6-13 図 6.1(1) 短期 曝露影 響:死 亡 PM : 複数都 市(全 死亡)

10 US cities
109 US cities
10 US cities
Roberts, 2006
Schwartz, 2003
16 Schwartz, 2003
90 US cities
100 US cities
Zeka, 2004
Peng, 2005
5
14 US cities
4
地域
5 US cities
6 US cities
20 US cities
20 US cities
90 US cities
90 US cities
88 US cities
4 US cities
3
Schwartz, 2004
2
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1
文献
Braga, 2000
Klemm, 2003
Samet, 2000
Dominici, 2000
Dominici, 2003a
Dominici, 2003a
Dominici, 2003b
Dominici, 2003c
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
番号
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
相対リスク
8
9
65+yr
65+yr
summer
all seasons
備考
adjusted
6-13
地域
10 US cities
4 US cities
解析モデル
GAM-str
Poisson reg.
Female
Male
備考
8 cities (Canada) GAM-str
12 Canadian
natural splines
cities
Katsouyanni, 1997 12 EU cities
Poisson
autoreg.
Ballester, 2002
3 cities (Spain) GAM
Hoek, 2003
The
GAM-str
Katsouyanni, 2003 21 EU cities
GAM-str
fixed
random
Zanobetti, 2003a
10 EU cities
GAM-str
GAM-str
(distributed)
Zanobetti, 2003b
10 EU cities
GAM-str
15-64yr
(distributed)
GAM-str
65-74yr
(distributed)
GAM-str
75+yr
(distributed)
Simpson, 2005
4 Australia
meta-analysis
cities
Burnett, 2003
Burnett, 2004
文献
Schwartz, 2003
Zanobetti, 2000
PM10:複数都市(全死亡)
32
31
30
29
23
24
25
26
27
28
22
番号
17
18
19
20
21
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
解析モデル
GAM
GAM-str
Log-linear
GAM
GAM-str
GLM/ns
Baysian
Fourier
decomp &
Case-crossover
Poisson reg.
hierarchical
Bayesian
Bayesian
Bayesian
GAM-str
(distributed)
GAM-str
(distributed)
7
図 6.1(1) 短期曝露影響:死亡
6
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
地域
88 US cities
4 US cities
109 US cities
20 US cities
3 cities (Spain)
10 EU cities
6 São Paulo
regions (Brazil)
文献
Dominici, 2003b
Dominici, 2003c
Roberts, 2006
Samet, 2000
Ballester, 2002
Zanobetti, 2003b
Martins, 2004
死因
心血管・呼吸器
心血管・呼吸器
心血管・呼吸器
心血管・呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
図 6.1(2) 短期曝露影響:死亡
15+yrs
15+yrs
75+yr
60+yr
備考
PM10:複数都市(呼吸器系死亡)
GAM-str
COPD
GAM-str(distributed) 肺炎
肺炎
GAM-str
解析モデル
Baysian
Poisson reg.
Bayesian
Log-linear
GAM
GAM-str
GAM-str(distributed)
GAM-str(distributed)
GLM
6-14
番号
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
3
4
10 US cities
The Netherlands
The Netherlands
The Netherlands
The Netherlands
地域
10 US cities
3 cities (Spain)
The Netherlands
10 EU cities
2
5
6
7
8
9
11
12
死因
CVD
CVD
CVD
CVD
CVD
CVD
CVD
MI
MI
arrhythmia
heart failure
cerebrovascular
10
15+yrs
15+yrs
65-74yr
75+yr
備考
PM10:複数都市(循環器系死亡)
解析モデル
GAM-str(distributed)
GAM
GAM-str
GAM-str
GAM-str(distributed)
GAM-str(distributed)
GAM-str(distributed)
GAM-str(distributed)
GAM-str
GAM-str
GAM-str
GAM-str
図 6.1(3) 短期曝露影響:死亡
Schwartz, 2003
Hoek, 2003
Hoek, 2003
Hoek, 2003
Hoek, 2003
文献
Schwartz, 2003
Ballester, 2002
Hoek, 2003
Zanobetti, 2003b
0.90
3
0.90
2
0.95
1.00
1
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
10 Hoek, 2003
The Netherlands
11 Schwartz, 2003 10 US cities
12 Hoek, 2003
The Netherlands
番号
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
相対リスク
1.60
相対リスク
5
解析モデル
GAM-str
4
11 Burnett, 2003
6
PM2.5
PM2.5
PM2.5
PM2.5
PM2.5
PM2.5
PM2.5
PM2.5
PM2.5
PM2.5
指標
PM2.5
7
8
13
14
17
20
entire
Netherlands
14 EU cities
18 Hoek, 2003
19 Katsouyanni, 2003
>65 yr
>65 yr
all ages
13都市(日本)
6-15
PM2.5/PM10-2.5/BS:複数都市(全死亡)
22 Omori, 2003
21 Ballester, 2002
7 cities (Spain)
12 EU cities
17 Katsouyanni, 1997
20
12 Canadian
16 Burnett, 2004
GAM
GAM
GAM-str
GAM-str
Poisson autoreg.
natural splines
GAM-str
6 US cities
all ages
21
解析モデル
natural splines
19
8 cities (Canada) GAM-str
18
15 Burnett, 2003
地域
12 Canadian
16
14 Klemm, 2003
15
Coal
番号
文献
12 Burnett, 2004
12
Traffic
11
4 Australia cities meta-analysis
(Australia)
10
13 Simpson, 2005
Dirt
65+yr
備考
9
図 6.1(4) 短期曝露影響:死亡
8 cities (Canada) GAM-str
penalized splines
natural splines
10
penalized splines
9
9 California
Counties, (CA)
8
Ostro, 2006
Ostro, 2006
7
natural splines
GAM-str
Schwartz, 2003
6
9 California
Counties, (CA)
GAM-st/p-splines
5
6 US Cities
GAM-st/p-splines
4
GAM-st/p-splines
6 US cities
3
GAM-str
Schwartz, 2003
2
地域
6 US cities
1
3
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
2
番号
文献
1 Klemm, 2003
相対リスク
SPM
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
PM10-2.5
PM10-2.5
PM10-2.5
PM2.5
指標
PM2.5
22
65+yr
random
fixed
avg
備考
Hoek, 2003
6
GAM-str
GAM-str
9
CVD
肺炎
COPD
肺炎
COPD
呼吸器
呼吸器
penalized
splines
PM2.5
PM2.5
PM2.5
BS
PM2.5
BS
PM2.5
SPM
BS
指標
65+yr
備考
図 6.1(5) 短期曝露影響:死亡
CVD
natural splines CVD
Ostro, 2006
8
9 California
Counties, (CA)
Holloman, 2004 7 North Carolina Bayesian
counties, (NC)
The Netherlands GAM-str
6 US cities
The Netherlands GAM-str
6 US cities
GAM
GAM
死因
penalized
splines
6-16
PM2.5/BS/SPM:複数都市(死因別)
9 California
Counties, (CA)
19 Yamazaki S,
2007
20 Ostro, 2006
13都市(日本)
18 Hoek, 2003
17
case-crossover
The Netherlands GAM-str
The Netherlands GAM-str
17 Hoek, 2003
The Netherlands GAM-str
The Netherlands GAM-str
penalized
splines
16 Hoek, 2003
9 California
Counties, (CA)
14 Ostro, 2006
GAM-str
GAM
GAM-str
解析モデル
GAM
16
15 Hoek, 2003
13都市(日本)
6 US cities
12 Omori, 2003
13 Klemm, 2003
entire
Netherlands
11 Hoek, 2003
番号 文献
地域
10 Ballester, 2002 7 cities (Spain)
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
<呼吸器系> <循環器系>
解析モデル
2
7
<循環器>
Hoek, 2003
Klemm, 2003
5
Klemm, 2003
3
4
Omori, 2003
13都市(日本)
Ballester, 2002 7 cities (Spain)
1
1
地域
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
2
番号 文献
<呼吸器>
相対リスク
19
BS
BS
BS
PM2.5
PM2.5
SPM
BS
指標
BS
20
Diabetes
脳出血
65+yr
備考
PM2.5
PM7 (multi- odds, 24h
pollutant) mean,
65+yr
cerebrovascula BS
arrhythmia
heart failure
MI
IHD
IHD
CVD
CVD
死因
CVD
18
相対リスク
相対リスク
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
PM10:北米(全死亡)
6-17
図 6.1(7) 短期曝露影響:死亡
PM2.5:北米(全死亡)
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
図 6.1(6) 短期曝露影響:死亡
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
番号
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
地域
Utah Vally(UT)
St. Louis (MO)
eastern Tennessee (TN)
Birmingham (AL)
Los Angeles (CA)
Cook County(IL)
Cook County(IL)
Cook County (IL)
Cook County (IL)
Dallas (TX)
Coachella Valley (CA)
Ogden(UT)
Salt Lake(UT)
Provo/Orem(UT)
Spokane(WA)
5 US cities
Pittsburgh (PA)
Buffalo (NY)
6 US cities
Boston (MA)
Knoxville (TN)
St.Louis (MO)
Steubenville (OH)
Portage (WI)
Topeka (KS)
Santa Clara (CA)
Fairley, 2003
Moolgavkar, 2003 Los Angeles (CA)
Moolgavkar, 2003 Cook County (IL)
Lipfert, 2000
Philadelphia(PA)
Detroit (MI)
Ito, 2003
Detroit (MI)
Ito, 2003
20 US cities
Samet, 2000
Dominici, 2000
20 US cities
90 US cities
Dominici, 2003
Gamble, 1998
Ostro, 1999
Pope, 1999
Pope, 1999
Pope, 1999
Schwartz, 1999
Braga, 2000
Chock, 2000
Gwynn, 2000
Klemm, 2003
Ito, 1995
Ito, 1996
文献
Pope, 1992
Dockery, 1992
Dockery, 1992
Schwartz, 1993
Kinney, 1995
Styer, 1995
1985-1990
1992-1994
30df(10-8)
30df(10-8)
dust storms
adjusted
<75yr
補完後
black females
秋季
elderly, 秋季
備考
90 US cities
100 US cities
Zeka, 2004
Peng, 2005
Schwartz, 2003
Schwartz, 2003
Tsai, 2000
Tsai, 2000
Tsai, 2000
Bateson, 2004
Zanobetti, 2000
Zanobetti, 2000
Staniswalis, 2005
Schwartz, 2001
Slaughter, 2005
Burnett, 1998
Burnett, 2003
Villeneuve, 2003
Burnett, 2004
凡例
109 US cities
10 US cities
New Haven
Birmingham
Pittsburgh
Detroit
Canton
Chicago
Minneapolis/St Paul
Colorado Springs
Spokane
Seattle
10 US cities
10 US cities
Newark(NJ)
Camden(NJ)
Elizabeth (NJ)
Cook County (IL)
4 US cities
4 US cities
El Paso (TX)
Chicago (IL)
Spokane (WA)
Toronto(Canada)
8 cities (Canada)
Vancouver (Canada)
12 cities (Canada)
14 US cities
Schwartz, 2004
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
Roberts, 2006
Schwartz, 2003
地域
90 US cities
88 US cities
4 US cities
文献
Dominici, 2003
Dominici, 2003
Dominici, 2003
番号
36
37
38
PM10:北米(全死亡)
6-18
図 6.1(6) 短期曝露影響:死亡
GAM-str
GAM-str
GAM-str
Multiple reg.
GAM-str
GAM-str
Log-linear
GAM
GAM-str
解析モデル
Poisson reg.
Poisson reg.
Poisson reg.
Poisson reg.
Poisson reg.
Multiple reg.
Multiple reg.
Poisson reg.
log-linear
log-linear
Poisson reg.
GAM
Poisson reg.
Poisson reg.
Poisson reg.
Poisson reg.
GAM
Poisson reg.
GLM
GAM-str
備考
GAM-str(distributed)
GAM-str
Poisson reg.
Poisson reg.
Poisson reg.
Case-crossover
Poisson reg.
Poisson reg.
Log-linear
GAM
GLM
GAM
GAM-str
stepwise reg.
natural splines
65+yr
Female
Male
65+yr
Case-crossover
Poisson reg.
hierarchical model
Bayesian
summer
all seasons
Bayesian
Bayesian hierarchical
GAM-str
65+yr
(distributed)
解析モデル
GLM/ns
baysian
Fourier decomp &
Poisson reg.
Ostro, 1995
4
5 Klemm, 2003
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19 Schwartz, 2003
20
21
22 Schwartz, 2003
23
24
25
26
27
28
3
番号
文献
1 Dockery, 1992
2 Dockery, 1992
6 Cities (US)
Boston (MA)
Kingston (TN)
Steubenvill (OH)
St.Louis (MO)
Madison (WI)
Topeka (KS)
6 US cities
6 US cities
Boston (MA)
Boston (MA)
Knoxville (TN)
Knoxville (TN)
St.Louis (MO)
St.Louis (MO)
Steubenville (OH)
Steubenville (OH)
Portage (WI)
Portage (WI)
Topeka (KS)
Topeka (KS)
6 US cities
San Bernardino,
Riverside(CA)
地域
St. Louis (MO)
eastern Tennessee
(TN)
65+yr
Dirt
Traffic
Coal
65+yr
65+yr
65+yr
65+yr
65+yr
65+yr
夏季
年間
備考
38 Ostro, 2006
Montreal(Canada)
凡例
12 Canadian cities
53 Burnett, 2004
natural splines
Vancouver (Canada) stepwise reg.
52 Villeneuve, 2003
65+yr,
dichotomous
65+yr,TEOM
<65 yr
GAM-str
Vancouver (Canada) stepwise reg.
65+yr
all ages
residual oil
coal related
secondary
sulfate
>65 yr
>65 yr
all ages
all ages
montly knots
1992-1994
30df(10-8)
備考
GAM-str
GAM-str
GAM-str
51 Villeneuve, 2003
50
49
48 Goldberg, 2003
Toronto(Canada)
46 Burnett, 1998
GAM
GLM
Spokane (WA)
45 Slaughter, 2005
8 cities (Canada)
GLM
44
47 Burnett, 2003
GLM
43
penalized splines
GLM
natural splines
penalized splines
natural splines
42 Ito, 2006
Washington, D.C
Poisson reg.
Poisson reg.
41
40 Ostro, 2006
9 California
Counties (CA)
9 California
Counties (CA)
37 Tsai, 2000
39
Camden(NJ)
Elizabeth (NJ)
36 Tsai, 2000
Newark(NJ)
Poisson reg.
Fulton, DeKalb(GA) GLM
35 Tsai, 2000
GAM-str
34 Klemm, 2004
Detroit, (MI)
33 Ito, 2003
Multiple reg.
GAM
Philadelphia(PA)
32 Lipfert, 2000
Atlanta, (GA)
31 Klemm, 2000
解析モデル
GAM-str
GAM-str
地域
Santa Clara, (CA)
30 Moolgavkar, 2003 Los Angeles, (CA)
番号
文献
29 Fairley, 2003
PM2.5:北米(全死亡)
6-19
図 6.1(7) 短期曝露影響:死亡
GAM-str
GAM-str
Multiple reg.
GAM-str
Multiple reg.
解析モデル
Poisson reg.
Poisson reg.
8
65+yr
図 6.1(8) 短期曝露影響:死亡
GAM-st
GAM
Multiple reg.
GAM-str
stepwise reg.
GAM-str
natural splines
GLM/ps
備考
6-20
PM10-2.5:北米(全死亡及び死因別)
GAM-st
GAM-str
GAM-str
GAM-str
stepwise reg.
Santa Clara County,
Phoenix, (AZ)
Coachella Valley(CA)
Detroit, (MI)
Vancouver (BC, Canada)
<循環器>
24 Fairley, 2003
25 Mar, 2003
26 Ostro, 2003
27 Ito, 2003
28 Villeneuve, 2003
解析モデル
Santa Clara County,
GAM-st
Detroit, (MI)
GAM-str
Vancouver (BC, Canada) stepwise reg.
地域
番号 文献
<呼吸器>
21 Fairley, 2003
22 Ito, 2003
23 Villeneuve, 2003
CVD
CVD
CVD
循環器
循環器,65+yr
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器,65yr
備考
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28
<全死亡> <呼吸器系> <循環器系>
GAM-str
7
6 US cities
Boston (MA)
Knoxville (TN)
St.Louis (MO)
Steubenville (OH)
Portage (WI)
Topeka (KS)
Boston (MA)
Kingston (TN)
Steubenvill (OH)
St.Louis (MO)
Madison (WI)
Topeka (KS)
Santa Clara County,
Atlanta, (GA)
Philadelphia(PA)
Detroit, (MI)
Vancouver (BC, Canada)
8 cities (Canada)
12 Canadian cities
6
解析モデル
5
地域
4
番号 文献
<全死亡>
1 Klemm, 2003
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 Schwartz, 2003
9
10
11
12
13
14 Fairley, 2003
15 Klemm, 2000
16 Lipfert, 2000
17 Ito, 2003
18 Villeneuve, 2003
19 Burnett, 2003
20 Burnett, 2004
3
2
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
1
相対リスク
相対リスク
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
相対リスク
0.50
0.70
0.90
1.10
1.30
1.50
1.70
1.90
1
2
4
5
1 2 3
3
6
8
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
図 6.1(9) 短期曝露影響:死亡
51 52
6-21
図 6.1(10) 短期曝露影響:死亡
PM2.5:北米(死因別)
<呼吸器系> <循環器系> <その他>
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
PM10:北米(死因別)
<呼吸器系> <循環器系> <全がん> <その他>
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
7
9
Salt Lake(UT)
Provo/Orem(UT)
Buffalo (NY)
Santa Clara (CA)
Detroit (MI)
15
16
17 Gwynn, 2000
18 Fairley, 2003
19 Ito, 2003
GLM
Cook County (IL)
10 US cities
Cook County (IL)
10 US cities
23
24 Schwartz, 2003
25 Bateson, 2004
26 Schwartz, 2003
22 Moolgavkar, 2003 Los Angeles (CA)
肺炎
COPD
COPD
COPD
COPD
)
-8
30df(10
30df(10-8)
65+yr
1992-1994
1985-1990
補完後
black females
秋季
Provo/Orem(UT)
Santa Clara (CA)
31
32 Fairley, 2003
GAM-str
GAM-str
GAM-st
New York (NY)
54 De Leon, 2003
PM10:北米(死因別)
凡例
Cook County (IL)
58 Bateson, 2004
Conduction
disorders
Diabetes
Cook County (IL)
57 Bateson, 2004
Case-crossover
がん
56
がん
がん
がん
がん
がん
がん
Case-crossover
MI
CHF
55
GAM
Poisson reg.
Dallas (TX)
log-linear
53 Gamble, 1998
Cook County (IL)
51 Ito, 1996
Multiple reg.
log-linear
Cook County(IL)
50 Styer, 1995
Case-crossover
Case-crossover
52
Cook County (IL)
Cook County (IL)
49 Bateson, 2004
10 US cities
47 Schwartz, 2003
48 Bateson, 2004
循環器
MI
Vancouver (Canada)
46 Villeneuve, 2003
GAM-str
(distributed)
循環器
stepwise reg.
循環器
45
循環器
44
GAM
循環器
循環器
循環器
New York (NY)
GAM-str
GLM
循環器
循環器
CVD
CVD
43 De Leon, 2003
Detroit (MI)
log-linear
Multiple reg.
GAM-str
(distributed)
CVD
CVD
CVD
CVD
CVD
CVD
CVD
CVD
死因
CVD
42
Buffalo (NY)
41 Ito, 2003
Cook County (IL)
Cook County(IL)
10 US cities
Coachella Valley(CA) GAM-str
Phoenix (AZ)
Cook County (IL)
40 Gwynn, 2000
39 Ito, 1996
38 Styer, 1995
37 Schwartz, 2003
36 Ostro, 2003
35 Mar, 2003
34
33 Moolgavkar, 2003 Los Angeles (CA)
Salt Lake(UT)
30
Poisson reg.
Coachella Valley (CA) GAM
Ogden(UT)
解析モデル
Poisson reg.
29 Pope, 1999
地域
Dallas (TX)
28 Ostro, 1999
番号 文献
27 Gamble, 1998
6-22
図 6.1(9) 短期曝露影響:死亡
GAM-str
(distributed)
Case-crossover
GAMstr(distributed)
GAM-str
呼吸器
stepwise reg.
21 Villeneuve, 2003
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
GAM-str
GAM-st
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
20
Vancouver (Canada)
Ogden(UT)
14 Pope, 1999
呼吸器
Coachella Valley (CA) GAM
13 Ostro, 1999
Poisson reg.
呼吸器
Poisson reg.
Dallas (TX)
呼吸器
呼吸器
循環・呼吸器
循環・呼吸器
12 Gamble, 1998
log-linear
Multiple reg.
Case-crossover
Log-linear
循環・呼吸器
循環・呼吸器
循環・呼吸器
心血管・呼吸器
心血管・呼吸器
死因
備考
心血管・呼吸器
呼吸器
Cook County (IL)
Cook County(IL)
Cook County (IL)
Poisson reg.
Bayesian
Poisson reg.
解析モデル
baysian
11
10 Ito, 1996
Styer, 1995
8
20 US cities
Samet, 2000
Bateson, 2004
7
Elizabeth (NJ)
Newark(NJ)
6
4
4 US cities
109 US cities
Camden(NJ)
Tsai, 2000
3
地域
88 US cities
5
Dominici, 2003b
Roberts, 2006
2
番号 文献
1 Dominici, 2003a
75+yr
<75yr
all ages
black females
秋季
65+yr
75+yr
<75yr
all ages
1992-1994
補完後
1985-1990
秋季
)
-8
30df(10
)
-8
30df(10
備考
Fairley, 2003
Ito, 2003
Ostro, 2006
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Multiple reg.
解析モデル
Poisson reg.
Vancouver (Canada)
GAM-str
GAM-str
GAM-str
GAM-str
acute LRD
COPD
COPD
COPD
COPD
COPD
COPD
COPD
COPD
肺炎
肺炎
肺炎
肺炎
肺炎
肺炎
肺炎
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
死因
循環・呼吸器
循環・呼吸器
循環・呼吸器
呼吸器
)
-8
30df(10
TEOM,
dichotomous,
65+yr
1992-1994
夏季
年間
備考
6-23
図 6.1(10) 短期曝露影響:死亡
stepwise reg.
Santa Clara (CA)
GAM-st
Detroit (MI)
GAM-str
9 California Counties natural splines
(CA)
penalized splines
地域
Newark(NJ)
Camden(NJ)
Elizabeth (NJ)
San Bernardino,
Riverside(CA)
Montreal(Canada)
6 US cities
Boston (MA)
Knoxville (TN)
St.Louis (MO)
Steubenville (OH)
Portage (WI)
Topeka (KS)
Moolgavkar, 2003 Los Angeles(CA)
Klemm, 2003
6 US cities
Boston (MA)
Knoxville (TN)
St.Louis (MO)
Steubenville (OH)
Portage (WI)
Topeka (KS)
Goldberg, 2003
Klemm, 2003
10 Villeneuve, 2003
11
9
5
6
7
8
番号 文献
1 Tsai, 2000
2
3
4 Ostro, 1995
文献
Fairley, 2003
Moolgavkar, 2003
Mar, 2003
Holloman, 2004
natural splines
解析モデル
GAM-st
GAM-str
GAM-str
Bayesian
PM2.5:北米(死因別)
凡例
9 California Counties penalized splines
(CA)
Montreal(Canada)
log-linear
51 Ostro, 2006
52 Goldberg, 2006
Montreal(Canada)
GAM-str
GLM/ns
GAM-str
penalized splines
50 Goldberg, 2003b
GAM-str
GAM-str
stepwise reg.
48 Goldberg, 2003a
49 Goldberg, 2003b
Detroit (MI)
Vancouver (Canada)
penalized splines
Coachella Valley(CA) GAM-str
San Bernardino,
Multiple reg.
Riverside(CA)
地域
Santa Clara (CA)
Los Angeles (CA)
Phoenix (AZ)
7 North Carolina
counties(NC)
9 California
Counties(CA)
6 US cities
Boston (MA)
Knoxville (TN)
St.Louis (MO)
Steubenville (OH)
Portage (WI)
Topeka (KS)
9 California Counties
(CA)
Montreal(Canada)
Montreal(Canada)
40 Klemm, 2003
41
42
43
44
45
46
47 Ostro, 2006
36
37 Ito, 2003
38 Villeneuve, 2003
39
33
34 Ostro, 2003
35 Ostro, 1995
32 Ostro, 2006
番号
28
29
30
31
夏季
1992-1994
TEOM,
dichotomous,
65+yr
年間
30df(10-8)
備考
糖尿病
65+yr
心不全
65+yr
chronic coronary
artery disease
congestive heart
failure
Diabetes
IHD
IHD
IHD
IHD
IHD
IHD
IHD
IHD
循環器
循環器
循環器
循環器
CVD
CVD
循環器
CVD
死因
CVD
CVD
CVD
CVD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Katsouyanni, 2003
Lyon (France)
12 EU cities
Birmingham (UK)
Rome (Italy)
Helsinki (Finland)
3 cities (Spain)
The Netherlands
Coalbasin (Czech)
Erfurt (Germany)
West midland(UK)
Rouen (France)
LeHrvre (France)
21 EU cities
21 EU cities
Athens
Barcelona
Basel
Birmingham
Budapest
Cracow
Erfurt
Geneva
Helsinki
London (UK)
Zmirou, 1996
Katsouyanni, 1997
Wordley, 1997
Michelozzi, 1998
Ponka, 1998
Ballester, 2002
Hoek, 2003
Peters, 2000
Stölzel, 2003
Anderson, 2001
Zeghnoun, 2001
地域
図 6.1(11)
GAM-str
Poisson reg.
Poisson autoreg.
Multi-linear
GAM
Poisson reg.
GAM
GAM-str
Poisson reg.
GAM-str
GAM-str
GAM
GLM
解析モデル
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
6-24
地域
Lyon (France)
Madrid
Milano
Paris (France)
Prague
Rome (Italy)
Stockholm
Tel Aviv
Teplice
Torino
Zurich
10 EU cities
10 EU cities
Athens
Budapest
Lodz
London
Madrid
Paris
Prague
Rome
Stockholm
Tel Aviv
10 EU cities
10 EU cities
10 EU cities
Rome (Italy)
PM10:欧州(全死亡)
Forastiere, 2007
Zanobetti, 2003b
Zanobetti, 2003a
Katsouyanni, 2003
番号 文献
短期曝露影響:死亡
fixed
random
avg
<65yr
Combined
all ages
0-64yr
65+yr
備考
GAM-str(distributed)
distributed
distributed
Case-crossover
GAM-str
GAM-str(distributed)
GAM-str
解析モデル
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
London (UK)
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
1.35
Bremner, 1999
番号 文献
相対リスク
15-64yr
65-74yr
75+yr
35+yr
備考
相対リスク
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.10
2
7
8
9
10
11
12
Ballester, 2002
12 EU cities
entire Netherlands
14 EU cities
14 EU cities
Barcelona
Valencia
Marseille
Dublin
London (UK)
Bilbao
Athens
Poznan
Paris (France)
Birmingham
Wroclaw
Lodz
Ljubljana
Cracow
7 cities (Spain)
6
Katsouyanni, 1997
Hoek, 2003
Katsouyanni, 2003
Katsouyanni, 2003
5
地域
Coalbasin (Czech)
Erfurt (Germany)
West Midland(UK)
West Midland(UK)
London (UK)
4
文献
Peters, 2000
Stölzel, 2003
Anderson, 2001
Anderson, 2001
Bremner, 1999
3
14
15
16
GAM
Poisson autoreg.
GAM-str
GAM-str
GAM-str
解析モデル
Poisson reg.
GAM-str
GAM-str
GAM-str
GLM
13
17
19
20
0-64yr
65+yr
Combined
avg
fixed
random
備考
18
22
23
指標
PM2.5
MC0.01-2.5
PM2.5
PM10-2.5
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
21
PM2.5/PM10-2.5/BS:欧州(全死亡)
6-25
図 6.1(12) 短期曝露影響:死亡
番号
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
1
24
25
26
番号
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Lyon (France)
Paris (France)
3 cities (Spain)
10 EU cities
Birmingham (UK)
The Netherlands
Barcelona (Spain)
The Netherlands
Zmirou, 1996
Dab, 1996
Ballester, 2002
Zanobetti, 2003
Wordley, 1997
Hoek, 2003
Sunyer, 2001
Hoek, 2003
35+yr,odds
15+yrs
15+yrs
75+yr
備考
all ages
0-64yr
65+yr
PM10/13:欧州(呼吸器系死亡)
死因
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
Poisson reg.
呼吸器
Poisson reg.
呼吸器
GAM
呼吸器
GAM-str
呼吸器
GAM-str(distri.) 呼吸器
GAM-str(distri.) 呼吸器
Multi-linear
COPD
GAM-str
COPD
Logistic reg.
COPD
GAM-str
肺炎
解析モデル
GLM
図 6.1(13) 短期曝露影響:死亡
地域
London (UK)
6-26
番号
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
4
5
6
7
8
図 6.1(14)
Birmingham (UK)
Rome (Italy)
The Netherlands
The Netherlands
The Netherlands
The Netherlands
Helsinki
Helsinki
15+yrs
15+yrs
65-74yr
75+yr
<65yr
備考
all ages
0-64yr
65+yr
循環器
IHD
35+yrs
MI
arrhythmia
HF
cerebrovascular
脳卒中
65+yr,暖季
脳卒中
65+yr,寒季
CVD
CVD
CVD
CVD
CVD
CVD
CVD
死因
CVD
PM10/13:欧州(循環器系死亡)
Poisson reg.
Poisson reg.
GAM
GAM-str
GAM
GAM-str
GAM-str(distri.)
GAM-str(distri.)
GAM-str(distri.)
Multi-linear
Logistic reg.
GAM-str
GAM-str
GAM-str
GAM-str
Poisson reg.
Poisson reg.
解析モデル
GLM
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
短期曝露影響:死亡
Wordley, 1997
Forastiere, 2005
Hoek, 2003
Hoek, 2003
Hoek, 2003
Hoek, 2003
Kettunen, 2007
Kettunen, 2007
Lyon (France)
Helsinki (Finland)
3 cities (Spain)
The Netherlands
LeHrvre (France)
10 EU cities
3
Zmirou, 1996
Ponka, 1998
Ballester, 2002
Hoek, 2003
Zeghnoun, 2001
Zanobetti, 2003
2
地域
London (UK)
1
文献
Bremner, 1999
0.80
5
0.70
4
1.00
3
1.20
0.80
2
1.40
0.90
1
1.60
1.00
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
文献
Bremner, 1999
相対リスク
1.70
相対リスク
相対リスク
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
2
3
4
5
10
11
12
13
London (UK)
London (UK)
London (UK)
7 cities (Spain)
entire Netherlands
entire Netherlands
entire Netherlands
entire Netherlands
entire Netherlands
Helsinki(Finland)
14
16
17
18
CVD
CVD
CVD
CVD
CVD
MI
arrhythmia
heart failure
cerebrovascular
脳卒中
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
COPD
肺炎
死因
15
20
21
65+yr,暖季
65+yr,寒季
65+yr,暖季
65+yr,寒季
all ages
0-64yr
65+yr
all ages
0-64yr
65+yr
備考
19
23
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
PM2.5
PM2.5
PM10-2.5
PM10-2.5
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
指標
22
24
6-27
PM2.5/PM10-2.5/BS:欧州(呼吸器・循環器系死亡)
GLM
GLM
GLM
GAM
GAM-str
GAM-str
GAM-str
GAM-str
GAM-str
Poisson reg.
GLM
GLM
GLM
Poisson reg.
GAM
GAM-str
GAM-str
9
London (UK)
London (UK)
London (UK)
Paris (France)
7 cities (Spain)
entire Netherlands
entire Netherlands
8
解析モデル
7
地域
6
図 6.1(15) 短期曝露影響:死亡
<循環器>
8 Bremner, 1999
9 Bremner, 1999
10 Bremner, 1999
11 Ballester, 2002
12 Hoek, 2003
13 Hoek, 2003
14 Hoek, 2003
15 Hoek, 2003
16 Hoek, 2003
17 Kettunen, 2007
18
19
20
番号 文献
<呼吸器>
1 Bremner, 1999
2 Bremner, 1999
3 Bremner, 1999
4 Dab, 1996
5 Ballester, 2002
6 Hoek, 2003
7 Hoek, 2003
1
25
26
27
1
3
4
地域
Santiago (Chile)
2
5
7
8
解析モデル
Poisson reg
6
Inchon
(South Korea)
Inchon
(South Korea)
Hong, 1999a
11
12
13
16
17
18
27 Simpson, 2005
25 Morgan, 1998
26 Hales, 2000
Kan, 2003
Tsai, 2003
Aunan, 2004
Yang, 2004
Simpson, 1997
文献
Wong, 2001
Kim, 2003
Ha, 2003
15
番号
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
14
20
21
22
Shanghai(China)
Kaoshiung (Taiwan)
(China)
Taipei(Taiwan)
Brisbane region
(Australia)
Sydney (Australia)
Christchurch
(New Zealand)
4 Australia cities
(Australia)
地域
Hong Kong (China)
Seoul (South Korea)
Seoul (South Korea)
19
6-28
PM10:中南米・アジア・オセアニア(全死亡)
備考
all ages
male
female
65+yr
all ages
>65yr
all ages
65+yr
高濃度地域
all ages
65+yr
6-64yr
<6yr
10
図 6.1(16) 短期曝露影響:死亡
GAM
GAM
Mexico City (Mexico) Pois/ns
Bangkok (Thailand) Multivariate Pois
O'Neill, 2004
Ostro, 1998
GLM
São Paulo (Brazil)
9
Gouveia, 2000
Castillejos, 2000 Mexico City (Mexico) GAM
文献
Ostro, 1996
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
15 Hong, 1999b
番号
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
相対リスク
24
25
26
27
meta-analysis
GEE
濃度は推定
解析モデル
備考
寒季
Poisson reg.
GAM(distribut
GAM
2-64yr
65+yr
GAM
case-crossover odds
meta-analysis
case-crossover odds
濃度は推定
GEE
23
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
番号 文献
1 Borja-Aburto,
1998
2
3 Cifuentes, 2000
4 Castillejos, 2000
5 Castillejos, 2000
6 Cifuentes, 2000
7 Castillejos, 2000
8 Castillejos, 2000
9 Venners, 2003
10 Omori, 2003
11
12
13
相対リスク
2
3
4
6
解析モデル
GAM
5
8
>65yr
all ages
65+yr
>65yr
65+ yr
備考
7
図 6.1(17) 短期曝露影響:死亡
GAM
Santiago (Chile)
GAM
Mexico City (Mexico) GAM
Mexico City (Mexico) GAM
Santiago (Chile)
GAM
Mexico City (Mexico) GAM
Mexico City (Mexico) GAM
Chongqing(China) Pois
13政令都市(日本) GAM
Sapporo
Sendai
Chiba
地域
Mexico City (Mexico)
1
10
11
13
14
15
17
18
Kyoto
Osaka
Kobe
Hiroshima
18
19
20
21
4 Australia cities
25 Simpson, 2005
(Australia)
Fukuoka
Sydney (Australia)
24 Morgan, 1998
19
23
Kitakyushu
Nagoya
17
22
Kawasaki
Yokohama
地域
Tokyo
16
16
15
番号 文献
14 Omori, 2003
12
21
22
meta-analysis
GEE
解析モデル
GAM
20
6-29
PM2.5/PM10-2.5/SPM:中南米・アジア・オセアニア(全死亡)
PM2.5
SPM
PM10-2.5
PM10-2.5
PM2.5
PM2.5
指標
PM2.5
9
23
25
濃度は推定
備考
65+yr
24
PM2.5(推定)
PM2.5
指標
SPM
9
10
11
12
13
14
番号
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
3
4
Kaoshiung (Taiwan)
Tsai, 2003
5
7
9
死因
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
8
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
case-crossover 呼吸器
Poisson reg.
Poisson reg.
GAM
GAM
Multivariate
GAM
解析モデル
Poisson reg
GAM
GLM
GLM
time series
6
10
11
12
13
Wong, 2002
Kim, 2003
Kan, 2003
Wong, 2002
Tellez-Rojo, 2000
26 Kim, 2003
27 Kan, 2005
20
21
22
23
24
25
文献
Aunan, 2004
Yang, 2004
Simpson, 1997
Morgan, 1998
Hales, 2000
17
番号
15
16
17
18
19
16
15
14
19
20
21
Seoul (Korea)
北京(中国)
Seoul (Korea)
Shanghai(China)
Hong Kong (China)
Hong Kong (China)
Mexico City (Mexico)
Taipei(Taiwan)
Brisbane region
Sydney (Australia)
Christchurch
(New Zealand)
(China)
地域
18
6-30
23
24
GAM
GAM
Poisson reg.
GAM
GAM
Poisson reg.
time series
解析モデル
meta-analysis
case-crossover
GEE
GEE
22
PM10:中南米・アジア・オセアニア(呼吸器系死亡)
2-64yr
65+yr
odds
寒季
65+yr
60+yr
65+yr,
65+yr,
備考
図 6.1(18) 短期曝露影響:死亡
Seoul (Korea)
Seoul (South Korea)
Hong Kong (China)
Hong Kong (China)
Wong, 2001
Wong, 2002
Kim, 2003
Ha, 2003
(South Korea)
Bangkok (Thailand)
Inchon
2
Ostro, 1998
Hong, 1999a
1
地域
Santiago (Chile)
Mexico City (Mexico)
São Paulo (Brazil)
6 São Paulo regions
Mexico City (Mexico)
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
文献
Ostro, 1996
Castillejos, 2000
Gouveia, 2000
Martins, 2004
Tellez-Rojo, 2000
相対リスク
26
27
odds
濃度は推定
濃度は推定
備考
肺炎
SARS
5d avg
COPD
65+yr,
COPD
65+yr,
COPD
COPD
COPD
肺炎:イン
フルエンザ
死因
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
呼吸器
25