clock flower plant (mirabilis jalapa linn.)

Ramesh B. Nidavani et al. Journal of Biological & Scientific Opinion · Volume 2 (6). 2014
Available online through
www.jbsoweb.com
ISSN 2321 - 6328
Review Article
AN ETHANOPHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW OF FOUR O’ CLOCK FLOWER PLANT
(MIRABILIS JALAPA LINN.)
Ramesh B. Nidavani*, Mahalakshmi AM
Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysore, India
*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]
Article Received on: 02/07/14 Accepted on: 10/10/14
DOI: 10.7897/2321-6328.02679
ABSTRACT
Mirabilis jalapa Linn. (Nyctaginaceae) is a popular ornamental plant grown worldwide for the beauty of its flowers, sweet fragrance and folklore
remedies around the world for treating a variety of conditions. It is commonly called as four o’clock. It has been well characterized with respect to its
chemical components. It is extensively using for muscular pain, diarrhea, abdominal colic, in boils, inflammations, aphrodisiac, genitourinary
disorders and others by people from different countries. This plant contains several compounds and some are have been isolated from its parts, such as
contains alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phytosterols (beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol), ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, brassicasterol,
trigonelline and others. Regarding its biological activity, this plant expored for its cytotoxic, hypoglycaemic, anti-hyperlipodemia, anti-nociceptive,
anti-inflammatory, anti-histamine, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial (antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal), and anti-spasmodic activities and also used as a
reductant (reducing agent) for the production of gold nanoparticles. The present review article focused on ethano-pharmacological and other
important aspects of four o’clock flower plant.
Keywords: Mirabilis, Mirabilis jalapa Linn., Nyctaginaceae, traditional herb, anti inflammatory.
INTRODUCTION
The herbs are indispensible sources of medicine since
time immemorial. Studies on natural product are aimed to
establish medicinal values of plants by exploration of
existing scientific knowledge, traditional uses and
discovery of potential therapeutic agents. The
phytochemicals are used as templates for lead
optimization programs, which are intended to make safe
and effective drugs1,2. A number of modern drugs like
aspirin, digoxin, atropine, ephedrine, morphine, quinine,
reserpine, tubocurarine and others are examples, which
were originally discovered from the source of herbs3. The
Nyctaginaceae is a relatively small family (there are 30
genus and 400 species) that occurs mainly in tropical and
subtropical regions of the world4 with a few species in
India, the Mascarene and Pacific Islands, and Africa5. It is
commonly known as the Four-O’ Clock family, as most
of the species have flowers that open in the late afternoon
or early evening6. The family is best known to South
Africans by the variety of Bougainvillas that are widely
cultivated in gardens. Species of the introduced genus
Mirabilis are erect, perennial herbs. The leaves are thin,
opposite, ovate to ovate-cordate and the lower leaves have
petioles, while the upper leaves are sessile. Flowers are
subtended by a calyx-like involucre. The flowers are
purple, red, yellow or white, open in the late afternoon
and are fragrant at night. The anthocarp is black, hard and
ribbed5. Mirabilis jalapa Linn. (M. jalapa Linn.) is a
popular ornamental plant grown worldwide for the beauty
of its flowers (which can be white, red, pink, purple, or
multicolored) and their sweet fragrance7. It is using in
almost all folklore remedies around the world for treating
JBSO 2 (6), Nov - Dec 2014
a variety of conditions. The present article includes the
detailed
exploration
of
pharmacological
and
phytochemical properties of M. jalapa Linn. as an attempt
to provide a direction for further research.
Synonyms
The synonyms of M. jalapa Linn. are; M. dichotoma
Linn. (in Brazil), M. dichotoma Linn. and M. longiflora
Linn. (in tropical America), M. lindheimeri Linn., and M.
odorata Linn7.
Vernacular Names
Clavillia,
four-o’clocks
(in
English);
gulabas,
sanjemallige (in Kannada); gulabbas (in Hindi and
Marathi); krishnakeli, sandhykali (in Sanskrit); bathrachi,
chandramalli (in Telagu); antinaralu, patharachi (in
Tamil); don diego de noche (in Spanish); beauty of the
night, belle de nuit (in French); vieruurbom (in Africa);
shahelliilli (in Arabia); and tche kia hoa (in Chinese)7,8.
Description and Distribution
It was officially botanically recorded in 1753 although it
already had long been distributed as an ornamental plant
throughout the tropics of the world. There is some
disagreement about where it came from originally:
Mexico, Chile, or India. Today, clavillia is naturalized
throughout the tropics of South America, Latin America,
France and India. In Brazil the plant is known as clavillia,
maravilha, or bonina; in Peru it is known as jalapa or
maravilla. Hybrids of clavillia can be found in nurseries
throughout the U.S. where they are sold as ornamental
landscape plants7,8. The detailed taxonomy and
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Ramesh B. Nidavani et al. Journal of Biological & Scientific Opinion · Volume 2 (6). 2014
morphology of M. jalapa Linn., are discussed in Table 1
and 2 respectively8,9.
Traditional uses
It has been extensively used in almost all folklore
remedies around the world for treating a variety of
conditions. It has been reported that indigenous Mexican
people uses various decoctions and preparations of M.
jalapa Linn. for the treatment of dysentery10,11. It is
extensively using for muscular pain, diarrhea, and
abdominal colic by people from other different
countries12. Leaves are having sharp taste, maturant and
generally used in inflammations. Leaves are also used to
apply on boils, phlegmons, and whitlow as a maturant.
Roots are used as aphrodisiac and good for syphilitic
sores8. In China, has been used as traditional Chinese
medicine and ethnic drug to treat diabetes13,
constipation14, genitourinary system disorders, and
injuries15. Apart from its medicinal uses, the flowers of M.
jalapa Linn. are steeped in water to provide a crimson dye
used in China for tinting cakes and jellies prepared from
seaweed. A cosmetic powder is made in Japan from the
powered seeds16.
Toxicity
Poisoning of children has been reported after
consumption of roots, seeds or fruits of M. jalapa Linn17.
Phytochemical Constituents
Roots of M. jalapa Linn. contains alkaloids, glycosides,
carbohydrates, and phytosterols by phytochemical
analysis18. According to literatures, trigonelline is one of
the components of M. jalapa Linn. root19. Trigonelline
has been shown to reduce blood glucose concentrations in
rats20 and in human21. The preliminary phytochemical
investigation indicates the presence of flavonoids, tannic
acid and phenolics in the plant22. The aerial parts of plants
having beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, ursolic acid, oleanolic
acid and brassicasterol23,24.
Pharmacological Activities
In the recent years, the use of herbal products has been
increasing in developing countries. Plants have always
been an attractive source of drugs. On the other hand,
intricate ways of molecular interactions and bioactivity
mechanisms of the extracts or their bioactive constituents
provide a challenge to the scientists25. The M. jalapa
Linn. displays a wide range of pharmacological activities
with correlate to mechanistic possibilities over respective
disorders and overview of its pharmacological activities,
has been presented in Table 3.
Pharmaceutical Uses
Reductant (reducing agent) for the production of gold
nanoparticles
Generally, nanoparticles are prepared by a variety of
chemical methods which are not environmentally
friendly. A rapid and convenient method to reductively
prepare gold nanoparticles from auric chloride using
aqueous extract of M. jalapa Linn. flowers. The flower
extract acts as a reducing agent and encapsulating cage
for the gold nanoparticles. The production of gold
nanoparticles has been done by the controlled reduction of
the Au3+ ion to Au0. The formation of gold nanoparticles
has been established by FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
The study suggests that M. jalapa Linn. flowers can be a
cheap source as a reductant for the production of gold
nanoparticles37.
Figure 1: M. jalapa Linn. plant and its parts
JBSO 2 (6), Nov - Dec 2014
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Ramesh B. Nidavani et al. Journal of Biological & Scientific Opinion · Volume 2 (6). 2014
Table 1: Taxonomy of M. jalapa Linn.
Kingdom
Sub kingdom
Division
Class
Subclass
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Plantae
Trcheobionta
Angiosperms
Dicotyledons
Caryophylidae
Caryophyllales
Nyctaginaceae
Mirabilis
jalapa
Table 2: The morphological features of M. jalapa Linn.
Part
Herb
Leaves
Flowers
Roots
Seeds
Macroscopic features
Herbaceous, perennial plant grows 30-75 cm high with fleshy stems.
Opposite, 3.5-7.5 cm wide, 5-10 cm long, unequal, ovate to sub cordate.
Tubular, cluster, funnel-shaped, simple or double, fragrant, colour usually purple and white, yellow or pink, arranged in group of three
flowers with five green bracteoles, surrounding the perianth, usually yellow crimson, white or variegated and opening in the evening.
Perennial tuberous roots, fairly thickened, stem swollen at nodes.
Olive, brown or black in colour.
Table 3: Details of pharmacological activities of M. jalapa Linn.
Pharmaco-logical
activity
Cytotoxic activity
Leaves
Extract/chemical
constituents
Petroleum ether,
chloroform and methanol
extracts
Ethanol extract
Anti-viral activity
Leaves
Ethanol extract
Hypoglycemic
activity
Root
Ethanol extract
Streptozotocin induced diabetes in
rats
Anti- hyperlipidemia
activity
Root
Ethanol extract
Antinociceptive
activity
Leaves
and stem
Hydroalcoholic extract of
leaves and decoction of
stem
Anti- hyperlipidemia effect on
normal mice and Streptozotocin
induced diabetes in rats by
estimating various biomarkers.
Acetic acid induced writhing mice
model, Thermal pain model by tailflick hot water bath.
Leaves
Hydroalcoholic extract of
leaves and ethyl acetate
fraction
Chronic inflammation (FCA
induced), postoperative (paw
surgical incision) and neuropathic
(partial sciatic nerve ligation) pain
model
Leaves
Alcohol, aqueous and
petroleum ether extracts
Leaves
Total alcoholic extract
and successive petroleum
ether fractions
Carrageenan- induced paw edema ,
formalin-induced paw edema,
cotton pellet induced granuloma
models in wistar albino rats
Carageenan induced rat paw edema
and cotton pellet induced granuloma
models
Roots
Ethanol:acetone (1:1)
extract
Anti-inflammatory
activity
Anti-histamine
activity
Parts
Leaves
and bark
JBSO 2 (6), Nov - Dec 2014
Screening method employed
Possible mechanistic action
Brine shrimp lethality bioassay
Methanol extract shows potential
cytotoxic activity, further mechanistic
study is required9.
The results of this preliminary study
scientifically substantiate to a certain
extent the anticancer activities26.
The results of this preliminary study
scientifically demonstrate to a certain
extent the pharmacological
activities26.
The study suggests consumption of M.
jalapa Linn. root may prevent the
complication of hyperglycemia
associated with diabetes and still need
to be determined in addition to
toxicological studies in further
experiments27.
Study demonstrates that M. jalapa
Linn. root can be used to treat
diabetes (type 2) with
hyperlipidemia27.
M. jalapa Linn. presents
antinociceptive activity in mice,
which supports its folkloric use as an
analgesic18.
Study confirmed the antinociceptive
property is clinically relevant pain
models. Also its effect on the FCA induced chronic inflammation seems
to be related to AchE inhibition and
cholinergic system28.
All extracts shows potential antiinflammatory activity, further
mechanistic study is required29.
Cytotoxicity was assayed using the
HeLa cell line by microtitration
cytotoxicity assay
Antiviral activity was tested against
the HSV-1 and VSV by simplified
plaque reduction assay
Antihistaminic activity using a
guinea pig tracheal chain
preparation and clonidine-induced
mast cell granulation in mice
Both test samples inhibit the increase
in number of fibroblasts and synthesis
of collagen and mucopolysaccharides
during granuloma tissue formation
during the chronic inflammation.
These experimental results have
established a pharmacological
evidence for the folklore claim of the
drug to be used as an anti
inflammatory agent30.
The study justified the folkloric use of
this plant in the treatment of allergic
diseases and asthma31.
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Ramesh B. Nidavani et al. Journal of Biological & Scientific Opinion · Volume 2 (6). 2014
Anti-oxidant activity
Aerial
parts and
roots
Methanol extract
ABTS+ and DPPH free radical
scavenging assay
Bark
Methanol extract
DPPH free radical scavenging assay
Aerial
parts
Methanol extract
Tubers
Petroleum ether, acetone,
water, methanol, and
Dichloromethane extracts
Reducing power assay method,
Hydrogen peroxide scavenging
activity
DPPH radical-scavenging activity,
Lipid peroxidation by TBA assay,
beta- Carotene bleaching by linoleic
acid assay
Antispasmodic
activity
Flower
Methanol extract
Antispasmodic effect using Rabbit
jejunum, thoracic aorta, and guinea
pig ileum (In vitro)
Antibacterial activity
Seed
Aqueous and methanol
extract
Screening against Gram-positive
and Gram-negative bacteria
respectively isolated from infected
wounds and diarrhoeic faeces by the
disk-diffusion method.
The agar ditch-diffusion method
against E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhi,
B. cereus, and K. pneumoniae
The study reveal the immense
potential of the plant for further
research that aims at identifying the
bioactive components responsible for
the anti-oxidant activity and
elucidating their tentative mechanisms
of action22.
Methanol extract shows potential antioxidant activity, further mechanistic
study is required9.
This activity is due to presence of
flavonoids, polyphenols like phenolic
compounds and tannins32.
Water extract shows significant
antioxidant activity and free radicalscavenging activity followed by
methanol and dichloromethane
extracts, due to high content of
flavonoids and beta-Sitosterol
identified for the first time by LC/MS
and GC/MS, respectively33.
These effects were not due to either
Ach or His receptors blockage, IP3,
cAMP, cGMP, Ca2+ release from
intracellular storage, or protein kinase
mediated contraction– relaxation
mechanisms. The effects inducted by
this extract may involve a
serotoninergic mechanism, which, in
turn, interacts with other adrenergic
systems. Further studies are necessary
to identify the active compounds to
elucidate the mechanism of action34.
Further investigations are required to
identify the active principles in seeds
of M. jalapa Linn 35.
The plant extract possesses
antibacterial activity, thus this plant
be a good source of agents for the biocontrol and chemotherapy36.
Anti bacterial activity have been
Agar well diffusion assay against
Aerial
Methanol extract
parts
pathogenic S. aureus, Pseudomonas
confirmed as the methanol extract
sp., Bacillus sp.
displayed activity against the micro
organism used32.
Petroleum ether, acetone,
Tubers
Agar diffusion method against eight
All extracts had moderate
water, methanol, and
strains of bacteria:
antibacterial activity could be
Dichloromethane extracts
S. aureus, S. epidermidis,
attributed to high content of
M. luteus , E. coli , P. aeruginosa,
flavonoids and _-Sitosterol identified
K. pneumonia, B. cereus
for the first time by LC/MS and
and E. faecalis
GC/MS, respectively37.
Antifungal activities were tested
Water extract had a fungal toxicity
Antifungal activity
Tubers
Petroleum ether, acetone,
water, methanol, and
using Agar diffusion method against
could be attributed to high content of
Dichloromethane extracts
A. niger, F. solani, F. oxysporium
flavonoids and Sitosterol identified
and F. granularium.
for the first time by LC/MS and
GC/MS, respectively33.
ROS, reactive oxygen species; NO, nitric oxide; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; TNF-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-1 beta, interleukin-1 beta;
NO, nitric oxide; IFN-gamma, gamma interferon; Th1, T-helper cell 1; ABTS+, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid; DPPH, 1,1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; PGE2, Prostaglandin E2; M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis; M.
avium, Mycobacterium avium; M. kanasii, Mycobacterium kansasii; M. malmoense, Mycobacterium malmoense; M. intracellulare, Mycobacterium
intracellulare; COX, cyclooxygenase; DNFB, 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene; HSC-3, human oral squamous carcinoma-3; HUVECs, human umbilical
vein endothelial cells; S. aureus, Staphylococcus aureus; P.aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; L. amazonensis, Leishmania amazonensis; L.
major, Leishmania major; L. amazonensis, Leishmania amazonensis; P. berghei, Plasmodium berghei; S. epidermidis, Staphylococcus epidermidis;
M. luteus, Micrococcus luteus; K. pneumonia, Klebsiella pneumonia; B. cereus, Bacillus cereus; E. faecalis, Enterococcus faecalis; A. niger,
Aspergillus niger; F. solani, Fusarium solani; F. oxysporium, Fusarium oxysporium ; F. granularium, Fusarium granularium; AchE,
acetylcholinesterase; Ach, Acetylcholine, His, Histamine, IP3, Inositiol triphsphate; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; cGMP, cyclic
guanosine monophsphate; HSV-1, herpes simplex virus type-1; VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus
Leaf
JBSO 2 (6), Nov - Dec 2014
Ethanol extract
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Ramesh B. Nidavani et al. Journal of Biological & Scientific Opinion · Volume 2 (6). 2014
CONCLUSION
The plant M. jalapa Linn., is widely available as weed
and also it is cultivated for various purposes including,
medicinal and ornamental usages. The scientific research
on M. jalapa Linn. suggests a huge biological potential of
this plant. It is strongly believed that detailed information
as presented in this review on the phytochemical and
various biological properties of the plant might provide
detailed evidence for the use of this plant in different
diseases. It has various traditional uses that differ from
one country to another. A variety of phytoconstituents has
been isolated from the different parts of it. Thus, there
remains a tremendous scope for further scientific
exploration of M. jalapa Linn. to establish their
therapeutic efficacy and commercial exploitation.
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Cite this article as:
Ramesh B. Nidavani*, Mahalakshmi AM. An ethanopharmacological
review of four O’ clock flower plant (Mirabilis jalapa Linn.). J Biol Sci
Opin 2014;2(6):344-348 http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2321-6328.02679
Source of support: Nil; Conflict of interest: None Declared
JBSO 2 (6), Nov - Dec 2014
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