Language and Gender: English and English Speakers Chapter 7 Gender Differences • Effects of Cultural Norms • English- variety of frequencies of: – Sounds – Grammatical features – words • Stereotypes – Effects – Hierarchy favoring who? • “Gender is an aspect of identity that is enacted through discourse practices” (188) Pronounciation • Phonological Variants – Differences in the frequencies of using particular sounds • “A link bw speech variants favored by females and an interrelated constellation of cultural meanings, including formality, politeness, and compliance” (189) – Rules of appropriateness for males and females • Other factors include class and contextual style • Females use standard and prestige pronunciations, and in context also quicker and sharper stylistic shift Intonation – Intonation is a complex combination of rhythm, volume, and pitch overlaying entire utterances. – Women use more dynamic intonation contours – Feminine- speech varied in overall rhythmic and pitch patterns. – Masculine- speech is narrower in limits regarding rhythm and pitch. Grammatical Variants • May be anecdotal or introspective – May be actual or stereotypical – Inconsistent results • Lakoff study: women use more (tag) questions because they are reluctant to make direct assertions. – See charts on page 197 Choices of Vocabulary • Differences in certain words or categories of words used in speech frequency. • Controversy over results – Age as an additional factor to gender – Use of profanity found among men and lower class women. – Men are expected to control their feelings and refrain from using words that marked emotional expressiveness. • Women- indecisive, imprecise, or mitigated speech • Men- norm or neutral form of communication, opposite to women. Gender-Related Conversational Styles • Alternatives in speaker turns, topic introduction and control and mechanisms of signaling active listenership. • Cross-ethnic miscommunication: – Conceptions of friendly conversation – Rules for engaging in it and interpreting it. – “Boys & girls grow up in different worlds…and as adults they travel in different worlds, reinforcing patterns established in childhood” (201) • Critique of Tannen Gender-related Conversational Styles • Men and women reproduce their social rights by the way that they present themselves and interactpolitical act. – i.e. study in the use of silence and speech to establish and maintain authority. • Powerful people are more likely to interrupt and less likely to be interrupted • Fishman’s data- “strategies to insure, encourage and subvert conversation” – Attention beginnings (2x more by women) – Asking questions (women 2.5 x more than men) – Asking “D’ya know what?” (women 2x more) Gender Bias in English • Words that demean females: reproduce and reinforce negative stereotypes – Become internalized symbols and result in male attitudes – Females accept negative self-assessments. • Classes of Vocabulary – Opposite sex- polarity, no overlap or congruence, antagonism – Male & female- denotes primary status of males – Gender hierarchy in marital relationships – Girls’names (ending in -a, -ine, -y), use of “girl” and “boy” for adults. – Sexist language- “He” and “Man”
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