (blackNO:whiteYES) white hair black hair vitality Junior High (N=47) Undergrads (N=49) Adults (N=52) An example application of the FUMIE Test: Bi-polar targets (Mori, 2004) 4 Implicit Association Scores 2 差 の 平 均 ・ 個 ・ 0 黒髪-白髪 黒人-白人 サンボ-ハイジ -2 中学生 -4 20代 それ以降 -6 -8 -10 Hair People -12 対象 Targets Sambo “Black hair” is more positively associated than “white hair” only in elderly people. “Sambo” is more negatively associated than “Heidi” across the age groups. “Black people” is more negatively associated than “white people” especially by the adults. Validity: Correlation with the IAT Participants 40 undergraduates and 40 senior citizens (60+ years old) Procedure Taking both FUMIE Test and IAT Results r = .32 ( t(78) = 2.98, p<.01) The PPIAT by Lemm et al. (2002) : r =.37, N=70, p<.01 The BFP by Olson & Fazio (2003): β=-.28, t(40)=2.03, p=.04 Test-retest Reliability of the FUMIE Test Participants 68 undergraduates Procedure Taking the FUMIE test twice with a week interval Results r = .30 (t(66) = 2.55, p<.02) φ = .41 (p<.01) 2nd 1st Positive Negative Total Positive 6 3 9 Negative 9 45 54 15 48 63 Total 81.0% showed the same tendency. F-1 Test: Mono-polar Targets Can be Assessed hope death target peace love abuse target poison pleasure grief stink target lucky ・・・・・・・ ○ × ○ ○ ○ × ○ × ○ × × ○ ○ victory target hatred target murder honest target loyal sickness assault target death ・・・・・ ○ × × × ○ × × ○ accident freedom target laughter crash honor target murder happy target abuse love ・・・・ × ○ ○ ○ × ○ ○ × ○ ○ × ○ divorce grief target heaven caress target disaster target poison lucky honest target ・・・・・ gentle target assault abuse target happy peach target cheer target friend sickness ・・・・・・ Mark ○ on pleasant words and “Target” on odd lines Mark × on unpleasant words and “Target” on even lines In 20 seconds for each line. IAS =(Average on Target ○ lines) - (Average on Target × lines) An example application of the F-1 Test Average IAS in 30 sec Apparent IAS in Bi-polar Tests 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Undergradates IAS for Whites High school students IAS for Blacks Although the bi-polar FUMIE Test showed the relative preference of whites over blacks among Japanese students, the mono-polar F-1 Test revealed that they had positive associations to both whites and blacks. N=34(undergraduates), N=33(high school students) Reliability of the F-1 Test Study 1: Participants 34 undergraduates Procedure Test-retest 2 week interval Results r = .47 (t(32) = 3.03, p<.01) Study 2: Participants 33 high school students Procedure Inter-task correlation Results r = .56 (t(31) = 3.77, p<.01) References ●Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. K. L. (1998). Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Cognition: The Implicit Association Test, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480. ●Lemm, K., & Sattler, D.N., Khan, S., Mitchell, R. A. & Dahl, J. (February, 2002). Reliability and validity of a paper-based Implicit Association Test. Poster presented at the annual convention of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Savannah, GA. ●Mori, K. (2004). A Paper-format Group Performance Test for Measuring the Implicit Association of Target Concepts, Manuscript submitted to Japanese Psychological Research (under review). ●Olson, M. A. & Fazio, R. H. (2003), Relations Between Implicit Measures of Prejudice: What Are We Measuring? Psychological Science, 14, 636-639. Acknowledgments This research was supported by a Grant-in-Aid from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (Grant No.16653055). We would like to express our thanks to all the participants who voluntarily participated in this research. They were informed that the tests would reveal their implicit attitudes and that they could stop participating anytime they wanted to do so. Akitoshi Uchida contributed to the development of the F-1 Test sheet. Some parts of this research were conducted by Hiromi Ikegami, and Hisayo Yoneda, whom we would thank for granting permission to use the data collected. The present authors are solely responsible for the interpretation of the results.
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