オーストラリア研究(英語) Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164) [email protected] ・http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess Women's World Cup: Japan edges Australia, 1-0, in quarterfinals The Matildas go home after making their deepest run in tournament history... Named after the Australian song “Waltzing Matilda”. • Australia's most widely known bush ballad: “The unofficial national anthem of Australia“ • The original lyrics were written in 1895 by poet and nationalist Banjo Paterson • “waltzing”=to travel while working; “matilda”=a travelling worker’s bed roll/baggage (swag) A “swagman” (travelling worker) carrying his swag (Matiilda) Slim Dusty (1938-2003), iconic Australian country music singersongwriter, guitarist and producer This Week: Essay Writing Workshop Part 1: Multiple Choice Quiz (About you) REMEMBER: Multiple answers are OK! Part 1: Multiple Choice Quiz (About you) For Japanese students coming to write an English academic essay, there are 2 barriers… 1) Psychological (１部) 2) Technique/formatting (２部) MESSAGE: The problem is the education system NOT national character (国民性) or language! Part 1: Multiple Choice Quiz (About the Paper) 5) The biggest difference between an opinion piece (感想文） and essay (論文) is… a) evidence b) balance c) critical thinking/analysis d) a problem e) all of these Part 1: Multiple Choice Quiz (About the Paper) 6) Which of these are best NOT found in an academic essay… a) personal opinion (“I think”) b) prescription (“should/must”) c) citations (出典注) d) generalisations e) a bibliography (参考文献リスト） f) unfounded statements Part 1: Multiple Choice Quiz (About the Paper) 7) “I think…” is best avoided in academic writing because… a) your opinion is worthless b) it weakens your argument c) an academic essay should be objective not subjective d) alternative viewpoints tend to be ignored or dismissed Part 1: Multiple Choice Quiz (About the Paper) 8) A good essay will first tell the reader what they are going to write (introduction), second write what they promised (body), and finally tell the reader what they wrote (conclusion) a) True b) False Part 1: Multiple Choice Quiz (About the Paper) 9) Graphs and Tables need a n the top and a underneath title at Part 1: Multiple Choice Quiz (About the Paper) 9) Graphs and Tables need a numbered title at the top and a citation underneath Figure 1: The No. of Foreign Workers in Japan as a % of the Total Population (1980-2009) Source: MOJ (2010) Part 1: Multiple Choice Quiz (About the Paper) 10) The first thing Mr Burgess looks at when he starts marking an essay is… a) the first paragraph b) grammar & spelling c) the bibliography d) the clock Part 2: Planning an Essay 1. Introduction The whaling season opened with a public carve-up and barbecue in the coastal town of Minamiboso, Chiba Prefecture (July 2014) April 2014 Part 2: Planning an Essay 2. Defining Terms Modern Japanese Whaling: Culture or Commerce? When is “modern”? Which time period will this essay examine? From 1987 or before? Dictionary or other authoritative definition of “culture” as it will be used in your essay Part 2: Planning an Essay 3. Culture (A) 3.1 Whaling is mentioned in the Kojiki Evidence （論証） 3.2 80% of Japanese have eaten whale Evidence (food culture) （論証） 3.3 Many Japanese fishermen depend on whaling for their livelihood Evidence （論証） Part 2: Planning an Essay 4) Commerce (B) 4.1 Whaling policy is driven by special interests seeking financial advantage Evidence 4.2 Whale meat is sold for profit in supermarkets Evidence （論証） （論証） 4.3 “Research” is just a cover for （査読） commercial whaling (very little refereed Evidence （論証） research has been published on whales) Part 2: Planning an Essay 5) Critical Analysis of “Culture” Evidence 立場Ａと立場Ｂの論証を分析し、バランスの取 れた批判的思考をもとに評価する Attack the evidence! Part 2: Planning an Essay 5) Analysis of “Culture” Evidence (A) • Whaling is mentioned in the Kojiki – BUT Mass whaling only began post-war… • 80% of Japanese have eaten whale – BUT Most of those who have eaten whale ate it a long time ago as school dinner Attack 3.1 Attack 3.2 • Many Japanese fishermen depend on whaling for their livelihood Attack 3.3 – BUT Only a few coastal communities depend on whaling – this is not “national” culture Part 2: Planning an Essay 5) Analysis of “Commerce” evidence (B) • Whaling policy is driven by special interests seeking financial advantage – BUT conspiracy theories about “special interests” lack evidence • Whale meat is sold for profit in supermarkets Attack 4.1 Attack 4.2 – BUT the IWC allows countries to sell whale byproducts after research is complete • “Research” is just a cover for commercial whaling – BUT quality research on whales by Japanese is often rejected by Western journals due to discrimination Attack 4.3 出典注 参考文献リスト Part 3: Citations and Bibliography 出典注の形式（スタイル）はいろいろあり、分野によって違 いもある。例えばHARVARD式では、引用や他人の見解の 部分のすぐ後、カッコの中に著者名（名字のみ）、発行年、 そしてページ数を書く。例：（鈴木 1999: 57）。CHICAGO式 でも、社会学や経済学などなら、HARVARD式と同じく「イ ン・テキスト・サイテーション」がよく使われる。 e.g. • Whaling in Japan has a long history (Suzuki 1999:57) OR • Suzuki (1999:57) notes that whaling in Japan has a long history. 出典注 参考文献リスト Part 3: Citations and Bibliography According to the Asahi Shimbun (2012a), Japan’s most recent whaling season came to an early and rather unsuccessful end. Part of the reason for this might be growing criticism of Japan worldwide, as evidence by Australia’s decision to take Japan to the International Court of Justice ( ). In Australia in particular, anti-whaling – and anti-Japanese – sentiment appears to be rising following arrest of Sea Shepherd activities in January ( ). “Japan’s present whaling policy is one that incorporates its contentious scientific research program,” writes Kagawa-Fox ( : 412), “and is one of the most criticized of government initiatives.” These points are explained in detail by Mulgan ( ) and Hirata ( ). 出典注 参考文献リスト Part 3: Citations and Bibliography According to the Asahi Shimbun (2012a), Japan’s most recent whaling season came to an early and rather unsuccessful end. Part of the reason for this might be growing criticism of Japan worldwide, as evidence by Australia’s decision to take Japan to the International Court of Justice (The Australian 2010). In Australia in particular, anti-whaling – and anti-Japanese – sentiment appears to be rising following arrest of Sea Shepherd activities in January ( ). “Japan’s present whaling policy is one that incorporates its contentious scientific research program,” writes Kagawa-Fox ( : 412), “and is one of the most criticized of government initiatives.” These points are explained in detail by Mulgan ( ) and Hirata ( ). 出典注 参考文献リスト Part 3: Citations and Bibliography According to the Asahi Shimbun (2012a), Japan’s most recent whaling season came to an early and rather unsuccessful end. Part of the reason for this might be growing criticism of Japan worldwide, as evidence by Australia’s decision to take Japan to the International Court of Justice (The Australian 2010). In Australia in particular, anti-whaling – and anti-Japanese – sentiment appears to be rising following arrest of Sea Shepherd activists in January (Asahi Shimbun 2012b). “Japan’s present whaling policy is one that incorporates its contentious scientific research program,” writes Kagawa-Fox ( : 412), “and is one of the most criticized of government initiatives.” These points are explained in detail by Mulgan ( ) and Hirata ( ). 出典注 参考文献リスト Part 3: Citations and Bibliography According to the Asahi Shimbun (2012a), Japan’s most recent whaling season came to an early and rather unsuccessful end. Part of the reason for this might be growing criticism of Japan worldwide, as evidence by Australia’s decision to take Japan to the International Court of Justice (The Australian 2010). In Australia in particular, anti-whaling – and anti-Japanese – sentiment appears to be rising following arrest of Sea Shepherd activists in January (Asahi Shimbun 2012b). “Japan’s present whaling policy is one that incorporates its contentious scientific research program,” writes Kagawa-Fox (2009: 412), “and is one of the most criticized of government initiatives.” These points are explained in detail by Mulgan ( ) and Hirata ( ). 出典注 参考文献リスト Part 3: Citations and Bibliography According to the Asahi Shimbun (2012a), Japan’s most recent whaling season came to an early and rather unsuccessful end. Part of the reason for this might be growing criticism of Japan worldwide, as evidence by Australia’s decision to take Japan to the International Court of Justice (The Australian 2010). In Australia in particular, anti-whaling – and anti-Japanese – sentiment appears to be rising following arrest of Sea Shepherd activists in January (Asahi Shimbun 2012b). “Japan’s present whaling policy is one that incorporates its contentious scientific research program,” writes Kagawa-Fox (2009: 412), “and is one of the most criticized of government initiatives.” These points are explained in detail by Mulgan (2000) and Hirata ( ). 出典注 参考文献リスト Part 3: Citations and Bibliography According to the Asahi Shimbun (2012a), Japan’s most recent whaling season came to an early and rather unsuccessful end. Part of the reason for this might be growing criticism of Japan worldwide, as evidence by Australia’s decision to take Japan to the International Court of Justice (The Australian 2010). In Australia in particular, anti-whaling – and anti-Japanese – sentiment appears to be rising following arrest of Sea Shepherd activists in January (Asahi Shimbun 2012b). “Japan’s present whaling policy is one that incorporates its contentious scientific research program,” writes Kagawa-Fox (2009: 412), “and is one of the most criticized of government initiatives.” These points are explained in detail by Mulgan (2000) and Hirata (2008). 出典注 参考文献リスト Part 3: Citations and Bibliography BOOK Family Name, First Name (and First Name Family Name) Year Name of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher. BOOK CHAPTER Last Name, First Name Year ‘Name of Book Chapter’, in Name of Book, edited by Editor’s First Name Last Name. Place of Publication: Publisher, pp. X-Y. JOURNAL/MAGAZINE ARTICLE Last Name, First Name Year ‘Name of Article’. Name of Journal or Magazine. Volume : Issue (Month), pp. X-Y. NEWSPAPER Japanese sources need to be written in Name of Newspaper ヘボン式ローマ字 followed by a brief Year ‘Title of Article’. (Month Day), p. X. English translation in brackets: INTERNET ARTICLE つ＝tsu を＝o し=shi 超級=chōkyū Name of Author or Organisation Year of Publication‘Name of Article’ (http:www.xxxxxxxx), accessed: Year/Month/Day. 出典注 参考文献リスト Newspaper Part 3: Citations and Bibliography Articles Asahi Shimbun 2012a ‘Chōsa Hogei no Tōsū, Mokuhyō no 3 bun no 1: Konki 267 tō de Oeru’ (Whales Killed 1/3 of Target: Hunt Ends at 267). March 10, p.10. 2012b ‘Hogei Kanshi Senchō Shin’nyū, Gō ni Hikiwatashi Seifu Hōshin’ (Government Decides to Deport Whale Monitoring Captain, 3 Trespassers, to Australia). January 10, p. 38. The Australian Book 2010 ‘Australia Takes Japan to Court on Whaling’ (http://www.theaustralian.com.au/politics/australia-takes-japan-toChapter court-on-whaling/story-e6frgczf-1225872445926), accessed 2012/07/12. Hirata, Keiko 2008 ‘Japan’s Whaling Politics’, in Norms, Interests and Power in Japanese Foreign Policy, edited by Yoichiro Sato and Keiko Hirata. New York: Journal Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 175-210. Article Kagawa-Fox, Midori 2009 ‘Japan’s Whaling Triangle – The Power Behind the Whaling Policy’. Book Japanese Studies. 29:3 (December), pp. 401-414. Mulgan, Aurelia George 2000 The Politics of Agriculture in Japan. London and New York: Routledge. Essay Guidelines & Model Essay Please read and go over carefully for next week – prepare some questions! オーストラリア研究(英語) Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164) [email protected] ・http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess
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