about 5,000-6,000 different languages spoken in the world today English is far the most world wide in its distribution 1/4 to 1/3 of the people in the world understand and speak English to some degree Countries in Which English Is an Official or de facto Official Language (red areas) Video: Last Speaker of "Extinct" Language Found (3:50) about 1/2 of the world's languages are no longer spoken by children 900 native languages spoken by the 5-10 million people of New Guinea that’s roughly 1/6 of all languages being spoken by far less than 1% of the world's people The Most Common Languages in the World LANGUAGE APPROXIMATE COUNTRIES WITH NUMBER OF SUBSTANTIAL NATIVE NUMBERS OF SPEAKERS NATIVE (in the year 2000) SPEAKERS 1. Mandarin Chinese 874,000,000 16 2. 3. Hindi (India) English 366,000,000 341,000,000 17 104 4. Spanish 322-358,000,000 43 207,000,000 9 8. Portuguese Russian Japanese 176,000,000 167,000,000 125,000,000 33 30 26 9. German (standard) 100,000,000 40 10. 14. Korean French Wu Chinese Javanese Yue Chinese 78,000,000 77,000,000 77,000,000 75,000,000 71,000,000 31 53 1 4 20 15. Telugu (India) 69,000,000 7 5. 6. 7. 11. 12. 13. Bengali (India and Bangladesh) unique in being a symbolic communication system that is learned instead of biologically inherited symbols are sounds or things which have meaning given to them by the users they are abstractions they are infinitely flexible when combined Birth of a Language (4:57) Do the following words sound or look like the animal shown here: dog, canis, chien, hund, perro? speech is a broad term simply referring to patterned verbal behavior a language is a set of rules for generating speech a dialect is a variant of a language regional dialect associated with a geographically “isolated” speech community Boston, Texas, Wisconsin…. social dialect spoken by a speech community that is merely socially isolated mostly based on class, ethnicity, gender, age Black English (or Ebonics) nushu – females in China used to maintain support networks in their male dominated society linguists divide the study of spoken language into two categories 1. phonology is the study of sounds phoneme smallest unit of sound that can be altered to change the meaning of a word do not have meaning by themselves in English the words gin, kin, pin, sin, tin, and win all have different meaning they can change the meaning of words 2. grammar is how the sounds are used to make sense morphology concerned with how the sounds are combined in order to have meaning (words) syntax standardized set of rules that determine how words should be combined to make sense (sentences) for example-- you, are, and there can be combined in three different ways • There you are. You are there. Are you there? language is arguably the most important component of culture because most of culture is transmitted through language young children have the genetic propensity to learn language Becoming Multilingual is easier in early childhood than later linguistic interference learning a second language can be affected by the patterns of the first language communication is far more than speech and writing paralanguage other communication methods messages that can be observed through face to face contact makes it more difficult to lie or to hide emotions has been suggested that as much as 70% of what we communicate when talking directly with others is through paralanguage Forms of paralanguage kinesics tone and character of voice gestures, expressions, and postures a voice that is high, low, quick, slow, rising, falling, whispering, whining, yelling, or sighing can convey… proxemics the distance our bodies are physically apart Japanese avoiding eye contact in a crowd cultural use of space Typical North American Office Typical Japanese Office cultural use of time when people appear for an appointment varies with the custom, social situation, and their relative status communicating with clothes/body decorations communicate status, intentions, and other messages could even be paint, tattoos, decorative scaring and branding, perfumes, and even body deformation human communication process is more complex than it initially seems much of our messages in face to face contact are transmitted through paralanguage these auxiliary communication techniques are highly culture bound communication with people from other societies or ethnic groups is fraught with the danger of misunderstanding if their culture and paralanguage is unknown to you or ignored
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