wormenviron

Interaction of animal with its environment
1 Structure of earthworm community in the suburbs of Fukuoka City
Distribution of environments under study
Maximum biomass of earthworm in various vegetation
Eco-morphological feature of representative Pheretima
Unsettled problem
a. Growth analysis on the population having a bi-modal distribution of weight, b. the individual without the male pore,
b. The function of intestinal coeca
c. Taxonomy problem of Pheretima of Fukuoka outskirts and Minamata
2. Population ecology of representative species Pheretima sp.(H-1) population
1．The earthworm is born, lives, and dies
a Number of individuals and weight distribution b. Population metabolism
c. Daily fecal pellet production rate, daily food ingestion rate digestive efficiency and assimilation efficiency
2．Relations between individuals of the same species（Movement and dispersion）
a mass emergence of Pheretima sp. (H-1) on fine day after rain
b The structure of habitat and the distribution pattern
3．Interaction of animal with its environment
a
c
Resource utilization and energy balance
b
Interaction of animal with its environment
The bio-economic life table
1
Coordinates in study area
north latitude
East longitude
north latitude
Kumano1968
East longitude
Experiment field of university1971-74
Hexagon
Quadrangle
33.620157
130.452783
33.627934
130.423611
33.620193
130.453679
33.628488
130.423541
33.619719
130.453716
33.628542
130.423616
33.619635
130.452616
33.628466
130.423772
33.628403
130.424062
33.627863
130.423842
Hakozaki 1968
Quadrangle
33.614841
130.424094
33.614529
130.424459
33.614363
130.42441
33.614515
130.423895
It consists of Grass area and
Dicotylendonous area. Refer to
slide x.
Center of investigation or Sampling
Hokanken North 1991 - 2003
33.512697
IBPMinamata
130.499957
1969-1971
32.180103
130.59335
Hokanken South 1991 - 2003
33.512393
130.500784
2
3
Table 1-1 Distribution of environments under study
Area G
Area D
Area H
Area K
Quercus
glauca
100%
Imperata
cylindrica
Solidago
altissima
Celtis
sinensis
ca 40 %
Artemisia
vulgaris
Damnacanthus
indicus
Carex spp.
Vicia hirsuta
Achyranthes
japonica
Trachelosperum
asiaticum
Cover degree
Litter layer (cm)
A0 horizon (cm)
pH in H2O
ca 50 %
0
1.7 - 4.2
5.56
100%
0.1 - 1.5
3.0 -12.3
6.05
ca 70 %
2.0 - 4.0
5.0 -40.0
6.2
ca 20 %
3.5 - 5.0
5.0 -10.0
4.7
Primary production
540. ?
1176.5
1010
study year
1971-72
1971-73
1967-68
Tree vegetation
Cover degree
Ground surface
vegetation
?
IBP minamata
844
1967-68
1969-1971
4
Change in earthworm's scientific name
Old temporary name in field
note
[2/1/2014]
Name of earthworm until
2002 [Abbreviation]
Name of earthworm after
2012/7/15 [Abbreviation]
aokii
Pheretima sp. (H-1)
Amynthas tokioensis var.
Hakozaki
irregularis
[Ph. sp. (H-1)]
[A. tokioensis var. Hakozaki]
heterochaeta
Pheretima heterochata
Amynthas corticis
hupeiensis
Pheretima hupeiensis
Amynthas hupeiensis
robusutus
Pheretima robusutus
Amynthas robusutus
phaselus maculosus?
Pheretima phaselus
Amynthas phaselus
micronaria
Pheretima micronaria
Amynthas micronarius
calfornica
Pheretima calfornica
Metaphire calfornica
vittata
Pheretima vittata [Ph. vittata]
Metaphire pseudvittatus
Pschmardae
Pheretima schmardae
Duplodicodrilus schmardae
hilgendorfi
agrests
noting
(H-1)
heterochata
5
earthworm in various vegetation
g fresh wt m-2
Area H Area K IBP Minamata
Area
Area G
Pheretima schmardae
6.648
1.877
11.045 122.964 43.945
0.679 24.912 29.24
Pheretima sp. (H-1)
Pheretima vittata
Pheretima irregularis
Pheretima sieboldi
Pheretima sp. (M-3)
Pheretima heterochaeta 60.512
Pheretima micronaria
Allolobophora caliginosa 7.298
Area D
10.552
2.312
17.122
34.39
Other fewer species
0.182
2.494
2.809
11.14
Allolobophora jaoinica
Pheretima
hupeiensis
Two
unknown
Pheretima
Bimastos
parvus
5.111
3.762
0.471
Pheretima
hupeiensis
Two
unknown
Pheretima
Bimastos
parvus
Four unknown
Pheretima
One unknown
Lumbricidae
Bimastos
parvus
Bimastos
parvus
6
Table 2-3 Eco-morphological feature of representative Pheretima
Species
Life history
Pheretima
Pheretima
Pheretima
Pheretima
Pheretima
Pheretima
Pheretima
Pheretima
schmardae
sp. (H-1)
vittata
irregularis
sieboldi
sp. (M-3)
heterochaeta
micronaria
Newly born hatch out
Newly born hatch out
Newly born hatch out in
Many younger appear in
in spring, mature in
in spring, mature in
summer, mature till next
summer, mature till next
summer and disappear
June and some remained
summer, and disappear
summer, and some remain
till August
till November.
till August.
till winter.
.
6 months
Life time
8 months
age composition
Main habitat
12 months
One generation
Compost
Two or three generation
Old grass
Old grass
Edge of
Ever green forest in
field
edge of
forest
mountain site
Inhabit layer
yellow
dark reddish
dark brown
dark
pigmentation
green
brown
with
reddish
yellow band
brown
Number of pair of
spermatica
Activity
two
Deeper soil layer
deep black purple
light grey
light
brown
purplish
brown
three
four
two
Active
Body form
Older
vegetation
vegetation
Litter - A -Soil
Dry dingle
Body
Intestinal coeca
Younger
Litter
Hibernate site
Body size
over 12 months
sluggish
Plumply
slenderly
474
1922
6006
2206
30500
5
6-7
8
6
Most complex
1434
799
564
Simple showing a conical form
pairs of finger projection
Composition of
gut content
Organic rich
Small raw
Large raw
Organic rich
Litter from
Organic rich
Organic rich soil
matter
humus
humus
matter with
tree leaves
matter
and mineral soil
small raw
humus
7
Total density
160
Body weight frequency
80
N
0
(b) Density of each generation
80
8
N
00
G 72/7/19
1000
125
(a) Body weight of each generation
0
A
O
D
F
A
J
A
O
D
F
mg
Fig. 1-15. Seasonal change in (a) body weight and (b) density of each generation
of Pheretima heterochaeta in area G. Vertical lines in upper figure indicate one
standard deviation.
8
Table 7 - 1 Microbial density in gut materials of
Pheretima sp. (H-1)
coeca 6-7 finger shape litter dweller
4-5 individuals per a measurement　The average of 5 measurement (1972/5/１5 - 6/25)
Body
D
Fore gut Mid gut Hind gut
weight
× 10
× 10
× 10
Average
weight
5
2.9
6.1
9.4
2722.6
6
4.0
7.6
11.2
GWW
7
7.7
15.4
27.9
Table 7 - 2 The number of observed colonies in gut
materials of Pheretima heterochaeta
coeca conical form soil dweller
4 individuals per a measurement　The average of 5 measurements (1971/10/21-12/8)
Body
D
Fore gut Mid gut Hind gut
length
3
13.1
12.3
21.7
10cm
から
4
3.6
3.1
6.6
12cm
5
0.9
0.9
1.7
9
FIG. 3.2-5. Seasonal changes in average population density (a), mean body size (b) 10
and number of dead worms observed (c).
Taxonomical problem of earthworm collected in
Fukuoka pref.
• Young earthworm cannot be
identified.
• All of Pheretima vittata and
the majority of Pheretima
sp.(H-1) have the male pore.
• In Fukuoka and Minamata,
there are a lot of nameless
earthworms. . .
The 18th section
Rough sketch of Pheretima sp.(H-1)
11
1972 7 15
0
0
0
0
6
0
2
0
0
7
4
2
2
6
0
0
010
6
1
7
0
0
5
6
1
0
0
0
7
11
4
2
1
0
9m
Fig. 2-3a. Distribution maps of earthworm in the experimental field.
Black letter indicate the density of Pheretima sp. (H-1)
(25 x 25 cm-2)
12
13
140
120
Pheretima
sp.(H-1)
100
80
60
40
20
0
F
A
J
A
O
D
F
A
J
A
O
D
F
A
Fig. 1-10. Seasonal change in population density of Pheretima sp.(H-1)
in area D. Vertical lines indicate one standard deviation.
14
Pheretima sp.(H-1)
Body fresh weight (mg wt)
3375
D 72/2/23 Ph.H
1000
D 72/3/12 Ph.H
D 72/3/28 Ph.H
D 72/5/23 Ph.H
D 72/6/8 Ph.H
D 72/4/12 Ph.H
D 72/2/14 Ph.H
125
0
Pheretima sp.(H-1)
3375
1000
125
D 72/4/27 Ph.H
D 72/5/10 Ph.H
D 72/6/19 Ph.H
0
013826
20
40
60
Frequency (%)
D 72/6/30 Ph.H
D 72/7/15 Ph.H
D 72/7/29 Ph.H
Fig. 1-11. Seasonal change in body weight frequency of Pheretima sp. (H-1) in area D（ 1972）.
Open bars indicate the frequency of immature and black bars indicate the frequency of mature.
15
Density and average weight
1000
3
CO 2 mm h
120
140
100
120
-1
100
80
80
60
60
40
100
40
20
20
0
0
4000
10
Production
2000
現存量と呼吸量
0
Respiration
呼吸速度
生産と異化
-2000
Elimination
1
-4000
10
100
1000
10000
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
16
Table 3-1 Production, respiration, assimilation and ecological ratios
Pheretima sp. (H-1)
Species
Year
Area
1968
Area H
1971
Area D
1972
Area D
Ph. Vittata
1972
Area G
1972
Clay sand
1968
Area H
Ph.irregularis Ph. sieboldi
1968
Area K
Ph. Heterochaeta
1970
1971
1971
1971
1973
1972
IBP
Area D
Area G
Net production
g dry wt m-2
11.489
242.642
4.075
7.688
1.174
6.368
3.217
0.827
1.59762
4.7243
KJ m -2
Cocoon production
85.772
162.339
24.686
134.575
68.199
17.573
5.23
33.765
99.839
g dry wt m-2
0.0018
0.0021
0.0022
KJ m -2
Respiration
0.007554
0.008648
0.009205
KJ m -2
Assimilation
138.239
193.669
589.275
44.124
263.885
126.566
43.639
6.527
234.467
659.465
KJ m -2
Average biomass
224.011
356.008
831.917
68.81
398.46
194.765
61.212
11.757
268.232
759.304
g dry wt m-2
Maximum biomass
0.779
1.729
4.368
0.268
1.72
0.883
0.226
0.09
0.695
1.632
g dry wt m-2
R/A
2.982
3.324
0.617
0.544
P/B
5.218
4.446
P/B MAX
1.363
2.313
8.378
0.708
2.63
1.371
0.76
4.352
1.964
0.725
0.157
1.368
2.889
0.641
0.662
0.65
0.713
0.555
0.874
0.869
4.381
3.702
3.643
3.659
2.649
2.3
2.895
1.545
1.463
1.638
1.141
1.584
1.168
1.635
17
Food ingestion rate and Fecal pellet production rate
-1
(mg dry wt d
)
10000
1000
100
at 20℃.
Body weight (mg fresh wt)
10
10
food consumption rate
100
1000
10000
fecal pellet production
Y = 545.15 W 0.4382 at 25 ºC
F = 1419.12 W 0.7015 at 25 C
Y = 481.55 W 0.5280
at 20 ºC
F = 1405.93 W 0.9594 at 20 ºC
Y = 338.13 W 0.8764 at 15 ºC
F = 986.86 W 0.92840 at 15 ºC
Y:Food consumption per day W:Body weight
F:Fecal pellet production per day
18
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Carbon
0
(22.5 mg C g
50
-1
dry wt)
100
(222.9 mg C g
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-1
dry wt)
Nitrogen
0
(1.64 mg N g
50
-1
dry wt)
100
(13.1 mg N g
-1
dry wt)
60
50
mature
immature
40
30
20
10
0
0
50
100
Fig.4-6. Nutrient contents of the materials in alimental canal of the pre-mature
collected in field.
worms
a, Carbon content; b, Nitogen content; c; The ratio of food consumption to fecal pellt production, of the
19
reared worms. In Lowest figure, the open area indicates the contribution by immature worms and the black
area indicates the contributionby mature worms.
60
Carbon
Assimilation efficiency (%)
40
Carbon餌の質
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
-20
32.7
31.3
35.4
42.6
41.8
41.6
The ratio of food consumed to
29
total material consumed (%) 49.5
-40
-60
24.6
60
-80
Nitrogen
Assimilation efficiency (%)
40
20
Nitrogen
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
-20
-40
-60
Fig. 5-2a. The relation between the assimilation efficiency and
the ratio of food consumed to total material consumed.
20
Table 5-1 Digestive efficiency of Phererima sp. (H-1)
Efficiency (%)
Food consumption
Pellet production
(%)
Reared worms
(A=C-F)
Carbon
Nitrogen
8.124
7.392
35.5
Reared worms
(A=P+R)
25℃
20℃
15℃
2.31
1.98
2.22
35.5
Carbon
Nitrogen
1.895
9.559
24.77
38.86
Field
Population
21
10
Pheretima vittata 1972
5
0
White bars :
Movement
individual
Black bars:
Death
individual
Pheretima sp. (H-1) 1972
40
20
0
35
Air temperature
30
1972
25
100
20
15
50
Precipitation
10
5
0
0
M
J
J
Mass movement of earthworm on fine after rain
22
35
30
100
-1
25
Rain fall (mm d )
Soil surface temperature ( ℃)
Water content of soil (%)
40
20
15
50
10
5
0
0
Percipitation
temperature
Water content of soil
soil respiration
-2
-1
CO2 evolution (mg CO2 m h )
100
50
0
50
Control
25
0
5/7
5/14
5/21
5/28
6/4
6/11
6/18
23
Soil respiration rate
24
4
2
2.0 L CO
2
10 individuals / 2 replicate
1.5 L CO
2
25 individuals / 5 replicate
0
6
4
2
0
2
1.0L CO
2
15 individuals /3 replicate
0
0.667 L CO
1
2
5 individuals / 1 replicate
0
0.5 L CO
2
2
40 individuals /8 replicate
1
0
0.25 L CO
1
0
1
0.125 L CO
2
2
20 individuals /4 replicate
10 individuals /2 replicate
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Fig. 7-7a Number of earthworm showing the
rashing out behavior to various concentration
of Carbon dioxide gases.
25
The death of worm
on bare area
Expantion of distribution area of earthworm
The aggregation is weakened. The worm can
aboid the food shortage condition.
Solar radiation
Abruptly dispersion of earthworm
Increase of activity of soil organism.
Increase of CO2 concentration in habitat.
Wormcast became to be bad habitat, for worms
Fine day after rain
Conformation of a aggregated distribution of worms, The resistency of
worm to dry condition increase. On the other hand, the food shortage
condition for worms occure.
Decrease of CO 2 expiration rate of wormcast. Wormcast became to
confortable condition as shelter for earthworms.
dry condition
No rain
Number increase of filamentous fungi, Rest pause of bacteria. Increase
of water holdency of worm cast
Fecal pellet expiration
Number increase of micro-organism in earthworm intestine.
Metabolism of Earthworm in
habitat.
Fig7-9 Population meaning of the simultanously death of earthworm;
Pheretima sp. (H-1) on fine days after rain
26
2.0
4000
1.5
同化
2000
1.0
0
異化
-2000
0.5
-4000
0.0
J
F
M
Production
巌のM star
A
M
J
Elimination
J
A
S
Surviving rate
12
4.0
10
3.0
8
6
森下のIδ
2.0
4
1.0
2
0
0.0
J
F
M
A
M
M star
J
Iδ
J
A
S
Figure8-2 Distribution pattern of individuals
27
-2
Density (N / 25×25 cm )
25
30
20
25
72/6/19
73/4/28
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
0
2
1973/4/20
1973/5/10
4
A
24.18
14.89
(21.38)
1972/6/8
1973/6/15
1972/6/19
1972/6/30
1972/7/15
4.86
6.1
6.01
5.08
9.92
6
1/A
0.414
0.07
(0.037)
0.2058
0.1639
0.1664
0.1967
0.1008
0
B
0.0157
0.143
(0.221)
0.499
0.665
0.7658
1.1167
0.8306
0.5
1
1.5
r
0.889
0.834
(0.739)
0.849
0.812
0.911
0.767
0.257
The regression coefficient between number of earthworm and thickness of wormcast28
Hot dry condition after late July
Re-aggregation of matured individual
Aggregation of cocoon oviposited
Aggregatness of earthworm
Aggregation in cocoon stage
Hatch out
Dispersion of young worm to search
a food resource
Dry condition in May
Aggregation of pre-matured individuals
Warm-wetter condition in June
Abruptly dispersion of pre-matured and
matured individuals
Disappearance
of population
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
August
Fig. 8-7. The seasonal change in the degree of aggregation of
Pheretima sp. (H-1) in relation to own's life history.
29
Decrease of habitatness
Dispersion of young worm to search a foor resource.
Decrease of aggregatness. Random distribution
of loose colonies with random deposition of
individuals within colonies.
B) Pre-matured stage in dry season
Abruptly dispersion, Simultanously death on fine
day after rain.
Uniform distribution of small colony (copulation)
within clump. Random distribution of clump.
D) Post matured state
Dry
Aggregation of worm
Conformation of the compact colony
Increase of thickness of worm cast.
Increase of resistency of earthworm
to dry condition.
food shortage in habitat
End of wetter-summer season
dry condition
Re-aggregation of matured individual,
Conformation of compact colony. Then,
the aggregated distribution of cocoon
Disappearance of population
Fig. 8-8. The structure of habitat and the distribution pattern of earthwormPheretima
;
sp. (H-1).
30
Distribution range
range
Litter Distribution
fall
fall
Soil asLitter
food resouce
as food
CaloricSoil
content
of resouce
litter, and soil
Caloric content of
litter, and soil
Soil surface
tenperature
Soil surface
tenperature
Population
density
Body weight
Population density
distribution
Body weight
Litter distribution
consumption rate
Fecal pellet
Litterrate
consumption rate
production
Fecal pellet
production
rate
Assimilation
efficiency
in rearing condition
Assimilation efficiency
in activity
rearing condition
Feeding
of food competitor
Feeding activity
of food
competitor
Maximum
quantity
of
Caloric content
in the utilizable
resource Caloric content
in the utilizable
resource
Total quantity
of fecal pellet
produced Total quantity
of fecal pellet
produced
Quality of
food resource
Quality of
food resource
Assimilation
efficiency
in field
Assimilation
Utilizable
efficiency
energy
in field
Resouce
utilization
intensity Resouce
utilization
intensity
Resource division
among competitor
Resource division
among competitor
wormcast presenting
in fieldMaximum quantity of
wormcast presenting
in field
Decaying
rate of
wormcasts
Decaying rate of
wormcasts
Distribution
pattern
of individuals
Distribution pattern
of individuals
utilizable
area
utilizable
area
Fig. 9-1 The estimating procedure of energy absorbed by earthworms
Fig. 9-1 The estimating procedure of energy absorbed by earthworms
31
Copy
Distribution range
Litter fall
Soil as food resouce
Caloric content
in the utilizable
resource
Caloric content of
litter, and soil
Quality of
food resource
Soil surface
tenperature
Population density
Body weight
distribution
Litter consumption rate
Fecal pellet
production rate
Assimilation
efficiency
in field
Total quantity
of fecal pellet
produced
Resouce
utilization
intensity
Assimilation efficiency
in rearing condition
Feeding activity
of food competitor
Resource division
among competitor
Maximum quantity of
wormcast presenting
in field
Decaying rate of
wormcasts
Distribution pattern
of individuals
utilizable
area
Fig. 9-1 The estimating procedure of energy absorbed by earthworms
32
Three process of resource utilization
food requirement 62416.494 KJ m-2 (=10283.43×0.887+2963.66×17.983)
(cultivated earthwom)
the absorbed
energy
892.531 KJ m-2
the absorbable
energy
The procedure for estimation are shown in side22
978.638 KJ m-2
(P+R=832.198 KJ)
33
Copy Three process of resource utilization
food requirement 62416.494 KJ m-2 (=10283.43×0.887+2963.66×17.983)
(cultivated earthwom)
the absorbed
energy
892.531 KJ m-2
the absorbable
energy
The procedure for estimation are shown in side22
978.638 KJ m-2
(P+R=832.198 KJ)
34
Table 11-1 Bio-economic life table ofPheretima sp. (H-1) in area D 1972
Date
Jan.
N
B
0.0
B.W
0.0
P
F.R
A.H
E
0.0
F.R
A.V
F.C
A.H
F.C
A.V
L-C
R.W
*_
m/m
*
m
A
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1176.5
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.0
1175.3
1.7
6.2
0.4
0.0
0.3
0.0
1170.2
1.9
11.0
0.6
0.1
0.4
0.1
1162.2
1.7
11.1
3.8
0.3
2.6
0.3
1118.7
1.5
11.0
5.9
0.5
4.1
0.5
1049.7
1.6
10.8
19.3
1.5
13.4
1.4
827.7
1.4
9.7
24.2
30.7
3.1
21.4
2.8
531.3
1.3
8.6
14.9
33.0
6.4
23.0
5.9
68.4
1.5
9.5
32.8
5.1
22.9
4.7
0.0
15.2
1.3
7.1
27.0
4.9
18.9
4.5
15.2
2.7
25.6
5.6
17.9
5.1
15.2
1.6
7.5
5.1
19.3
8.6
13.4
7.9
15.2
1.5
5.9
9.9
9.1
4.9
6.3
4.5
15.2
3.9
7.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
15.2
15.8
Feb.14
60.8
379.6
6.2
26.6
Feb.23
83.2
619.2
7.4
18.5
Mar.12
92.8
933.7
10.1
57.3
Mar.28
Apr.12
Apr.27
May 10
May 23
Jun. 8
Jun.19
108.8
100.5
99.8
93.4
88.3
76.8
68.0
1850.9
2457.3
4924.5
6821.0
7892.4
8378.2
8326.0
17.0
51.9
11.5
166.2
1.7
152.5
26.1
114.2
31.9
101.7
71.3
87.9
92.6
24.5
49.3
73.0
89.4
109.1
122.4
4.9
10.4 6.01(6.10)
87.2
Jun.30
66.6
7368.0
110.6
156.0
Jul.15
51.8
5028.5
97.1
232.5
Jul.29
26.2
1803.5
68.8
60.1
Aug.28
0.0
0.0
0.0
N:density (N m-2 ), B:Biomass (dry wt m-2 ), B.W:Body dry weight of individual, P:Production (dry wt w-2 ), E:Elimination (dry wt w-2 )
F.R A.H:Litter requirement ofAmynthas sp.(H-1), F.R A.V:Litter requirement ofAmynthas vittatus ,
F.C A.H: Litter consumption of Amynthas sp. (H-1), F.C.A.V: Litter consumption ofAmynthas vittatus
L-C:Litter supply - Litter consumption, R.W: Resource supply from wormcast, (m/m, m, A: The degree of Aggregation of individuals, see Chapter 8)
35
Table 11-1 Bio-economic life table ofPheretima sp. (H-1) in area D 1972
Date
Jan.
N
B
0.0
B.W
0.0
P
F.R
A.H
E
0.0
Copy
F.R
A.V
F.C
A.H
F.C
A.V
L-C
R.W
*_
m/m
*
m
A
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1176.5
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.0
1175.3
1.7
6.2
0.4
0.0
0.3
0.0
1170.2
1.9
11.0
0.6
0.1
0.4
0.1
1162.2
1.7
11.1
3.8
0.3
2.6
0.3
1118.7
1.5
11.0
5.9
0.5
4.1
0.5
1049.7
1.6
10.8
19.3
1.5
13.4
1.4
827.7
1.4
9.7
24.2
30.7
3.1
21.4
2.8
531.3
1.3
8.6
14.9
33.0
6.4
23.0
5.9
68.4
1.5
9.5
32.8
5.1
22.9
4.7
0.0
15.2
1.3
7.1
27.0
4.9
18.9
4.5
15.2
2.7
25.6
5.6
17.9
5.1
15.2
1.6
7.5
5.1
19.3
8.6
13.4
7.9
15.2
1.5
5.9
9.9
9.1
4.9
6.3
4.5
15.2
3.9
7.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
15.2
15.8
Feb.14
60.8
379.6
6.2
26.6
Feb.23
83.2
619.2
7.4
18.5
Mar.12
92.8
933.7
10.1
57.3
Mar.28
Apr.12
Apr.27
May 10
May 23
Jun. 8
Jun.19
108.8
100.5
99.8
93.4
88.3
76.8
68.0
1850.9
2457.3
4924.5
6821.0
7892.4
8378.2
8326.0
17.0
51.9
11.5
166.2
1.7
152.5
26.1
114.2
31.9
101.7
71.3
87.9
92.6
24.5
49.3
73.0
89.4
109.1
122.4
4.9
10.4 6.01(6.10)
87.2
Jun.30
66.6
7368.0
110.6
156.0
Jul.15
51.8
5028.5
97.1
232.5
Jul.29
26.2
1803.5
68.8
60.1
Aug.28
0.0
0.0
0.0
N:density (N m-2 ), B:Biomass (dry wt m-2 ), B.W:Body dry weight of individual, P:Production (dry wt w-2 ), E:Elimination (dry wt w-2 )
F.R A.H:Litter requirement ofAmynthas sp.(H-1), F.R A.V:Litter requirement ofAmynthas vittatus ,
F.C A.H: Litter consumption of Amynthas sp. (H-1), F.C.A.V: Litter consumption ofAmynthas vittatus
L-C:Litter supply - Litter consumption, R.W: Resource supply from wormcast, (m/m, m, A: The degree of Aggregation of individuals, see Chapter 8)
36
Next food chain
Atmosphere
Solar radiation
Eco-physiological feature
Niche segregation along with time, food
and habitat among equivalent species
Life history
Habitat preference
Food preference
Enlargement of distribution area
Space deposition of individuals
Space requirement
m/m
Attractive effect
among individuals
Negative chemotaxis
of earthworm to
carbon dioxide
F.H
P.H
Abruptly deispersion
of worm on fine days
after rain
E
Elimination
m
Aggregated
distribution
in dry days
Respiration
Death of worm
B
Biomass
N Number
B.WBody weight
Food requirement
Food shortage
in limitted area
Escape from
food shortage
condition
P
Food consumption
rate under rearing
condition
Assimilation
ability
*
Production
Environmental value
of wormcast as food
Assimilation
Energy-material balance
Assimilation
Food
efficiency
consumption
in field
in field
F.C
Persistence of individual
and species
P.H
Quality of resource
Food consumption
of competitor
Fecal pellet
expiration
Litter
supply L-C
Food requirement
of competitor
F.R
P.V
Decaying
wormcast
Water holdency
of worm cast
Porously
character of
wormcast
Microbial density
in worm cast
D.W
Wormcast as habitat condition
Soil surface
temperature
Fig. 11-1. Inter relation ship between environment and earthworm
37
Next food chain Atomosphere
Life requirement
Eco-physiological
feature
Inter-species
relation ship
Inner-species
relation ship
Space requirement
Child
care
Cocoon production
or breeding
Sexual
passion
Food requirement
Persistence of
individuals and
species
Population
Metabolism
餌に対する関係
Food resource
Habitat
structure
Environment
Habitat condition
Fig. 11-3. Inter relation ship between environment and animals.
Vegetation
Equivalent
species
38

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