Visualizing Japanese Grammar Appendix Shoko Hamano George Washington University 1 © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi • • The table to the right shows various basic forms of i-adjectives, using takai “expensive” as the example. The following forms also pattern as adjectival stems: ja na(i) “not,” dewa na(i) “not,” ta(i) “want to,” yasu(i) “easy to,” niku(i) “hard to,” dzura(i) “hard to,” te hoshi(i) “want someone to,” and rashi(i) “looks like.” 2 Conjugations of i-adjectives I-adjectives Direct forms 高い（たかい） It is expensive. 高かった It was expensive. 高くない It is not expensive. 高くなかった It was not expensive. Polite forms 高いです It is expensive. Stem 高 Adverb (ku-form) 高く te-form 高くて Neg. te-form 高くなくて Hypothetical 高ければ Neg. hypothetical 高くなければ 高くないです 高くありません It is not expensive. 高かったです 高くなかったです It was expensive. 高くありませんでした It was not expensive. © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi • • • The diagram to the right shows various basic ways nouns appear, using hon “book” as the example. The following types and forms are also treated as nouns or noun phrases: watashi-no hon “my book,” omoshiroi hon “interesting book,” yonda hon “books that I read,” onaji “same,” byôki “sick, sickness,” and tada “free of charge.” The patterns containing the following forms at the end are also treated as naadjectives: hazu (expectation), tsumori (intention). 3 Conjugations of nouns Nouns Direct forms 本だ It is a book. 本だった It was a book. 本じゃない It is not a book. 本じゃなかった It was not a book. Polite forms 本です It is a book. 本でした 本だったです It was a book. 本じゃないです 本じゃありません It is not a book. 本じゃなかったです 本じゃありませんでした It was not a book. te-form 本で Neg. te-form 本じゃなくて Hypothetical 本なら Neg. hypothetical 本じゃなければ © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi • • • The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of naadjectives, using kirei “clean” as the example. Na-adjectives are essentially nouns. The difference only appears before another noun: naadjectives appear with na, regular nouns with no. The patterns containing the following forms at the end are also treated as naadjectives: yô (appearance), mitai (appearance), sô (intuitive judgment), teki (similarity). 4 Conjugations of na-adjectives Na-adjectives Direct forms きれいだ It is a book. きれいだった It was a book. きれいじゃない It is not a book. きれいじゃなかった It was not a book. Polite forms きれいです It is a book. きれいでした きれいだったです It was a book. きれいじゃないです きれいじゃありません It is not a book. きれいじゃなかったです きれいじゃありませんでした It was not a book. te-form きれいで Neg. te-form Hypothetical きれいなら Neg. hypothetical きれいじゃなければ きれいじゃなくて © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi • • • The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of onestep verbs, using taberu “eat” as the example. Some other frequently used onestep verbs are miru “see,” miseru “show,” iru “exist, stay,” oboeru “memorize,” neru “sleep,” and kiru “wear.” The suffixes seru (causative) and rareru (passive) also conjugate as one-step verbs. 5 Conjugations of one-step verbs One-step verbs Direct forms 食べる（たべる）食べない I eat. I do not eat. 食べた 食べなかった I ate. I did not eat. Polite forms 食べます I eat. 食べました I ate. 食べません I do not eat. 食べませんでした I did not eat. Stem 食べ “Without” 食べず（に） te-form 食べて Neg. te-form 食べないで 食べなくて “Let’s” 食べよう Hypothetical 食べれば Neg. hypothetical 食べなければ Imperative 食べろ Causative 食べさせる Potential 食べられる Passive 食べられる © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi • • The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of ta-line five-step verbs, using matsu “wait” as the example. Some other frequently used taline five-step verbs are katsu “win,” tatsu “stand,” and motsu “hold.” 6 Conjugations of five-step verbs たちつてと っ Direct forms 待つ（まつ） I wait. 待った I waited. 待たない I do not wait. 待たなかった I did not wait. Polite forms 待ちます I wait. 待ちました I waited. 待ちません I do not wait. 待ちませんでした I did not wait. Stem 待ち “Without” 待たず（に） te-form 待って Neg. te-form 待たないで 待たなくて “Let’s” 待とう Hypothetical 待てば Neg. hypothetical 待たなければ Imperative 待て Causative 待たせる Potential 待てる Passive 待たれる © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi • • The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of raline five-step verbs, using uru “sell” as the example. Some other frequently used raline five-step verbs are iru “need,” kiru “cut,” shiru “come to know,” toru “take,” naru “become,” noru “get on,” furu “rain,” and yaru “do.” 7 Conjugations of five-step verbs らりるれろ っ Direct forms 売る（うる） I sell X. 売った I sold X. 売らない I do not sell X. 売らなかった I did not sell X. Polite forms 売ります I sell X. 売りました I sold X. 売りません I do not sell X. 売りませんでした I did not sell X. Stem 売り “Without” 売らず（に） te-form 売って Neg. te-form 売らないで 売らなくて “Let’s” 売ろう Hypothetical 売れば Neg. hypothetical 売らなければ Imperative 売れ Causative 売らせる Potential 売れる Passive 売られる © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi • • The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of waline five-step verbs, using kau “buy” as the example. Some other frequently used waline five-step verbs are au “meet,” iu “say,” suu “inhale,” and warau “laugh.” 8 Conjugations of five-step verbs わうお っ Direct forms 買う（かう） I buy X. 買った I bought X. 買わない I do not buy X. 買わなかった I did not buy X. Polite forms 買います I buy X. 買いました I bought X. 買いません I do not buy X. 買いませんでした I did not buy X. Stem 買い “Without” 買わず（に） te-form 買って Neg. te-form 買わないで 買わなくて “Let’s” 買おう Hypothetical 買えば Neg. hypothetical 買わなければ Imperative 買え Causative 買わせる Potential 買える Passive 買われる © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi • • The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of baline five-step verbs, using tobu “fly” as the example. Some other frequently used baline five-step verbs are asobu “play,” yobu “summon,” hakobu “transport,” and musubu “tie.” 9 Conjugations of five-step verbs ばびぶべぼ ん Direct forms 飛ぶ（とぶ） It flies. 飛んだ It flew. 飛ばない It does not fly. 飛ばなかった It did not fly. Polite forms 飛びます It flies. 飛びました It flew. 飛びません It does not fly. 飛びませんでした I did not fly. Stem 飛び “Without” 飛ばず（に） te-form 飛んで Neg. te-form 飛ばないで 飛ばなくて “Let’s” 飛ぼう Hypothetical 飛べば Neg. hypothetical 飛ばなければ Imperative 飛べ Causative 飛ばせる Potential 飛べる Passive 飛ばれる © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi • • The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of maline five-step verbs, using nomu “drink” as the example. Some other frequently used maline five-step verbs are yomu “read,” tanomu “request,” tsutsumu “wrap,” and sumu “reside.” 10 Conjugations of five-step verbs まみむめも ん Direct forms 飲む（のむ） I drink X. 飲んだ I drank X. 飲まない I do not drink X. 飲まなかった I did not drink X. Polite forms 飲みます I drink X. 飲みました I drank X. 飲みません I do not drink X. 飲みませんでした I did not drink X. Stem 飲み “Without” 飲まず（に） te-form 飲んで Neg. te-form 飲まないで 飲まなくて “Let’s” 飲もう Hypothetical 飲めば Neg. hypothetical 飲まなければ Imperative 飲め Causative 飲ませる Potential 飲める Passive 飲まれる © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi • The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of the only na-line five-step verb, shinu “die.” 11 Conjugations of five-step verbs なにぬねの ん Direct forms 死ぬ（しぬ） It will die. 死んだ I died. 死なない It will not die. 死ななかった I did not die. Polite forms 死にます It will die. 死にました It died. 死にません It will not die. 死にませんでした It did not die. Stem 死に “Without” 死なず（に） te-form 死んで Neg. te-form 死なないで 死ななくて “Let’s” 死のう Hypothetical 死ねば Neg. hypothetical 死ななければ Imperative 死ね Causative 死なせる Potential 死ねる Passive 死なれる © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi • • The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of kaline five-step verbs, using kaku “write” as the example. Some other frequently used maline five-step verbs are aku “open,” aruku “walk,” oku “place,” kiku “listen,” saku “bloom,” suku “become empty,” naku “cry,” fuku “wipe,” and yaku “broil.” 12 Conjugations of five-step verbs かきくけこ い Direct forms 書く（かく） I write X. 書いた I wrote X. 書かない I do not write X. 書かなかった I did not write X. Polite forms 書きます I write X. 書きました I wrote X. 書きません I do not write X. 書きませんでした I did not write X. Stem 書き “Without” 書かず（に） te-form 書いて Neg. te-form 書かないで 書かなくて “Let’s” 書こう Hypothetical 書けば Neg. hypothetical 書かなければ Imperative 書け Causative 書かせる Potential 書ける Passive 書かれる © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi • • The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of galine five-step verbs, using isogu “be in a hurry” as the example. Some other frequently used galine five-step verbs are oyogu “swim,” nugu “take off (clothing),” and sawagu “make a noise.” 13 Conjugations of five-step verbs がぎぐげご い Direct forms 急ぐ（いそぐ） I am in a hurry. 急いだ I was in a hurry. 急がない I am not in a hurry. 急がなかった I was not in a hurry. Polite forms 急ぎます I am in a hurry. 急ぎました I was in a hurry. 急ぎません I am not in a hurry. 急ぎませんでした I was not in a hurry. Stem 急ぎ “Without” 急がず（に） te-form 急いで Neg. te-form 急がないで 急がなくて “Let’s” 急ごう Hypothetical 急げば Neg. hypothetical 急がなければ Imperative 急げ Causative 急がせる Potential 急げる Passive 急がれる © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi • • The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of saline five-step verbs, using hanasu “talk” as the example. Some other frequently used saline five-step verbs are kasu “lend,” kesu “extinguish,” sagasu “look for,” fuyasu “increase,” herasu “decrease,” and hosu “dry.” 14 Conjugations of five-step verbs さしすせそ Direct forms 話す（はなす） I will talk. 話した I talked. 話さない I will not talk. 話さなかった I did not talk. Polite forms 話します I will talk. 話しました I talked. 話しません I will not talk. 話しませんでした I did not talk. Stem 話し “Without” 話さず（に） te-form 話して Neg. te-form 話さないで 話さなくて “Let’s” 話そう Hypothetical 話せば Neg. hypothetical 話さなければ Imperative 話せ Causative 話させる Potential 話せる Passive 話される © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi • • • The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of honorific verbs, using nasaru “do” as the example. This verb is essentially a ra-line five-step verb. The polite forms have i instead of expected ri. The other verbs which behave the same way are irassharu “exist, go, come,” kudasaru “give (to me),” and ossharu “say.” 15 Conjugations of honorific verbs Honorific verbs Direct forms なさる She does X. なさった She did X. なさらない She does not do X. なさらなかった She did not do X. Polite forms なさいます She does X. なさいました She did X. なさいません She does not do X. なさいませんでした She did not do X. Stem なさり “Without” なさらず（に） te-form なさって Neg. te-form なさらないで なさらなくて “Let’s” なさろう Hypothetical なされば Neg. hypothetical なさらなければ Imperative Causative Potential Passive © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi • • The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of iku “go.” This verb is essentially a ka-line five-step verb. The difference is limited to the direct past form and the te-form in which small tsu appears rather than the expected i. 16 Conjugations of irregular verbs “go” Direct forms 行く（いく） I will go. 行った I went. 行かない I will not go. 行かなかった I did not go. Polite forms 行きます I will go. 行きました I went. 行きません I will not go. 行きませんでした I did not go. Stem 行き “Without” 行かず（に） te-form 行って Neg. te-form 行かないで 行かなくて “Let’s” 行こう Hypothetical 行けば Neg. hypothetical 行かなければ Imperative 行け Causative 行かせる Potential 行ける Passive 行かれる © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi • • • The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of suru “do.” This verb behaves largely as a one-step verb with some irregularities. This verb is also used with activity nouns as in benkyôsuru “study,” sôjisuru “sweep, clean,” sentaku-suru “wash,” ryôri-suru “cook,” and ryokô-suru “travel.” 17 Conjugations of irregular verbs “do” Direct forms する I will do X. した I did X. しない I do not do X. しなかった I did not do X. Polite forms します I will do X. しました I did X. しません I did not do X. しませんでした I did not do X. Stem し “Without” せず（に） te-form して Neg. te-form しないで しなくて “Let’s” しよう Hypothetical すれば Neg. hypothetical しなければ Imperative しろ Causative させる Potential できる Passive される © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi • • The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of kuru “come.” This verb is a very irregular one-step verb. 18 Conjugations of irregular verbs “come” Direct forms くる（来る） They will come. きた They came. こない They will not come. こなかった They did not come. Polite forms きます They will come. きました They came. きません They will not come. きませんでした They did not come. Stem き “Without” こず（に） te-form きて Neg. te-form こないで こなくて “Let’s” こよう Hypothetical くれば Neg. hypothetical こなければ Imperative こい Causative こさせる Potential こられる Passive こられる © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi • • The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of aru “exist, have.” It is a defective raline five-step verb. The negative forms are based on the adjective nai. Conjugations of irregular verbs “exist, have” Direct forms ある. There is X. あった There was X. ない There is not X. なかった There was not X. Polite forms あります There is X. ありました There was X. ありません There is not X. ありませんでした There was not X. Stem あり “Without” なし（に） te-form あって Neg. te-form ないで なくて あれば Neg. hypothetical なければ “Let’s” Hypothetical 19 Imperative Causative Potential Passive © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi
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